Ivan II Ivanovich the Red. History of Russia. Ivan II Ivanovich the Red Ivan 2 red main events of the reign
Moscow. The path to the empire Toroptsev Alexander Petrovich
Ivan II Ivanovich the Red (1326–1359)
Ivan II Ivanovich was called Red for his beauty and Meek for his quiet, non-militant character. After the death of Semyon the Proud, Khan Janibek gave him a label for the great reign. Janibek's choice can be explained in different ways. Yes, it was beneficial for the Khan of the Horde to have an obedient, quiet, non-belligerent man as the Grand Duke, ready to make any concessions, as long as no one touched him. Yes, the sharp strengthening of the Moscow principality and Moscow, whose princes stubbornly led Rus' to unity and even autocracy, did not please Janibek, and he could well count on that Ivan II Ivanovich, due to his weakness, would squander all the lands and wealth collected by Ivan Kalita, and Moscow will lose its power and position. And this, in turn, will lead to an aggravation of the feud between the principalities and princes.
Janibek could count on this, but unexpectedly the choice he made that year turned out to be very successful for Moscow and the Moscow principality, although proud and warlike people would not agree with this conclusion. Give them loud victories, military glory, triumph and triumphal arches, more booty, and crowds of prisoners, yes - the most important thing! - deliverance of Rus' from the humiliating position of tributaries of the Horde. No, in the middle of the 14th century, none of the Russian principalities was yet ripe for such feats. This means that the Macedonians and Maccabees were not needed in Rus' yet. After the death of Ivan Kalita, Rus', and especially the Moscow principality, needed forty relatively peaceful years. By the way, even Semyon the Proud understood this, and maybe the father drilled this idea into his son well. Under him, not a single major battle took place on the territory of the Moscow Principality. This means that peaceful, active, skillful people continued to flock here, to the territory limited by the modern Moscow region. The reign of Ivan II the Meek is significant and positive for Moscow because this process continued whether Khan Dzhanibek wanted it or not.
But paradoxically, the first important state matter of the new Grand Duke was the war imposed by Oleg, the Prince of Ryazan. Young Oleg took advantage of the absence of Ivan Ivanovich, broke into the territory of the Moscow principality, captured the area in the valley of the Lopasnya River and annexed it to the Ryazan land. Oleg acted aggressively and evilly: he burned, robbed, captured the governor of Lopasnya, tormented him, tortured him, as if there was any need for it.
The Grand Duke returned from the Horde, found out what the Russian prince had done on Russian soil, and... did not fight with him. He dodged the blow like an experienced fist fighter, but gave the ruiner a rich ransom for his governor - he acted nobly.
For two years, the Grand Duke calmly endured the free antics of the Novgorodians, who did not want to recognize him as the Grand Duke and did not carry out his orders. But when Prince Konstantin Vasilyevich of Suzdal died, the Novgorodians at the veche, without any pressure, received governors from Moscow...
Complex relationships developed between the Grand Duke and Prince Olgerd of Lithuania. He was a militant politician. On the one hand, he established family ties with the Russian princes, and on the other, he stubbornly moved to the east and south, capturing and subjugating Russian lands to his power. In 1356, Olgerd appropriated Bryansk, but this seemed not enough to him, and he took Rzhev, coming very close to the Tver and Moscow principalities. Residents of Tver and Mozhaisk did not like the policy of their western neighbor, they themselves gathered an army and drove the Lithuanians out of Rzhev. Ivan II the Red did not take an active part in this matter.
He did not say an active grand-ducal word when it was necessary to extinguish the rebellion in Novgorod - Elder Moses did this. Ivan Ivanovich could not settle the quarrel between Vasily Mikhailovich of Tver and his nephew, Vsevolod Aleksandrovich Kholmsky, they went to the Horde for trial...
Nothing significant for Rus', for Moscow, seemed to have happened during the reign of Ivan II Ivanovich. However, before his death, the Grand Duke showed firmness and steadfastness. The Tatar prince arrived in Ryazan and from there sent people to Moscow who informed Ivan of the khan’s command that the time had come to mark the border between the Ryazan and Moscow principalities. The idea itself was not dangerous, if not for the ambitious policy of Oleg, whom the khans of the Horde could easily persuade to abandon Rus'. Ivan the Meek boldly declared that he would not allow the Khan’s ambassadors into the Moscow land, that its borders had long been well known to everyone.
A very eloquent episode, considering that it was under Ivan the Red that pools (copper coins) with the image of a knight slaying a dragon with a sword, as well as pools with the image of a dragon rushing at a warrior, appeared in Moscow.
The prince went to the Horde with nothing and was soon killed there.
But historians give almost no merit to the Meek Prince: “Even the Russian Church in John’s time presented a spectacle of disorder and temptation for faithful Christians,” writes N. M. Karamzin. Apparently, this is why Janibek in 1353 gave him, along with the label to the great reign, judicial power over all the northern princes. But, judging by chronicle sources, the Meek Prince did not use it to strengthen his influence in the north, and gave the Russian people a break from the courts.
On November 13, 1359, Grand Duke Ivan II Ivanovich died after accepting the schema. He was only thirty-three years old. His relationship with the thousands speaks volumes about how difficult it was for him to govern Moscow, the Moscow Principality and Russia.
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Ivan Ivanovich the Red, or Ivan 2, was one of the representatives of the family of the Grand Dukes. He was born in Moscow on March 30, 1326. He was the second son of Ivan 1 Kalita and Princess Elena, the Tsar’s first wife. Ivan the Red received his nickname, according to some chronicles, because of his exceptional beauty. According to another version, because his birthday fell on the church holiday of Fomino Sunday, or as it is also called Red Hill.
Right to reign
In 1340, Ivan 1 Kalita died, but a year before his death, he, along with his eldest sons Simeon and Ivan, went to the khan in the Horde. The Tsar wanted to be the first to get the label to govern the state specifically for the Moscow house, since at that time the Tver Principality was being revived, headed by a strong ruler, Alexander Mikhailovich. It was he who competed with the eldest son of Ivan Kalita and also laid claim to supreme power. As a result, Simeon received the label for the great reign and after the death of his father began to rule the state.
Prince of Zvenigorod
Kalita's second son, Ivan the Red, according to his father's will, received control over 23 cities and villages, the main of which were Ruza and Zvenigorod. In addition, he also controlled a third of Moscow, which came into the joint possession of three brothers. Thus, Ivan Ivanovich the Red received the title of Prince of Zvenigorod.
When his father died, he was 14 years old. In those days, he was considered practically an adult man. Even then, the young prince was not perceived as an independent politician. Ivan always remained in the shadow of the activities of his brother Simeon the Proud and did not possess any special talents.
A striking example of this statement is the following fact. In 1348, the Swedish king Magnus 2 and his army suddenly invaded the territory of Novgorod land. Simeon the Proud sent his brother Ivan to help his neighbors, but he was afraid of a collision with the enemy army and hurried back to Moscow. By that time, the Swedes had managed to capture the Oreshek fortress and take about a dozen noble persons prisoner. As a result, the Novgorodians had to cope with their enemy themselves, and Ivan the Red never gained military glory.
Grand Duke
In 1353, a plague epidemic broke out in Moscow, which claimed many human lives. She did not spare the family of Simeon the Proud either. After his death, his younger brother Ivan the Red unexpectedly acquired the title. He turned out to be completely unprepared for this, since he was not able to effectively govern the state.
This time the Horde did not interfere in the current situation. At that time, Khan Uzbek had just died, so the rulers changed at such a speed that they did not have enough time or strength to get involved in the affairs of the Russian principalities. It should be noted that few wanted to see Ivan as their ruler. The appanage princes constantly weaved intrigues with the aim of preventing Ivan 2 from coming to power. But nevertheless, all their machinations were unsuccessful.
Time of reign
Ivan 2 the Red will last only 6 years in power. According to historians, he was the most faceless representative of all the princes of the Kalitich family who ever occupied the throne. Most likely, Ivan 2 himself understood that he had to act decisively and continue the policy pursued by his father and older brother, but he could not do anything.
The weakness of the new Grand Duke appeared almost immediately. Multiple attacks began on his lands. The Ryazan prince managed to capture Lopasnya, located between Moscow and Serpukhov. The Lithuanians, in turn, led troops to Mozhaisk, and also imposed their metropolitan on Kyiv. The Novgorodians in the Horde began to weave intrigues against Ivan 2 and to replace him with their protege, Prince Konstantin of Suzdal. And to top it all, internal boyar strife began in Moscow itself, and there was also a fire.
All these circumstances could in no way contribute to strengthening the power of Ivan 2. Most likely, he would not have been able to hold the reins of power in his hands, since weakness in those days was an unaffordable luxury, if not for two factors. The first is the support of the Moscow boyars, who did not want to part with their privileges, the second is the church.
History knows many examples when a stronger figure rises behind the weak personality of a ruler. In this case, it was the then head of the Orthodox Church, possessing an exceptional mind, remarkable diplomatic abilities and strong will, Metropolitan Alexy. It was thanks to his support that Ivan 2 the Red was able to retain his title of Grand Duke of Moscow until his death in 1359.
Results
Many historians are inclined to believe that the reign of Ivan the Red brought nothing to Muscovite Rus' except a weakening of its influence on neighboring principalities. The only merit of this prince is considered to be the annexation of the Kostroma and Dmitrov lands to Moscow. He is also known for being the father of Dmitry Donskoy, the great Russian commander who won victory in
Ivan II Ivanovich the Red (baptized John)
Years of life: 03/30/1326 - 11/13/1359
Reign: 1353-1359
From the family of Moscow Grand Dukes.
Son of Ivan I Danilovich Kalita from Princess Elena.
Prince of Zvenigorod until 1354.
Grand Duke of Moscow in 1354 - 1359.
Grand Duke of Vladimir in 1354 - 1359.
Prince of Novgorod in 1355 - 1359.
Born on March 30, 1326 in Moscow. Ivan Ivanovich most likely received his nickname “Red” due to his exceptional appearance (red from the word beautiful). In the chronicles there are other names and nicknames of this prince - “Merciful”, “Meek”.
In 1340, after the death of Ivan Danilovich's father, he took possession of the cities of Zvenigorod and Ruza.
In 1341, Ivan Ivanovich the Red married Princess Feodosia of Bryansk, daughter of Prince Dmitry of Bryansk. In connection with her death during the years of the plague, in 1345 he remarried Alexandra Ivanovna (?–1364), who bore him a son, Dmitry (the future Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy), on October 12, 1350, and later another son, Ivan Ivanovich Maly, who lived only 10 years (1354–1364), and also 2 daughters - Lyubov (according to other sources - Anna, who became the wife of the famous commander, Prince D.M. Bobrok Volynsky, a participant in the Battle of Kulikovo, and Maria, who married married Prince Dmitry Olgerdovich.
According to his spiritual father, Ivan Ivanovich the Red inherited 23 more cities and villages in addition to Zvenigorod and Ruza. The plague claimed the lives of many of his relatives, including his brother, Semyon the Proud, the ruler of Moscow, and his second elder brother, Andrei Ivanovich. The widow of Semyon the Proud Maria gave Ivan II everything bequeathed by her husband.
And in 1353, Ivan Ivanovich the Red received a label for the great reign in the Golden Horde after the death of his elder brother Simeon the Proud, received Moscow rule, but did not reign for long.
Ivan II Ivanovich the Red
During his reign, Ivan Ivanovich continued the policies of his father and older brother - the policy of strengthening the power of the Moscow princes in Rus'.
However, in the struggle for the right to receive a label for the great reign of Vladimir, Ivan Ivanovich the Red quickly emerged as a rival - the Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal prince Konstantin Vasilyevich, who enjoyed the support of the Novgorodians. Despite all the obstacles, Ivan II managed to win and receive a label from the Horde Khan Janibek.
According to surviving chronicle sources, Ivan Ivanovich the Red was a “quiet, meek, merciful and unambitious” ruler. He lived in complete silence, and therefore had peace everywhere.” But despite all his peaceful character, Ivan II Ivanovchia had strong support in the person of the Moscow boyars and Metropolitan Alexy, who received the rank in 1354, who had previously been the bishop of Vladimir. It was Metropolitan Alexy who often traveled to the Horde, maintained peaceful relations and, according to existing legend, healed the khan’s wife Taidula from blindness. This is what allowed the Metropolitan to dissuade the Khan from another devastating raid on Rus'.
Natalya Klimova.St. Alexy of Moscow heals the khan's wife, the blind Taidula.
Ivan II Ivanovich the Red at this time - according to the same legend - remained in the Moscow reign and ordered that the Tatar prince Mamat-Khoja not be allowed in. The Tsarevich allegedly obeyed, left, and the Moscow prince Ivan the Red received the nickname “Meek.” As proof of his “meekness,” Ivan II Ivanovich did not offer military resistance to the offensive of the Grand Duke. Lithuanian Olgerd.
When Olgerd captured the city of Bryansk and went to Mozhaisk, Ivan II Ivanovich, according to the chroniclers, did not interfere with him and gave the Mozhaisk people the opportunity to defend themselves.
At the same time, it was under Ivan II that the Kostroma and Dmitrov lands became part of the Moscow principality, and the prince himself, with the help of Metropolitan Alexei, managed to achieve not only a label for the great reign, but also the right of judicial power over other Russian princes.
Ivan II Ivanovich the Red died in Moscow on November 13, 1359, having adopted the schema before his death. He was buried in the Kremlin Archangel Cathedral. After his death, his son, young Dmitry, was left in the care of Metropolitan Alexy, to whom Ivan II Ivanovich entrusted the administration and protection of the principality.
***
History of Russian Goverment
Ivan the Red remained in the history of medieval Rus' as the prince of Moscow, Vladimir, Zvenigorod, Novgorod. His father was the famous Ivan Kalita, and fame did not pass by his son, Dmitry Donskoy.
Biography of Ivan the Red
On March 30, 1326, a boy was born to Princess Elena and Moscow Prince Ivan Kalita. The child became second in line to the throne. Unfortunately, there is no information about his childhood years left in the chronicles.
The Tver uprising in 1327 turned the course of history. For the first time, the Russians opposed the Tatar-Mongol yoke, Moscow began to dominate its enemies. Ivan Kalita received from the Uzbek prince a label for the reign of Vladimir. Under his leadership, Moscow began to actively deteriorate and take on the appearance of a capital. Kalita expanded his possessions and made friends with the Horde. Ivan I (Kalita) is the founder of the Rurik dynasty, which will rule until the 16th century.
For him, the question of who to transfer power to was very important, since he sought to ensure that the label remained in the hands of the Moscow house, and did not go to the Tver principality.
When Ivan Kalita felt that death was breathing down his neck, he collected a double tribute from the population, took his sons and went with gifts and a will to bow to the khan. The decision about the inheritance at that time could only be decided by the Horde. If we follow the will that he drew up, then the title of Grand Duke of Vladimir should have been given to his eldest son, Simeon. The younger sons automatically came under his subordination and became “young” princes.
How the negotiations ended is unknown, but after Kalita’s death in 1340, his title passed to Simeon the Proud. His brothers helped him rule.
Zvenigorod Prince Ivan
When his father died, Ivan was a teenager, 14 years old. Now he would be considered a child, but then he was considered a young man. According to his father's behest, he became the prince of Zvenigorod. Under his rule there were 23 cities and villages, the main ones being Zvenigorod and Ruza. The brothers ruled Moscow together, that is, Ivan was entitled to a third of it.
Prince Ivan was very young and quite infantile. He had no desire to rule as an independent politician. He was always in the shadow of his older brother. Are you planning a trip to the Khan in the Horde? On his way. The brother decided to go to war with Olgerd and is gathering an army. It is necessary to repel Swedish aggression - I gathered myself and repelled it. Ivan was not distinguished by his courage and military talents, but he did not seek glory either.
Where did the nickname come from?
The prince had several nicknames:
- Red;
- Gentle;
- Gracious.
For modern people, these epithets sound like a compliment, but during the harsh Middle Ages they had a negative connotation. This is a period when strong men, real warriors, dominated. And not those who looked after the ladies and showed their nobility. The warrior, knight, hero of that era had to be fearless, unprincipled, without internal moral restrictions. Strong male strength, cunning, courage and ruthlessness were used. Otherwise there was no way to survive.
Ivan 2 the Red was born at a time when the ideal was a male warrior, but Kalita’s heir was not such. Educated, calm, intelligent, he could have become a scribe, like Nestor the chronicler, or a prayer book, like Sergei of Radonezh, but it was not appropriate for the prince to engage in such a matter. In addition, he was very handsome, which earned him the nickname “Red”. He had fine aristocratic features and the figure of a Greek athlete.
Translated into modern language, the prince’s nicknames would sound like:
- Beautiful,
- quiet,
- not angry,
- intelligent,
- calm,
- unambitious.
Ivan's personal life
In 1341 he married Theodosia, Princess of Bryansk, who later died of a pestilence.
In 1345 he married again. Little is known about his second wife Alexandra Ivanovna Velyaminova, a girl from a noble family. On October 12, 1350, she gives birth to Ivan the Red’s son, who was named Dmitry. In the future of the great commander Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy. In the family of Ivan II in 1353, another boy was born - Ivan Ivanovich Maly, who lived only 10 years. The prince had 2 more daughters:
- Anna - later the wife of the famous commander and participant in the Battle of Kulikovo Bobrok Volynsky.
- Maria - later the wife of Dmitry Olgerdovich.
Reign of Ivan II
In 1353, a great disaster came to Moscow - a plague epidemic. The disease has claimed many lives. Unfortunately, she did not spare Simeon the Proud himself. Kalita's eldest son bequeathed power to his wife. She, considering that power is a man’s business, transferred the throne to Ivan. He did not expect this, and was not ready to rule. The Horde did not interfere - he had to rule.
Khan Uzbek died, and the Tatars began to experience internal turmoil. The appanage princes tried to prevent Ivan from taking the throne with their intrigues, but nothing worked out for them.
He reigned for 6 years. During the years of his reign, Ivan the Red did not stand out in history as anything special.
He himself understood that decisive action was expected of him, but he did not like to fight. The consequences of the prince’s weakness will be disastrous:
- Lopasnya, which was located between Moscow and Serpukhov, will be captured by the Ryazan prince.
- After the campaign against Mozhaisk, the Lithuanians will install their own metropolitan in Kyiv.
- The Novgorodians will intrigue in the Horde and want Konstantin of Suzdal to become Prince of Vladimir.
The only significant plus during the reign of Ivan the Red was that the Dmitrov and Kostroma lands were annexed to Moscow.
Metropolitan Alexy is a faithful friend and mentor
Ivan was lucky in one thing: he had a faithful comrade-in-arms, the head of the Russian Orthodox Church, Metropolitan Alexy. It had a lot of advantages:
- lively mind;
- strong will.
If not for his help, the heir of Ivan Kalita would have long ago lost the title of prince.
Main activities. Domestic policy
The internal policy of Ivan the Red was built on maintaining peace between the appanage princes and preventing civil strife. The Nizhny Novgorod-Suzdal prince began to fight for the label with the prince, but the Horde chose to leave the Moscow ruler on the throne.
The Moscow boyars began to quarrel among themselves, this led to the fact that some of them began to serve the Ryazan prince. Ivan negotiated and allowed them to return to Moscow.
Foreign policy
The task of Ivan the Red's foreign policy was to maintain the status quo and not lose the lands that his father left him. He was afraid of new Tatar raids in the East, so he gave the khan expensive gifts and paid tribute on time.
He defended the western borders from the Principality of Lithuania. In 1356 he successfully repelled the attack of Lithuanian soldiers on Mozhaisk.
Ivan 2 the Red died in Moscow on November 13, 1359. Before his death, he became a monk and took the schema. His last refuge was the Kremlin Archangel Cathedral. He bequeathed the throne to his son Dmitry. His regent was a family friend and faithful comrade, Metropolitan Alexy. He will be noted in history for defeating the Tatar-Mongol army in the famous Battle of Kulikovo.
- (Handsome) (30.3.1326 13.11.1359), Russian prince, second son of Ivan I Danilovich Kalita (See Ivan I Danilovich Kalita), father of Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy, prince of Zvenigorod and Ruz in 1340 53. After the death of his brother, Semyon the Proud , great... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- (Beautiful) (1326 59) rus. Prince, second son of Ivan Kalita, Prince. Zvenigorod and Ruza in 1340 53. After the death of his brother, Semyon the Proud, he led. book Moscow and Vladimir in 1353 59; defended the right to grand duke. throne in the fight against Suzdal... ... Soviet historical encyclopedia
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IVAN II Ivanovich the Red (March 30, 1326 November 13, 1359), Grand Duke of Vladimir and Moscow (from 1353), second son of Ivan Kalita (see IVAN I Kalita), father of Dmitry Donskoy. In 1340-1353 he was an appanage prince of Zvenigorod and Ruza. After… … encyclopedic Dictionary
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