The name of a creature in Latin. Latin language
Nulla regula sine exceptione.
There is no rule without exception.
Nouns in Latin are divided into five declensions depending on the final sounds of the stem. In accordance with their belonging to one or another declension, they take different case endings.
For those who accidentally came across the site: the Latin alphabet and reading rules are presented in the previous lesson.
First declension, -a, singularis
The first declension includes nouns and adjectives whose stem ends in - a; therefore it can also be called declension - a. It includes feminine nouns, which in nom. sing. have an ending - a, in gen. sing. - ae eg: schol a, school ae - school, schools; vill a,will ae - villa, villas. This also includes a small group of masculine nouns, denoting a male profession or belonging to a particular nationality (the natural attribute associated with the meaning of the word is decisive); eg: poēt a, poēt ae - poet; agricŏl a, agricŏl ae - farmer; Pers a,Pers ae - Persian.
To correctly determine which declension a noun belongs to, it is necessary to write it out and memorize it in two cases - nominative and genitive, eg: schola, scholae; toga, togae; Roma, Romae
We give an example of the declension of a noun with an adjective of the 1st declension in the singular. Pay attention to the word order characteristic of Latin, where the adjective usually appears after noun:
Singularis | ||
No. | puell ă pulchr ă beautiful girl |
amīc ă bon ă good friend |
Gen. | puell ae pulchr ae | amīc ae bon ae |
Dat. | puell ae pulchr ae | amīc ae bon ae |
Asc. | puell am pulchr am | amīc am bon am |
Abl. | puell ā pulchr ā | amīc ā bon ā |
Voc. | puell ă pulchr ă | amīc ă bon ă |
N.B. (nota bene! - pay attention, remember well!)
1. Ablatīvus has an ending -A (A long), nominativus and vocativus - -ă (a short).
2. Before you start translating sentences, you should remember that the subject always appears in nominative case:
Mother praises the maid. - Mater ancillam laudat.
Girl(is) at school. - Puella in scholā est.
In these sentences, the Russian and Latin constructions completely coincide: the subject is in the nominative case.
Now compare the following phrases:
genitive
Girls not at school.
There are many slaves.
Puella in scholā non est.
Multae ancillae sunt.
Here, when translated into Russian, Latin personal constructions are replaced by impersonal ones, Latin nominativus is replaced by the genitive case; literal translation: “the girl is not at school”, “there are many slaves” - does not correspond to the norms of the Russian language.
3. If the predicate in a sentence is nominally compound, that is, it consists of the auxiliary verb esse and the nominal part expressed by a noun or adjective, then the nominal part in Latin always stands in nominative case, i.e. agrees with the subject:
Puella bona est.
Syra ancilla est.
Girl - good.
Syrah - maid.
When translating, the Latin nominativus is preserved if the auxiliary verb is in the present tense: “Slave unhappy", "Tullia (is) girlfriend Julia." If the auxiliary verb is in the past or future tense, the nominal part of the predicate is translated instrumental case: “Tullia was (will be) girlfriend Julia."
4. The predicate in most cases comes at the end of the sentence; When starting a translation, you must first find the predicate, then the subject, and only after that add the rest of the sentence to them. For example: Terentia ancillam vocat. Predicate - vocat calling; we ask: who is calling? - and look for nominativus - Terentia: Terence is calling. Next question: who is he calling? ancillam (acc.) slave. Translation of the entire sentence: “Terence calls the slave.” Note the differences in word order:
Terentia Tulliam vocat.
Terence is calling Tullia.
Puella Syram laudat.
The girl praises Siru.
Dictionary(for translate)
puella, ae girl
Romana, ae Roman
est is, is
matrōna, ae woman, madam
mater mother
filia, ae daughter
amīca, ae girlfriend
vocat calling
tunĭca, ae tunic
nova, ae new
da give
quo Where
propĕras you're in a hurry, you're going
rogat asks
silva, ae forest
in(with acc.) in
cum(with abl.) with (with whom, with what)
cum amīcā with a friend
propĕro I'm going, I'm in a hurry
respondet answers
quo propĕras Where are you going?
(in silvam propĕro I'm going to the forest)
quo-cum propĕras Who are you going with?
(cum amīca propĕro I'm going with a friend)
Tullia, Iulia, Aemilia, Terentia- names of Roman women; Syra- name of a slave, maid
Translate:
Tullia puella Romana est. Terentia matrōna Romāna est. Terentia mater Tulliae est. Iulia, Aemiliae filia, Tulliae amīca est. Terentia Syram vocat: “Syra! Tulliae tunĭcam novam da!” “Quo propĕras, Tullia?” - Syra rogat. “In silvam cum amīcā propĕro,” respondet Tullia.
First conjugation. Base -a
Infinitivus
Indeterminate form
- call for
Praesens indicativi activi Present indicative active voice |
||
Face | Singularis | Pluralis |
1. | voco- I'm calling | vocā- mus - we are calling |
2. | voca- s - you're calling | vocā- tis - you're calling |
3. | voca- t - he, she is calling | voca- nt - they call |
Imperative- imperative mood | ||
voca! - call! | vocā-te! - call! |
In the text we came across several verbs in various forms: propĕras - You're going; rogat - she asks; da- give. Their common feature is the vowel -A, which indicates that the verbs belong to one conjugation group, namely the I conjugation. The first conjugation includes verbs whose stem ends in a vowel -ā. We determine whether a verb belongs to one conjugation or another by the vowel sound that comes before the indefinite suffix. In all four conjugations this suffix is -re; if it is discarded, the stem of the verb remains, for example: vocā-re - call for; rogā-re - ask; properā-re - go, hurry.
The imperative mood has only 2nd person forms. The singularis has a pure stem: voca! propĕra! roga!
Remember personal verb endings. These endings are used for all conjugations in almost all tenses:
Singularis | Pluralis | |
1. 2. 3. |
-O -s -t |
-mus -tis -nt |
GRAMMARICAL CATEGORIES OF A NOUN In Latin, a noun has:
three kinds:
Masulīnum m, (masculine)
Femininum
f, (feminine)
n (neuter)
Neutrum
two numbers:;
singularis (singular),
plurālis (plural);
5 cases:
5 CASES:nominatīvus (N.) (nominative)
genetīvus (G.) (genitive)
datīvus (D.) (dative)
accusatīvus (Acc.) (accusative)
ablatīvus (Abl.) (instrumental)
Gives everything you need about him
information.
In the dictionary the noun is given in
in the following order:
On
first place, completely - form
nominatīvus singularis (nominative
singular case).
In second place, after the decimal point always
give the ending, the last syllables
or full form genetīvus singularis
(genitive case singular
numbers).
In third place, last
A brief designation of the genus is given.
medical
DICTIONARY FORM OF A NOUN
INLatin is important
find the right basis.
She is in shape
genitive case by
discarding the ending.
No. Tinctura; ae; f
Gen. Tinctur-ae
General rule for determining genus
GENERAL RULE DEFINITIONRODA
Gender is determined by ending
genitive noun,
singular.
M.R. –us(er), oculus- eye
Zh.r. - a,
gutta - drop
Wed-um(en), oleum-oil
In Latin, the nouns that or
of a different gender, do not coincide with the Russian gender
language
Muscle – musculus
Zh.r.
M.R.
TYPES OF DECLINATION
INLatin 5 types
declination.
Declension of nouns
practically determined by
ending genetīvus singularis
(genitive case
singular).
Genitive form y
each declination is individual
1st Declension of Nouns
TOfirst declension refers to
nouns in the nominative
case, singular,
feminine gender ending in a.
(Tinctura)
Genitive singular
numbers have the ending ae.(Tincturae)
Declension occurs by
adding case endings to
basis.
Table of case endings of the first declension
TABLE OF CASE ENDINGSFIRST declension
Singular
Cases
Plural
No.
Tinctura
Tincturae
Gen.
Tincturae
Tincturarum
Dat.
Tincturae
Tincturis
Acc.
Tincturam
Tincturas
Abl.
Tinctura
Tincturis
f
f
10. 2ND DECLINATION OF NOUNS
Co.second declension include
case, singular
masculine endings us(er) and neuter endings having
endings –um(en).
masculine same –i.
Musculi -m Decocti -n
11. Exception to the rules about the second declension gender
EXCEPTION TO GENERAL RULESSECOND declension
1)Bolus, i, f, - clay
2) Nouns with
ending us denoting
the meaning of trees and
bushes regardless of
there are always declinations
female.
Crataegus, i, f.
Sorbus, i, f.
12. Table of case endings of the second declension
TABLE OF CASE ENDINGSSECOND declension
Pade
live
Singular
m
n
Plural
m
n
No.
Musculus
Decoctum Musculi
Gen.
Musculi
Decocti
Musculorum Decoctorum
Dat.
Musculo
Decocto
Musculis
Decoctis
Acc.
Musculum
Decoctum Musculos
Decoctos
Abl.
Musculo
Decocto
Decoctis
Musculis
Decocta
13. 3rd CLECLINATION OF NOUNS
Third declension nouns can be m.r.,f.r., middle r. with different endings. In genitive
case, singular have the ending -is
M.R.
o- homo
or-higuor
os - flos
er-aether
Es-pes
ex-cortex
Zh.r.
as-sanitas
is- auris
ax-borax
ux-nux
ix-radix
rs-pars
io-solutio
Wed.
en-semen
ur-sulfur
ut-caput
ma- rhizoma
l-mel
c-lac
al-animal
14. Nouns of the 3rd declension are
3rd NOUNSTHERE ARE DECLINATIONS
Equals
complex (those with a number of
syllables in the genitive case equal to the number
syllables in the nominative case singular
numbers)
No. Cu-tis
Gen. Cu-tis
Not equally complex (such
nouns with the number of syllables in
genitive singular case
more than the number of syllables in the nominative
singular.
No. cor-pus
Gen. cor-po-ris
15. DICTIONARY FORM OF NOUNS of the 3rd declension
DICTIONARY FORMEqually complex
nouns 3- his
declination:
In first place is
noun in genitive
singular case.
The ending comes in second place.
genitive case.
In third place is the genus.
Auris, is, f.
16. DICTIONARY FORM OF NOUNS of the 3rd declension
DICTIONARY FORMNOUNS OF THE 3rd CLENSITION
They are not equally complex
nouns:
In first place is
noun in
genitive case
singular.
In second place is given
ending genitive
case together with the end of the stem
Apicis, isci, m.
17. DICTIONARY FORM OF NOUNS of the 3rd declension
DICTIONARY FORMNOUNS OF THE 3rd CLENSITION
Monosyllabic:
In first place is
noun in
genitive case
singular.
In second place is indicated
full noun.
Flos, floris, m.
18. Table of case endings of the third declension
TABLE OF CASE ENDINGS OF THIRDDECLENSITIONS
Cases Singular Plural
n
Different
Semen
m,f
n
No.
m,f
Different
Solutio
Solutions
Semina
Gen.
Solutionis
Seminis
Solutionum
Seminum
Dat.
Solutioni
Semini
Solutionibus Seminibus
Acc.
Solutionem =Nom
Semen
Solutions
Abl.
Solution
Solutionibus Seminibus
Semine
Semina
19. 4TH DECLINATION OF NOUNS
TOthe fourth declension refers to
nominative nouns
case, singular
masculine endings - us and
neuter endings –u.
Fructus, us, m
Cornu, us, n
In the genitive case ending
singular middle and
masculine same - us
20. DICTIONARY FORM OF NOUNS of the 4th declension
DICTIONARY FORMNOUNS 4TH
DECLENSITIONS
On
comes first
noun in
nominative case
singular.
The ending comes in second place.
genitive case.
In third place is the letter
gender indicated
21. Table of case endings of the fourth declension
TABLE OF CASE ENDINGS OF THE FOURTHDECLENSITIONS
Cases
Singular
Plural
number
m
n
m
n
No.
Fructus
Cornu
Fructus
Gen.
Fructus
Cornus
Fructuum Cornuum
Acc.
Fructum
Cornu
Fructus
Abl.
Fructu
Cornu
Fructibus Cornibus
Cornua
Cornua
22. 5TH DECLINATION OF NOUNS
TOfirst declension
include nouns in
nominative case,
singular, feminine
genders ending in -s
Genitive
has singular
ending –ei
Facies, ei,
f.
23. DICTIONARY FORM OF NOUNS of the 5th declension
DICTIONARY FORMNOUNS
5th
DECLENSITIONS
On
comes first
noun in
nominative case
singular.
The ending comes in second place.
genitive case.
In third place is the letter
gender indicated
24. Table of case endings of the fifth declension
TABLE OF CASE ENDINGSFIFTH declension
Cases Singular Plural
number
number
Nom
f
Facies
f
Facies
Gen
Faciei
Facierum
ACC
Faciem
Facies
Abl
Facie
Latin is (that is, it has a wide range of affixes) which belongs to the Italic group. Its peculiarity is the free order of words when constructing a sentence. Nouns are inflected for number and adjectives (including participles) are inflected for number, case and gender; verbs are inflected according to person, number, tense, voice and mood. Thus, declension in Latin is a frequently used category. The verb inflections (endings and suffixes) of Latin are among the most diverse among the Indo-European languages. Latin is considered a classic in linguistics.
A Brief History of the Latin Language
Latin was originally spoken in Lazio, Italy. Thanks to the power of the Roman Republic, Latin became the dominant language, first in Italy and then throughout the Roman Empire. Vernacular Latin was reborn into Romance languages such as Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, French and Romanian. Latin, Italian and French contributed many words to the English language. Latin and ancient Greek roots and terms are used in theology, biology and medicine. By the end of the Roman Republic (75 BC), Old Latin had developed into a classical language. Vulgar Latin was the colloquial form. It is attested in inscriptions and the works of Roman playwrights such as Plautus and Terence.
Late Latin writing arose and took shape around the third century AD. Medieval Latin was used from the 9th century until the Renaissance. Further, as modern Latin appeared, it began to evolve. Latin was the language of international communication, science, and theology. Latin was the language of science until the 18th century, when other European languages began to supplant it. Ecclesiastical Latin remains the official language of the Holy See and the Latin Rite of the entire Catholic Church.
Influence of Latin on other languages
The Latin language in its colloquial form, which is called Vulgar Latin (in the understanding - “folk”), became the ancestral language for other national European languages, united into one language branch called Romance. Despite the similarity of origin of these languages, there are currently significant differences between them, which formed as Latin developed in the conquered lands over a number of centuries. Latin, as a primary language, was greatly modified under the influence of local indigenous languages and dialects.
Brief description of Latin grammar
Latin is a synthetic, inflected language in language classification terminology. That is, a language in which word formation using inflections dominates. Inflections represent words or endings. Latin words include a lexical semantic element and endings indicating the grammatical use of the word. The fusion of a root, which carries the meaning of a word, and an ending creates very compact sentence elements: for example, amō, "I love", is derived from the semantic element, am- "to love", and the ending -ō, indicating that it is a first person singular verb , and which is a suffix.
Declension of nouns in Latin
An ordinary Latin noun belongs to one of the five main groups of declensions, that is, having the same ending forms. The declension of a Latin noun is determined by the genitive singular. That is, it is necessary to know the genitive case of the noun. Also, each case has its own endings. Latin noun declension includes the following.
- The first includes feminine nouns, as well as masculine ones, naming a person’s occupation or nationality. The 1st declension of the Latin language is determined in the singular genitive case by the ending -ae. For example: persa - Persian; agricŏla - peasant. Basically, the first declension is -a.
- The 2nd declension in Latin usually ends with the letter - o. Identified in the singular genitive case by ending -i. The second declension includes masculine nouns ending in -us, -er, neuter nouns ending in -um and a small group of feminine lexemes ending in -us.
- The 3rd declension in Latin is a fairly versatile group of nouns. They can be divided into three main categories.
- Consonant.
- Vowel.
- Mixed. Students are advised to thoroughly master the first three categories.
- Fourth declension, predominantly ending with the letter -y in noun cases. It is determined by the genitive singular with the ending -ūs.
- The fifth declension in Latin predominantly ends with the letter -e in cases. It is determined by the genitive singular with the ending -ei. This is a small group of nouns.
Thus, the declensions in the Latin language are quite diverse, since, as mentioned above, Latin is a strongly inflected language. in Latin it is practically no different from nouns. In fact, in many ways it is similar to the Russian language, where their declensions also coincide. The most numerous group of words in Latin are nouns of the 1st declension. Latin also includes a number of words that are not inflected.
Latin noun cases
Classical Latin has seven noun cases. The declension of adjectives in Latin coincides with the declension of nouns. Let's look at all seven cases:
- The nominative case is used when the noun is the subject or predicate. For example, the word amor is love, puella is a girl. That is, the initial form of the noun.
- The genitive case expresses the belonging of a noun to another subject.
- The dative case is used if the noun is an indirect object of a sentence using special verbs, with some prepositions.
- used if the noun is the immediate object of the subject and with a preposition showing place of direction.
- The ablative is used when the noun shows separation or movement from a source, cause, instrument, or when the noun is used as an object with certain prepositions.
- The vocative case is used when a noun expresses an address to the subject. The vocative form of a noun is the same as the nominative form, with the exception of the second declension of the noun, which ends in -us.
- The locative case is used to indicate location (corresponds to the Russian preposition V or on). This case is used only in this context.
We briefly discussed the endings (Latin) of declension above. For example, for 1st declension they will be as follows: -a, -ae, -ae, -am, -a, -a.
The declension of nouns in Latin is manifested in case endings.
Latin verb: conjugation category
A regular verb in Latin belongs to one of the four main ones - this is a class of verbs that have the same endings. The conjugation is determined by the last letter of the root of the present tense verb. The present tense root can be found by omitting the infinitive ending -re (-ri l for negative verbs). The infinitive of the first conjugation ends in --ā-re or --ā-ri (active and passive voice), for example: amāre - "to love", hortārī - "to exhort", the second conjugation - in -ē-re or -ē-rī : monēre - “to warn”, verērī, - “to intimidate”, third conjugation - in -ere, -ī: dūcere - “to lead”, ūtī - “to use”; in the fourth -ī-re, -ī-rī: audīre - “hear”, experīrī - “try”. Thus, the Latin verb is conjugated by person depending on its conjugation.
Latin verb tenses
In Latin there are 6 specific grammatical tenses (tempus), which are only partly available in Russian. These are the following species-temporal forms:
- Present tense.
- Imperfect.
- Past perfect tense.
- Pre-past (long past) tense.
- Future perfect tense.
- Future imperfect tense.
Each time has its own formula and rules of education. Also, the Latin verb has a category of mood and voice.
Latin vocabulary
Since Latin is an Italic language, most of its vocabulary is also Italic, that is, of ancient Proto-Indo-European origin. However, due to close cultural interaction, the Romans not only adapted the Etruscan alphabet into the Latin one, but also borrowed some Etruscan words. Latin also includes vocabulary borrowed from the Osci, another ancient Italic people. Of course, the largest category of borrowings is from Greek.
Romance languages
Romance languages are a group of languages, as well as dialects, belonging to the Italic subgroup of Indo-European and having one common ancestor - Latin. Their name is Romanesque - goes back to the Latin term Romanus (Roman).
The branch of linguistics that studies Romance languages, their origin, development, typology is called Romance studies. Peoples who speak them are called Romance-speaking. Thus, the dead language continues to exist in them. The number of speakers of Romance languages at the moment is about 800 million worldwide. The most common language in the group is Spanish, followed by Portuguese and French. There are more than 50 Romance languages in total.
Case | Latin form |
Transcription Cyrillic |
Translation |
---|---|---|---|
nom. | puell-ă | [puell-a] | girl (named after) |
gen. | puell-ae | [puell-uh] | girls (born fall) |
dat. | puell-ae | [puell-uh] | girl (Dan. fall.) |
acc. | puell-am | [puell-am] | girl (vin. fall.) |
abl. | puell-ā | [puell-a] | girl (creative fall.) |
voc. | =nom. | =nom. | oh girl! (called pad.) |
Case | Latin form |
Transcription Cyrillic |
Translation |
---|---|---|---|
nom. | puell-ae | [puell-uh] | girls (named after)|
gen. | puell-ārum | [puell-arum] | girls (born and fall)|
dat. | puell-is | [puell-is] | girls (Dan. fall.)|
acc. | puell-as | [puell-as] | girls (vin. pad.)|
abl. | puell-is | [puell-is] | girls (creative fall.)|
voc. | =nom. | =nom. | oh girls! (called pad.)
- The dictionary sign for the length and brevity of a vowel (a dash and a bow, respectively; for example, ā and ă) is placed hereinafter either in the case when knowledge of the number of a vowel is important for the correct placement of stress in a Latin word (that is, over the vowel of the second syllable from the end of the word , if this vowel is followed by one consonant), or when it is important for distinguishing forms or words.
- In modern academic pronunciation of Latin words, vowel length and shortness do not differ. However, it should be noted that the nominative form puell-ă and the ablative form puell-ā are not homonyms: they differ in the length-shortness of the final vowel, which had a phonetic expression in the ancient Roman pronunciation of the archaic and classical eras.
- The coincidence in the plural of dative and ablative (puell-is) is a morphological universal of the Latin language: such a coincidence is observed in all five declensions of Latin (however, there is another case inflection).
- In the plural, the vocative and nominative in Latin are the same in all declensions; in the singular, the vocative and nominative often coincide, but not always.
- When studying Latin, you must strictly adhere to the following methodological rule:
Features of first declension nouns in Latin
The belonging of a Latin noun to the first declension is determined by the form genetīvus singulāris (genitive singular; abbreviated as gen.sg.), namely by the ending -ae in this form.
As for the nominative case form (nominatīvus singulāris; abbreviated as nom.sg.) of first declension nouns, it ends in Latin (with rare exceptions) in -ă.
Dictionary entry for a Latin noun of the 1st declension
In Latin dictionaries Latin noun of the first declension looks like this:
- the form nominatīvus singulāris is given;
- separated by a comma, the ending of the form genetīvus singulāris is indicated, by which it is determined that this noun belongs specifically to the first declension, and not to some other declension;
- in parentheses (or using another printing means) the gender of the word is indicated in abbreviated form - feminine or masculine;
- a translation or interpretation is given in Russian.
This sequence of vocabulary instructions should be remembered when memorizing Latin nouns.
Examples of Latin feminine first declension nouns
Names of objects and plants:
- alga, ae (f.) algae
- aqua, ae (f.) water
- barba, ae (f.) beard
- betŭla, ae (f.) birch
- caltha, ae (f.) marigold
- cista, ae (f.) chest
- dolābra, ae (f.) hoe
- esca, ae (f.) food; bait
- faba, ae (f.) bean
- herba, ae (f.) grass
- lappa, ae (f.) burdock
- luna, ae (f.) moon
- margarīta, ae (f.) pearl
- rota, ae (f.) wheel
- sagitta, ae (f.) arrow
- silva, ae (f.) forest
- statua, ae (f.) statue
- stella, ae (f.) star
- terra, ae (f.) earth
- umbra, ae (f.) shadow
- via, ae (f.) road
Names of persons and animals:
- alauda, ae (f.) lark
- amīca, ae (f.) friend
- aquĭla, ae (f.) eagle
- bestia, ae (f.) beast
- blatta, ae (f.) mole
- Diāna, ae (f.) Diana
- discipŭla, ae (f.) student
- equa, ae (f.) mare
- filia, ae (f.) daughter
- lupa, ae (f.) she-wolf
- luscinia, ae (f.) nightingale
- magistra, ae (f.) teacher
- Minerva, ae (f.) Minerva
- musca, ae (f.) fly
- rana, ae (f.) frog
Names of actions, states, and other abstract concepts:
- fuga, ae (f.) flight
- historia, ae (f.) history
- laetitia, ae (f.) joy
- natūra, ae (f.) nature
- philosophia, ae (f.) philosophy
- potentia, ae (f.) power
- scientia, ae (f.) knowledge
- vita, ae (f.) life
Words of the 1st declension category pluralia tantum
In words pluralia tantum(literally - 'plural only') are nouns that do not have singular forms. They are used only in plural forms, but can also denote a single object. How many objects are denoted by a category noun? pluralia tantum, depends on the context and situation. There are similar words in the Russian language: watch, sleigh, scissors, pants and others. True, in Russian, unlike Latin, these words often denote objects consisting of clearly observable paired parts, which historically explains the plurality of forms of the corresponding nouns.
Since words have categories pluralia tantum If there are no singular forms, then their dictionary entry will have a form somewhat different from the type of dictionary entry of ordinary nouns: instead of the singular number, the plural forms will be indicated.
Example words pluralia tantum in the 1st declension of Latin:
- Athēnae, ārum (f.) Athens (city)
- indutiae, ārum (f.) truce
- insidiae, ārum (f.) ambush; intrigues
- nugae, ārum (f.) nonsense, trifles
- praestigiae, ārum (f.) focus; sell
- tenĕbrae, ārum (f.) darkness
- Thebae, ārum (f.) Thebes (city)
Some Latin nouns are category words pluralia tantum not in all its meanings. Thus, the noun copia is an ordinary noun meaning ‘multitude, abundance’(hence the word copy in Russian), but in the meaning of ‘army’ it becomes a category word pluralia tantum- copiae.
Wed. also: littĕra, ae (f.) letter and littĕrae, ārum (f.) letter.
Composition of the first declension in Latin
The first declension in Latin consists of feminine (feminīnum) and masculine (masculīnum) nouns. Moreover, there are much more feminine nouns of the first declension in Latin than masculine nouns of the first declension.
In this regard, an analogy with the first declension of the school grammar of the Russian language is appropriate: it mainly includes words of the feminine gender (woman, wall, birch, war, friendship and others), but there are - in smaller numbers - masculine words (young man, grandfather , Satan and others).
It is important to pay attention to the fact that in first declension of Latin(as in the Russian first declension) a semantic restriction is imposed on masculine nouns: these are always animate nouns denoting male persons. At the same time, feminine nouns of the first declension of Latin can be both animate and inanimate; denote both persons and objects or concepts.
Examples of Latin masculine first declension nouns
- athlēta, ae (m.) athlete
- convīva, ae (m.) table companion
- lixa, ae (m.) sutler
- nauta, ae (m.) sailor
- pirāta, ae (m.) pirate
- poēta, ae (m.) poet
- scriba, ae (m.) scribe
Latin names of rivers of the 1st declension
Regularly - however, with a number of exceptions - the names of rivers are masculine among the nouns of the 1st declension in Latin. This is explained by the influence of mythological ideas on the grammar of the Latin language. River deities were usually thought of as male, which is also reflected in the art of antiquity. Here are examples of river names of the 1st declination:
- Sequăna, ae (m.) Sequana (river in Gaul; modern Seine)
- Matŏna, ae (m.) Matrona (river in Gaul; modern Marne)
Thus, for the Latin linguistic consciousness Seine river or Marne river- This He, but not she, in contrast to Russian or French linguistic consciousness. Therefore, adjectives in Latin agree with such nouns in the masculine gender, and not in the feminine gender.
More about rivers in ancient mythology:
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Latin nouns vary in number and case, and can also be masculine (genus masculinum), feminine (genus femininum) or neuter (genus neutrum). There are indeclinable nouns (indeclinabilia). In this case, they belong to the neuter gender. These include letter names, non-Latin names (Adam - Adam, Noe - Noah) and individual words (pondo - pound; gelu - frost). There are nouns that are used only in one of the indirect cases (monoptota) (satias - satiety; frustratui - deception; etc.). Other nouns are known only in two cases (diptota) (suppetiae, suppetias - help). There are also those that are used only in three cases (triptota) (vis, vim, vi - strength).
Nouns denoting people and animals can take both genders in meaning - each time the one that is meant by this word (citizen, citizen - civis). This double use of gender is called common gender (genus commune). The names of winds, months and rivers are masculine. The names of trees, cities, countries and islands are usually feminine. The singular number is called numerus singularis, the plural – numerus pluralis.
Diversified nouns (heteroclita) in the singular have, for example, the feminine gender, and in the plural – neuter (carbasus – sail), respectively, in different numbers (= genders) they are declined according to different declensions. There is also the opposite situation - neuter in the singular and feminine in the plural (epulum - epuli - feast). There are words of the masculine gender in the singular, and in the plural they also acquire the neuter gender (locus - place, loci - separate places, for example, excerpts from books; and loca - places connected with each other, regions, localities). There are neuter words in the singular and masculine in the plural (coelum – coeli – sky). Some words have different meanings depending on the number: aedes – temple (singular), house (plural); copia (singular) – abundance, copiae (plural) – army.
Some nouns are used only in the plural, for example: gray hairs (cani), weapons (arma). The names of Roman and Greek holidays also fall into this category.
Similar to Greek, for all names of the neuter gender the accusative case coincides with the nominative case. In the accusative plural, such names inherited from the common Indo-European language the sign of a collective concept - the ending a.
The Greek influence on Latin was also manifested in the fact that words borrowed from Greek (especially proper names) can even retain their Greek case endings when declined. In other cases, they are declined in both variants - with both Latin and Greek endings. The reproduction of Greek forms is most often noticeable among poets.
As in Greek and Russian, Latin nouns can have common roots with a verb, arise as complex words of different roots or with the help of suffixes, and a little less often with the help of prefixes. This significantly enriches the vocabulary, expressive means of the language, and allows you to convey various shades. For example, there are nouns honor - honor; honestas – respect; honestudo – respect; honestamentum – decoration; honorarium - reward; honorificentia - respectfulness; honoripeta - ambitious; Honorius - Honorius, proper name.
In the dictionary, Latin nouns are given in the nominative singular, then the ending of the genitive singular is indicated and, in abbreviation, the gender of the word (m, f, n - masculine, feminine, neuter). This way you can understand the type of declination. For example: animal, alis, n animal. In archaic Latin, some case endings had a different form than in classical Latin. In particular, they were more reminiscent of Greek ones. For example, in the dative case of the singular in Latin there was a later lost diphthong with the sound i, and in Greek the iota moved to the position of a signature letter.
The first declension includes mainly feminine nouns.
Case endings
The vocative case, both singular and plural, has the same ending as the nominative. In the plural, such a coincidence occurs in all declensions; in the singular, in other declensions, special endings of the vocative case appear. In the accusative case of the singular in all declensions, the last letter is m.
Nouns of the II declension are mainly masculine.
Case endings
Nouns of the second declension can also have the endings –er in the nominative singular, -ir for masculine words and –um for neuter words. As an exception, there are feminine and neuter nouns ending in –us.
The third declension is the most difficult. It includes most nouns and many adjectives. In the nominative case, nouns have different endings and come in all genders - masculine, feminine and neuter.
Case endings
In some cases, some words have endings with slight peculiarities. They are inclined according to the mixed type and to the vowel type. The mixed type in the genitive plural has the ending -ium instead of -um. The vowel type in the genitive plural has the same ending as the mixed one, and in the prepositional singular case it has the ending -i instead of -e.
TO mixed type These include words in which the number of syllables in the genitive singular does not change, i.e. remains the same as it was in the dictionary form - nominative singular. Such words are called equisyllabic. The same type includes words that have two consonant letters before the ending of the genitive singular.
TO vowel type These include neuter words whose dictionary form (nominative singular) ends in -e, -al, -ar. Adjectives also belong to the vowel type.
The gender of words of the third declension can be determined from the dictionary.
However, there are some rules for this, each of which has exceptions. To make it easier to memorize these exceptions, back in the 19th century textbooks for classical education, special mnemonic devices were used - exceptions were listed in the form of poems with rhyme. Below are these rules and techniques.
Words ending in -o, -or, -er, -os are usually masculine. Feminine exceptions: Feminina sunt in -o: carnis, caro, -io, -do and -go, except ordo, pugio.
The only feminine gender in –os is the word dos. Os “bone” and os “mouth” are always of the neuter gender. Neuter exceptions: The neuter gender with –or is only important for the word cor. Feminini generis only arbor, arboris. Neuter genders in -er sunt: cadaver, iter, ver and pluralis – verbera.
Words ending in -es are feminine when they are equivalent. In other cases they are masculine. Feminine in -es: quies, merces and seges.
Words ending in -ex are masculine. The feminine gender in -ex only needs to be remembered: lex. Words ending in -as, -is, -aus, -s are usually feminine. Exceptions: Masculina only as, and average only vas.
Masculina sunt with -is all words with -cis, -quis, -nis; lapis, pullis, collis, mensis, also orbis. Masculina sunt in -ns: fons, mons, pons, and also dens.
Words ending in -e, -l, -ar are usually neuter. Masculine exceptions: Masculina – sal and sol and animals in -us – lepos, leporis and mus. Feminina is only tellus.
Words starting with -с, -e, -n, -t, -ur are usually neuter.
Words ending in -us are feminine when they have the endings -utis or -udis in the singular genitive case. If in the nominative singular they end in –oris or –eris, then they belong to the neuter gender.
The fourth declension includes the words male, which in the nominative case have the ending -us, and words average genders with the ending -u in the nominative case.
As exceptions to the feminine gender The words include: domus - house, porticus - portico, manus - hand.
Case endings
Neuter nouns end in the nominative singular with -u and they have the same ending in the accusative singular. In the plural case in the nominative and accusative case they end in -a.
The fifth declension includes feminine words. As an exception, some writers refer to both the feminine and masculine genders: dies - day, meridies - noon.
Case endings
Many words of the fifth declension do not have a plural or are not used in the plural in all cases.
- Drying organic liquids Wine spirit and its relatives
- Laboratory work: Production of methane and experiments with it Calcium carbide was used to dehydrate ethanol
- Model of error in the form of a random elementary function Mathematical model of measurement results of measurement error
- Questions for subject and object Basic geometric shapes