Presentation: Philosophy, the range of its problems and its role in society. Presentation "Social philosophy
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THE CONCEPT OF SOCIETY
1. A part of the material world isolated from nature, connected with the life of people. 2. An integral system of human life with each other and with nature. 3.Community, union, cooperation (any society is a community, but not every community is a society).
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SOCIETY
4. The highest stage of development of living systems, the main elements of which are people, forms of their joint activity, labor, products of labor, various forms of property, politics, state, classes, nations, peoples, clan, tribe, the institution of marriage, family, the sphere of spirit ( culture).
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The philosophical approach to the concept of “SOCIETY” is to determine the specifics of the connections of individuals into a single whole. The main types of social relations and patterns are considered: 1. Idealistic – Aristotle, Augustine Bl., F. Aquinas, M. Luther, Hegel.
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2. CONVENTIONAL – Hobbes, French materialists and Enlightenmentists. Hobbes - the state establishes a social contract to ensure peace and security. Citizens voluntarily limit their freedom and give up some of their rights to the sovereign. The sovereign is the absolute sovereign, and subjects must unquestioningly fulfill their civic duty as a moral duty.
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3.NATURALISTIC APPROACH - Montesquieu, Chizhevsky, Tsiolkovsky, Mechnikov, Gumilev. Chizhevsky, Gumilyov - all processes on Earth are influenced by the Sun. Montesquieu – climate, soil, and the state of the earth’s surface determine the spirit of the people and the nature of social relations. Tsiolkovsky E. – The Earth is a reserve for the natural renewal of life forms, including social ones. Mechnikov I. – the influence of the geographical environment (hydrosphere) on the development of social processes.
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4. Material type of connections in society – K. Marx – economic determinism, W. Rostow – technological determinism. Marx - society is a product of the interaction of people IN THE PROCESS OF PRODUCTION OF METERIAL GOODS. There is no society at all - there are various stages of its historical development - SOCIO-ECONOMIC FORMATION.
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COMPANY STRUCTURE
Spheres in which joint activities of people are carried out: 1\ECONOMIC sphere - the process of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods. Factories, factories, banks, exchanges, etc. 2\SOCIAL sphere – social groups, connections, institutions, norms, values. Classes, strata, social groups, strata, nations, peoples, clans, tribes.
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SOCIETY
3\POLITICAL sphere - the state, parties, public organizations, mass media, political culture, ideology - this is the area of POWER. 4\SPIRITUAL sphere – science, culture, art, spiritual values, morality, religion, philosophy.
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Together - we are force
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Material production - BAZIS
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SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF SOCIETY
Social communities and connections within and between these communities. Classes Ethnic groups Professional groups: miners, teachers.. Socio-demographic groups (youth, pensioners, schoolchildren, unemployed, nursing mothers, visiting fathers) Social-territorial communities (city, village, village, district, region, region)
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Theories of classes: Marx K. (economic determinism) - society is divided into 2 antagonistic classes - those who have ownership of the means of production (C) and those who do not have this property. A. Smith and Ricardo (distributive theory of classes) - capitalists - receive profit, landowners - rent, workers - wages.
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3. M. Weber - the source of class differences - professional skill, specialty, qualifications, possession of intellectual property. 4. The reason for the emergence of classes is violence, robbery 5. Rostow U. - instead of classes - division by profession (technological determinism)
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Social mobility and social stratification
Stratification means a system of signs and criteria of social stratification, inequality in society (against the theory of classes by K. Marx). Classes, social strata and groups are distinguished according to the following characteristics: - education - psychology - living conditions - employment - income - profession Strat can be from 2 to 9.
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P. Sorokin
Introduced the concept of social mobility - any transition of an individual from one social position to another. Horizontal social mobility - from one group to another (from Orthodoxy to Catholicism), from one family to another, moving to another enterprise, etc. Vertical social mobility - moving to another social layer, up and down, social elevator.
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CIVIL SOCIETY
HEGEL: civil society is the unification of members of society as independent subjects of the community based on their needs and through the legal structure as a means of ensuring the security of persons and property. The main principles of civil society are ensuring life, well-being, and personal dignity; Every person is an end in itself and the highest value.
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1. Family, cooperation, association, public organizations, partnerships, creative, economic, sports, ethnic, religious, dacha, artistic, housing cooperatives - the sphere of self-government of people and their associations 2. Industrial and private life of people, their customs, traditions, mores. Civil society and the state - the relationship between individual freedom and public power.
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STATE
1. A political institution arose at a certain stage of development of society, when economic development led to the stratification of society into antagonistic classes. 2. The institution of public power, the will and interest of the dominant class in the economy, elevated to law, to legal norms.
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3. The political institution of class society protects its economic and social structure. 4. Arose as a result of the division of labor, the emergence of private property, and the split of society into antagonistic classes. 5. The apparatus of violence, an element of the superstructure.
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MAIN FEATURES OF THE STATE
1.Territory 2. System of bodies and institutions performing the functions of state power. 3. Public power – separated from the people, based on armed force. Officials are a separate profession. 3. Implementation of foreign and domestic policies. 4. Availability of law, a system of norms binding on all members of society 5. Collection of taxes and fees, issue of money, bonds, government loans
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TYPES OF STATES
1. By type of socio-economic formation (SEF) - slaveholding, feudal, bourgeois. 2.By types of government and structure of state power institutions - monarchical, republican, constitutional monarchy, presidential, parliamentary.
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3. By type of government: Unitary, federal (USSR, Russian Federation, USA, France, Germany) confederation (EEC). 4. By type of political REGIMES of government: -totalitarian (dictate of one ideology, repression of dissent) -authoritarian (rigid centralism, ideological demagoguery, no rights of citizens, the court is deprived of independence, elections are fictitious) -democratic (rule of law, elections, equality of citizens) .
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A MODERN VIEW AT THE STATE
1. A form of social coexistence of all citizens of society, a guarantor and exponent of their sovereign rights, responsibilities, and freedoms. 2. The political sphere, where communication is carried out with all social structures - the relationship of peoples, nations, ethnic groups, races, regional communities (communities) 3. Expresses the interests of the entire society, because this allows both society and the state to function optimally.
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A modern view of the STATE
5. Strives to become legal and democratic. The division of power into judicial, executive, and legislative becomes a universal human value. 6. Tends, as a tendency, to bridge the gap between morality, ethics and politics. 7. Guarantees a person’s freedom to do everything that is not prohibited by law.
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FUNCTIONS OF THE STATE
External: defense, international politics. Internal: - protection of economic and social systems - regulation of economic life - protection of public order - regulation of social relations - cultural, educational, ideological work (formulation of the national idea)
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Socio-economic formation
Socio-economic formation (SEF) is a socio-economic phenomenon. Accounting for vertical connections in the development of social organisms. 5 OEF: primitive communal, slaveholding, feudal, capitalist, communist. They differ in PRODUCTION METHOD.
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ERA
Epoch – (“stop”) – a period of time in the development of nature, society, science, etc., which has characteristic features (the era of Pushkin, the era of classicism, the Neolithic era, the era of revolutions). A way of life is a certain type of social production. The socio-economic system of a particular society may include several structures. Multi-structured economy: private capitalist, patriarchal, small-scale commodity, state, public, etc.
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CIVILIZATION
Civilization is a sociocultural phenomenon (Danilevsky N.E., Spengler O., Toynbee A.). Nonlinearity, cyclical development of society. Each civilization is original, unique, inimitable; there are no general patterns and continuity between civilizations. Accounting for horizontal connections between social organisms.
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Huntington "The Clash of Civilizations and the Transformation of World Order"
1. Civilizations are large conglomerates of countries that have some common defining characteristics (culture, language, religion, etc.). 2. Civilizations have existed, as a rule, for more than a millennium; 3. After the emergence of the earliest civilizations, for almost three millennia there was no contact between them, or these contacts were very rare and limited;
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Huntington
4. Each civilization sees itself as the most important center of the world. 5.Western civilization arose in the 8th-9th centuries AD. It reached its zenith at the beginning of the 20th century. Western civilization has had a decisive influence on all other civilizations; 6. The perception of Western influence (Westernization) and technological progress (modernization) can occur separately or coincide.
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7.Religious fanaticism is often a reaction of the average person to modernization and Westernization. 8. Some civilizations (Western, Hindu, Sin, Orthodox, Japanese and Buddhist) have their own “core” countries, that is, main countries, while other civilizations (Islamic, Latin American and African) do not have core countries.
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HuntingtonList of civilizations
1. Western civilization 2. Islamic civilization 3. Hindu civilization 4. Xing civilization 5. Japanese civilization 6. Latin American civilization 7. Orthodox civilization 8. Buddhist civilization 9. African civilization
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MODERN CONCEPTS OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
Within the framework of stage-by-progressive development: Traditional society Industrial society Post-industrial society - (Information society) This is TECHNOLOGICAL DETERMINISM (dependence on the level of development of technology and technology)
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Technological determinism Rostow W.W. (1916-2003)
Special Advisor to J. Kennedy and L. Johnson. Theory of post-industrial society. “Stages of economic growth. Neo-communist manifesto" (1960). 1. The idea of bringing backward countries up to the level of developed ones (accelerating their passage through the stages of economic growth). 2. America must prevent the spread of communist ideas, even the use of force. 3. Rostow’s 3 concepts: stages of economic growth; phases of transition to democracy; price theory of long waves of market conditions.
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Rostow W.W.
The criteria for identifying development phases are technological innovations, the rate of economic growth, changes in the structure of production. 5 stages of development of society (according to the level of technology): 1. Traditional society - manual technology, hierarchy of social structure (until the end of feudalism). 2. Transitional society - (preparing for take-off) - centralized state, enterprising people (pre-monopoly capitalism) 3. "Take-off" - industrial revolution, capital accumulation (from 5 to 10% of national income from investment (monopoly capitalism).
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ROSTOW W.U.
4. “Maturity” - level of investment up to 20% of national income. Science, technology, cities - 60-90% of the population, an increase in the share of skilled labor (industrial society) 5. The era of “high mass consumption” - the main sectors of the economy are the service sector, consumer goods, the middle class, the state provides a high standard of living (post-industrial society) 6. “Search for quality of life” - added later - spiritual development of a person (informational)
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Professional division of labor, not class. The development of society is characterized not by forms of ownership, but by the level of development of industry, technology, economy, science, and the share of capital accumulation in national income. Economic changes are the consequences of non-economic human impulses and aspirations. Within the framework of capitalism, introduce: planning, centralism, pluralism of capitalist corporations. Conclusion Rostow W.W. : capitalism is eternal, communism is a disease.
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Toffler E.
“Future shock” “Third wave” - post-industrial, information society - environmental friendliness, renewable sources, smart technologies, production for yourself, many corporations, diversity of family types, industrialization of education, destandardization and individualization.
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Fukuyama
“The end of history and the last man” “The future of history” - the spread of liberal democracy - the end point of the socio-cultural evolution of humanity. Consumption dead ends. Posthuman society. Democratic waves. Reliance on the middle class.
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It is necessary to moderate the ardor of struggle in a person. In general there is pessimism, but there is no alternative to democracy. Everyone is driven by the THIRST FOR RECOGNITION. For cultural identity while preserving liberal democracy.
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Topic: “Society as a self-developing system”
THE CONCEPT OF SOCIETY
1. A part of the material world isolated from nature, connected with the life of people.
2. An integral system of human life with each other and with nature.
3.Community, union, cooperation (any society is a community, but not every community is a society).
4. The highest stage of development of living systems, the main elements of which are people, forms of their joint activity, labor, products of labor, various forms of property, politics, state, classes, nations, peoples, clan, tribe, the institution of marriage, family, the sphere of spirit ( culture).
Social communities and connections within and between these communities.
Professional groups: miners, teachers...
Socio-demographic groups (youth, pensioners, schoolchildren, unemployed, nursing mothers, visiting fathers)
Social-territorial communities (city, village, hamlet, district, region, region)
Social mobility and social stratification
Class theories:
Marx K. (economic determinism) - society is divided into 2 antagonistic classes - those who have ownership of the means of production (C) and those who do not have this property.
A. Smith and Ricardo (distributive theory of classes) - capitalists - receive profit, landowners - rent, workers - wages.
3. M. Weber - the source of class differences - professional skill, specialty, qualifications, possession of intellectual property.
4. The reason for the emergence of classes is violence, robbery
5. Rostow W. - instead of classes - division by profession (technological determinism)
Stratification means a system of signs and criteria of social stratification, inequality in society (against the theory of classes by K. Marx).
Classes, social strata and groups are distinguished according to the following characteristics:
Profession
Strat can be from 2 to 9.
Education
Psychology
Living conditions
Employment
Social status
professions,
economic situation,
political opportunities,
demographic properties of a person.
nationality,
profession,
education,
place of residence, etc.
The social position of a person in society depends on:
Types of social statuses
Status indicates a person's place in society.
Prescribed - given to a person by society.
Achievable - acquired by a person through his own efforts over a certain period of time.
Social role
At the end of the twentieth century, most social statuses are attainable.
The way a person behaves.
The status includes several roles.
Each role is assigned a range of rights and responsibilities, which depend on social norms.
Social group
Any collection of people identified according to criteria such as:
The number of groups on earth is 2 times the number of people.
COMPANY STRUCTURE
Areas in which people collaborate:
1\ECONOMIC sphere– the process of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods. Factories, factories, banks, exchanges, etc.
2\SOCIAL sphere– social groups, connections, institutions, norms, values. Classes, strata, social groups, strata, nations, peoples, clans, tribes.
3\POLITICAL sphere– the state, parties, public organizations, the media, political culture, ideology – this is the area of POWER.
4\SPIRITUAL sphere– science, culture, art, spiritual values, morality, religion, philosophy.
Culture is all types of transformative activity of man and society, as well as all its results
Functions of culture:
Adaptations to the environment
Accumulation, storage and transfer of cultural property
Goal setting and regulation of social life and human activity
Socialization
Communicative
Social progress and development of society.
Primitive communal system- 40 thousand BC – end of the 4th millennium BC uh
Ancient world- End of IV millennium BC - end of the 5th century AD
Middle Ages- V century AD – sir. XVII century
New time- Ser. XVII – beginning XX century
Each subsequent stage takes less time than the previous one.
Reform- partial improvement in any area of life, carried out simultaneously, a series of gradual transformations that do not affect the foundations of the existing social system.
Revolution- a complete or comprehensive change in all or most aspects of life, affecting the foundations of the existing social system.
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Presentation on the topic: Social philosophy. Society
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1. The concept of society The Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language gives six different meanings of it. Society is a collection of people united by historically determined social forms of joint life and activity (“feudal society”). Or a circle of people united by a common position, origin, interests (“noble society”). A voluntary, permanent association of people for some purpose (“philatelist society”). This or that environment of people, company (“get into bad company”).
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SOCIAL REALITY Society is not just a collection of people, but also a real, objectively existing collection of conditions for their life together. Social reality (Emile Durkheim) differs from natural reality and is not reducible to the latter. But it is as “real” as nature, although it has its own specifics. This is a “suprabiological” and “supraindividual” reality, which is primary in relation to the biopsychic reality embodied in human individuals. After all, a person, with his biological and mental organization, can only exist in the conditions of social life.
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SCOPE OF THE CONCEPT “SOCIETY” Firstly, society can be understood as social organisms of different scales: A separate society that takes place in a certain territory during a certain historical time (ancient Greek society, modern Russian society, etc.). Regional unification of several separate societies (sociocultural world). For example, Western European society, the Muslim world. Human society is a set of all individual societies, considered as a single historically developing whole.
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MEANINGS OF THE CONCEPT “SOCIETY” Secondly, the concept “society” takes on different meanings depending on the level of abstraction at which society is considered: At the first level, the concept of society reflects a specific historically formed social organism - a separate society, a sociocultural world, human society as a whole. At a higher level of abstraction, this concept means a certain type of society: primitive society, industrial society, etc.
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“SOCIETY IN GENERAL” Finally, at the highest level we mean “society in general.” It is constructed by abstracting from the specific features by which various social organisms differ from each other, and captures only those features and characteristics that are inherent in any type of society. In other words, this concept reflects the properties of social reality in general.
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2.Structure (structure) of society. Subsystems or social structures of society include various kinds of social communities, groups, organizations, such as family, ethnicity, nation, classes, etc. Here, attention is drawn to questions regarding their nature, their interrelation, their social functions, their place and role in the development of society, these issues will be discussed later.
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THREE MAIN SPHERES OF SOCIAL LIFE: firstly, productive, utilitarian activity related to the satisfaction of vital needs; secondly, organizational and managerial activities designed to ensure the consistency of collective actions and public order; thirdly, information activity, consisting of the accumulation, preservation and transmission of knowledge, values and norms of behavior.
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3. Specifics of social reality Social life is the entire set of conditions of social life that appear to members of society as supra-individual, objectively given circumstances of their existence. Social reality consists of phenomena that Durkheim calls social facts. This is a special type of phenomena that takes place only in society, only in the life of people together. They contain some kind of spirituality emanating from people, which is not found in physical, chemical, biological facts.
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4.Composition of social reality Let us highlight some of the most important components of social reality. The people themselves, their associations, relationships, actions are the main component of social reality, its creative force. A person in whom the material and spiritual, body and soul are united, spreads this “duality” around him. And this “two-layer” - material and spiritual - content of social reality in the human world.
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LANGUAGE The most obvious way man's ability to endow his creations with meaning is manifested in language. Communicating using language, people attribute meanings to the sounds of oral speech (or letters of written speech) that they physically - like air vibrations (or some kind of squiggles) - do not possess on their own.
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ARTIFACTS The world of material artifacts. Artifacts (from the Latin arte - artificial and faktuz - made) in the broadest sense of the word are any artificially created object, in contrast to objects that arose naturally in nature. Artifacts include things made by people’s hands, thoughts born in their heads, means and methods of action they found, forms of living together, etc.
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NATURAL PHENOMENA involved in the sphere of social activity. By mastering nature, people perceive meaning - value, benefit, etc. – also in its naturally occurring phenomena. So, for example, oil, which once had nothing to do with social reality, entered it and turned into the social wealth of the country.
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COLLECTIVE REPRESENTATIONS Each person develops his own individual picture of the world around him. But at the same time, there are also general views, ideas, and mental attitudes that circulate in society and are more or less shared by its members. E. Durkheim called them “collective representations.” They exist in people's heads, but do not depend on the personal nature of individuals.
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5. Civil society and the state. The state occupies a special place among all social organizations. Confucius likened the state to a large family and believed that the support of state power was morality, love and respect of younger people for elders. This was opposed by the school of fajia (“legalists”), which argued that state policy is incompatible with morality and power should be built not on moral principles and conscience, but on law and fear of punishment.
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BASIC FEATURES OF THE STATE: 1. Public power - a system of state bodies and institutions, a special apparatus of management (parliament, government, ministries, etc.) and coercion (“power” bodies: army, police, etc.). 2. A system of legal norms, legal laws that regulate social relations (in contrast to customs and traditions operating in the primitive system, legal laws are established by the state and implemented thanks to its force).
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BASIC FEATURES OF THE STATE: 3. Territorial division of the population (in contrast to the division of the population according to consanguinity in the tribal system, the state unites with its power and protects all people inhabiting its territory, regardless of belonging to any clan or tribe). 4. A system of taxes that provide funds for the maintenance of the state apparatus, as well as organizations and people supported by the state (in the field of education, health care, social security), and for the implementation of functions that the state must perform.
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MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE STATE: 1. Protecting law and order - ensuring compliance with the rule of law by all persons of the state, combating crime, protecting the rights and freedoms of citizens. 2. Economic – regulation of the country’s economic life through a system of taxation, price regulation, support for priority sectors of the economy, etc.
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MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE STATE: 3. Social – protection of the disabled and poor population, creation of conditions for the development of healthcare, education, public transport, etc. 4. Cultural – ensuring the activities of institutions of science, art, religion, media, etc. In modern conditions, the 5. environmental function of the state is becoming increasingly important.
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EXTERNAL FUNCTIONS OF THE STATE: 1. Defense of the country or military expansion in relation to other countries. 2. Foreign policy activity – pursuing the interests of the state in international relations with other states. 3. Foreign economic activity – trade, industrial and financial contacts with other states. Among external functions in the modern world, 4. international cooperation in the field of social, humanitarian, cultural, technical, scientific interaction and exchange occupies an important place.
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FORMS OF STATE Nowadays, states are usually distinguished by forms of government, government structure and political regime. Based on their forms of government, states are divided into monarchies and republics. Signs of a monarchy: power is inherited; power belongs to the ruler (monarch) indefinitely. There are unlimited and limited monarchies. Signs of a republic: elected government; election for a specified period. Republics are divided into presidential, parliamentary and mixed. Dictatorship is considered a special form.
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IMPORTANT PRINCIPLES OF A DEMOCRATIC STATE: 4. The social nature of the state - its policy is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of people. 5. Recognition and protection equally of private, state, municipal and other forms of property. 6. Separation of executive, legislative and judicial powers.
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IMPORTANT PRINCIPLES OF A DEMOCRATIC STATE: 7. Ideological diversity - no ideology can be established as a state or mandatory one. 8.Political diversity – public associations and parties are equal before the law. 9. Compliance of domestic legislation with the principles and norms of international law.
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CIVIL SOCIETY One of the phenomena of modern democracy is civil society. Civil society is the sphere of self-expression of free citizens and voluntarily formed associations and organizations, independent of direct interference and arbitrary regulation by government authorities. The formation of its concept dates back to the second half of the 18th – early 19th centuries. The philosophy of the Enlightenment, German classical philosophy, in the works of whose representatives the need for a clear distinction between the state and civil society began to be realized, gave priority to the state (especially Hegel).
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MAIN FUNCTIONS OF CIVIL SOCIETY: 1. Full satisfaction of the material and spiritual needs of people; 2. Protection of private areas of people's lives; 3. A lever to restrain political power from absolute domination; 4. Stabilization of social relations and processes.
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6. Development of society Speaking about the development of society, let us ask ourselves the question: are there laws in human history that determine the behavior of social systems and subsystems - ethnic groups, classes, states and humanity as a whole? Or are historical phenomena unique and inimitable, and, therefore, as S. Frank wrote, there is no place for regularity here?
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GLOBALIZATION The process of forming a fundamentally new type of social reality is now unfolding. This process occurs simultaneously in two main directions: 1. the formation of a new type of society in the most developed countries; 2. the formation of a global social organism covering the entire world (globalization).
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“POST-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY” The new type of society that replaces the industrial one is called differently: “post-industrial society” (J. Bell, J. Galreith); “super-industrial civilization” (O. Toffler); “information society” (M. McLuhan, E. Masuda); “technotronic society” (Z. Brzezinski). Post-industrial society is a product of the scientific and technological revolution of the 20th and 21st centuries.
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Literature: Aristotle. Policy. Op.6 in 4 volumes. Vol.4. – M.: Mysl, 1983. Aron R. Democracy and totalitarianism. – M., 1993. P.23. Bransky V.P. Social synergetics as a postmodern philosophy of history / Social sciences and modernity. 1999, No. 6. Volkov A.I. The human dimension of progress. – M.: Politizdat, 1990. A.S. Carmin, G.G. Bernatsky. Philosophy. - St. Petersburg: DNA Publishing House. 2001. Ch. 7. Social philosophy. Marx K. Letter to P.V. Annenkov, December 28. 1846 // Marx K. Engels F. Works, vol. 27. Momdzhyan K.H. Introduction to social philosophy. – M., 1997. P.303-304. New technocratic wave in the West. – M., 1986.
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LITERATURE: F.A. Hayek. The road to slavery // Questions of philosophy, 1990. No. 10, 11, !2. Popper K. Open Society and Its Enemies. T.1. – M., 1992. P.220. Ozhegov S.I. and Shvedova N.Yu. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. – M., 1992. P.24. Article "society". Plato. State/Plato. Dialogues. – M.: LLC “AST Publishing House”; Kharkov: “Folio”, 2003. P.86-98.
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LITERATURE: Sorokin P.A. Sociological theories of modern times. – M., 1992. P.24. Thomas Jefferson on Democracy / Compiled by: Saul K. Padover. - St. Petersburg: Lenizdat, 1992. Jose Ortega y Gasset. Revolt of the masses // Questions of Philosophy, 1989, No. 3, 4. Philosophical Encyclopedic Dictionary. – M., 1983: articles “state”, “society”. Engels F. Origin of the family, private property and the state // Marx K., Engels F. Works, vol. 21.
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Slide captions:
Basic concepts and subject of philosophy Fundamentals of philosophy
the doctrine of the general principles of existence, knowledge and relations between man and the world Philosophy (phileo and sofia)
Subject of philosophy Man Man - man Man - society Man - nature Man - world HUMAN SOCIETY NATURE THE WORLD AROUND 10 PHILOSOPHY 1. A form of social consciousness aimed at developing a holistic view of the world and man's place in it. 2. The doctrine of the general principles of being and knowledge, about man’s relationship to the world 3. The science of the universal laws of development of nature, society and thinking Philosophy CONNECTIONS
Structure of philosophical knowledge: Ontology (ontos and logos) - the doctrine of being. Epistemology (gnosis and logos) is the study of knowledge. Philosophical anthropology (anthropos and logos) is the study of man. Ethics is a philosophical theory of morality and ethics. Logic is the doctrine of consistent, consistent and demonstrative thinking. Axiology is the study of values. Aesthetics is the study of beauty, its laws and norms, etc.
Functions of philosophy Worldview Epistemological Methodological Social Axiological Humanistic rational-theoretical way of orientation in the world as a consequence of generalization, integration of culture assessment of all types of human practice and fundamental possibilities of knowledge development of the doctrine of the nature and laws of the cognitive process development of the theory of search activity, its principles, methods, norms harmonization social relations on humanitarian grounds, the affirmation of socially validated values, standards, ideals that regulate the diversity of social and personal relations; the main task of philosophy is to show “what” one must be in order to be a person. eleven
This is a system of generalized views of the world, a person’s place in it and his attitude to this world, as well as the beliefs, feelings and ideals based on them that determine a person’s life position, the principles of his behavior and value orientations. Worldview -
Types of worldview Mythological Religious Philosophical is formed in the early stages of society and represents the first attempt by man to explain the origin and structure of the world, the appearance of people and animals on Earth, the causes of natural phenomena, to determine one’s place in the surrounding world formed at a relatively high stage of development society. Being a fantastic reflection of reality, it is distinguished by its belief in the existence of supernatural forces and their dominant role in the universe and the lives of people. Thus, belief in the supernatural is the basis of a religious worldview; it differs from mythology and religion in its focus on a rational explanation of the world. The most general ideas about nature, society, and man become the subject of theoretical consideration and logical analysis in philosophy
The main question of philosophy The ontological side of the main question The epistemological side of the main question What comes first: matter or consciousness? Do we know the world? 1. Primary matter – materialism (“Democritus line”) 2. Primary consciousness – idealism (“Plato line”) 3. Matter and consciousness are equal and independent foundations of being – deism. 1. The world is knowable A) Empiricism (F. Bacon) - “there is nothing in thoughts (mind) that was not previously in feelings and experience" B) Rationalism - (from the Latin rationalis - reasonable) - a philosophical direction that recognizes reason is the basis of human cognition and behavior, the source and criterion of the truth of all human aspirations in life. 2. The world is unknowable A) Agnosticism (I. Kant) - there are mysteries and contradictions that will never be solved by humanity (for example, does God exist) B) Skepticism - a philosophical trend that puts forward doubt as a principle of thinking, especially doubt about the reliability of truth .
WHAT CAN PHILOSOPHY GIVE TO EVERY PERSON? (PRACTICAL MEANING OF STUDYING PHILOSOPHY)
Philosophy Answer the most fundamental questions about the world and man Help to understand your place in the world and the meaning of life Teach the principles of “wise life” (i.e. life without illusions, without suffering, without delusions, etc.) Strengthen the inner spiritual “core” "and develop the ability to persevere through life's difficulties (never give up). Teach a synthetic (philosophical) style of thinking, i.e. the ability to deeply and comprehensively see any problem and solve it fruitfully Teach knowledge of the future Teach to improve and reveal one’s inner strengths
Homework Explain how you understand the expression “find the philosopher’s stone”? Where did this expression come from? “Philosophy… alone distinguishes us from savages and barbarians… Every nation is the more civilized and educated, the better they philosophize” (R. Descartes). What is "philosophizing"? What is the meaning of this concept?
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Presentation slides
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PRESENTATION
Lecture “SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY” (part 1).
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Issues covered:
1.The concept of society. 2. Society and its structure. 3.Specifics of social reality. 4.Composition of social reality. 5.Civil society and the state. 6. Development of society.
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1.The concept of society
The Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language gives six different meanings. Society is a collection of people united by historically determined social forms of joint life and activity (“feudal society”). Or a circle of people united by a common position, origin, interests (“noble society”). A voluntary, permanent association of people for some purpose (“philatelist society”). This or that environment of people, company (“get into bad company”).
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SOCIAL REALITY
Society is not just a collection of people, but also a real, objectively existing collection of conditions for their life together. Social reality (Emile Durkheim) differs from natural reality and is not reducible to the latter. But it is as “real” as nature, although it has its own specifics. This is a “suprabiological” and “supraindividual” reality, which is primary in relation to the biopsychic reality embodied in human individuals. After all, a person, with his biological and mental organization, can only exist in the conditions of social life.
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SCOPE OF THE CONCEPT “SOCIETY”
Firstly, society can be understood as social organisms of different scales: A separate society that takes place in a certain territory during a certain historical time (ancient Greek society, modern Russian society, etc.). Regional unification of several separate societies (sociocultural world). For example, Western European society, the Muslim world. Human society is a set of all individual societies, considered as a single historically developing whole.
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MEANINGS OF THE CONCEPT “SOCIETY”
Secondly, the concept of “society” takes on different meanings depending on the level of abstraction at which society is considered: At the first level, the concept of society reflects a specific historically formed social organism - a separate society, a sociocultural world, human society as a whole. At a higher level of abstraction, this concept means a certain type of society: primitive society, industrial society, etc.
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"SOCIETY IN GENERAL"
Finally, at the highest level it refers to “society in general.” It is constructed by abstracting from the specific features by which various social organisms differ from each other, and captures only those features and characteristics that are inherent in any type of society. In other words, this concept reflects the properties of social reality in general.
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2.Structure (structure) of society.
Subsystems or social structures of society include various kinds of social communities, groups, organizations, such as family, ethnicity, nation, classes, etc. Here, attention is drawn to questions regarding their nature, their interrelation, their social functions, their place and role in the development of society, these issues will be discussed later.
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THREE MAIN AREAS OF PUBLIC LIFE:
firstly, productive, utilitarian activity related to the satisfaction of vital needs; secondly, organizational and managerial activities designed to ensure the consistency of collective actions and public order; thirdly, information activity, consisting of the accumulation, preservation and transmission of knowledge, values and norms of behavior.
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3.Specifics of social reality
Social life is the entire set of conditions of social life that appear to members of society as supra-individual, objectively given circumstances of their existence. Social reality consists of phenomena that Durkheim calls social facts. This is a special type of phenomena that takes place only in society, only in the life of people together. They contain some kind of spirituality emanating from people, which is not found in physical, chemical, biological facts.
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4.Composition of social reality
Let us highlight some of the most important components of social reality. The people themselves, their associations, relationships, actions are the main component of social reality, its creative force. A person in whom the material and spiritual, body and soul are united, spreads this “duality” around him. And this “two-layer” - material and spiritual - content of social reality in the human world.
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The most obvious way in which man's ability to impart meaning to his creations is manifested in language. Communicating using language, people attribute meanings to the sounds of oral speech (or letters of written speech) that they physically - like air vibrations (or some kind of squiggles) - do not possess on their own.
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ARTIFACTS
The world of material artifacts. Artifacts (from the Latin arte - artificial and faktuz - made) in the broadest sense of the word are any artificially created object, in contrast to objects that arose naturally in nature. Artifacts include things made by people’s hands, thoughts born in their heads, means and methods of action they found, forms of living together, etc.
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NATURAL PHENOMENA
involved in the sphere of social activities. By mastering nature, people perceive meaning - value, benefit, etc. – also in its naturally occurring phenomena. So, for example, oil, which once had nothing to do with social reality, entered it and turned into the social wealth of the country.
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COLLECTIVE REPRESENTATIONS
Each person develops his own individual picture of the world around him. But at the same time, there are also general views, ideas, and mental attitudes that circulate in society and are more or less shared by its members. E. Durkheim called them “collective representations.” They exist in people's heads, but do not depend on the personal nature of individuals.
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5. Civil society and the state.
The state occupies a special place among all social organizations. Confucius likened the state to a large family and believed that the support of state power was morality, love and respect of younger people for elders. This was opposed by the school of fajia (“legalists”), which argued that state policy is incompatible with morality and power should be built not on moral principles and conscience, but on law and fear of punishment.
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MAIN FEATURES OF THE STATE:
1. Public power - a system of government bodies and institutions, a special apparatus of management (parliament, government, ministries, etc.) and coercion (“power” bodies: army, police, etc.). 2. A system of legal norms, legal laws that regulate social relations (in contrast to customs and traditions operating in the primitive system, legal laws are established by the state and implemented thanks to its force).
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3. Territorial division of the population (in contrast to the division of the population on the basis of consanguinity in the clan system, the state unites with its power and protects all people inhabiting its territory, regardless of belonging to any clan or tribe). 4. A system of taxes that provide funds for the maintenance of the state apparatus, as well as organizations and people supported by the state (in the field of education, health care, social security), and for the implementation of functions that the state must perform.
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MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE STATE:
1. Law enforcement - ensuring compliance with the rule of law by all persons of the state, combating crime, protecting the rights and freedoms of citizens. 2. Economic – regulation of the country’s economic life through a system of taxation, price regulation, support for priority sectors of the economy, etc.
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3. Social – protection of the disabled and low-income population, creation of conditions for the development of healthcare, education, public transport, etc. 4. Cultural – ensuring the activities of institutions of science, art, religion, media, etc. In modern conditions, the 5. environmental function of the state is becoming increasingly important.
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EXTERNAL FUNCTIONS OF THE STATE:
1. National defense or military expansion in relation to other countries. 2. Foreign policy activity – pursuing the interests of the state in international relations with other states. 3. Foreign economic activity – trade, industrial and financial contacts with other states. Among external functions in the modern world, 4. international cooperation in the field of social, humanitarian, cultural, technical, scientific interaction and exchange occupies an important place.
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FORMS OF STATE
Nowadays, states are usually distinguished by forms of government, government structure and political regime. Based on their forms of government, states are divided into monarchies and republics. Signs of a monarchy: power is inherited; power belongs to the ruler (monarch) indefinitely. There are unlimited and limited monarchies. Signs of a republic: elected government; election for a specified period. Republics are divided into presidential, parliamentary and mixed. Dictatorship is considered a special form.
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IMPORTANT PRINCIPLES OF A DEMOCRATIC STATE:
1. The sovereignty of the people, that is, the only source of power in the country is the people, who exercise their power directly, as well as through state authorities and local governments. 2. The rule of law in all spheres of life and the presence of effective forms of control over the implementation of laws. 3. The inviolability of individual rights and freedoms, its legal protection, the mutual responsibility of citizens and the state to each other.
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4. The social nature of the state - its policy is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free development of people. 5. Recognition and protection equally of private, state, municipal and other forms of property. 6. Separation of executive, legislative and judicial powers.
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CIVIL SOCIETY
One of the phenomena of modern democracy is civil society. Civil society is the sphere of self-expression of free citizens and voluntarily formed associations and organizations, independent of direct interference and arbitrary regulation by government authorities. The formation of its concept dates back to the second half of the 18th – early 19th centuries. The philosophy of the Enlightenment, German classical philosophy, in the works of whose representatives the need for a clear distinction between the state and civil society began to be realized, gave priority to the state (especially Hegel).
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PRIORITY OF CIVIL SOCIETY
On the contrary, in the philosophy and sociology of Marxism, as well as in most modern political science and sociological theories, the priority of civil society over the state is affirmed, and its expansion and strengthening is seen as one of the most important conditions for social progress.
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MAIN FUNCTIONS OF CIVIL SOCIETY:
1. Full satisfaction of the material and spiritual needs of people; 2. Protection of private areas of people's lives; 3. A lever to restrain political power from absolute domination; 4. Stabilization of social relations and processes.
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6. Development of society
Speaking about the development of society, let us ask ourselves the question: are there laws in human history that determine the behavior of social systems and subsystems - ethnic groups, classes, states and humanity as a whole? Or are historical phenomena unique and inimitable, and, therefore, as S. Frank wrote, there is no place for regularity here?
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THE CONCEPT OF HISTORICAL REGULARITY
The uniqueness of historical phenomena is an undoubted fact. But it is not absolute. Despite all the differences, there is also a similarity, their repetition, which is the historical pattern. There are objectively determined dependencies between the events of history that no free will can change. Such dependencies are the laws of history.
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GLOBALIZATION
Nowadays the process of formation of a fundamentally new type of social reality is unfolding. This process occurs simultaneously in two main directions: 1. the formation of a new type of society in the most developed countries; 2. the formation of a global social organism covering the entire world (globalization).
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"POST-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY"
The new type of society that replaces the industrial one is called differently: “post-industrial society” (J. Bell, J. Galreith); “super-industrial civilization” (O. Toffler); “information society” (M. McLuhan, E. Masuda); “technotronic society” (Z. Brzezinski). Post-industrial society is a product of the scientific and technological revolution of the 20th and 21st centuries.
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Literature:
Aristotle. Policy. Op.6 in 4 volumes. Vol.4. – M.: Mysl, 1983. Aron R. Democracy and totalitarianism. – M., 1993. P.23. Bransky V.P. Social synergetics as a postmodern philosophy of history / Social sciences and modernity. 1999, No. 6. Volkov A.I. The human dimension of progress. – M.: Politizdat, 1990. A.S. Carmin, G.G. Bernatsky. Philosophy. - St. Petersburg: DNA Publishing House. 2001. Ch. 7. Social philosophy. Marx K. Letter to P.V. Annenkov, December 28. 1846 // Marx K. Engels F. Works, vol. 27. Momdzhyan K.H. Introduction to social philosophy. – M., 1997. P.303-304. New technocratic wave in the West. – M., 1986.
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LITERATURE:
F.A. Hayek. The road to slavery // Questions of philosophy, 1990. No. 10, 11, !2. Popper K. Open Society and Its Enemies. T.1. – M., 1992. P.220. Ozhegov S.I. and Shvedova N.Yu. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. – M., 1992. P.24. Article "society". Plato. State/Plato. Dialogues. – M.: LLC “AST Publishing House”; Kharkov: “Folio”, 2003. P.86-98.
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