Obtaining the title of Candidate of Sciences. Business portal paths to success Obtaining a Ph.D.
Chapter:
Are you almost a certified specialist, and are you starting to wonder what to do next? You can go to work in your specialty, make a career, and You can try your hand at science. But for this it is necessary get a degree,to start PhD.
Tell me, what could be easier after all the hardships of being a student? How can you scare a former student? Yes, it seems like nothing anymore. Only in reality- obtaining a PhD degree is very difficult!
To obtain a PhD degree, you must complete another level of higher education – graduate school. Getting into it on a budget basis is not so easy. The number of places is strictly limited, and as a rule, one or two people are accepted per specialty per year. Most likely, applicants have been identified by the department in advance, and preliminary work has been carried out with them. And it is already known. Do they have a desire to continue doing science? Of course, you can ask yourself, but it’s unlikely that they’ll just hire you right away. Then you can become a job seeker on a paid basis.
If you are lucky enough to be sent to graduate school, you become a graduate student or applicant! The first thing you have to do is pass the entrance exams. Traditionally, three subjects are taken: history and philosophy of science, a foreign language, and a specialized subject. As a rule, there are no problems with entrance exams, and they are for the most part a mere formality.
Next comes the most difficult and interesting part. Within three years you will attend lectures, write scientific articles and papers. You will have to take philosophy again, but at a completely different level, write a paper on the topic of your research from a philosophical point of view, seriously study and pass a foreign language, and understand the problem of your research down to the smallest detail. You can pass all exams in one year and continue to study exclusively science, but most often you take one subject per year.
All three years you must save and develop material for a PhD thesis. And within several years, after entering graduate school, they should finish and submit your work for defense. The work must be in the form of a manuscript, and an abstract must be prepared.
Most likely, you will have to defend yourself not in your hometown, but outside it. The work must be approved by opponents and reviews must be compiled from them. There must also be a review from the allocating organization.
The defense itself is a process similar to the defense of a diploma. You'll have to present your work to the dissertation committee, orally present the essence of your scientific work, main achievements and discoveries. After this, the commission will make a decision on awarding you the degree. There is no need to be afraid, because you have reached this day and have put so much work into your research! Most likely, the outcome will be positive.
Does it seem scary? Make up your mind! It's really worth it!
Salamander 07/23/2018 at 8:18
The wave of fake dissertations in the humanities and social sciences (GOS) will increase. The desire of not only academicians, doctors and candidates in the humanities (philosophy, economics, political science), but also government officials for an honorable, easy and comfortable life at the expense of the state will be. grow. From Soviet and Stalin times, a feudal system has developed in the economic departments of universities, where the head of the department of state education is a feudal lord, and his subordinates (graduate students, teachers, senior teachers, associate professors) are his slaves on staff, the goal of slaves in the department (hardly unattainable) is to reach the level of “ free mason”, the title of free professor. The feudal lord (head of the department) exploits his slaves and appropriates their labor and surplus value. Only the head of the department, a feudal lord, can open his mouth and speak words of “wisdom” to the people. Only the feudal lord determined who would publish what. His cathedral slaves, with humility and physical services, must achieve the wisdom of the feudal lord.
The chimera VAK spewed fire from its mouth,
to intimidate the uninitiated.
(Ancient Greek mythology and Tazi)
There is a radical and, moreover, scientific solution. It is necessary to revise all sciences, to separate sciences from non-sciences. It is necessary to divide all sciences into two or even three parts; sciences proper are natural sciences, non-sciences (humanities and social sciences) are subjective, personal sciences. It is advisable to discuss this divorce issue. In this regard, academic degrees and scientific titles in the humanities and social sciences (economics, philosophy, politics, pedagogy, religion), candidate, doctor of science, associate professor, professor, academician, corresponding member should be eliminated. Leave the issue of plagiarism and compilation in GON free, as in journalism. Compilation and use of other people's experience in the spiritual sphere is natural and legal. Dissolve the Higher Attestation Commission in the humanities and social sciences. Transfer budget savings to the field of natural science. Considering publications in humanitarian and social issues not as science, but as a literary journalistic activity (K. Marx, Lenin, Plekhanov, who blew up the system of scientific hierarchy in the GON called themselves journalists) is a personal opinion that they cannot prove. For example, E. Berstein, the first critic of the revolutions of K. Marx, called the works “Capital” a hypothesis, “which wants to be a science.” For the topology of true and false in worlds, see my book and article< Тимощук Н.Д. ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННАЯ ТЕОРИЯ ПРОИЗВОДИТЕЛЬНОСТИ О ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИИ ЧЕЛОВЕКА С МИРОМ ВЕЩЕЙ И СОБЫТИЙ (ФИЛОСОФИЯ БЕГУЩЕЙ СОБАКИ ПРОТИВ ФИЛОСОФОВ ВРЕМЕНИ) сборник 2013
Salamander 07/30/2018 at 12:30
DISSATIVE ADVICE – STOMACH JUICE OF SCIENCE or pre-restaurant revival (remark of a graduate student from 1983): As a graduate student of the Department of Economics of the USGU, I was three times at the defense of other people’s dissertations and noticed how, in anticipation of the gala dinner (which is traditionally given by the happy dissertation candidate), the speeches of the members of the dissertation committee committee (Dr. sciences in economics) are becoming more and more lively and fun. Suggestions and comments from doctors of science to clarify the wording of a worthless dissertation pour in like a cornucopia. In Russia, the defense of dissertations in the humanities and social sciences has become a special area of parasitism in the field of academic degrees in GON. The professors themselves then get so used to it that a professor member of the Dissertation Council Committee will not open his mouth for free. For example, they do not educate or correct the illiteracy of students who forget the school curriculum). A university professor lives by the principle: he ate, slept and the day passed. Conclusion: a simple school teacher will give a head start to any university professor with a doctorate of sciences. In our country there are hundreds of thousands of doctors of science in economics and philosophy, but there are no prophets. They rewrite and glorify other people's foreign things. See HSE Institute -
their worthless and stupid doctors of sciences, if you want to fail your business, invite a doctor of sciences in economics. There is a cardinal and, moreover, scientific solution: it is necessary to revise all sciences, to separate sciences proper from non-sciences. It is necessary to divide all sciences into two or even three parts, the sciences themselves are natural sciences, non-sciences. In this regard, academic degrees and scientific titles in the humanities and social sciences (economics, philosophy, politics, pedagogy, religion) should be liquidated. Having learned the truth in Tazi, I was left with only contempt for the doctors and candidates of sciences of GON. The topology of the world cannot be established by science. Slackers and parasites of life, actors in an empty play, controlled by stomach juice.
A degree applicant will need this...
So, it makes sense to clarify who this applicant is? A " the applicant is a person with a higher professional education attached to an organization or institution that has a postgraduate degree […] and preparing a dissertation for the scientific degree of Candidate of Sciences without training [highlighted by me] in graduate school ..." In addition, " competition is a form of work on dissertations of specialists attached to higher educational institutions or scientific institutions, organizations without enrollment [highlighted by me] to […] graduate school …”
« Applicants enjoy [highlighted by me] necessary equipment, offices, libraries, etc. at the place of attachment. Heads of higher educational institutions, scientific institutions, organizations and enterprises where applicants work provide them with assistance in creating the necessary conditions for working on dissertations».
Regarding the terms of application: the assignment of applicants for preparing and passing candidate exams and for preparing a candidate's dissertation is carried out for a period of three years. Accordingly, a future candidate of XXX sciences can formally apply for no more than 3 years. However, in practice, this pleasure for some “Einsteins” of this country and our time stretches even longer... Well, what can we say: “Einsteins” they are “Einsteins”...
Everyone knows that there is such a type as "eternal student". However, there is also "eternal applicants".
However, despite this, "eternal applicants" are listed as such for much longer, because they do not have candidate exams.
However, those wishing to obtain the prestigious status of an applicant should take into account the important fact that in most universities, universities and research institutes free applicants are provided only for employees of these institutions and their relatives. However, competition can also be carried out under agreements concluded by individuals and (or) legal entities with higher educational institutions, at the expense of individuals and (or) legal entities. So count out your money...
Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation dated March 28, 2014 N 248 “On the Procedure and deadline for attaching persons to prepare a dissertation for the academic degree of Candidate of Sciences without mastering programs for training scientific and pedagogical personnel in graduate school (adjunct studies)”
REVIEW
A procedure has been established for assigning individuals to write a Ph.D. dissertation without mastering the training programs for scientific and pedagogical personnel in graduate school (postgraduate studies).
Persons with higher education, confirmed by a specialist or master's degree, are assigned to universities, additional professional education organizations and scientific organizations for a period of no more than 3 years.
These universities and organizations must have a dissertation council, which is granted the right by the Russian Ministry of Education and Science to conduct the defense of dissertations in the relevant scientific specialty.
A special commission is created to consider issues related to attachment for the preparation of a dissertation. It is formed from among scientific and scientific-pedagogical workers. Its composition is approved by the head of the university (organization).
A person submits a personal application for attachment to the head of the university (organization) for the preparation of a dissertation. It must indicate the scientific specialty in which the dissertation is expected to be written, contact information, and the method of notification of the progress of consideration of the issue of attachment (by mail or electronically). Attached are copies of the passport and diploma, as well as a list of scientific works published by the applicant (including co-authored ones) and (or) patents (certificates) received by him. The person’s consent to the processing of his personal data is recorded. A personal matter is opened.
The commission selects the most capable and prepared individuals for independent scientific (scientific and technical) activities. The decision is made within 30 working days.
An agreement is concluded with the person who has passed the selection. It specifies the conditions and deadline for preparing the dissertation, and other conditions that do not contradict Russian legislation. Next, an administrative act is issued on attaching the person to the university (organization), which is posted on the official website of the latter.
The previous provisions on the preparation of candidate and doctoral dissertations in the form of a competition were declared no longer in force.
AND drain: Portal GARANT.RU (Garant.ru).
Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (Ministry of Education and Science of Russia) dated March 28, 2014 N 248 “On the Procedure and deadline for attaching persons to prepare a dissertation for the academic degree of Candidate of Sciences without mastering the training programs for scientific and pedagogical personnel in graduate school (postgraduate studies) »
Candidate of Sciences - who is it? A scientist or just an ordinary university teacher? Today this category is attracting attention. Firstly, it is prestigious to be one. Secondly, becoming one is quite difficult. Thirdly, very interesting. What and how to do to become one.
About the etymology of the word
Candidate literally translated from Latin means a person who applies for any position or responsible post. As a matter of fact, a candidate of sciences is also in some way a contender. He declares himself by writing a scientific work and publicly defending it in the appropriate institution.
The scientific degree of Candidate of Sciences characterizes its owner from the standpoint of his qualifications. It is a confirmation of status and certain achievements in any branch of science.
A little about the history of the origin of the academic degree
Its source is the German system, which was used both in the territory of pre-revolutionary Russia and in the Soviet Union.
Russian universities began to award academic degrees in 1819 on the basis of a unified system of approved rules. Until 1917, there were two degrees: master (licentiate) and doctor of science. In those days it was called “dignity.”
Since 1934 and to this day, academic degrees have been awarded in Russia and in a number of post-socialist countries.
Formal aspects
Here it should be said that obtaining such an academic degree as a Candidate of Sciences is a rather complex process both in terms of completing a dissertation, its defense, and in terms of the correct design of the research, defense and confirmation procedures.
According to the law governing this area, a candidate of sciences is a so-called first academic degree. What does it mean? Considering that today there are two degrees: candidate and doctor, this is the first step that allows you to obtain scientific qualifications and continue to work in this field.
According to the norms of Russian legislation, the degree is awarded by a collegial body - the dissertation council. However, this is not enough. It is necessary that it be approved by the relevant government body - the Higher Attestation Commission (Higher Attestation Commission).
After this, the former graduate student receives confirmation, and a little later a diploma of a candidate of sciences.
What does an academic degree provide?
The opportunities that a PhD degree opens up after defending and receiving the appropriate document are related primarily to the field of science and education:
- he can teach at a university. To be precise, the degree gives the right to lecture to students;
- After working for some time, you can receive the corresponding academic title - associate professor, which can only be awarded to candidates;
- if you want to continue your scientific activities, you can enroll in doctoral studies and conduct further research.
You also need to know the rights of a candidate of sciences.
- Opportunity to take part in the competition as an applicant for the position of associate professor or head of a laboratory. If it is carried out at a research institute, then - a senior researcher.
- A document confirming a candidate’s degree is a sufficiently compelling basis that allows its owner not only to work on a doctoral dissertation, but also to submit it for defense. Here you should remember the correspondence of specialties. A doctoral dissertation can be defended on the basis of a candidate's dissertation if it is in the same field of science.
- A PhD diploma entitles its holder to receive the corresponding Doctor of Philosophy degree, which is used in a number of European countries and the USA.
Obtaining an academic title
In addition to the academic degree, Russia uses another criterion for differentiating workers in the scientific and educational spheres. This is the title of Candidate of Sciences - Associate Professor, which, unfortunately, is not awarded automatically. The regulations governing the conferment of academic titles establish a number of requirements.
- Possession of a Candidate of Science degree and a period of work as an assistant professor for at least 2 years. In this case, the load must be no less than a quarter (0.25) of the rate.
- There must be publications: educational or methodological manuals, other scientific works. Here, the professional level is also taken into account, which is assessed by the commission that attended the open lesson.
- Research or teaching experience must be at least five years. It is necessary to carry out teaching activities on the relevant topics of the specialty for three years.
- The total number of publications must be at least 20, including patents. Over the past three years, an applicant for the position of associate professor must publish at least two textbooks and three works in the specialty specified in the dissertation.
In addition to meeting the stated requirements, the future associate professor must submit a number of documents to the academic council of the university:
- statement;
- characteristics signed by the head of the department;
- a list of his scientific works, certified by signatures and seals;
- an extract from the minutes of the department meeting at which the recommendation was made;
- copies of diplomas of education, candidate of sciences;
- extracts from the work book, certificates of work experience, personal sheet with photo.
There may also be other documents that the secretary of the academic council may require.
How to become a candidate of sciences?
This process is quite complex and requires considerable effort and expense from the applicant.
- First of all, you need to decide for yourself in which area you plan to work. In this case, research should be carried out in an area corresponding to basic education. Otherwise, if the work was done in a related or related field, an additional examination in the specialty may be required.
- Search for a scientific supervisor. It should be noted that this is in some way a guarantee of successful protection. The manager must have an academic degree of candidate or doctor of science. Here it is advisable to find out whether he had graduate students and whether they defended their defense.
- Admission to graduate school. This step may be omitted if the work is carried out on the basis of competition at any department or institute.
- Writing a dissertation is a creative process. It can take a long time. Postgraduate study lasts 3-4 years, but, unfortunately, the period of study may not coincide with work on the dissertation. Therefore, sometimes writing it takes longer.
- At the end of graduate school, candidate exams are taken. Some of them can be taken earlier, for example, the candidate minimum in philosophy and a foreign language. Latest exams in the specialty.
- At the end of the creative search, the work, previously checked by the supervisor, is submitted for consideration by experts appointed by the dissertation council.
- After correcting errors and responding to comments, you can begin to prepare for your defense. An abstract is written, opponents are selected, as well as specialists who can give feedback on the dissertation.
- The defense takes place at the dissertation council. He, having heard the report of the graduate student, answers to questions and comments of opponents, renders his verdict on awarding the academic degree of a candidate of any sciences in the relevant specialty (there are 23 of them).
- A notification is received from the Higher Attestation Commission that the work has been reviewed and a decision has been made to approve it.
Those who wish to become an employee of a higher educational institution, engage in scientific and teaching activities, must continue their own research activities even after receiving a document on higher professional education. The degree of Candidate of Sciences represents the first step in the system of domestic science, which establishes recognition of the applicant’s achievements in the scientific community. In our country, the procedure for writing and defending a qualifying thesis is based on a certain algorithm, so the future scientist must follow some generally accepted guidelines.
Instructions
1. A person who wishes to obtain a PhD degree must conduct his own research, write a qualifying thesis and defend it in the Dissertation Council operating at some educational institutions. If the defense of the dissertation work is successful, the said council will send a request for the award of a degree to the Higher Attestation Commission (HAC), after which the required title will be received.
2. Before undertaking his own research, a person needs to determine the form of further scientific activity. Thus, graduate students receiving education through a full-time or part-time program, applicants, as well as people engaged in self-study can apply for this degree.
3. Postgraduate study is an additional form of education that follows the receipt of a university diploma. To enroll in graduate school, a former graduate must submit a special application and pass an entrance exam. During the period of study (from 3 to 5 years), he can attend seminars in those subjects in which he will have to pass the candidate minimum. In most cases, such disciplines include specialty, philosophy and foreign languages.
4. During postgraduate studies, the future candidate must determine the topic of his research, coordinate it with the supervisor, outline a work plan for creating a qualifying work and begin to implement it. This form of activity is most often preferred by yesterday's graduates who do not have impressive experience and need support and valuable advice.
5. Competition is a form of activity in which a person is assigned to the department responsible for his chosen field of study, and independently prepares for exams and the defense of a dissertation. The job application does not require a person’s regular presence in an educational institution. This form of preparation does not imply clear time restrictions. Thus, the applicant determines the date for submitting his research to the Dissertation Council.
6. Regardless of the form of scientific activity, a person who has set out to obtain a PhD degree must publish the results of his scientific work in specialized literature. Before defending a qualifying thesis, he is required to publish one monograph or several articles in a certain specialized area. Only works published in journals included in the list of peer-reviewed scientific publications in Russia approved by the Higher Attestation Commission are of value. The presence of such publications is a prerequisite for submitting a candidate's work for defense.
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