The image of a Russian woman in the works of Nekrasov. Depiction of the fate of a Russian woman in N.A.’s poem
Poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” by N.A. Nekrasov devotes himself to symbolic searches happy person in Rus'. The seven main characters, while traveling, learn about the life of different segments of the Russian population: the clergy, landowners, peasants. But the special theme of Nekrasov’s work is the fate of the Russian peasant woman.
Nekrasov shows the life of a Russian woman in its entirety - from childhood to the moment when she meets seekers of happiness. So, the peasant woman Matryona Timofeevna tells everything without concealment about her life.
This long story begins with a description of a carefree childhood. Matryona was born and grew up in a good family. Her parents understood and took pity on her, her brothers woke her up with a song and helped her with work so that her beloved sister could sleep longer:
Sleep, dear orca,
Sleep, reserve strength!
It is no coincidence that the next chapter is called “Songs,” since songs play a special role in describing the life of a Russian woman. The songs that are sung here are folk, people put their thoughts and feelings into them. Therefore, it is in them that the whole tragedy of the life of peasant women is clearly reflected.
Matryona Timofeevna was endowed with restrained beauty, self-esteem, and enjoyed universal respect. However, despite this, her life was typical for most peasant women. And Nekrasov shows how terrible this fate was.
Matryona got married and began to live in her husband’s house, where the entire burden of peasant labor fell on her shoulders: cleaning the house, serving her husband’s sister and parents, working in the fields, raising children. When the time came and her first child was born, he became an obstacle to work. Then the mother-in-law demanded that Matryona leave her son with his old grandfather Savely. And the grandfather dozed off and did not see how the pig killed little Demushka. This did not happen out of malice, so Matryona forgave her grandfather, and they grieved together at the boy’s grave.
But the poor peasant woman had to come to terms not only with the death of her son, whose death was terrible and painful! She also had to attend the autopsy of the child: the unfortunate mother begged not to torment Demushka’s little body, but she had no right to her opinion, and she was only tied up. So as not to interfere.
However, Matryona’s trials did not end there; she had to overcome several more rather difficult moments, which make it clear to us that her life was far from happy
One day, Matryona’s second son took pity on the hungry she-wolf and threw her a sheep that had already been killed. For this, the headman decided to punish little Fedotushka, but his mother, without stooping to ask for forgiveness, endured all the pain of the public punishment that her son was about to undergo. And only the next day she cried her tears over the river.
When did the “difficult year” come? Matryona survived not only hunger and physical suffering, but also the news that her husband was being drafted into military service. She, naturally, did not want to become a “soldier,” and this time Matryona decided to fight for her happiness: she turned to the governor’s wife for help, and she helped the poor peasant woman and soon even became the godmother of Matryona Timofeevna’s child. After this incident, Matryona began to be called happy.
But is it really happiness to endure all the hardships and humiliation, to find the strength to ask for help?
For Nekrasov, a Russian woman is a symbol of life and national identity. His muse is the “sister” of a peasant woman; therefore, in the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus',” the fate of a Russian woman is developed into a whole story. The image of Matryona Timofeevna occupies a worthy place among the portraits of Russian women depicted by the poet.
The image of a Russian woman occupies a significant place in Nekrasov’s work. The heroines of his poems and poems were both simple peasant women and princesses. All of them created a unique image of Nekrasov’s “stately Slavic woman,” whose appearance embodied folk ideas about a real beauty: A beauty that is a wonder to the world, Blush, slender, tall, Beautiful in all clothes, Dexterous for any work. Nekrasov’s Russian woman is also distinguished by her spiritual wealth. In the image of a Russian peasant woman, the poet showed a person of high moral qualities, who does not lose faith, and is not broken by any sorrows. Nekrasov glorifies her perseverance in life’s trials, pride, dignity, care for her family and children. These qualities of a Russian woman are most fully revealed in the image of Matryona Timofeevna Korchagina in the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'.” This woman herself tells us from the pages of the poem about her difficult fate. Her story contains the everyday hardships of all Russian peasant women of that time: constant humiliation, separation from her husband, the suffering of a mother who lost her son, eternal poverty... But she can endure everything: She walked with anger in her heart, And she didn’t say too much to anyone. But Matryona Timofeevna has not lost her self-esteem; in her story one can also hear protest (“They have no soul in their chest... There is no cross on their neck!”). She compares the difficult fate of women to three loops of silk, white, red and black, and says to the wanderers: “You have not started a business - to look for a happy woman among women!” This is confirmed by the fate of Daria, described by Nekrasov in the poem “Frost, Red Nose.” We see the difficult lot of a peasant woman who has taken on all the men’s work and dies as a result. Her fate is also perceived as a typical fate of a Russian woman: Fate had three difficult shares, And the first share: to marry a slave, The second - to be the mother of a slave's son, And the third - to submit to a slave until the grave, And all these terrible shares fell on the woman of the Russian land. Taking care of the family, raising children, working around the house and in the field, even the most hard labour- all this lay on Daria. But she did not break under this weight. In the image of Daria, Nekrasov showed the best features of a Russian woman, in whom external attractiveness was combined with internal moral wealth. This is exactly what the poet admires. He says about Russian peasant women that “the dirt of the wretched situation does not seem to stick to them.” Such a woman “endures both hunger and cold.” There is still room for compassion in her soul. Daria went many miles for a miraculous icon that could cure her husband, and Matryona Timofeevna forgives Savely the hero for his mistake, which led to the death of her child. The heroine Nekrasova is capable of a moral feat. This is confirmed by the images of princesses Trubetskoy and Volkonskaya, created in the poem “Russian Women”. In this poem, Nekrasov sang the feat of the wives of the Decembrists, who shared the sad fate of their husbands. We see how all the governor’s arguments in a conversation with Princess Trubetskoy (“Let the husband be the one to blame... And you have to endure... why?”, “You run after him. Like a pathetic slave”) are shattered by the firmness of the princess’s acceptance solutions. In difficult times, she should be next to her husband. And no hardships along this path will stop her. The same can be said about Princess Volkonskaya, whose life is full of “sad losses.” “I shared the joy with him, I must share the prison... So heaven wills it!..” says the heroine. Her words contain both love and a sense of duty. The fact that Nekrasov replaced the original title of the poem “Decembrists” with the generalized “Russian Women” speaks for itself. Best qualities inherent in the heroines of this poem - fortitude, the ability to sacrifice oneself, will - these are the traits of a Russian woman, no matter what social class she belongs to. The poet pays tribute to the moral beauty and feat of the Russian woman: And if I filled my life with the struggle For the ideal of goodness and beauty And the song I compose bears beautiful features of Living love. O my mother, I was moved by you, You saved the living soul in me.
The great Russian poet Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov, continuing the traditions of the Decembrist poets. Pushkin and Lermontov, headed new stage Russian poetry, associated with the democratic movements of the 60-70s. Friend and associate of Chernyshevsky. Dobrolyubova, poet-citizen, poet-tribune. Nekrasov was a singer of folk life who dedicated his work to the struggle for the freedom and happiness of the people. “I dedicated the lyre to my people,” the poet rightfully said about himself. All Nekrasov’s poetry is imbued with the spirit of populism; the motives of peasant life, the beauty of Russian nature, and the souls of the peasants are reflected in it. From Nekrasov’s poetry, the image of a simple peasant and herself are revealed in a new way. folk life. And it is no coincidence that Nekrasov was one of the first to highlight the bitter fate of Russian women in his works. Russian literature has never known a poet who wrote images of peasant women so often and with such understanding. Nekrasov shows us the difficult “female burden” by depicting mainly the poor, the most downtrodden and backward layers of the peasantry. In his works, Nekrasov pays great attention to the life of a serf peasant woman and her difficult lot:
Fate had three hard parts,
And the first share is to marry the slave.
The second is to be the mother of a slave son,
And the third is to submit to the slave until the grave.
And all these formidable shares fell
To a woman of Russian soil.
The poet never says condemning words to a woman - on the contrary, he devotes words of warm and passionate sympathy to her. In his poems, Nekrasov constantly returns to women's theme. The depiction of the fate of the serf peasant woman is an angry indictment of the serfdom system, which created such hard labor for a person. Describing the powerless fate of the peasant woman - “to fade without having time to bloom” - the poet at the same time knows how to show women gifted with natural beauty. Nekrasov saw the ideal image of a peasant woman in the stately Slavic woman:
There are women in Russian villages
With calm importance of faces,
With beautiful strength in movements,
With the gait, with the look of queens.
Working on the poems “Frost, Red Nose”, “Who Lives Well in Rus'” and others, Nekrasov chose the life of peasant workers as the main object, and the scene of action - a typical setting - a Russian village, the poet describes the conditions in which the heroes live, talks about the difficult the life of Matryona Timofeevna - the heroine of the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” and about much more. The poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” gives the most complete image of peasant life. The poem has become a “people's book”, and into which Nekrasov seeks to invest his knowledge about the peasantry. If in previous works Nekrasov primarily depicted patience and downtroddenness in peasant women, now the poet shows the desire emerging in the Russian peasant woman to get rid of obedience, from the sad legacy of centuries of slavery.
Matrena Timofeevna is a working woman, her whole appearance speaks of strength and health:
A dignified woman.
Wide and dense.
About thirty-eight years old.
Beautiful, gray hair.
The eyes are large and stern.
The richest eyelashes,
Severe and dark!
During the conversation with the peasants, her spiritual beauty is revealed. The image of Matryona Timofeevna is entirely woven from folk poetry. Lyrical songs and lamentations have long revealed the truth about the life of a peasant woman, and Nekrasov drew from this source,
creating the image of your favorite heroine. The story about Matryona Timofeevna leads to the idea of strength and in a woman, the most disadvantaged and downtrodden creature, a spiritual thunderstorm is brewing - which means that a restructuring of life is possible and close. Faith in the people, in their awakening, is expressed in the words of the poet:
Saved in slavery
Free heart
Gold, gold
People's heart!
Despite the spiritual beauty and strength of Matryona Timofeevna, fate showered her with many hardships and difficulties. Her monotonous existence is marked by only the death of Savely and her parents and the eternal care of her children. She says: “I stood up for them.” There was such a case in her life when her deep and sincere love for children was manifested in action: “And then the wanderer demanded that we not breastfeed our children on fasting days!” Many followed the wanderer's order. Matrona acted differently:
I just didn't listen.
I judged in my own way.
If you can endure it, then mothers.
I am a sinner before God.
Not my child.
Matryona's life is difficult, but still there is happiness in it. She had a happy childhood spent in parental home, there was also temporary success after marriage. But neither deprivation nor a moment of happiness shook her balance or took away her spiritual strength. She understands that “the peasant order is inexhaustible” and that “it’s not the job of women to look for a happy one.” This statement is justified by the list of many disasters that befell her, Matrenina. The narrator is convinced that those who seek happiness between women will be left with nothing. And she is right, since the situation of women, especially working women, was extremely difficult. But despite everything, Nekrasov’s faith in a happy future did not fade. Nekrasov pointed out and opened the way to that without which the poet henceforth could not truly breathe deeply. Nekrasov's poetry affirmed a fundamentally new attitude towards life and man. The person in it was considered in his social connections and manifestations, in his social and labor activities. This is precisely why he is close to our time.
The image of a Russian woman occupies a significant place in Nekrasov’s work. The heroines of his poems and poems were both simple peasant women and princesses. All of them created a unique image of Nekrasov’s “stately Slavic woman,” whose appearance embodied folk ideas about a real beauty:
The beauty is a wonder to the world,
Blush, slim, tall,
She is beautiful in any clothes,
Dexterous for any job.
Nekrasov’s Russian woman is also distinguished by her spiritual wealth. In the image of a Russian peasant woman, the poet showed a person of high moral qualities, who does not lose faith, and is not broken by any sorrows. Nekrasov glorifies her perseverance in life’s trials, pride, dignity, care for her family and children.
These qualities of a Russian woman are most fully revealed in the image of Matryona Timofeevna Korchagina in the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'.” This woman herself tells us from the pages of the poem about her difficult fate. Her story contains the everyday hardships of all Russian peasant women of that time: constant humiliation, separation from her husband, the suffering of a mother who lost her son, eternal poverty... But she can endure everything:
I walked with anger in my heart,
And I didn’t say too much
A word to no one.
But Matryona Timofeevna has not lost her self-esteem; in her story one can also hear protest (“They have no soul in their chest... There is no cross on their neck!”). She compares the difficult fate of women to three loops of silk, white, red and black, and says to the wanderers: “You have not started a business - to look for a happy woman among women!”
This is confirmed by the fate of Daria, described by Nekrasov in the poem “Frost, Red Nose.” We see the difficult lot of a peasant woman who has taken on all the men’s work and dies as a result. Her fate is also perceived as a typical fate of a Russian woman:
Fate had three hard parts,
And the first part: to marry a slave,
The second is to be the mother of a slave's son,
And the third is to submit to the slave until the grave,
And all these formidable shares fell
To a woman of Russian soil.
Taking care of the family, raising children, working around the house and in the field, even the hardest work - all of this fell on Daria. But she did not break under this weight. In the image of Daria, Nekrasov showed the best features of a Russian woman, in whom external attractiveness was combined with internal moral wealth.
This is exactly what the poet admires. He says about Russian peasant women that “the dirt of the wretched situation does not seem to stick to them.” Such a woman “endures both hunger and cold.” There is still room for compassion in her soul. Daria went many miles for a miraculous icon that could cure her husband, and Matryona Timofeevna forgives Savely the hero for his mistake, which led to the death of her child.
The heroine Nekrasova is capable of a moral feat. This is confirmed by the images of princesses Trubetskoy and Volkonskaya, created in the poem “Russian Women”. In this poem, Nekrasov sang the feat of the wives of the Decembrists, who shared the sad fate of their husbands. We see how all the governor’s arguments in a conversation with Princess Trubetskoy (“Let the husband be the one to blame... And you have to endure... why?”, “You run after him. Like a pathetic slave”) are shattered by the firmness of the princess’s acceptance solutions. In difficult times, she should be next to her husband. And no hardships along this path will stop her. The same can be said about Princess Volkonskaya, whose life is full of “sad losses.” “I shared the joy with him, I must share the prison... So heaven wills it!..” says the heroine. Her words contain both love and a sense of duty.
The fact that Nekrasov replaced the original title of the poem “Decembrists” with the generalized “Russian Women” speaks for itself. The best qualities inherent in the heroines of this poem - fortitude, the ability to sacrifice oneself, will - these are the traits of a Russian woman, no matter what social class she belongs to. The poet pays tribute to the moral beauty and feat of the Russian woman:
And if I filled my life with struggle
For the ideal of goodness and beauty
And bears the song composed by me
Living love has beautiful features.
O my mother, I am moved by you,
saved me living soul You.
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