The role of biology in the modern world of practical human activity. Preparing for the OGE in biology
MKOU"Novokaykent Secondary School"
With. Novokayakent
Kayakent district Republic of Dagestan
OGE. Task 1. “The role of biology in the formation of a modern natural science picture of the world, in the practical activities of people »
(for 9th grade students)
MKOU "Novokayakent Secondary School"
Umalatova Ravganiyat Biybulatovna
Novokayakent village
Explanatory note
This material is OGE. Questions 1. “The role of biology in the formation of a modern natural science picture of the world, in the practical activities of people” is recommended for 9th grade students. The material includes questions with a choice of one correct answer. This material can be used to prepare for the OGE. The work includes 12 questions.
Tasks: test students' knowledge and ability to correctly select one correct answer to a question.
Equipment: handouts with tests.
OGE. Questions 1.“The role of biology in the formation of the modern natural science picture of the world, in the practical activities of people »
1.Science studies the patterns of heredity and variability of organisms
1) genetics
2) taxonomy
3) anthropology
4) biochemistry
3.What science studies human health and ways to preserve it?
1) valeology
2) hygiene
3) medicine
4) physiology
5. Which of the following scientists is considered the founder of the science of genetics?
1) I.I. Mechnikov
2) L. Pasteur
3) G. Mendel
4) C. Darwin
7. The main way to study a plant cell is
1) observation
2) microscopy
3) freezing - chipping
4) coloring
9. The mechanism of protein biosynthesis in the body has been discovered
1) anatomists
2) physiologists
3) biochemists
4) ecologists
11. To put forward a hypothesis means
1) confirm the scientific nature of the data obtained
2) conduct an experiment
3) make a guess
4) summarize changing facts
Sources of information:
1.Biology. General patterns. 9th grade S.G. Mamontov, V.B. Zakharov, N.I. Sonin. -M.: Bustard, 2002, 288 p.
2. Biology Unified State Examination. Section "Plants, mushrooms, lichens". Theory, training tasks: educational manual / A.A. Kirilenko-
Rostov n/a: Legion, 2015 - 320 p.
3. OGE 2017. Biology: thematic training tasks: 9th grade/
G.I. Lerner.- Moscow: Eksmo, 2016.- 272 p.
4. OGE. Biology: standard exam options: O -30 options / ed. V.S. Rokhlova.-M.: Publishing house “National Education”, 2017.- 400 p.
A1 THE ROLE OF BIOLOGY IN THE FORMATION OF A MODERN NATURAL SCIENTIFIC PICTURE OF THE WORLD, IN THE PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES OF PEOPLE. Block 1. Biology as a science. Methods of scientific knowledge 1.1. Biology as a science, its achievements, methods of knowing living nature. The role of biology in the formation of the modern natural science picture of the world.
The subject of biology is all manifestations of life: the structure and functions of living beings, their diversity, origin and development, as well as interaction with the environment. The main task of biology as a science is to interpret all phenomena of living nature on a scientific basis, taking into account that the whole organism has properties that are fundamentally different from its components. The term “biology” is found in the works of German anatomists T. Roose (1779) and K.-F. Burdach (1800), but only in 1802 it was first used independently by J.-B. Lamarck and G.-R. Treviranus to denote the science that studies living organisms. Biological Sciences Currently, biology includes a number of sciences that can be systematized according to the following criteria: by subject and predominant research methods and by the level of organization of living nature being studied. According to the subject of study, biological sciences are divided into bacteriology, botany, virology, zoology, and mycology. Botany is a biological science that comprehensively studies plants and the Earth's vegetation cover. Zoology - a branch of biology, the science of the diversity, structure, life activity, distribution and relationship of animals with their environment, their origin and development. Bacteriology - biological science that studies the structure and activity of bacteria, as well as their role in nature. Virology - biological science that studies viruses. The main object of mycology is mushrooms, their structure and characteristics of life. Lichenology - biological science that studies lichens. Bacteriology, virology and some aspects of mycology are often considered as part of microbiology - a branch of biology, the science of microorganisms (bacteria, viruses and microscopic fungi). Systematics or taxonomy
, is a biological science that describes and classifies into groups all living and extinct creatures. Biochemistry is the science of the chemical composition of living matter, the chemical processes occurring in living organisms and underlying their life activity. Morphology - biological science that studies the form and structure of organisms, as well as the patterns of their development. In a broad sense, it includes cytology, anatomy, histology and embryology. Distinguish between the morphology of animals and plants. Anatomy is a branch of biology (more precisely, morphology), a science that studies the internal structure and shape of individual organs, systems and the organism as a whole. Plant anatomy is considered as part of botany, animal anatomy is considered as part of zoology, and human anatomy is a separate science. Physiology - biological science that studies the life processes of plant and animal organisms, their individual systems, organs, tissues and cells. There is physiology of plants, animals and humans. Embryology
(developmental biology) - a branch of biology, the science of the individual development of an organism, including the development of the embryo. According to the level of organization of living nature being studied, molecular biology, cytology, histology, organology, biology of organisms and superorganismal systems are distinguished. Molecular biology is one of the youngest branches of biology, a science that studies, in particular, the organization of hereditary information and protein biosynthesis. Cytology, or cell biology , is a biological science, the object of study of which is the cells of both unicellular and multicellular organisms. Histology - biological science, a branch of morphology, the object of which is the structure of tissues of plants and animals. The field of organology includes the morphology, anatomy and physiology of various organs and their systems . Organismal biology includes all sciences that deal with living organisms, e.g.ethology - the science of behavior of organisms. The biology of supraorganismal systems is divided into biogeography and ecology. The distribution of living organisms is studied by biogeography, while ecology studies the organization and functioning of supraorganismal systems at various levels: populations, biocenoses (communities), biogeocenoses (ecosystems) and the biosphere. According to the prevailing research methods, we can distinguish descriptive (for example, morphology), experimental (for example, physiology) and theoretical biology. Identification and explanation of the patterns of structure, functioning and development of living nature at various levels of its organization is a task of general biology. It includes biochemistry, molecular biology, cytology, embryology, genetics, ecology, evolutionary science and anthropology. Evolutionary teaching studies the causes, driving forces, mechanisms and general patterns of evolution of living organisms. One of its sections ispaleontology - a science whose subject is the fossil remains of living organisms. Anthropology - a section of general biology, the science of the origin and development of humans as a biological species, as well as the diversity of modern human populations and the patterns of their interaction. Applied aspects of biology are included in the field of biotechnology, breeding and other rapidly developing sciences. Biotechnology is the biological science that studies the use of living organisms and biological processes in production. It is widely used in the food (baking, cheese-making, brewing, etc.) and pharmaceutical industries (production of antibiotics, vitamins), for water purification, etc. Selection - the science of methods for creating breeds of domestic animals, varieties of cultivated plants and strains of microorganisms with properties necessary for humans. Selection is also understood as the process of changing living organisms, carried out by humans for their needs. The progress of biology is closely related to the successes of other natural and exact sciences, such as physics, chemistry, mathematics, computer science, etc. For example, microscopy, ultrasound (ultrasound), tomography and other methods of biology are based on physical laws, and the study of the structure of biological molecules and processes occurring in living systems would be impossible without the use of chemical and physical methods. The use of mathematical methods makes it possible, on the one hand, to identify the presence of a natural connection between objects or phenomena, to confirm the reliability of the results obtained, and on the other hand, to model a phenomenon or process. Recently, computer methods, such as modeling, have become increasingly important in biology. At the intersection of biology and other sciences, a number of new sciences arose, such as biophysics, biochemistry, bionics, etc. BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES To the group general biological sciences includes: | To the group private biological sciences were merged: |
- cytology – cell science - histology – tissue science (groups of cells) - taxonomy - a scientific discipline whose tasks include developing principles for the classification of living organisms; - embryology - patterns of individual development of organisms, development of the embryo. - morphology – the science that studies the external and internal structure of a living organism; - physiology - science about the patterns of functioning of life processes in the body; - ecology - the science of the relationships of living organisms and their communities with each other and with the environment; - ethology - the science of animal behavior - genetics - science about the laws and mechanisms of heredity and variability; - evolutionary doctrine , or evolutionary science, is a system of ideas and concepts in biology that affirm the historical progressive development of the biosphere - paleontology – the science of extinct organisms | 1) microbiology - the science of microorganisms: bacteria, microscopic fungi and algae, protozoa and viruses; 2) botany – plant science; mycology (science of fungi), algology (science of algae), bryology (science of mosses) -3) zoology - science, the subject of study of which is representatives of the animal kingdom; - anthropology – a set of disciplines involved in the study of man. |
To the group integrated biological sciences were merged: |
|
- biotechnology - a set of industrial methods that allow the use of living organisms and their parts to produce products - selection - the science of methods for creating plant varieties, animal breeds, and strains of microorganisms with the characteristics needed by humans. - immunology – the science of the body’s immune (defense) system |
Achievements of biology
The most important events in the field of biology that influenced the entire course of its further development are:
Establishment of the molecular structure of DNA and its role in the transmission of information in living matter (F. Crick, J. Watson, M. Wilkins);
Decoding the genetic code (R. Holley, H.-G. Korana, M. Nirenberg);
Discovery of gene structure and genetic regulation of protein synthesis (A. M. Lvov, F. Jacob, J.-L. Monod, etc.);
Formulation of cell theory (M. Schleiden, T. Schwann, R. Virchow, K. Baer);
Study of patterns of heredity and variability (G. Mendel, G. de Vries, T. Morgan, etc.);
Formulation of the principles of modern systematics (C. Linnaeus), evolutionary theory (C. Darwin) and the doctrine of the biosphere (V.I. Vernadsky).
“ mad cow disease" (prions).
Work on the “Human Genome” program, which was carried out simultaneously in several countries and was completed at the beginning of this century, led us to the understanding that a person has only about 25-30 thousand genes, but information from most of our DNA is not read never, since it contains a huge number of regions and genes encoding traits that have lost significance for humans (tail, body hair, etc.). In addition, a number of genes responsible for the development of hereditary diseases, as well as drug target genes, have been deciphered. However, the practical application of the results obtained during the implementation of this program is postponed until the genomes of a significant number of people have been deciphered, and then it will become clear what their differences are. These goals have been set for a number of leading laboratories around the world working on the implementation of the ENCODE program.
The greatest significance among the achievements of biology is the fact that they even form the basis for the construction of neural networks and genetic code in computer technology, and are also widely used in architecture and other industries. Without a doubt, the 21st century is the century of biology.
Like any other science, biology has its own arsenal of methods. In addition to the scientific method of cognition used in other fields, methods such as historical, comparative-descriptive, etc. are widely used in biology.
The role of biology in the formation of the modern natural science picture of the world
At the stage of its formation, biology did not yet exist separately from other natural sciences and was limited only to observation, study, description and classification of representatives of the animal and plant world, i.e. it was a descriptive science. However, this did not prevent the ancient naturalists Hippocrates (c. 460-377 BC), Aristotle (384-322 BC) and Theophrastus (real name Tirtham, 372-287 BC). BC) to make a significant contribution to the development of ideas about the structure of the human body and animals, as well as the biological diversity of animals and plants, thereby laying the foundations of human anatomy and physiology, zoology and botany.
The deepening of knowledge about living nature and the systematization of previously accumulated facts, which occurred in the 16th-18th centuries, culminated in the introduction of binary nomenclature and the creation of a harmonious taxonomy of plants (C. Linnaeus) and animals (J.-B. Lamarck).
The description of a significant number of species with similar morphological characteristics, as well as paleontological finds, became prerequisites for the development of ideas about the origin of species and the paths of historical development of the organic world. Thus, the experiments of F. Redi, L. Spallanzani and L. Pasteur in the 17th-19th centuries refuted the hypothesis of spontaneous generation, put forward by Aristotle and prevalent in the Middle Ages, and the theory of biochemical evolution by A.I. Oparin and J. Haldane, brilliantly confirmed by S. Miller and G. Yuri, allowed us to answer the question about the origin of all living things.
If the very process of the emergence of living things from non-living components and its evolution in themselves no longer raise doubts, then the mechanisms, paths and directions of the historical development of the organic world are still not fully understood, since neither of the two main competing theories of evolution (synthetic theory evolution, created on the basis of the theory of Charles Darwin, and the theory of J.-B. Lamarck) still cannot provide comprehensive evidence.
The use of microscopy and other methods of related sciences, due to progress in the field of other natural sciences, as well as the introduction of experimental practice, allowed the German scientists T. Schwann and M. Schleiden to formulate a cell theory back in the 19th century, later supplemented by R. Virchow and K. Baer. It became the most important generalization in biology, which formed the cornerstone of modern ideas about the unity of the organic world.
The discovery of patterns of transmission of hereditary information by the Czech monk G. Mendel served as an impetus for the further rapid development of biology in the 20th-21st centuries and led not only to the discovery of the universal carrier of heredity - DNA, but also the genetic code, as well as the fundamental mechanisms of control, reading and variability of hereditary information .
The development of ideas about the environment led to the emergence of such a science as ecology, and the formulation of the doctrine of the biosphere as a complex multi-component planetary system of interconnected huge biological complexes, as well as chemical and geological processes occurring on Earth (V.I. Vernadsky), which ultimately allows, at least to a small extent, to reduce the negative consequences of human economic activity.
Thus, biology played an important role in the formation of the modern natural science picture of the world.
SCIENTISTS – BIOLOGISTS
W. Harvey discovered the mechanism of blood circulation; made a microscope and laid the foundations of modern anatomy and physiology;
R.Hook described the cellular structure of a cork (plant); coined the term “cell”;
A. Levenguk observed under a microscope (magnifying 300 times) protozoa, bacteria, sperm;
K. Baer observed the egg cell of mammals;
R.Brown discovered the cell nucleus;
K. Linnaeus created a system of classification of plants and animals;
T. Schwann, M. Schleiden independently formulated the cell theory,
R. Virchow created the doctrine of cellular pathology, introduced the postulate: “each cell is from a cell”;
C. Darwin created evolutionary theory;
G. Mendel discovered the law of inheritance of traits, which contributed to the birth of genetics as a science;
L. Pasteur discovered the principle of vaccines, laid the foundations of microbiology and immunology;
Charles Darwin created a holistic theory of evolution through natural selection.
I. Mechnikov formulated the phagocytic theory,
I. Pavlov – the doctrine of reflex
A. Humboldt studied the interaction of organisms with the environment and its dependence on geography
K. Landsteiner discovered human blood groups
Gregor Mendel , laws of genetics
J. Watson and F. Crick deciphered DNA structures
V.I.Vernadsky about the connections between living organisms and inanimate nature (the doctrine of the biosphere).
METHODS OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
The most common methods for studying biology are:
observation (allows you to describe biological phenomena),
comparison (makes it possible to find general patterns in the structure and functioning of different organisms),
experiment, or experience, modeling (helps to study the properties of biological objects under controlled conditions; many processes are simulated that are inaccessible for direct observation or experimental reproduction),
historical method (allows, on the basis of data about the modern organic world and its past, to understand the processes of development of living nature)
The scientific method is a set of basic methods for obtaining new knowledge and methods for solving problems within the framework of any science.
The scientific method involves a certain systematic approach:
Observing facts and measuring them, i.e. description of observation - quantitative and/or qualitative.
The scientific method of cognition includes observation, formulation of hypotheses, experiment, modeling, analysis of results and derivation of general patterns (Fig. 1.).
Rice. 1. Schematic representation of the scientific research method
Observation
Observation - this is the purposeful perception of objects and phenomena using the senses or instruments, determined by the task of the activity.
The main condition for scientific observation is its objectivity, that is, the ability to verify the data obtained through repeated observation or the use of other research methods, such as experiment. The facts obtained as a result of observation are called data. They can be either qualitative (describing smell, taste, color, shape, etc.) or quantitative, and quantitative data is more accurate than qualitative.
Analysis of the results obtained - systematization, identification of the main and secondary.
Generalization - formulation of hypotheses and then - theories.
Forecast: formulating consequences from a proposed hypothesis or accepted theory using deduction, induction or other logical methods.
Checking predicted consequences through experiment.
Pay attention to the 5th point. Without it, the approach cannot be considered scientific!
It is important to understand the difference between the concepts of hypothesis and theory.
Based on observational data, it is formulatedhypothesis - a presumptive judgment about the natural connection of phenomena. The hypothesis is tested in a series of experiments. An experiment is a scientifically conducted experiment, an observation of the phenomenon being studied under controlled conditions that allows one to identify the characteristics of a given object or phenomenon. The highest form of experiment is modeling - the study of any phenomena, processes or systems of objects by constructing and studying their models.A hypothesis is a statement, an assumption that has not yet been proven.
The experimental and simulation results are subject to careful analysis. Analysis is a method of scientific research by decomposing an object into its component parts or mentally dissecting an object through logical abstraction.
Whenprove the hypothesis , she becomestheory , a theorem or fact . Refuted hypothesis goes into the categoryfalse statements . A hypothesis that has not yet been proven , but not refuted, is calledopen problem .
Theory - a knowledge system built on a scientifically proven hypothesis.
Theory is understood as a form of scientific knowledge that gives a holistic idea of the patterns and essential connections of reality.
The general direction of scientific research is to achieve higher levels of predictability. If no facts can change a theory, and the deviations from it that occur are regular and predictable, then it can be elevated to the rank of a law - a necessary, essential, stable, repeating relationship between phenomena in nature.
As the body of knowledge increases and research methods improve, hypotheses and even well-established theories can be challenged, modified, and even rejected, since scientific knowledge itself is dynamic in nature and constantly subject to critical reinterpretation.
Biological experiment
Qualitative experiment - the simplest type of biological experiment - its goal is to establish the presence or absence of the phenomenon assumed in the theory.
Measuring experiment - identification of some quantitative characteristic of an object or process.
The device of a light microscope. A light microscope consists of optical and mechanical parts. Optical parts are involved in constructing an image, and mechanical parts are used for ease of use of optical parts.
The total magnification of the microscope is determined by the formula:
Objective magnification x eyepiece magnification = microscope magnification.
For example, if the lens magnifies the object by 8 times and the eyepiece by 7, then the total magnification of the microscope is 56.
Observation, description and measurement of biological objects
Statistical measurements - measurements of quantities that do not change over time.
Dynamic measurements - measurements of quantities that change their value over time (pressure, temperature, population density, etc.)
Research methods in science are quite diverse, but they are all based on scientific methods of cognition, which differ in a certain approach.
Knowing this information helps to separate actual scientific research from various widespread pseudo-scientific experiments.
Historical method
The historical method reveals the patterns of the appearance and development of organisms, the formation of their structure and function. In a number of cases, with the help of this method, hypotheses and theories that were previously considered false gain new life.
The comparative-descriptive method involves conducting an anatomical and morphological analysis of the objects of study. It underlies the classification of organisms, identifying patterns of emergence and development of various forms of life.
Monitoring is a system of measures for observing, assessing and forecasting changes in the state of the object under study, in particular the biosphere.
Carrying out observations and experiments often requires the use of special equipment, such as microscopes, centrifuges, spectrophotometers, etc.
Microscopy is widely used in zoology, botany, human anatomy, histology, cytology, genetics, embryology, paleontology, ecology and other branches of biology. It allows you to study the fine structure of objects using light, electron, X-ray and other types of microscopes.
Differential centrifugation, or fractionation, makes it possible to separate particles according to their size and density under the influence of centrifugal force, which is actively used in studying the structure of biological molecules and cells.
The arsenal of biological methods is constantly updated, and at present it is almost impossible to fully cover it. Therefore, some methods used in individual biological sciences will be discussed below.
Biology - a complex of sciences about living nature, which studies the structure and functions of living things, their diversity, origin and development, as well as interaction with the environment.
Classification of biological sciences
Currently in biology composition include botany(plants), zoology(animals), microbiology(microorganisms), mycology(mushrooms), systematics, biochemistry(chemical composition of living matter and chemical processes in it), cytology(cell), histology(fabrics), anatomy(internal structure), physiology(life processes), embryology(individual development), ethology(behavior), genetics(heredity and variability), selection(breeding organisms with properties needed by humans), biotechnology(use of living organisms and biological processes in production), evolutionary doctrine(historical development of the organic world), paleontology(fossil remains), anthropology(historical development of man as a biological species), ecology(populations, communities, biogeocenoses and biosphere).
At the intersection of biology and other sciences, a number of new sciences arose, such as biophysics, biochemistry, bionics and etc.
Biology methods
Main methods of biology are:
- comparative-descriptive,
- modeling (creating simplified simulations of an object or phenomenon),
- monitoring (systematic observation, assessment and forecast of changes in the state of an object),
- light and electron microscopy,
- differential centrifugation, or fractionation (separation of particles under the influence of centrifugal force),
- tagged atom method, or autoradiography, etc.
The role of biology in the formation of the modern natural science picture of the world and in the practical activities of people
Biology played an important role role in the formation of a modern natural science picture of the world , since it reveals the mechanisms of the emergence of the organic world from non-living components and its evolution, proves the unity of its origin based on the structure of cells, and also generalizes the mechanisms of heredity and variability.
Biology makes a significant contribution to human understanding of the scientific picture of the world, based on the systematization of scientific facts established during scientific research and their generalization to the level of theories, rules and laws.
The role of biology in the practical activities of people . The use of adequate modern methods of scientific research has radically transformed biology, expanded its cognitive capabilities and opened new ways for the use of biological knowledge in all spheres of human activity. Thanks to the achievements of biology, medications, vitamins, and biologically active substances are produced industrially. Discoveries made in genetics, anatomy, physiology and biochemistry make it possible to give a sick person a correct diagnosis and develop effective ways to treat and prevent various diseases.
Using knowledge of the laws of heredity and variability, breeding scientists obtain new highly productive breeds of domestic animals and varieties of cultivated plants. Based on the study of relationships between organisms, biological methods for controlling crop pests have been created. The study of the structure and operating principles of various systems of living organisms helped to find original solutions in technology and construction.
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THEORETICAL MATERIAL
BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE. METHODS OF BIOLOGY
Biology - the science of life, its patterns and forms of manifestation, its existence and distribution in time and space. She explores the origins of life and its essence, development, interconnections and diversity. Biology belongs to the natural sciences.
The term “biology” was first used by the German professor of anatomy T. Ruz in 1779. However, it became generally accepted in 1802, after the French naturalist J.-B. began to use it in his works. Lamarck.
Modern biology is a complex science, consisting of a number of independent scientific disciplines with their own objects of research.
BIOLOGICAL DISCIPLINES
Botany- plant science,
Zoology- animal science,
Mycology- about mushrooms,
Virology- about viruses,
Microbiology- about bacteria.
Anatomy- a science that studies the internal structure of organisms (individual organs, tissues). Plant anatomy studies the structure of plants, animal anatomy studies the structure of animals.
Morphology- a science that studies the external structure of organisms
Physiology- a science that studies the vital processes of the body and the functions of individual organs.
Hygiene- the science of preserving and strengthening human health.
Cytology- cell science.
Histology- tissue science.
Taxonomy- the science of classifying living organisms. Classification is the division of organisms into groups (species, genus, families, etc.) based on structural features, origin, development, etc.
Paleontology- a science that studies the fossil remains (imprints, fossils, etc.) of organisms.
Embryology- the science that studies the individual (embryo) development of organisms.
Ecology- a science that studies the relationships of organisms with each other and with the environment.
Ethology- the science of animal behavior.
Genetics- the science of the laws of heredity and variability.
Selection- the science of breeding new and improving existing breeds of domestic animals, varieties of cultivated plants and strains of bacteria and fungi.
Evolutionary doctrine- studies the origins and laws of the historical development of life on Earth.
Anthropology- the science of the emergence and development of man.
Cell engineering- a branch of science dealing with the production of hybrid cells. An example is the hybridization of cancer cells and lymphocytes, the fusion of protoplasts of different plant cells, and cloning.
Genetic Engineering- a branch of science that deals with the production of hybrid DNA or RNA molecules. If cell engineering works at the cellular level, then genetic engineering works at the molecular level. In this case, specialists “transplant” the genes of one organism to another. One of the results of genetic engineering is the production of genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
Bionics- a direction in science that searches for opportunities to apply the principles of organization, properties and structures of living nature in technical devices.
Biotechnology- a discipline that studies the possibilities of using organisms or biological processes to obtain substances needed by humans. Typically, biotechnological processes use bacteria and fungi.
GENERAL METHODS OF BIOLOGY
A method is a way of understanding reality.
1. Observation and description.
2.Measurement
3. Comparison
4. Experiment or experience
5. Simulation
6. Historical.
STAGES OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
Held observation over an object or phenomenon
based on the data obtained, it is put forward hypothesis
scientific experiment(with control experience)
a hypothesis tested during an experiment can be called
theory or by law
PROPERTIES OF LIVING
Metabolism and energy flow- the most important property of living things. All living organisms absorb the substances they need from the external environment and release waste products into it.
Unity of chemical composition. Among the chemical elements in living organisms, carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen predominate. In addition, the most important feature of living organisms is the presence of organic substances: fats, carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids.
Cellular structure. All organisms are made up of cells. Only viruses have a non-cellular structure, but they also show signs of being alive only after entering the host cell.
Irritability- the body’s ability to respond to external or internal influences.
Self-reproduction. All living organisms are capable of reproduction, that is, the reproduction of their own kind. Reproduction of organisms occurs in accordance with the genetic program recorded in DNA molecules.
Heredity and variability.
Heredity is the ability of organisms to pass on their characteristics to their descendants. Heredity ensures continuity of life. Variability is the ability of organisms to acquire new characteristics in the process of their development. Hereditary variability is an important factor in evolution.
Growth and development.
Growth - quantitative changes (for example, increase in mass).
Development - qualitative changes (for example, the formation of organ systems, flowering and fruiting).
Self-regulation - the ability of organisms to maintain the constancy of their chemical composition and vital processes - homeostasis.
Adaptation
Rhythm - periodic changes in the intensity of physiological functions with different periods of fluctuations (daily, seasonal rhythms). (For example, photoperiodism is the body’s reaction to the length of daylight hours).
Levels of life organization
Number | Name | What is represented by | |
Biosphere | The totality of all ecosystems | ||
Ecosystem (biogeocenotic) | System of different populations | Savannah, tundra |
|
Population- | The totality of populations | White bears, |
|
Organismal | The body as an integral system | Bacteria, monkey |
|
Cellular | Cell and its structural components | Red blood cells, mitochondria, chloroplasts |
|
Molecular | Organic and inorganic substances | Proteins, carbohydrates; Water, salt ions |
Test tasks in OGE format
What science studies the varietal diversity of plants?
1)physiology 2)systematics 3)ecology 4)selection
2. You can find out whether light is necessary for the formation of starch in leaves using
1) descriptions of plant organs 2) comparisons of plants from different natural zones
3) observations of plant growth 4) photosynthesis experiment
3. In what area of biology was cell theory developed?
1) virology 2) cytology 3) anatomy 4) embryology
4. To separate cell organelles by density, you will choose a method
1) observation 2) chromatography 3) centrifugation 4) evaporation
5. The photograph shows a model of a DNA fragment. What method allowed scientists to create such a three-dimensional image of a molecule?
1) classification 2) experiment 3) observation 4) modeling
6. The photo shows a ball-and-stick DNA fragment. What method allowed scientists to create such a three-dimensional image of a molecule?
classification 2) experiment 3) observation 4) modeling
7. The use of which scientific method illustrates the plot of the painting by the Dutch artist J. Steen “Pulse”, written in the middle of the 17th century?
1) modeling 2) measurement 3) experiment 4) observation
8. Study the graph reflecting the process of growth and development of the insect.
Determine the length of the insect on the 30th day of its development.
1) 3,4 2) 2,8 3) 2,5 4) 2,0
9. Which of the following scientists is considered the creator of the doctrine of evolution?
1) I.I. Mechnikov 2) L. Pasteur 3) Ch. Darwin 4) I.P. Pavlova
10. What science studies the varietal diversity of plants?
1) physiology 2) taxonomy 3) ecology 4) selection
11. Select a pair of animals whose experiments have led to major discoveries in animal and human physiology.
1) horse and cow 2) bee and butterfly 3) dog and frog 4) lizard and dove
12. In what area of biology was cell theory developed?
1) virology 2) cytology 3) anatomy 4) embryology
13. You can accurately determine the degree of influence of fertilizers on plant growth using the method
1) experiment 2) modeling 3) analysis 4) observation
14. An example of the application of an experimental research method is
1) description of the structure of a new plant organism
2) comparison of two microslides with different tissues
3) counting a person’s pulse before and after exercise
4) formulating a position based on the facts obtained
15. A microbiologist wanted to find out how quickly one type of bacteria multiplies in different nutrient media. He took two flasks, filled them halfway with different nutrient media and placed approximately the same number of bacteria in them. Every 20 minutes he removed samples and counted the number of bacteria in them. The data from his research are reflected in the table.
Study the table “Change in the rate of reproduction of bacteria over a certain time” and answer the questions.
Change in the rate of bacterial reproduction over a certain time
Time after introduction of bacteria into the culture, min. | Number of bacteria in flask 1 | Number of bacteria in flask 2 |
1) How many bacteria did the scientist put in each flask at the very beginning of the experiment?
2) How did the rate of bacterial reproduction change during the experiment in each flask?
3) How can we explain the results obtained?
Literature
Kamensky A.A., Kriksunov E.A., Pasechnik V.V. Biology. General biology 9th grade: textbook. for educational institutions. M.: Bustard, 2013.
Zayats R.G., Rachkovskaya I.V., Butilovsky V.E., Davydov V.V. Biology for applicants: questions, answers, tests, tasks. - Minsk: Unipress, 2011. - 768 p.
“I will solve the OGE”: biology. Dmitry Gushchin's training system [Electronic resource] - URL: http:// oge.sdamgia.ru