Figwam Indian. Wigwam - the traditional home of the North American Indians
What is a wigwam? This is a typical construction of twigs and birch bark, used by the Indian tribes of the northeastern cultural group as a home or refuge.
What is a wigwam?
The concept itself comes from the word used by the Abenaki tribe and means home. It was a form of refuge used by various Indian tribes, especially those who lived in the northeastern forest. What is a wigwam? This is a house, which was usually a domed building.
As a rule, it reached 2.5-3 meters in height and about 12 meters in diameter. First, a wooden frame was made, which was then covered with other available materials, for example, animal skins. The joints of the structure were firmly fastened with ropes. Since the late 1700s, cloth has sometimes been used to cover the wigwams.
Native American Homes
What is a wigwam? The word was once used to describe everyone, regardless of structure, location, or cultural group. In fact, the term is used to describe the semi-permanent types of shelter used by the cultural group of the northeastern woodland. The word Wetu is translated as "home" in the Wampanoag tribe. The term "birch house" is also used as an alternative name for the wigwam. The word "wikip" is used to describe such primitive dwellings, but is common among tribes in the southwestern United States.
What is the difference between a wigwam and a teepee?
The difference between a wigwam and a tipi is this: the wigwam was used by the tribes of the northeastern forest cultural group, while the tipi was used by the nomadic tribes of the Great Plains. The first was a semi-permanent design, the second was completely portable. Forest tribes had access to forests and used birch bark as coverings for their shelters.
The tribes hunted bison and used buffalo skins as coverings for their homes. The wigwam took longer to build, while the teepees were easy and quick to build. Some were domed, while others were shaped like pyramid tents.
Who lived in the wigwam?
Typically, the wigwam was used as a dwelling by indigenous Indian tribes (Wampanoag, Shawnee, Abenaki, Sauk, Fox, Pecot, Narragansett, Kikapu, Ojibwe, and Otoe) who lived around the Great Lakes and the East Coast and had access to birch bark from forests in their territories. These designs were convenient for tribes who were in one place for several months. The Algonquin tribes of Northeast Indians who used wigwams lived in villages during the growing season, cultivating corn, pumpkin, squash, beans, and tobacco.
During the hunting season, small family groups moved to hunting camps. When the family moved to a new place, the Indian wigwam was disassembled in such a way that the frame made of rods remained intact, and the Indians took all the covering with them. On their return, the house was covered again necessary materials... And if the frame was already inaccessible, it was erected again.
Indian lifestyle
Each tribe chooses the type of housing in accordance with their lifestyle, climate, environment and natural resources that are available to them. The wigwam (a photo of such structures is in the article) was chosen as the most suitable type of housing and style of the house, since it corresponded to the lifestyle of the tribes inhabiting the forest areas.
Can you build a wigwam yourself?
How to make a wigwam? In fact, it is not that difficult, you need a minimum of equipment. The main materials used to create an authentic wigwam are flexible tree branches or seedlings. To begin with, a circle is drawn on the ground, which is about 12 meters in diameter. Then 16 holes are evenly made around the circumference to a depth of about 20-30 cm. The trunks bent into an impromptu arch are firmly fixed in the holes, thus forming the dome-shaped wigwam.
The horizontal hoops are attached to the rest of the frame with the tough fibers of the tree bark. Then the entire structure is covered with birch bark sheets, forming the roof and walls. Sometimes, for additional protection of the home, a layer of straw or dried grass is placed on the birch bark. Wigwams were also covered with woven mats, skins, canvases and blankets, if these things were available to the owners. They were held in place with ropes. The space left for the doorway is an inlet valve that allows people to enter the wigwam. And the smoke hole made from above serves as a kind of chimney for removing smoke from the fire and circulating air outside.
The sizes of the wigwams were very different, in the largest structures up to 30 tribesmen could live at the same time. Nowadays, these structures are often used as a venue for traditional rituals. Analogs of wigwams can be found among some African peoples, Chukchi, Evenk and Soyts.
Friends, if you remember, Sharik from the cartoon "Winter in Prostokvashino" painted on the stove, as he himself said, "an Indian national folk hut" - (in his mouth it sounded like "figs", but it was a wigwam that was meant):
So, Sharik drew this very "wigwam" and thereby misled millions of innocent children, unwittingly distorting the bright image of an Indian dwelling in their representation. After all, in fact, he portrayed tipi- also traditional Indian, but different from the wigwam in its cone-shaped housing. Unlike Sharik, Carl Bodmer, a Swiss artist, used watercolors rather than charcoal, so you can get a better idea of the teepee from his 1833 painting while traveling in North America:
Well, now we invite you to look and remember forever what a real wigwam really looks like. The first one shown in the picture is located near Fort Apache in the northeastern US state of Arizona. Its structure is fully consistent with the dwelling that the nomadic Indians had for many centuries. It was intended mainly for sleeping, since all other activities, such as cooking, were done outside.
So, we see that the wigwam, unlike the tipi, has a domed shape. At its core, this is a frame housing, that is, a hut on a frame, which is made of thin long trunks (poles) and is completely covered with "grass material" - tree bark, branches or a reed mat. And although, as we have already said, it was not customary to cook food in the wigwam, it still had a fireplace for heating, so a small chimney hole was left in the center of the "ceiling".
The teepee is often confused with a wigwam. In fact, the wigwam is quite an ordinary hut. On a timber frame, covered with hay, thatch, twigs, etc. Unlike the teepee, the wigwam is round in shape:
wigwams
Dwelling wigwam at American Indian refers to rituals for purification and revival and represents the body of the Great Spirit. Its rounded shape embodies the world as a whole, steam is the visible image of the Great Spirit, performing a cleansing and spiritual transformation. Walking out into the white light from this dark room means leaving behind all the impure. The chimney provides access to Heaven and an entrance for spiritual power.
Teepee(in the Sioux language - thipi, means any dwelling) - the universally accepted name for the traditional portable dwelling of the nomadic Indians of the Great Plains with a hearth located inside (in the center). This type of dwelling was also used by the mountain tribes of the Far West.
The teepee has the shape of a straight or slightly backward tilted cone or pyramid on a frame of poles, with a cover sewn from processed bison or deer skins. Later, with the development of trade with Europeans, lighter canvas was used more often. There is a smoke hole at the top.
The entrance to the tipi is always located on the east side, which has its own poetic explanation. "This is in order," say the Blackfoot Indians, "so that when leaving the tipi in the morning, the first thing to do is to thank the sun."
RULES OF CONDUCT IN TYPE.
Men were supposed to be in the northern part of the tipi, women in the southern. In teepee, it is customary to move clockwise (in the direction of the sun). Guests, especially those who came to the dwelling for the first time, were to be accommodated in the women's section.
It was considered indecent to pass between the central hearth and someone else, since it was believed that in this way a person breaks the connection of those present with the hearth. To get to their place, people, if possible, had to pass behind the backs of those sitting (men to the right of the entrance, women, respectively, to the left).
It was forbidden to go behind the back of the tipi, which meant passing behind the altar, in many tribes it was believed that only the owner of the tipi had the right to go behind the altar. There were no special rituals for leaving the tipi if a person wanted to leave - he could do it right away without unnecessary ceremony, however, for not participating in important meetings, he could then face punishment.
way to install the tipi of the Crow tribe
WHAT IS WHERE IN TYPE IS
The first tipis were made from buffalo leather. They were not large, since the dogs could not carry large, heavy tent tires when migrating. With the advent of the horse, the size of the teepee increased, but from the second half of the 19th century, the Indians began to use tarpaulin for tires.
The teepee device is perfectly and well thought out. Inside the dwelling, a lining was tied to the poles - a wide strip sewn of leather or fabric that reached the ground, which protected from drafts along the floor and created traction in the upper part of the tent. In large tipis, ozan was arranged - a kind of ceiling made of leather or fabric, which kept warm. He did not completely block the space above the fire - there was a way for the smoke to escape through the top. Ozan was also used as a mezzanine - for storing things.
The entrance was closed from the outside by a "door" - a piece of leather, sometimes stretched over an oval frame made of twigs. Inside the doorway was covered with a kind of curtain. The space in a large tipi was sometimes partitioned off with skins, creating a semblance of rooms, or even a small tipi was placed inside, for example, for a young family, as a spouse; according to custom, he should not talk or even see his wife's parents. The tipi's outer cover had two valves at the top that closed or unfolded depending on the wind. From below, the tire was not pressed tightly to the ground, but was attached with pegs so that there were slots for traction. In hot weather, the pegs were removed, and the tire was lifted up for better air circulation.
The frame of the tent consisted of 12 or more poles, depending on the size of the tipi, plus two poles for valves. The poles were placed on a support tripod. The rope that connected the tripod was connected to an anchor peg, which was stuck in the center of the floor. The hearth was arranged, slightly retreating from the center - closer to the entrance, which always looked to the east. The most honorable place in the tipi was opposite the entrance. An altar was arranged between this place and the hearth. The floor was covered with skins or blankets, beds and chairs were made of small poles and twigs, covered with skins. The pillows were made of leather, stuffed with fur or fragrant grass.
Things and products were kept in rawhide boxes and parfles - large leather envelopes.
Plan for the device of a large type of Assiniboins:
a) hearth; b) the altar; c) men; d) male guests; e) children; f) older wife; g) grandmother; h) female relatives and guests; i) the owner's wife; j) grandfather or uncle; k) things; m) products; m) dishes; o) meat dryer; o) firewood;
For the fire, the Indians used, in addition to wood, dry bison droppings - it burned well and gave a lot of heat.
When camp was set up, teepees were usually placed in a circle, leaving a passage on the east side. Collected and disassembled by tipi women, who coped with this matter very quickly and dexterously. The camp could be rolled up and ready for the road in less than an hour.
When migrating, the Indians built from the poles tipi a kind of horse drags - travua. Two poles were attached to the sides of the horse or crosswise on the back. At the bottom, the poles were connected by crossbars made of poles or pulled together by strips of leather, and things were put on this frame or children and the sick were put.
The entrance to the tipi is in the east, and at the far wall of the tipi, in the west, is the place of the owner. The south side is the side of the hostess and the children. North is the male half. The guests of honor are usually located there.
People who are unfamiliar or who have come to the tipi for the first time do not go further than the owner's place and therefore sit down immediately at the entrance (when entering the tipi, it is customary to move in the sun (clockwise), that is, first through the female half).
This division is explained by the fact that in the north live forces - helpers of men, and in the south - female forces. People close to the owner, having come to visit, sit in the north. The most honorable and respected master can give way.
This is due to the meaning of the altar, that is, it is undesirable for a stranger to pass between you and the altar. When you have a lot of guests, the newcomers pass behind the backs of those who are sitting, so as not to disrupt their connection with the hearth..
OCHAG and ALTAR
The first thing you do when you put a tipi is to make yourself a hearth. To do this, you find, if possible, a dozen or two stones and spread them around. If you want to make yourself an altar, then you need to find one large flat stone, which is placed in a circle opposite the sleeping place (the place of the owner of the tipi).
The hearth should be as spacious as possible (as far as the size of the tipi allows), because then there will be fewer problems with crumbling coals and the stones heating from the hearth will be closer to the sleeping places, it will be warmer, then.
It is better not to throw cigarette butts, garbage and other sewn into him, because he can be offended and very real, at least, he will stink on the whole bitch. And in general it is pleasant when the fire is clean for many reasons. It is always a good idea to feed the hearth, not only with wood, but he also loves porridge.
In general, if you want to be friends with fire, then you have to share something good with it too. A good fire sacrifice is a pinch of tobacco if you smoke, an aromatic herb, sage or juniper. When you have lived in a tipi long enough, you begin to treat fire with respect, because there are a lot of good things from it, and warmth and food ...
If necessary, the stone closest to the entrance is moved to the side so that someone we usually write about in green can enter (and this is also useful when you are drowning with long poles or logs). In some Indian teepees, this stone was always pushed back.
The hearth is the center of life in the tipi.
ALTAR
It has many meanings. One of them is the place where your fire gifts are placed. You can put objects on it that matter to you when you go to bed (this phrase caused everyone to laugh). Usually a pipe is kept under the altar. This is a clean place, try to keep it clean too.
A simple altar for a temporary stay is a flat stone that is placed in front of the host's seat.
If you expect to live in the tipi for a long time, and therefore communicate with everything that lives in the tipi with you, then you can make yourself a large altar. It is done like this: a pile of sand is poured in front of a large altar stone (sand is cleaner than earth, it can reflect the sun, therefore it is best suited). Two small wooden spears are stuck along the edges, a thin stick is placed across. It can be decorated with rags of fabric, braid, the Indians preferred red and hung bird feathers, porcupine needles on it.
The altar is the gate.
A road passes through them that connects you with invisible forces. They say there are many of them around.
The sand pile symbolizes the earth.
The horns are two world trees, and the crossbar above them is the heavenly vault.
The altar keeps everything that connects you with invisible forces, so talismans and objects of power are hung on it. From time to time, sage, wormwood, sweetgrass (sacred herbs of the Indians) are burned on it.
The figure below shows the location of places and objects in the teepee.
This is how the places in the tipi were located among the Indians. This suggests itself the location of all the rest of your decoration. Firewood usually lies at the entrance from the male side (before there was no feminism, women were stronger and were engaged in the preparation of fuel, and firewood lay on the female side), and the kitchen (supplies, pots and other utensils) is on the female side.
Things that you use rarely can be put behind the canopy. If you have a kind old woman, and you are a real Indian, put the old woman in a wood-burning corner (the Indians called him "old lady's corner"). There she will be fine. It is believed that old people suffer from insomnia, and therefore in cold weather your old woman herself will throw firewood into the hearth all night. It will be warm for both you and the old woman.
Cellophane in a tip is uncomfortable. For storing food, it is better to use cloth bags suspended from wooden hooks and crossbars tied between the poles on which your teepee stands, so that they hang higher above the ground and do not get damp.
If you are a rich Indian, it is more convenient to hang large bags on a wooden tripod (this is if you are a gullible Indian and are not afraid of the invasion of the Iroquois or other hungry tribes (see photo)). In the event that the mohawk is you, use other people's large bags to hang them on your tripod.
To boil water, you need to hang it over the fire. To do this, you can make (or borrow from a neighbor a wooden tripod with a hook.
An option for small tipis where the tripod is uncomfortable is a transverse pole tied over the hearth, as shown in the figure below. Try to make the hook suspended from this pole longer so that the rope does not burn out. Choose a rope from natural materials, otherwise it will flow smoothly into your soup. In a large teepee, these beams are convenient to use as dryers for blankets, clothes, herbs, berries and mushrooms. By the way, it would be good to dry the blankets in the morning too. Regardless of the weather, inside the tipi you will sweat while you sleep, the blankets will damp, and you will find the smell of a Mongol warrior.
Beds. Living in a tipi sometimes you have to lie down. To protect yourself, your belongings and your children from dampness and rheumatism, you can build beds from dry thin poles. The poles are covered with grass. Some people use spruce branches for this, but they probably do not feel sorry for trees at all. Better to use dry last year's herbs. You can take the grass that grew in the place of the tipi, it will still be trampled. In cold and rainy weather, it is very pleasant to put a stone wrapped in a rag and heated in the hearth at your feet, and a thick warm squaw on the side (“stone + squaw” therapy set). It is inconvenient to make beds in a small type of bed - you can separate the berth with a long rail, fixed to the ground with pegs and laid along the berth closer to the hearth. Then you will not trample on blankets and sleeping bags.
The bedding that the Indians used is actually difficult to make, but something can be explained. They made it from thin willow twigs, tying them as shown in the figure below. Its thin end was suspended on a tripod at a comfortable height. If necessary, it was taken out into the street and used as a chair (admiring the sunset). There is an English name "backrest". This device is very convenient to roll up and weighs little.
What's around the teepee
It is better if around your teepee there are: forest, river, blue sky, green grass and good neighbors, and not cans, bottles and cigarette butts; and even more so not scraps and emissions of the human body or sick minds. In short, it is clean where there is no litter.
In the forest, not far from the camp and closer to the animal paths, they chose a place where scraps and remnants of food were taken down. Such places were called "veikan". They did not dig a hole under the weikan, but, on the contrary, did it on a hill so that animals and birds would not be afraid to approach it.
Household buildings.
Use the long poles (you can use the valve poles of a neighbor's teepee) to make yourself a blanket dryer. It's just a big tripod with crossbars between the poles.
Fencing structures.
If you don't want to lose anything, do this:
From two thin poles (a neighbor's tripod for a bowler hat is good) tie the crosspiece and "close" the door with it from the outside. But do not forget to go inside, otherwise your condensed milk will be eaten by your squaw. This kind of "lock" is often used when you leave the teepee for a short time. The cross at the door means that there is no need to disturb the tenants of the tipi. Such a sign is widely used by those who live in the tipi (not only by the Indians who invented it).
According to tradition, trees growing near the tipi are decorated with colorful colorful patches. The Indians often hung all sorts of gifts on them to appease the forces that preserve the place. As long as you live near the trees, you share the land with them. You will be pleased to return to them and see them beautiful.
HOW THE TYPE IS SEWED.
The base is a rectangle of fabric measuring, for example, 4.5 x 9 meters. You can sew larger teepees, the main thing is to keep the proportions.
Teepee fabric
It is advisable to choose a fabric that is not loose, waterproof, lightweight and fireproof. It can be all types of tarpaulin, two-thread, glued coarse calico, or tent fabric. The best option is, of course, traditional sailcloth. Tent cloth can be used
There is a suspicion that if all this does not burn, then it would be nice. It is better if the fabric does not stretch and does not react to heat and moisture.
It is better to sew a thread with a harsh one, with elements of synthetics.
If the fabric is narrow, then the rectangle is sewn from stripes. At the same time, it is advisable to overlap the seams on one side so that water can drain through them during rain. For thin fabrics, it is good to use a sail seam. Seams can be waxed (grease with melted wax).
When the rectangle has already been sewn, you can start cutting. It is most convenient to first draw a contour with chalk on a rope 4.5 meters long. The end of the rope is fixed in the center of the larger side of the rectangle and a semicircle is drawn with a small, like a compass (Figure A). If you don't have enough fabric, then you can immediately sew the stripes not with a rectangle, but with a semicircle with steps (Figure B).
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The ratio of the sizes of the valve, fastener and entrance:
This ratio is different for different tribes, but on average it is 1: 1: 1 if the tipi is not too large (4-4.5 meters)
There are various options. On pattern of the Sioux tipi, and on the Blackfoot tipi pattern
Valve
To regulate the draft (cover the chimney from the leeward side), the teepee have valves.
In the forest and steppe, tipi valves are attached in different ways - in a forest where there is no wind, the lower edges of the valves can hang freely or be attached with a rope to the tire, as shown in a, in the steppe so that the wind does not tear the valve, their lower ends are usually tied rope on a free-standing pole
The shape of the tipi as a whole depends on the shape of the valves.
Siu valve whole-cut (cut entirely, along with the tire) are sewn to the tipi separately for the Blackfeet (sewn valve). In the teepee with one-piece valves, the back wall is shorter and therefore it is slightly tilted back and stretched upwards. The sewing-on tee looks like a flat cone and has more room.
Here are examples of possible valve and valve pocket sizes:
Shoulder valves were usually made 20 centimeters longer and narrower. In order to expand the one-piece valve, it is necessary to sew a wedge into it, cutting the valve from above by about half (Figure 5)
A little about the valve size ratios. You should try to avoid making valves that are too long - when the tipi stands, rain will drip into the hole between them and blow out the heat. On the bottom of the valve, you need to sew a loose piece of fabric and reinforce the joint of the lower end of the valve with the canvas with a square (Fig. 6). Again, the width of the top of the valve should be relative to the size of the tipi itself. For a 4.5 x 9 teepee, the width of a little cubit is suitable. The lower part of the flap (a hemmed piece) with a width of two palms suits many. The distance between the valves (including the tongue) is approximately 70 centimeters.
The saddle between the valves should encompass the entire tie-down of the poles, but not increase its size to the width of the valve. A tongue is sewn into the middle of it for tying the tire. The saddle can be of different shapes, but it is in this place that the strongest stress occurs, the tongue is sewn as strong as possible so that it can withstand the weight of the entire tire. A rope is attached to it and the tipi is tied to a pole (fastening options in Figure 7). The pockets on the upper corners of the flaps, on their outer side, are no less firmly sewn. You will insert the adjustment poles into them. Attach long valve strings to the bottom corners of the valves. Instead of pockets, you can make large holes (as did the Blackfeet and Crowe). Then a cross-bar is tied to the pole, having retreated some distance from its end, and so it is inserted into the hole. The Indians hung scalps on the free end of the pole, and we, on reflection, decided that we were law-abiding Indians, and we would not do that.
entrance
The height of the entrance should be approximately at shoulder level, starting from the edge of the tire. And you need to cut it out by stepping back 20 centimeters, which fall on the threshold. The depth of the cut is about 2 palms. Both halves are turned off with a strip of strong fabric under which the rope is inserted (see Figure 8). When installing the tipi, the ends of the rope are tied so that the entrance does not stretch too much. If the tire is made of a coarse fabric, such as canvas, one edging will be enough, without a rope.
The door can be made simple, or more confused.
An example of a tricky door is Figure 10. It can be made from either a large hide or a piece of cloth cut approximately to the shape of the hide. It is a trapezoidal door with a long tongue on the top that snaps into the lid of one of the wooden "buckles" sticks. It is better to make the tongue as long as possible in order to hang the door higher - so it will be more convenient to fold back. Another example of a tricky door is the oval-shaped willow-framed door you see on the right side of Figure 10.
On some teepees, doors were not made at all and the edges of the tire were simply piled one after the other.
Clasps.
Usually holes for fasteners are made in two on each side of the tire, so that the holes match, otherwise the fabric will wrinkle. Sometimes they also make two holes on one side and one on the other. This makes it easier to pull off the tire, but the tension is weakened. At the same time, the edge of the fabric with two holes is superimposed on top (a no brainer).
Canopy.
A canopy is a very important thing in a trick. It basically keeps warm, the tire serves only to protect against rain and wind. It is better to make it from dense fabric (if you are not too lazy to carry such a weight). Sometimes the canopy weighs as much as the entire tire. The space between the canopy and the tire is used for storing things.
Straight canopy . (Figure 12) Its height is about 150 cm. For reference, a tipi with a diameter of 4.5 meters per canopy requires approximately 12 meters of fabric. It's easy to make, but it eats up a lot of space inside the teepee. Along the upper edge, at an equal distance (about a meter), laces are tied for hanging on a rope stretched along the perimeter between the poles.
The canopy is trapezoidal. (Figure 13) Sewn from wide trapezoid. Therefore, unlike a straight canopy, it can be pulled strictly along the poles. Usually it is made of three sectors (as can be seen in Figure 14) and in such a way that the middle sector overlaps the two extreme ones. For reference, a 5-meter teepee takes about 20 meters, and a 4.5-meter teepee takes about 18..
In any of these cases, the length of the canopy should be enough so that you can wrap it up at the entrance, and the more margin, the better. Try to find a light-colored fabric for the curtain so that the teepee is not dark.
Additional details
Adhan - something like a visor, which is suspended above the berth so that warm air accumulates under it. Usually it is a piece of fabric in the shape of a semicircle, which with its rounded part is tied to the cord on which the canopy hangs. The adhan fabric is tied with a margin so that you can plug it behind the curtain and close the gap - it will be warmer! The radius of the azan must be equal to the radius standing teepee.
Rain triangle.
Small but very useful detail. During heavy rain, the thrust deteriorates, so the valves need to be opened wider, but then rain will pour inside. So that the head, however, was completely dry (sorry, the boom-shankar confused), cut out an isosceles triangle from a dense waterproof fabric, so large that it could cover the hearth. The triangle is tied at the top, under the chimney, on three poles.
Setting up the teepee.
The teepee is placed on poles. You need 9 to 20 poles, depending on the size of the teepee. The most common number of poles for tipis with a diameter of 4.5-5 meters is twelve.
When choosing a place for the teepee, make sure that there are fewer trees nearby (after the rain, water drips from them for a long time on the tire), so that the place is level so that the teepee does not stand in the hollow. You don't have to pull out the grass, because it will be quickly trampled down anyway.
So, you found all the poles and brought them to the parking lot. Do not forget to peel them of bark (so that the head does not fall) and knots (so that the tire does not tear, however).
First you need to tie a tripod - this is how the Indians did it
To do this, spread the tire out of the blue, put three poles on it. The poles are sneaking (this is a typo, but if you are too lazy to go into the forest, then this is not a typo) ... So, the poles are placed with their thick ends flush with the edge of the tire, and the thin ends are tied together at the tongue level ( uvula- see department Valve, Figure 7). Keep in mind that if the tipi of the Sioux cut (that is, the back wall is shorter) then two poles are tied along the height of the back wall and one along the height of the front one (Figure 17). Make serifs on the poles to keep the knot from sliding. By the way, if you are going to tie the whole frame, the free end of the rope should be very long. Now solemnly set up the knitted tripod (thin ends up)! |
Then, at regular intervals, three poles are placed one after another, starting from the eastern (door) pole, moving against the sun (counterclockwise). Then the next three poles on the other side of him, moving in the sun. And the next two are also in the sun in the remaining gap, they are placed side by side, leaving room for the last pole with a cover (he will stand behind them).
All this time, the poles are tied in parallel for strength. This is done like this: take the tail of the rope, which is connected to the tripod, and one of your assistants, running in a circle, grabs the set poles with the rope. In this case, a full turn is done for every three poles (and for the last two). It is more convenient to do this by twitching the rope slightly when it covers the rosette of poles, then it slides with each jerk to the knot and adheres more tightly to it.
Then the tire is tied to the last pole tightly and firmly and, moreover, so that the lower end of the pole protrudes beyond the edge of the tire by about a palm. All this economy is lifted and the pole is put in its place. If you have a heavy tire, it is better to do it with more than one. To do this, it is better to collect the tire with an accordion to it before lifting the pole and then, when the pole is raised, two people take the edges of the tire and begin to disperse, wrapping it around the frame so that the entrance is between the eastern tripod and pole number 4 in Figure 18. The tire is fastened with fasteners top down. After that, you can move the poles apart so that the fabric stretches and fits the frame tightly.
Further along the perimeter of the tipi, ropes are tied, in the middle between each pair of poles (see Figure 19). Taken small pebble, a bump or something else round, is wrapped in a cloth of the tire, stepping back from its edge by the width of the palm and tied tightly with a rope, as shown in fig. 19 . Additionally, two ties are tied on both sides of the entrance, near the poles. The tire is now stuck to the ground with pegs.
Insert two short and light poles into the valve pockets to operate them. Drive in three steps opposite the entrance to the valve retractable pole and tie the valve ropes to it.
Canopy.
To begin with, a very long rope is taken. It fits to the poles inside the tipi (I wrote this just in case, you never know ...) at a height just below the height of the canopy.
It is better to start from a pole with a tire. A pair of sticks is slipped under each loop of the rope, these are small, but very sacred sticks and if you do not attach any importance to them, then during the rain, echoing streams of water will flow down the poles, rushing down with a terrible rumble right onto your bed. See figure 20 for tying method.
Then a canopy is hung, starting from the entrance and closing it with its first sector, so that the edges tugged like curtains. The bottom of the canopy is pressed down from the inside by heavy objects (stones, backpacks, tomahawks, guests, etc.)
Hearth
Do not dig a hole under the hearth, otherwise you will have a pool. Cover it with large or small stones. It is best to position the hearth slightly off the center of the tipi towards the entrance. Now light the fire, if it smokes, then go back to page 1 and see how to sew the tipi correctly.
Reginald and Gladys Laubin
Teepee coloring page
And here the tipi stands, you live in it and you, apparently, feel good in it. And one day, going out into the street and looking around, you are seized by a vague yearning - you want to do something.
Probably, nothing can be done with the environment, but the teepee tire can become completely different. This is a rather complicated thing - keep in mind that most of the drawings sooner or later become boring if they are made ill-considered and without any special meaning.
It seems to us that the theme of the picture on the tire should mean something to you in the first place, it's okay if others will not understand them. But in general, of course, this is a personal matter of each and his artistic and any other taste. Therefore, we will not overload you with our thoughts on this topic (maybe just a little), but we will try to give as many drawings as possible - examples of how others did it.
And yet, there is a traditional symbolism, many details of the painting meant something else, and if you are interested to know about this, then we can tell you something. Otherwise, all this can be easily skipped.
On the lower edge of the tire, the inhabitant of the tipi drew something symbolizing the land, say, a strip of mountains, prairie, stones, in general, what he sees around him. This was usually painted in red, the color of the earth.
The top, respectively, meant the sky, often black, bottomless in color. Sitting in such a tipi, you feel yourself in the center of the painted universe, and in most cases this was enough, and the tipi painting stopped (such a drawing can hardly get bored, right?). However, sometimes some other drawing was applied to the tire of the tipi, which was an image of something unusual that happened in a person's life or appeared to him in a dream (which is the same from the point of view of an Indian).
In general, the Indians paid very important importance to dreams, sometimes a dream that a person dreamed could change the course of his life, and therefore it was natural for him to depict such an important event in his home. So if someone painted on their tipi anyhow, just like that, they would somehow not be understood.
In the mind, undistorted by various plastic bells and whistles, there is a very strong connection between the object and its image (it was the same with pagan idols and, later, icons among Russians), therefore, depicting something on tipi, you are something attract. It is not for nothing that a frequent subject of drawings on the tipi was symbolic images of guardians and helpers who appeared in a dream, usually in the form of animals, with which a person previously had a close relationship.
Painted Teepee Cheyenne Tire
It is better to start painting the teepee before it is staged, so it will be more convenient to get to its top. The bottom can be painted when the teepee is already standing. Natural colors look more natural, from which the eyes do not get tired (unless of course you are a fan of techno music, then your eyes have not seen such horror ...).
The Indians painted teepees with colors that can be obtained in nature, so there are only a few traditional colors. But the colors for them, like everything else, were full of meaning, so even when they got the opportunity to buy synthetic paints (oil or acrylic), they still chose a range that they understood.
These are: red, yellow, white, blue or cyan and black.
Red and yellow paints can be made from ocher by crushing and mixing with fat, vegetable oil, or just water. If you are lucky, petrified ocher can be found near rivers, you can take wood ocher from under the aspen or pine bark (which is very difficult to do), sometimes earth ocher is thrown out along with the ground by moles, as luckily for us it happened here in Toksovo.
Blue and white paints can be made from colored clay in the same way as red, black - from crushed coal, and blueberries can be used instead of blue paint. All these paints, even if diluted in water, perfectly stick into the fabric, although the blue color easily fades in the sun.
Red is the color of Earth and Fire. This is the most sacred color, revered not only by the Indians, but also by many other peoples who linked their lives with the earth.
Yellow - This is the color of the Stone, as well as Lightning, which, according to many beliefs, has a connection with stones, earth and fire.
White and blue - the colors of Water or empty space - Air, clear as water.
Black and blue colors are Heaven, bottomlessness.
Sometimes, in order to show the connection between sky and water, the sky was depicted in white or blue (after all, water falls from the sky). For the same reasons, water was sometimes depicted in black or blue.
Sometimes blue color replaced with green (when oil paints, green paint in nature it is difficult to find) due to the fact that the ancient peoples did not have a difference between blue and green colors. It's the same with navy blue and black.
As for the drawings themselves, the most important thing is to understand one thing: it is best to see the beautiful in the simple. It seems to us that this applies not only to drawings, but also to everything else that we do and what we think about in our life (in, cart!). Do not try to fill the space with small details too much, the emptiness will only emphasize the meaning of your drawing. We can advise you not to fall for a common mistake; when you spread the teepee on the ground and draw a drawing, it seems to you much larger than it actually is, do not be afraid to paint over a large space with one color - when the teepee gets up, the perspective will change and everything will look different.
For a very long time and probably it is not necessary to describe all the details and squiggles that the Indians used, but we can describe several common simple symbols. Most often, various triangles are found - they mean mountains and, accordingly, land. Small circles combined with them are stones. A widespread symbol that confused Christian missionaries was the cross, meaning the four sacred directions, the four cardinal directions, or the heavenly bodies. Of course, all these things are generalized, there were much more symbols and their different interpretations, so do not be surprised if you find other information in other sources (we are the source? Uh, cool!).
If you use some traditional Native American elements in the coloring of your teepee, then you too will help this culture survive in a natural way for it.
Wigwam (from the proto-Algonquian wi · kiwa · Hmi) - the home of the Indians of North America.
A hut on a frame made of thin trunks, covered with a mat, bark or branches. It has a domed shape, in contrast to the tipi, conical dwellings.
Home of the American Indians in the rituals of purification and revival that take place in the Great Steam Room, the wigwam is the body of the Great Spirit. Its rounded shape personifies the world as a whole, steam is the visible image of the Great Spirit, performing a purifying and spiritual transformation. Walking out into the white light from this dark room means leaving behind all the impure. The sun dance hall is also a sacred place. The pillar in its center represents the world axis connecting Heaven and Earth and leading to the Sun, as a symbol of the Great Spirit. The chimney provides access to Heaven and an entrance for spiritual power.
It is worth noting that in one of the moments of the cartoon "Winter in Prostokvashino" Sharik drew not a wigwam (as he himself claimed), but a tipi.
In Russia, unlike in America, it is not customary to play Indians. It's a pity - children like to portray tribes close to nature with their amazing customs ... However, some children still play with them, especially in summer cottages, in recreation camps, in a word, close to nature. In tents in the forest, such games are what the doctor ordered. Especially if the tent looks like an Indian wigwam.
The creation of the designer Dave Ellis (Dave Ellis) is distinguished by a stable structure and a good ventilation system, as well as, thanks to quality materials, fire and water resistance. A separate feature - the floor is specially made of water-permeable material, so that the tent will not impede the penetration of air to the ground, which means it will not kill the grass on which it stands.
Needless to say, resting in a wigwam is much more interesting than in an ordinary tent? So the fires will burn more merrily, and songs will be sung more sincerely, and stories will be composed more truthfully and more interestingly. If only not to fall into excessive realism: it is easy to scare someone with your face in war paint and clothes made of beads and feathers, even in the forest.