Educational portal. Spelling rules Spelling the root gender as part of a compound word
The manual is intended for independent work by primary school students and meets the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard. The basic rules of the Russian language are presented in an accessible form: hyphenation rules; spelling combinations ZHI, SHI, CHA, SCHA, CHU, SCHU, CHK, CHN, NC, ShchN; letters I and Y after C; separating b and b; tested consonants in the root, unstressed vowels in the root; spelling of prefixes PRE- and PRI-; b after hissing nouns at the end; TSYA and TSYA in verbs, etc. The pages of the book can be cut along the dotted line, specially marked in the book with scissors, and used as cards, which can be laid out when going through a topic to emphasize the rules, hung above the table, etc. All this will help you better remember and assimilate the most complex material.
The book will provide invaluable assistance to schoolchildren in preparing for lessons and doing homework to systematize knowledge, as well as to parents and teachers in monitoring students’ knowledge.
Rules of the Russian language grades 1-2
UMK "Harmony"
Speech.
In speech, the main worker is the word.
Word hyphenation rules.
Words are most often transferred into syllables.
You cannot leave a single letter syllable on a line.
You cannot transfer a syllable from one letter.
When we provide accurate information and explain it, we are building business speech.
When we paint a picture with words, we convey our attitude - we create picture speech.
You remembered yourself, so your story is your memories.
What words are there?
Speech has words: names, signs, helpers.
Name words name someone or something, signs, actions, quantity. The words of the title answer the questions:
- Who? (people, animals - teacher, cat, dog, girl...) - what? (plants, things - cactus, apple tree, closet, pencil case...)
- How many? (quantity - many, twenty...)
- which? (signs: green, wet, tall, full...)
- what are they doing? (actions - run, fly, meow...)
-Where? (on what?). (at the top, on the tree...)
Words that name people and animals answer the question who?
Words that name things, plants, natural phenomena and much more that we see, hear, imagine, answer the question what?
Pointer words (I, you, me, me, he, she, her, his, them, this...) do not name anything, but they allow you to point to someone or something.
Helper words (y, in, on, and, but, for, under, over, a, not...) help connect other words. Proper names.
First names, patronymics, last names of people, as well as animal names are proper names. (Semyonov Ivan Ivanovich, dog Zhuchka, Anton...).
All proper names are written with a capital letter. Be aware of these dangerous places when writing.
There are many words that name a person. But the first name, patronymic and last name belong only to him. The animal's name also belongs to him. That is why each of these words was called that way - its own name.
The names of countries, cities, villages, streets, rivers, books, newspapers, magazines are all proper names. Therefore, such words are always written with a capital letter. (Russia, America, Saratov, Bogatovka village, Volga river, Murzilka magazine...).
Different languages: native and foreign.
Once upon a time there lived the Russian people. He spoke about his land - Russian, and about the language - Russian.
The country where these people lived had a name - Rus'. Later the country was called Russia.
The language of another country is foreign.
Your native language is the language in which your parents began to speak to you.
Russian is a common language for all people of Russia. This is the language of the country in which we live.
Speech is oral and written.
We express thoughts using sentences. In oral speech we separate them from each other by short stops and pauses.
In written speech, we mark the beginning of sentences with a capital letter and the end with a period, a question mark (?) or an exclamation point (!).
When we express a thought calmly, without special feelings, we put a period (.).
When we emphasize feelings, we write an exclamation point (!).
When we ask a question, we need a question mark (?).
Remember: a capital letter at the beginning of a line of a poem does not always indicate the beginning of a sentence.
Don’t forget that in oral speech, voice, gestures, and facial expressions (facial expressions) help us convey feelings.
In writing, marks at the end and within sentences help us understand each other better.
In oral speech, we usually take short pauses between sentences. Most often there are no such stops between words.
But in writing, words must be separated from each other by spaces.
Ľ _ - _ - _.
Try to remember all the helping words that you come across. You need to learn to notice them in speech just as you notice your friends on the street.
Remember: when listing, a comma is most often not placed before the helping word.
We always use a comma when listing without helper words.
To find out whether there is a helper word or not, you need to try adding a word in a dangerous place. It is impossible - there is no helper word; It’s possible - it exists and is written separately.
Sounds of the Russian language
Sounds in our speech are placed in special brackets: .
Vowels.
Vowel letters Vowel sounds
a, o, y, s, i, e, e, e, yu, i. [a], [o], [y], [s], [i], [e]
10 letters 6 sounds
Vowels
a, o, y, s, e i, e, e, yu, i
Show the hardness of the previous consonant Show the softness of the previous consonant
To show that a consonant sound is soft, use an icon similar to a comma: [p"],[n"],[t"].
The letters e, e, yu, i can represent one or two sounds.
Letter e - [e] or [th"] [e]. Letter e - [o] or [th"] [o].
The letter yu is [y] or [th"] [y]. The letter i is [a] or [th"] [a].
These letters represent one sound after soft consonants.
e - [e] weight [v"es] e - [o] carried [v"os]
yu - [y] bale [t "uk] I - [a] elm [v"as]
The letters e, e, yu, i can represent two sounds in the following cases:
At the beginning of the word El [th "el"]
After the vowels Stood [stay"al]
After Kommersant, bVyuga [v"-th"ugaShooting [s-th"omka]
Consonants.
Voiced and voiceless consonants.
Doubles
Voiced [b] [c] [d] [d] [g] [h]
Voiceless [p] [f] [k] [t] [w] [s]
Unpaired
Voiced [th"] [l] [m] [n] [r] Voiceless [x] [ts] [ch"] [sch"]
Hard and soft consonants.
Doubles
Solid [b] [p] [c] [f] [g] [k] [d] [t] [h] [s] [l] [m] [n] [r] [x]
Soft [b"] [p"] [c"] [f"] [d"] [k"] [d"] [t"] [z"] [s"] [l"] [m"] [ n"] [p"] [x"]
For example: [b]-be, [b"]-beat [v]-howl, [v"] – howl.
Unpaired
Hard [f] [w] [ts] - always hard
Soft [th"] [h"] [sch"] – always soft
For example: [f] - fat [sch"] - pike
Letters of the Russian language.
Alphabet.
All the letters of the language, arranged in order, are the alphabet.
The word alphabet comes from the name of the first letters of the Greek language “alpha” (α) and “vita” (β).
Sometimes the order of letters is called in another way: alphabet. This word was formed from the old names of the Russian letters “az” and “buki”.
Scientists arrange all the words in dictionaries in alphabetical order (in alphabetical order) so that we can quickly find the words we need.
Remember!
If the first letters are the same, then the words are arranged according to the second letter. If it is the same, then according to the third.
How do letters work?
We denote the softness of consonant sounds.
The letters of consonants themselves do not show the hardness or softness of their sounds. The letters of vowel sounds do this for them. Some indicate hardness, others indicate softness of the consonant.
_ O = O I hear a hard consonant - after it in place of a vowel
and I write letters...
oh yeah
u yu I hear a soft consonant - after it in place of a vowel
uh I’m writing letters...
s and
Attached files
This manual is intended both for Russian language lessons and for independent work at home. The educational material is presented in tables, which contributes to its better memorization, as well as the development of visual memory.
Morphological analysis of nouns.
I - part of speech; II - initial form (item 5 units); proper or common noun; animate or inanimate; gender, declension; case, number; III - member of the sentence.
I was at the exhibition.
I - at the exhibition, was at (what?) the exhibition, noun;
II - (exhibition); vernacular; inanimate; and. R.;
1 fold; p.p.; units h.;
III - was (where?) at the exhibition - circumstance.
Content
Explanation of abbreviations
Alphabet
Vowel sounds
Vowels
Consonants
Sound combinations
Paired voiced and voiceless consonants at the root of a word
Difficult words
Carry it correctly
Don't stand it
Hyphenation of words with double consonants
Unstressed vowels at the root of a word: a, o, i, e, i
Phonetic analysis of the word
Capital letter in words
Composition of the word
Cognates
Word form
The order of parsing the composition of a word
Write prepositions separately!
Members of the sentence
Separating b after the prefix before the vowels e, e, yu, i
Prefixes over-, under-, pre-, about-
Prefixes ending with -з, -с
We write the separating b after consonants before vowels
Difference between prefixes and prepositions
Unpronounceable consonants at the root of words
CH without T
Write prefixes together!
Remember
Suffixes
Parts of speech
Gender of nouns
Number of nouns
Noun cases
Declension of nouns
Three declensions of nouns
First declension of nouns
Second declension of nouns
Third declension of nouns
Indeclinable nouns
Noun endings 2 cl. units hours in birth plural case h
Zero ending paired items
Case endings of nouns
Infinitive
Verb tense
Verb changes by person and number
Conjugation of verbs
Present tense verb conjugation
Homogeneous members of the sentence
Gender of adjectives
Number of adjectives
Declension of masculine adjectives
Declension of feminine adjectives
Declension of neuter adjectives
Declension of an adjective in the plural
Soft sign after h, f, sh
Morphological analysis of nouns
Morphological analysis of the verb
Morphological analysis of adjectives
Pronoun
Spelling adverbs
Numeral
Types of offers
Analysis of the proposal
Analysis of the proposal by members of the proposal
Homogeneous members of the sentence
Punctuation at the end of a sentence
Emphasis on words.
Download the e-book for free in a convenient format, watch and read:
Download the book Rules for the Russian language in tables and diagrams, grades 1-4, 2015 - fileskachat.com, fast and free download.
- Russian language, Spelling box, Basic notes for students in grades 1-5, Tkachenko E.V., 2000
- Fun dictations, Poetic examples and rhymes to the basic rules, grades 1-5, Ageeva I.D., 2002
- Rules and exercises in the Russian language, grades 1-5, Almazova O.V., Sosunova E.A., 1997
- Course program, To textbooks L.V. Kibireva, O.A. Kleinfeld, G.I. Melikhova “Russian language”, grades 1-4, Kibireva L.V., Kleinfeld O.A., Melikhova G.I., 2012
1. The words in a sentence are related in meaning. To make a sentence out of words, the words need to be changed.
2. The first word in a sentence is written with a capital letter. At the end of a sentence there is a question mark, period or exclamation point.
4. Pronunciation is how we speak and pronounce a word. Spelling is how we should write a word.
5. Sounds, during the pronunciation of which only the voice is heard (without noise), and air passes through the mouth freely, are called vowels. A vowel sound forms a syllable. There are six vowel sounds: [a], [o], [u], [s], [i], [e]. There are 10 letters denoting vowel sounds: a, o, u, y, i, e, e, e, yu, i.
6. There is only one vowel sound in a syllable. There are as many syllables in a word as there are vowel sounds: o-sy - [o-sy].
7. Sounds, during the pronunciation of which the air meets a barrier in the mouth (lips, teeth, tongue) and only noise is heard - [s] or voice and noise - [z], are called consonants. Consonant sounds are designated by letters: b, v, g, d, zh, z, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, f, x, c, ch, sh, sch.
8. Word wrapping. You can transfer words from one line to another only by syllables: morning-ro, cash-sa, magazine-nal. One letter cannot be left on a line or moved to a new line. Translate it like this: radio, ogo-rod. When transferred, the letters -И- and -ь- cannot be separated from the letters in front of them. Translate it like this: tea-nick, build-ka, boy, porch.
9. One syllable in a word is pronounced more strongly than others. Such a syllable is called stressed. the remaining syllables are called unstressed. The accent mark is placed above the letter that denotes the stressed vowel sound. The accent mark is not placed if the word has one syllable or contains the letter -е-.
10. Spelling is the writing of words according to certain rules.
11. First names, patronymics and surnames of people, animal names are written with a capital letter. These are all proper names. The names of streets, villages, towns and rivers are proper names. They are written with a capital letter.
12. There are 33 letters in the Russian alphabet. Each has its own place and name. What are they called correctly:
Aa (a), Bb (be), Vv (ve), Gg (ge), Dd (de), Ee (e), Yoyo (yo), Zh (zhe), Zz (ze), Ii (i), Yy (and short), Kk (ka), Ll (el), Mm (em), Nn (en), Oo (o), Pp (pe), Rr (er), Ss (es), Tt (te) , Uu (u), Ff (ef), Xx (ha), Ts (tse), Chch (che), Shsh (sha), Shsch (sha), ъ (hard sign), Yы (s), ь (soft sign), Ee (uh), Yuyu (yu), Yaya (ya). MEMORIZE!
13. The letter -ь- (soft sign) does not indicate a sound. a soft sign shows that the consonant sound before it is pronounced softly: coal - corner']. The softness of consonant sounds is also indicated in writing by letters e, e, i, yu, i, b ( soft sign ), but only if they come after them: [l′]ev.
14. Letters e, e, yu, i at the beginning of a word or after a vowel sound, two sounds are indicated: e - [y′e], ё - [y′o], yu - [y′у], i - [y′a].
15. We write letter combinations live And shi with a letter - And. This needs to be remembered.
16. We write letter combinations cha And now with the letter - A, chu And I feel with the letter - at. This also needs to be remembered.
17. In the letter combinations CHK, CHN, SHCHN, the soft sign is not written.
18. Consonant sounds are voiced and unvoiced. voiced ones are pronounced with voice and noise, unvoiced ones - with noise. Voiced and voiceless consonants form pairs:
(voiced) [b], [c], [d], [d], [g], [h]
(voiceless) [p], [f], [k], [t], [w], [s].
There are unpaired voiced [r], [l], [m], [n].
Unpaired voiceless: [ts], [ch], [sch], [x].
19. At the end of words, paired consonant sounds are pronounced dull. To correctly identify paired consonant sounds at the end of a word, they need to be checked. To do this, you need to change the word so that after the consonant sound there is a vowel: slolB - table [BY].
20. Our speech consists of sentences. Sentences are made up of words. Words in our language are divided into groups, or parts of speech: nouns, adjectives, verbs, prepositions and other parts of speech.
21. Words can name people and animals, things, natural phenomena, actions and qualities. You can ask them the question WHO? or WHAT? In grammar, such words are called nouns. A noun is a part of speech.
22. Words that denote characteristics of objects are adjectives. An adjective is a part of speech.
23. Words that denote the actions of objects are verbs. A verb is a part of speech.
24. The words ON, IN, FROM, ABOUT, BY, FROM, K, U, FOR, O, UNDER, ABOVE, S are prepositions. Prepositions are used to connect words in a sentence. Prepositions are written SEPARATELY from other words. A preposition is a part of speech.
Rules for the Russian language for elementary school (in verse).
1. Verbs are exceptions.
Drive, breathe, hold, depend,
Hear, see and offend,
And also look, twirl,
Hate and endure.
2. Case prepositions.
I.p. –
R.p. – about, with, for, without, from, from, to, at, around, after, except.
D.p. - Bye).
V.p. – through, in, on, for, about.
etc. – before, with, over, behind, under, between.
P.p. – at, in, about, about, on.
3. Gender of nouns.
By the way, I’ll substitute “my” -
This means masculine gender.
Feminine - I will remember -
What I will say about is “mine”.
The neuter gender is “mine” -
So I learned everything.
4. Capital letter spelling.
Rivers, mountains and plains,
Names, surnames, valleys,
Names of all animals
Middle names of people -
Everything is capitalized
Write quickly.
5. Spelling vowels after sibilants.
We know for sure that zhi – shi
We write only with a vowel and,
And in words, where is cha and sha
We will write only with a.
Where will we meet chu-schu?
Let's write it with the letter y.
6. Spelling of an unstressed vowel in the root of a word, checked by stress.
There are stressed vowels,
But there are also unstressed ones
They need to be checked
Fundamentally correct writing.
We quickly select a word,
And the check is ready
We check with emphasis -
We don't forget anything.
7. What is declination?
I quickly change the word,
I write it case by case.
I call it declension
We need to remember this.
8. Spelling not with verbs.
Every schoolchild knows this -
Avoids non-verbs.
Don't forget, friends,
You can’t write them all together!
9. Spelling of paired consonants in the middle and end of a word.
Paired consonants need to be checked
To write words in a notebook correctly.
Quickly find a related word
A paired consonant with a vowel.
10. Composition of the word.
Console.
There is a prefix before the root,
She writes smoothly,
And using the attachment
Words are formed.
Root.
a common part
Related words
It's called the root -
Our answer is ready.
Suffix.
After the root he stands,
The word sounds new.
I’ll mark it with a corner -
I call it a suffix.
Ending.
At the end of any word
We are looking for the ending again.
Variable part
Keeps in touch with another word.
Spelling unpronounceable consonants.
11. Unpronounceable consonants
They're all so unhappy.
We don't hear them in words,
But we write in a notebook.
So that they don’t run away from words,
We checked them for a long time.
We are looking for such a word
To hear it again.
12. Noun.
Part of the speech is amazing -
Called a noun.
The subject means
On Who? What? Answers.
Items that answer the questions Who? What?
About people, animals and fish,
Insects and all birds
Let's ask together - who are they?
All other items
What? We'll ask the question.
13. Adjective
The attribute of an object means
To the questions What? Which one, which ones? Which? answers.
Attached to a noun
It's called an adjective.
Agrees with him everywhere.
In gender, number, case.
14. Verb.
Part of speech asks
What to do?
What did you do?
What will you do?
It is important to call oneself a verb
The action of an object denotes.
15. Three declensions of nouns.
I'm called a noun,
I divide it into three declensions:
1st declension - with ending - A and Z –
Feminine and masculine, friends.
2nd declension – masculine gender without ending,
And the neuter gender – O – E – has a smooth sound.
3rd declension – feminine with b at the end of all words
Remember - this is a rule for all students!
16. Cases.
There are six brother cases
There are no more friendly people in the world.
Living in agreement
And they keep order.
Nominative
He is the most important of all.
To the questions who? What? answers
It happens to be the subject of a sentence.
And now genitive case,
It is no less significant.
No one? what? - worries
And it agrees with the preposition in rhyme.
(About, with, for, without, from, from, to, at, around, except, after.)
Dative -
good man,
Everything tends to be like this:
Give to whom? what? Faster -
By k (a) - there are no more friendly prepositions!
Accusative
always admires
I see what? whom? worries
Through, in and on, for, about –
It is easy to agree with the preposition.
Instrumental case
broadcasts
Proud of whom? And with what? decides.
Prepositions: between, with and above, for, under
With words he protects friendship.
Prepositional
success promises you,
About whom? About what? He thinks about everyone.
He doesn’t forget his prepositions,
At, in, about, about, on - he exclaims loudly.