Features of the internal structure associated with. Features of internal structure and life activity
Insects- our constant companions in life. No matter how the operating rooms are sterilized, at least some fly will fly in, and in houses there are always large numbers of them... For robotics engineers, insects are an inspiration, because only they can move on any surface, but repeating this in an artificial model is very difficult.
Like others, insects have an external (exo-) skeleton consisting of chitin. Often growths are observed on the integument of the body - hairs, horny formations, scales, etc.
Body: head, separate chest and abdomen. 3 pairs of walking legs. Most insects have wings(usually 2 pairs).
Features of the internal structure of insects
There are terrestrial insects, and there are also aquatic representatives, so there are differences in respiratory system:
- in aquatic insects, breathing occurs over the entire surface of the body;
- in terrestrials - respiratory organs - trachea.
Circulatory system: open circulatory system , insect blood is called hemolymph. The main vessel containing hemolymph stretches along the length of the insect in the dorsal part. The back of this vessel contains the “heart” - several pulsating chambers connected in series with each other.
Digestive system:
1. A very interesting oral apparatus - it is different for different species:
- gnawing- in those insects that eat solid food, or this food must be obtained (gnawed);
- sucking (piercing-sucking) - for receiving liquid food (butterflies and mosquitoes);
- musky (and gnawing and sucking, like flies)
2. A system consisting of the stomach, intestines, rectum and anus.
Excretory system:malpighian vessels(as in arachnids).
Features of the structure of the nervous system of insects and sensory organs:
Insects have very intense movement, and not chaotic, but quite purposeful, so such movement must be well coordinated. Insects already have a real nervous system - ganglion, consisting of three sections - the ganglion, the ventral nerve cord and the network of neurons throughout the body.
- antennae (antennas) - organs of touch;
- eyes - can be faceted (complex) or simple, but then there should be several of them.
- insects perceive and distinguish odors well (their basis for communication is the release and recognition of various chemicals).
Reproductive system:
Insects are dioecious. Fertilization is mainly internal.
Development occurs as
Insects are very closely related to many other organisms on Earth.
They are irreplaceable pollinators and food for animals.
Bird class
Topic: “Features of the internal structure of birds in connection with their adaptation to flight”
Goals: familiarize students with the features of the internal structure of birds associated with flight; show the complexity of the organization of the internal structure of birds compared to reptiles; teach to recognize organ systems of the bird class, establish the relationship between the structure and function of organs; teach to identify the adaptability of organisms to their environment.
Formation of skills: establish cause-and-effect relationships, analyze, compare, generalize, work with a textbook.
Equipment: table “Bird Class. Pigeon"; relief table “Internal structure of a bird”; model of the brain of vertebrates; table "The main classes of vertebrates".
During the classes:
I. Organizational moment (1-2 minutes).
Hello guys, sit down (slide 1).
II. Knowledge test (5-10 minutes).
Name the sections and bones of the bird’s skeleton (slide 2).
1. Individual survey: work on cards 1-5.
While some guys are working with individual cards, others are doing dictation (slide 3).
1. Biological dictation. Fill in the missing words:
1) A feather is a modified scale - it consists of... substance.
2) The outline pen consists of a hard... and located on the sides....
3) In most birds, the sternum has a high ridge - ....
4) Creates a strong support for the wings....
5) The skeleton of the forelimbs has the same sections as other terrestrial vertebrates...,..., the girdle of the hind limbs is formed by..., fused with...
6) The lantern is part of....
2. Choose the correct answers.
1) Only birds from vertebrates: (slide 4)
a) adapted to flight;
b) have feather covering of the body;
c) lay eggs with calcareous shells.
2) Wings raise:
a) subclavian muscles, located under the pectoralis major;
b) pectoralis major muscles (they account for 20% of body weight
birds);
c) pectoralis major and subclavian muscles.
3) The length of the neck in birds depends on: (slide 5)
a) the length of the vertebral bodies;
b) number of vertebrae;
c) the number of vertebrae and the length of their bodies.
4) The girdle of the forelimbs in birds is formed by:
a) two collarbones; two shoulder blades and two crow bones;
b) two collarbones and two shoulder blades;
c) sternum, two clavicles, two shoulder blades and two crows
bones.
5) The skeleton of the forelimb itself consists of: (slide 6)
a) the humerus, two bones of the forearm and bones of the hand;
b) the humerus, one bone of the forearm and the bones of the hand;
c) humerus and crow bones, two bones of the forearm, bones of the hand.
6) The skeleton of the bird hand contains remains of:
a) three fingers; b) two fingers; c) one finger.
7) Keel on the sternum of birds: (slide 7)
a) promotes cutting through air during flight;
b) increases the area of attachment of the pectoral muscles;
c) does not matter as an adaptation to flight.
8) The tarsus in birds is the result of adaptation to:
a) raising the body above the ground;
b) softening during landing;
c) increasing step length when walking on the hind limbs.
9) One of the adaptations of the bird skeleton for flight is not:
(slide 7)
a) lack of teeth;
b) fusion of several parts of the spine;
c) a large volume of the brain bone of the skull.
Answer: 1 – b; 2 – a; 3 – in; 4 – a; 5 – a; 6 – a; 7 – b; 8 – in; 9 – c. 3.
III. Studying new material (25-30 minutes).
Students are divided into 5 groups. Each group receives group assignments that must be completed by reading the corresponding section in the textbook (slide 8).
I group. Digestive and excretory systems.
1) Name the excretory organs of birds. It is known that the kidneys of birds are large. What do you think is the reason for this? What functions does the cloaca perform? How do you explain the absence of a bladder in birds?
2) The structure of the digestive system is the same in all vertebrates. In the process of evolution, birds have developed features in the digestive system associated with flight. Write them down in your notebook.
3) Write down the organs of the digestive and excretory systems in your notebook.
4) In connection with what did the division of the stomach into glandular and muscular occur in birds? In which organ is mechanical processing of food carried out due to the absence of teeth?
Group II. Respiratory system.
1) Consider the structure of the respiratory organs of birds.
2) Write down the structural features of the respiratory system of birds associated with flight in a notebook.
3) Using a drawing, make up a story about the direction of air movement in the bird’s respiratory organs when inhaling and exhaling. How do birds breathe during rest? During the flight? What is double breathing? What is its meaning?
III group. Circulatory system, metabolism.
1) Transport of substances in the body of birds is carried out, as in all vertebrates, using the circulatory system. What general structural plan is characteristic of the circulatory system of vertebrates? What features of the circulatory system of birds indicate its more complex structure compared to reptiles? Write them down in your notebook.
2) Using the figure, determine the direction of blood movement through the vessels. Indicate where the systemic circulation begins and ends; pulmonary circulation.
3) What is the significance of the presence of a four-chambered heart in birds (Fig.)? What kind of blood flows to the organs of the body? into the lungs? What connection exists between the structure of the circulatory system and metabolism in birds?
IV group. Reproductive organ system.
1) Write down in your notebook the features of the reproductive system associated with flight.
2) In Fig. The reproductive organ system of birds is depicted. Name and reveal the meaning of each of them. Where does fertilization occur in birds?
3) Choose the correct statements:
a) In birds, as a rule, one ovary functions.
b) Many eggs mature in the ovary at once.
c) The actual egg is the yolk.
d) Fertilization in birds is external.
V group. Nervous system of birds.
1) Look at Fig. Write down the parts of the nervous system of birds. What features of the structure of the brain of birds indicate a higher level of its development compared to reptiles? Write them down in your notebook.
2) Birds are characterized by more complex behavior compared to fish, amphibians, and reptiles. Give examples of complex bird behavior. What is the relationship between the behavior of birds and the level of organization of their nervous system?
3) Select a conditioned reflex from the examples listed below:
b) hatching chicks; d) chickens peck at everything.
After completing the work, students prepare for an oral response to the assignment questions for 2-3 minutes, after which they take turns speaking. Students in other groups write down the features of each system in their notebooks, filling out the table (slide 9).
Organ system | Organs | Functional fitness for the flight |
1. Digestive. 2. Excretory. 3. Respiratory. 4. Blood. 5. Nervous. 6. Sexual. |
During the response of the student of the 2nd group, the teacher demonstrates to the students the operation of the respiratory system of a bird, using the “Bird Respiratory Apparatus” model. In the absence of this model, one of the participants in the second group explains the movement of air in the respiratory system according to the diagram (Fig.), enlarged to demonstrate it in class.
General conclusion: The structural features of the internal organ systems of birds are associated with adaptation to flight.
A check is organized on the table that students filled out during the group performances.
IV. Consolidation of the studied material (3-5 minutes).
Choose the correct answers:
1. What digestive organs arose in birds due to their lack of
jaws and teeth: (slide 10)
a) goiter; c) muscular part of the stomach;
b) glandular section of the stomach; d) small intestine.
2. In what part of the respiratory system of birds does gas exchange occur:
a) anterior air sacs; c) posterior air sacs;
b) lungs; d) trachea.
3. What kind of blood is on the right side of the bird’s heart: (slide 11)
a) venous; b) arterial; c) mixed.
4. What is the reason for the absence of a bladder in the excretory system?
a) with the need to lighten the body;
b) with intense metabolism;
c) with the characteristics of excretion products.
5. Which parts of the brain of birds are better developed than those of reptiles: (slide 12)
a) forebrain; d) cerebellum;
b) midbrain; e) medulla oblongata.
c) diencephalon;
6. Which sense organs are most developed in flying birds:
a) vision; b) hearing; c) sense of smell; d) touch; d) taste.
7. Birds do not lay all their eggs at once, like reptiles, but gradually, because:
a) they have only one functioning ovary;
b) this allows you not to increase body weight;
c) birds have a small number of eggs.
Answers: 1 – c); 2 – b); 3 – a); 4 – a); 5 – a), b), d); 6 – a); 7 – a).
Homework. Study the text of the textbook, pp. 212-216. Printed notebook assignment 136-140. Message “From egg to egg” (slide 13).
Thank you for your attention! (slide 14, 15)
Features of the internal structure.
The body of any mollusk has digestive, circulatory, excretory and other organ systems. The digestive system begins with the oral cavity, which passes into the pharynx (with a grater), esophagus, stomach with the digestive gland, liver, middle and hind intestine, which opens outward through the anus into the mantle cavity. Many species of mollusks have salivary glands.
The circulatory system of mollusks is not closed. It most often consists of a two-chambered heart and blood vessels extending from it. The nervous system is formed by several pairs of ganglia with nerves. Metabolic products that are unnecessary for the body come from the blood of mollusks to the kidneys, and then into the mantle cavity and are removed outside. There may be one, two or four kidneys.
Reproduction.
Among mollusks there are both hermaphrodites and dioecious animals. Ponds and reels are hermaphrodites. Small snails emerge from the eggs they lay, glued together with a gelatinous substance. Most species of pearl barley are dioecious. Fertilization of their eggs occurs in the mantle cavity of the female. From fertilized eggs, larvae develop, which are pushed out through the siphon by the pearl barley when any fish swims past it. The larvae attach to the skin and gills of the fish and develop on its body for 1–2 months. This adaptability of pearl barleys and barnacles contributes to their distribution in nature in the larval phase. This is due to the sedentary lifestyle of adults.
Main classes of mollusks
The phylum of mollusks is divided into three main classes. Pond snails, cattails and similar mollusks belong to the class of gastropods. These animals have a complete shell (less often it is reduced, like in slugs). Most of the ventral side of the body is occupied by a muscular leg (hence the name of the class). The eyes of gastropods are located either at the base of the tentacles (in pond snails), or at the ends of the tentacles (in coils, slugs). If a mollusk has two pairs of tentacles, then the eyes are located on the first pair. The gastropod class is the most numerous class in the phylum molluscs. It unites about 90 thousand species.
Pearl barleys, clams, oysters, and mussels are representatives of the bivalve class. The body of these animals is enclosed in a bivalve shell. They do not have a head, eyes, a tongue with a grater, or salivary glands. In the class of bivalves there are about 30 thousand species of freshwater and marine mollusks.
Squids, octopuses and cuttlefish belong to the class of cephalopods. There are about 600 species of these mollusks. Cephalopods inhabit mainly warm and fully saline seas. One part of their leg is turned into tentacles with suction cups, which are located on the head and surround the mouth opening. The other part of the leg forms a funnel. Some cephalopods have remains of a shell under their skin, which disappeared due to the transition of their ancestors to an active lifestyle.
The nervous system in cephalopods, compared to other mollusks, achieves the greatest development: the nerve ganglia merged and formed a large brain. Their sense organs are highly developed. The eyes of cephalopods resemble the eyes of fish in the complexity of their structure, and are not inferior to human eyes in visual acuity.
Scientists believe that mollusks evolved from ancient annelids. One of the proofs of this is the similarity in the structure of the larvae of marine gastropods and the larvae of marine polychaete worms. In addition, some primitive mollusks have common structural features with annelids.
Krasnoperova Natalya Timofeevna
Teacher MAOU Secondary School No. 10
Kungur, Perm region
Lesson topic: Features of the internal structure and vital activity of birds associated with flight
Goals:
create conditions for the formation in schoolchildren of holistic knowledge about the features of the internal structure associated with adaptation to intensive metabolism (high energy expenditure and increased physical activity)
During the classes:
Org. Moment.
presence of feathers (light and durable)
streamlined body shape (when flying, the bird extends its head, presses its legs to the body or pulls it back) - reduced friction
the presence of a tail that serves as a steering wheel for the bird
formation of the tarsus as a landing device
light skeleton (presence of airways in the bones)
Repetition. Frontal survey written on the board: Traits of birds’ adaptation to flight associated with the external structure. Students go out, write down features, explain
Adding a teacher:
beak without teeth
fast digestion
frequent removal of undigested residues from the body
2. Learning new material
a) setting lesson goals
Our list of accessories is not finished yet. Today we will study the internal structure of birds and add to our list
b) teacher’s story with demonstration of presentations and elements of conversation
What internal organ systems do vertebrates have?
Where are they located (chest, abdominal cavity)
Birds have the same organ systems as previously studied vertebrates. These systems are located in the body cavity, which in birds is protected by the chest and pelvic bones.
The internal structure of birds differs in a number of features
Digestive system:
Personal significance of what is being studied for the student: - Will the expression: “Eat like a bird” be a compliment for a girl?
The flight of birds is associated with the expenditure of a large amount of energy (for example, a pigeon flying at a speed of 70 km. An hour consumes 27 times more energy than at rest)
The source of energy replenishment is food. Therefore, birds consume a lot of varied food
What organs make up the digestive system?
Sections: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, cloaca, pancreas and liver.
Food enters the mouth whole or divided into small portions using the beak and paws. In the mouth, food is moistened with saliva and pushed into the esophagus with the help of the tongue. In granivores and carnivores, the esophagus forms an expansion, the goiter, where food softens. Then it enters the glandular stomach and is exposed to digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid.
Undigested parts: bones, feathers, wool, chitin, hard shells of seeds, the bird regurgitates in the form of pellets. The muscular stomach is filled with small pebbles
How do they get there?
What are they needed for?
(the role of teeth is to grind food)
In the small intestine, food is digested and absorbed. Birds digest quickly
What food is digested very quickly?
(meat, pulp of juicy fruits)
Berries - 10 min.
Small fish - 15 min.
Mouse - 4 hours
Grain - 12-24 hours
Small birds are more voracious, they eat more food in relation to body weight than larger ones
Circulatory system:
What are the features of the circulatory
What is the significance of the complete division of the blood flow in birds into arterial and venous (provides a high level of metabolism and constant body temperature) systems of birds can be identified in the figure
(large heart size, presence of 4 chambers, 2 circles of blood circulation, thick walls of the ventricle)
Explain why the muscular walls of the atria are thin and those of the ventricles are thick.
What role do the systemic and pulmonary circulation play?
b) teacher’s story with demonstration of folia
the right half of the heart contains venous blood, the left half contains arterial blood
the systemic circulation begins in the left ventricle, from which emerges the aorta, arteries carrying blood to the head, pectoral muscles, and forelimbs. Dorsal aorta - supplies blood to internal organs and hind limbs
arteries - capillaries - organs and tissues
Gas exchange occurs in the tissue cells - the blood gives off oxygen and is saturated with carbon dioxide
Venous blood from the head and forelimbs is collected in the superior vena cava, and from the hind limbs and internal organs - in the inferior vena cava. The vena cava brings blood to the right atrium. This is where the systemic circulation ends
small - right ventricle - arteries (venous blood)
Gas exchange occurs in the lungs: the blood gives off carbon dioxide and oxidizes
From the lungs, blood collects into the veins. They carry arterial blood to the left atrium. This is how the pulmonary circulation ends.
Nervous system
Consider the sections, note their relative sizes - what is responsible for the more complex structure of the forebrain, midbrain and cerebellum in birds compared to reptiles
(precise coordination of bird movements in flight)
The forebrain is the complex behavior of birds: building nests, caring for offspring, migration, obtaining food and avoiding danger)
The visual thalamus of the midbrain are well developed
Respiratory system
C) independent work of students (using questions from the instruction card)
consider the structure of the respiratory organs of birds
write down the structural features of the respiratory system of birds associated with flight
How do birds breathe during rest? During the flight? What is double breathing? What is its significance?