Tarle history. Abstract: The work of Evgeniy Viktorovich Tarle
TARLE, EVGENIY VIKTOROVICH(1874–1955), Russian historian. Born on October 27 (November 8), 1874 in Kyiv into a merchant family. He graduated from the 1st Kherson gymnasium, studied at Novorossiysk, then at Kiev University, where he joined the student democratic movement. He studied in a seminar with Professor I.V. Luchitsky, on whose recommendation he was left at the university to prepare for a professorship. On the eve of May 1, 1900, he was arrested at a gathering to raise funds for the benefit of strikers and spent a month and a half in prison. Then he was deported to the Kherson province and Warsaw with a temporary ban on the right to teach.
In 1901 he defended his master's (candidate's) thesis Social views of Thomas More in connection with the economic state of England of his time. From 1903 he was a private assistant professor at St. Petersburg University, where he taught (with short breaks) until the end of his life.
On the eve and during the First Russian Revolution, he gave lectures in which he spoke about the fall of absolutism in Western Europe and promoted the need for democratic changes in Russia. In his political views, he aligned himself with the Mensheviks, was friends with G.V. Plekhanov, and was a consultant to the Social Democratic faction in the Third State Duma.
The events of the revolution led Tarle to the idea of studying the historical role of the working class. In 1909 he published the first, and in 1911 - the second volume of the study Working class in France during the revolution. In the same year, Tarle defended his doctoral dissertation.
Gradually, the scientist’s scientific interests became increasingly focused on the study of international economic and political relations. Based on the study of documents from the archives of Paris, London, Berlin, The Hague, Milan, Lyon, Hamburg, Tarle prepared the first study in world science of the economic history of Europe during the Napoleonic wars Continental blockade(vol. 1, 1913; 2nd volume entitled Economic life of the Kingdom of Italy during the reign of Napoleon I published in 1916).
Tarle welcomed the fall of the autocracy and became a member of the Extraordinary Investigative Commission of the Provisional Government to investigate the crimes of the tsarist regime.
The scientist met the October Revolution with hostility, but refused to emigrate and take the place of professor at the Sorbonne, and continued to work in domestic scientific and pedagogical institutions. Tarle indirectly condemned the “Red Terror” by publishing in 1918–1919 two volumes of documents on the Jacobin Terror entitled Revolutionary tribunal in the era of the Great French Revolution. Memoirs of contemporaries and documents. Another book West and Russia(1918), dedicated to the memory of the ministers of the Provisional Government A.I. Shingarev and F.F. Kokoshkin, killed by revolutionary sailors in the hospital.
At the end of the 1920s, under conditions of severe persecution of dissident professors, Tarle was persecuted. His work Europe in the era of imperialism(1927) Marxist historians declared him “a class alien” and the author a “defender of the French and British imperialists.” On January 28, 1930, Tarle was arrested and spent more than a year and a half in prison as a defendant in two political trials rigged by the OGPU - the “Industrial Party” and the “National Union of Struggle for the Revival of a Free Russia” (the so-called Academic Case). In both cases, the alleged foreign minister was identified as a conspirator. He was sentenced to five years of exile in Alma-Ata. There, thanks to the support of his former student and local party leader F.I. Goloshchekin, he took a position as a professor at the University of Kazakhstan.
In October 1932, on the instructions of I.V. Stalin, who probably expected to use Tarle as a court historian, the scientist was released early from exile. He was given apartments in Leningrad on Palace Embankment (part of the former apartments of S.Yu. Witte) and Moscow (in the famous government “House on the Embankment”). Tarle's most famous and popular book was published in 1936 Napoleon. Stalin received the book favorably: after its publication, the author’s criminal record was cleared, and he was restored to the rank of full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, which had been taken away from him in 1931.
On the eve of the Great Patriotic War, Tarle published a book about the invincibility of the Russian people in the fight against aggressors - Napoleon's invasion of Russia(1938), biography Talleyrand(1939), a study of the popular uprisings in Paris in the spring of 1795 Germinal and Prairial(1937). During the war years, two volumes of fundamental work appeared Crimean War, about the events of 1853–1856 and the heroic defense of Sevastopol.
In the last period of his life, the scientist paid much attention to the history of the Russian fleet and published three monographs about the expeditions of Russian military sailors: Chesme battle and the first Russian expedition to the Archipelago. 1769–19774(1945), Admiral Ushakov on the Mediterranean Sea(1798–1800 ) (1945–1946), Expedition of Admiral D.N. Senyavin to the Mediterranean Sea(1805–1807) (1954). The author not only presented many new facts about the activities of Russian naval commanders, but also embellished Russia's foreign policy, which was consistent with the then political guidelines aimed at fighting the West.
Tarle began working on another trilogy not of his own free will, but “on the initiative of the top leadership of the CPSU (b)” (i.e., on the instructions of Stalin), as the academician himself wrote about this in a report on his scientific works for 1949. The theme of the trilogy should be was the struggle of Russia against aggressors in the 18th–20th centuries. It is clear that the customer gave the central place in the trilogy to the book about Hitler’s invasion and the praise of his personal role in the defeat of the enemy. But Tarle was in no hurry to write a politically relevant volume and took on the first volume of the trilogy about the Peter the Great era and the Swedish invasion. As a result, the scientist fell into disgrace; his work, like in the old days, again began to be criticized in the press. Book The Northern War and the Swedish invasion of Russia turned out to be the last and was published after the death of the academician in 1958.
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Evgeny Tarle at the Lesgaft Courses, 1903 |
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Tarle was close to the Social Democrats; at the end of April 1900, he was arrested for participating in an illegal gathering and, after a two-month prison sentence, was sent to the Kherson province under police supervision. In October 1901, he defended his master’s thesis in Kyiv, devoted to the analysis of T. More’s “Utopia” (some opponents accused Tarle of compilation and superficial knowledge of the era). In 1903–17 Tarle was a private assistant professor at St. Petersburg University. Tarle's lecture courses on the history of England and France and public lectures, where the autocracy was criticized in a veiled form, were very popular among the radical public. In 1903–1905 published articles in the illegal newspaper of Russian liberals, Osvobozhdenie, published in Germany. During the police dispersal of a rally near the Technological Institute (St. Petersburg) in October 1905, he was slightly wounded. Tarle's main works in 1900–1917: “The Working Class in France in the Age of Revolution” (St. Petersburg, 1909–11; doctoral dissertation), “The Continental Blockade” (St. Petersburg, 1913). In 1913–18 - Professor at Yuryev University; since 1917 - professor at Petrograd University. In 1917, he published articles in the Menshevik organ, the Den newspaper, condemning the defeatist policies of the Bolsheviks. He published a collection of documents, “The Revolutionary Tribunal in the Age of the Great French Revolution” (vols. 1–2, Petrograd, 1918–19), which was perceived as a condemnation of the Bolshevik terror. Since 1921, Tarle has been a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences, and since 1927, a member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Tarle's book “Europe in the Age of Imperialism 1871–1917)” (M.-L., 1927) was sharply criticized in the Soviet press. Tarle was accused of political “double-dealing” and “Antantaphilism.” In January 1930, Tarle was arrested. It was originally planned that he would take place during the trial in the Industrial Party case, but then the OGPU abandoned its plan, and Tarle in August 1931 was accused in the case of the Academy of Sciences, or in the Platonov-Tarle case. The historians and philologists arrested in this case were accused of being members of a certain All-People's Union of Struggle for the Revival of a Free Russia, and Tarle himself was also accused of being the Minister of Foreign Affairs in the future bourgeois government. In August 1931 he was exiled to Alma-Ata. He taught at the university. In 1933 he was allowed to return to Leningrad and became a professor at Leningrad University. Tarle's book “Napoleon” (M., 1936) enjoyed great success with leading party figures, including I. Stalin, N. Bukharin, K. Radek (author of the preface to the 1st edition). This work and subsequent works - “Germinal and Prairial” (M., 1937), “Talleyrand” (M., 1939) - were written from a Marxist position. The book “Napoleon's Invasion of Russia in 1812” (Moscow, 1938) reflects the growing great power policy of Stalin, who came out in defense of Tarle after attacks on him in the Soviet press. In September 1938, Tarle again became an academician and was elevated to the rank of “the most prominent Soviet historian.” In his subsequent works: “Nakhimov” (M., 1940), “Crimean War” (vol. 1, M.-L., 1941, vol. 2, M., 1943), “Admiral Ushakov on the Mediterranean Sea (1798 -1800)" (M., 1945) Tarle remained on ultra-patriotic positions, which gave rise to some historians to call Tarle "an unbridled unconditional nationalist patriot." In 1942–45 Tarle was a member of the Extraordinary Commission of Inquiry to establish and investigate the atrocities of the Nazi invaders, and later was a member of the Soviet Peace Committee. During the anti-Semitic campaign of the late 1940s and early 1950s. Tarle was attacked in the party press for his “anti-patriotic assessment of the role of Kutuzov.” He was sharply criticized in the resolution of the Secretariat of the Central Committee of November 19, 1949 “On shortcomings in the work of the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences,” but by order of Stalin the criticism was stopped. In his works, Tarle avoided covering Jewish themes or indicating the national origin of some of the heroes of his books. Tarle never hid his ethnic origin. His phrase “... I am not a Frenchman, but a Jew, and my last name is pronounced Tárle,” which he said at his first lecture at MGIMO in the fall of 1951, became famous. in private conversations, he condemned the Soviet authorities for keeping silent about the extermination of Soviet Jewry in the Soviet-German war, for not making efforts to evacuate Jews, and repeatedly spoke about the impending deportation of Soviet Jewry in 1953, that anti-Semitism has become the main ideological basis of the regime. The Soviet authorities awarded Tarle several times, including the Stalin Prize three times (1942, 1943, 1946). |
Evgeniy Viktorovich Tarle was born on November 8, 1875. The father belonged to the merchant class. The mother came from a family in whose history there were many tzaddikim - experts and interpreters of the Talmud.
In Odessa, in the house of his older sister, he met the famous Byzantine historian Professor (later academician) F. I. Uspensky. On his advice and recommendation, Tarle was admitted to the Imperial Novorossiysk University. For the second academic year, Tarle transferred to Kyiv.
In Kyiv, in 1894, Tarle was baptized according to the Orthodox rite. The reason for accepting Orthodoxy was romantic: since his high school days, Tarle had loved a very religious Russian girl from a noble family, Lelya Mikhailova, and so that they could unite, he converted to Orthodoxy. They lived together for 60 years.
Tarle did not hide his ethnic origin. His phrase “... I am not a Frenchman, but a Jew, and my last name is pronounced Tarle” (emphasis on the first syllable), which hedelivered at the first lecture on the modern history of Europe and North America to the first year of the historical and international faculty of the MGIMO Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR in the fall of 1951 (“In the USSR, the anti-Semitic campaign was gaining momentum, the case of the “killer doctors” was not far off, officially, on the “fifth point” in questionnaire, there was not a single Jew at MGIMO at that time...”).
In 1903-1917, private assistant professor at St. Petersburg University. In 1911 he defended his doctoral dissertation on the basis of a two-volume study “The Working Class in France in the Age of the Revolution.”
In 1913-1918 he was also a professor at the university in Yuryev (Tartu). Since 1918, Tarle was one of the three heads of the Petrograd branch of the Central Archive of the RSFSR. In October 1918 he was elected ordinary professor at Petrograd University, then professor at Moscow University.
On the eve and during the First Russian Revolution, he gave lectures in which he spoke about the fall of absolutism in Western Europe and promoted the need for democratic changes in Russia. In his political views, he aligned himself with the Mensheviks, was friends with Plekhanov, and was a consultant to the Social Democratic faction in the Third State Duma.
After the February Revolution of 1917, Tarle immediately went to serve the “young democracy”. He is included among the members of the Extraordinary Commission of Inquiry of the Provisional Government on the crimes of the tsarist regime. In June 1917, Tarle was a member of the Russian official delegation at the international conference of pacifists and socialists in Stockholm.
Tarle is wary of the October Revolution. During the days of the “Red Terror”, Tarle in 1918 published a book in the liberal publishing house “Byloye”: “The Revolutionary Tribunal in the era of the Great French Revolution (memoirs of contemporaries and documents).”
In 1921 he was elected a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and in 1927 - a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
In the fall of 1929 - winter of 1931, the OGPU arrested a group of famous historians, 115 people in total, in the “Academic Case” of Academician Platonov. The OGPU accused them of plotting to overthrow Soviet power. E.V. Tarle was supposedly intended for the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs in the new Cabinet. The USSR Academy of Sciences expelled those arrested from the academy.
By the decision of the OGPU board of August 8, 1931, Tarle was exiled to Alma-Ata. There he began to write his "Napoleon". On March 17, 1937, the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR cleared Tarle’s criminal record, and he was soon restored to the rank of academician. Awarded the State Prize (first degree) 1942 for the collective work “History of Diplomacy”, Volume I, published in 1941
In the last period of his life, Evgeniy Viktorovich paid much attention to the history of the Russian fleet, published three monographs about the expeditions of Russian military sailors, the author cited many new facts about the activities of Russian naval commanders.
Tarle is an honorary doctor from the universities of Brno, Prague, Oslo, Algiers, and the Sorbonne, a corresponding member of the British Academy for the Encouragement of Historical, Philosophical and Philological Sciences, a full member of the Norwegian Academy of Sciences and the Philadelphia Academy of Political and Social Sciences.
Evgeniy Tarle died on January 5, 1955 in Moscow. He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery.
jewish-memorial.narod.ru
Evgeni th Tarle
Napoleon
The monograph on Napoleon Bonaparte, created by the outstanding historian Evgeniy Viktorovich Tarle, does not need a special introduction. Published more than once in our country and translated into many European languages, it belongs to the best examples of world and domestic historiography about Napoleon. Still not losing its scientific significance, the book by E. V. Tarle is distinguished by its refined literary style, fascinating presentation, and subtle psychological characteristics of the main character and his era. All this makes the work of E.V. Tarle attractive both to professional historians and to a wide range of the reading public.
Evgeniy Tarle
Talleyrand
The book tells the story of Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, a French politician and diplomat who served as foreign minister under several regimes, starting with the Directory and ending with the government of Louis Philippe. The name Talleyrand has become almost a household word to denote cunning, dexterity and unscrupulousness. From the series “The Lives of Remarkable People.” Illustrated edition 1939. Spelling has been preserved.
Evgeniy Tarle
Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov - commander and diplomat
Evgeny Tarle Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov - commander and diplomat
Evgeniy Tarle
The Northern War and the Swedish invasion of Russia
The author based his work on the Swedish invasion primarily and most of all, of course, on Russian materials, both unpublished archival data and published sources. And then, setting one of the goals of my research to refute with facts the old, new and latest fabrications of Western European historiography hostile to Russia about the Northern War and, in particular, about the invasion of 1708-1709, I had, of course, to attract those almost completely ignored by our old , pre-revolutionary historiography and especially the Swedish, English, French, and German evidence carefully hushed up by Western historians.
Evgeniy Tarle Borodino
Crimean War. Volume 1
Evgeniy Tarle
POLITICS History of territorial seizures. XV-XX centuries Works
The name of Evgeniy Viktorovich Tarle, a brilliant scientist and talented storyteller, is well known to domestic history experts. Less known is the fact that Tarle still tops the list of the most published Russian historians abroad. A fascinating presentation of the history of the foreign policy of leading European countries over the past few centuries, Tarle’s inherent ability to combine interesting factual material with scientific and artistic depictionsrumors, brought him unprecedented success among the reading public and, at the same time, the hostility of the “masters” of Soviet historiography. Thus, books worthy of decorating any home library became bibliographic rarities in the USSR. And now Russian publishers have the opportunity to return disgraced masterpieces of historical painting to readersisi.
Employees of the Russian National Library - scientists and cultural figures
Biographical Dictionary, vol. 1-4
(11/20/1874, Kyiv - 01/6/1955, Moscow), historian, publicist, society. activist, academician USSR Academy of Sciences, in PB 1923-24.
Born into a merchant class. family. He graduated from high school in Kherson (1892). Received higher education in history and philology. fak. Novorossiysk (1892-93) and Kyiv. (1894-96) Univ. He specialized in general history with prof. I.V.Luchitsky. Dipl. Op. T. about ital. thinker of the 16th century P. Pomponazzi was awarded the evil. medals. Upon graduation Kyiv. the university was left for preparations. to prof. rank. Then he began publishing in magazines. “Russian Thought”, “New Word”, “God’s World”, “Beginning”, etc., participated in Enz. words Brockhaus and Efron. He taught history in Kyiv. gymnasiums. T.'s popularity and his closeness to radical circles of the intelligentsia attracted the attention of the police. What followed was arrest, expulsion from Kyiv, being placed under police supervision, and a ban on teaching. activities (1900). Despite persecution, T. defended his master's degree in 1902. dis. "The Social Views of Thomas More in Connection with the Economic State of England in His Time." Mn. paid attention to searching for materials in libraries and archives. From 1898 to 1914 he regularly visited the Rook for this purpose. and arch. storage facilities in Germany and France. From 1902 he lived and worked in St. Petersburg. Since the fall of 1903 - privat-assoc. Petersburg university department General history, prof. Psychoneurol. Institute, Higher Women. courses and courses by P.F. Lesgaft. Publ. T.'s lectures attracted a huge audience and made his name widely known. educated Russia.
In 1904-05 T. supported the idea of a constitution. changes in the country, actively acted as a publicist. In Feb. 1905 he was arrested and dismissed from the university “with a ban on him from any future teaching activities.” In Oct. 1905 during the student. unrest wounded. The rise of revolution. moods allowed him to win. 1905 resume teaching at the university and other studies. establishments in St. Petersburg, but he remained behind the scenes. police supervision. In 1911 he defended his doctorate. dis. “The working class in France in the era of revolution” was awarded the Academy of Sciences prize in 1913. Absence of Prof. vacancies in St. Petersburg. University prompted T. to move to Yuryev, where in 1913-18 he was a professor. un-ta. His connections with St. Petersburg have been preserved. T. participated in the preparation. count tr. "Patriotic War and Russian Society" (1912). His research, dedicated. history of the revolution in France con. XVIII century, the fall of absolutism in Europe, the time of Napoleon Bonaparte, the history of Russia, Italy early. XIX century, they created Europe for him. fame. In 1913, T.’s work “The Continental Blockade” was published, preserving the history. value even today.
During World War I he was a defense specialist. positions, supported the policies of the Entente. Feb. the revolution did not change his views. Having approved the overthrow of the monarchy, he remained in the position of continuing the war with Germany. In the summer of 1917 T. was elected prof. Petrogr. university, continued the reverend. activities and other studies. establishments. Oct. events, onset of terror, civil. unrest and civil strife affected society.-political. moods and themes of his history. works He had a negative attitude towards the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty and concessions to Germany. Condemning terror, T. dedicated the memory of the murdered ministers to the Time. pr-va Sat. Art. "West and Russia" (1918), published in two hours. playback and documents "The Revolutionary Tribunal in the era of the Great French Revolution" (1918-19). Edited and contributed to the journal. "The past." In 1918 he was in charge of history and economics. section of the Central Archive, gave lectures to archivists. Komis was involved in the work. according to the study produces. forces of Russia AN (1919), was part of the Academic. commission according to research history of labor in Russia (1921), published jointly. from acad. F.I. Uspensky journal. "Annals" (1921-22).
In the 1920s, T. headed the section of general history at LO RANION; on his initiative, a research center was created at the university. ist. int. In 1921-24, T. regularly traveled to France to work in libraries and archives, and contributed to the restoration of scientific research. contacts with Western countries. With his assistance, the Franco-Sov was created in 1926. Faculty of Science connections. T. was elected doctoral member. Islands of history of fr. revolution, honor. member Academician watered Sciences, Columbia University, member. fr. scientific island: Islands of modern times. history and the History of the Great War. I read it in foreign currency. colleges and universities lectures on the history of France and the history of diplomacy. Continuing the research. main topics of his scientific. creativity, T. published the book. "The Fall of Absolutism in Western Europe" (1924) and "The Working Class in France in the Early Ages of Machine Production from the End of the Empire to the Workers' Revolt in Lyon" (1928). At the same time, his circle ist. interests in the 1920s covered the region. new and recent history: “Europe in the era of imperialism” (1927); "Europe from the Congress of Vienna to the Treaty of Versailles, 1814-1919" (1927).
In 1921 he was elected Corresponding Member. USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1927 - academician.
In Jan. 1930 T. was arrested together with academician. S.F. Platonov and other prominent historians of the “old school” according to the so-called. "academic affairs". Spent a year and a half in custody, subjected to threats and grueling interrogations. In Feb. 1931 was expelled from the Academy of Sciences, and his tr. became the target of devastating criticism. In Aug. 1931 sent into exile in Kazakhstan for 5 years. Intl. the resonance of T.'s arrest and the interference in his fate is political. and scientific figures of France, a number of fatherland. scientists eased the fate of the exile. He was allowed to teach history at the University of Alma-Ata, and in October. 1932 allowed to leave for Moscow to continue efforts to be released from exile. In 1933 he was reinstated as professor. Leningr. un-ta. In 1937 appointed Art. scientific co-workers LO Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences. In 1938 he was restored to the rank of academician. T. was completely rehabilitated posthumously in 1967. T. gave lectures to university students, Ped. Institute named after A.I. Herzen, East. in-ta. He returned to research. causes and consequences fr. revolution con. XVIII century, as well as to the study of the Napoleonic era. The result of new observations and reflections, inspired in part by events in Europe in the 1930s, were the books: “Napoleon” (1936), “Germinal and Prairial” (1936), “Napoleon’s Invasion of Russia in 1812.” (1938), "Talleyrand" (1939). Book about Napoleon, reprinted several times. and lane on plural language peace, was confirmed not only by the political. T.'s insight, but also his talent. portrait painter, master of words. He also participated in the creation of a textbook for universities, “New History” (1939-40).
During the years of the Great Fatherland. War T. was written by a publicist. Art. and Art. oh heroic Russian pages stories. He supervised, together with A.V. Predtechensky, the compilation of the collection. document "Patriotic War of 1812" (1941), edited collection. Art. about russian generals, about partisans. form of conduct of the national liberation. wars (1942-43), in various. cities of the Soviet Union made public appearances. lectures. Continued work on the book. "Crimean War" (1941-43), participated in the creation of the stake. tr. "History of diplomacy" (1941-45), collected materials and prepared research. "Catherine the Second and her diplomacy." He also published articles. in Russian history military fleet (“Russian fleet and foreign policy of Peter I”, “Admiral Ushakov on the Mediterranean Sea (1798-1800)”, etc.).
In the 1940s, T. was elected honorary. Dr. from the University of Brno, Prague, Oslo, Algeria, Sorbonne, corresponding member. Brit. acad. to encourage history, philosophy. and philol. Sciences, Ph.D. Norwegian Academy of Sciences and Philadelphia Acad. watered and social sciences in the USA. T. was awarded three orders of V.I. Lenin and two orders of Labor. Kras. Banner, three-time State laureate. USSR Prize 1st degree.
T. was closely connected in his scientific work. activities with PB. After moving to St. Petersburg in 1901, he became a post. PB reader. His regular appeal to the prince. and handicraft B-ki funds in the first half of the century are associated with the search for materials on the history of France. revolution con. XVIII century, internal and ext. French politics during the Napoleonic era, European history, history of Russia. In 1947, T. wrote: “I can remember few of my works when the glorious Leningrad book depository and its manuscript department in particular did not provide me with the most valuable, unforgettable services.” But T. is associated with PB not only for many years. her reader. In 1923-24 he was her colleague. By submission A.I.Braudo(see Vol. 1) The board of the B-ki decided to accept T. as a staff “for work related to the transfer of books to the Polish delegation in pursuance of the Treaty of Riga” from November 15. 1923. From January 1 1924 transferred to the position of scientific. co-workers As a scientific expert participated in the work of the joint Soviet-Polish commission In connection with scientific business trip to Paris by order of November 30. 1924 expelled from the staff of B-ki and remaining in the service with payment of bills. But in the future, without being a co-worker. B-ki, took part in her affairs. On his initiative and under his editorship. a brigade of libraries under the leadership of Yu.A. Mezhenko prepared a bibliogr. adj. to 2nd ed. "History of the 19th century" ed. E. Lavissa and A. Rambo. After the Great Fatherland. war was a member. Uch. PB council.
He was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery. in Moscow.
Works: Works: In 12 volumes. M., 1957-62. 12t.; Favorite cit.: [In 4 vols.]. Rostovn/D, 1994. 4t.; Social views of Thomas More in connection with the economic state of England of his time. St. Petersburg, 1901; Essays and characteristics from the history of the European social movement in the 19th century: Sat. Art. St. Petersburg, 1903; The Fall of Absolutism in Western Europe: East. essays. St. Petersburg, 1906. Part 1; Workers of national manufactories in France during the era of the revolution (1789-1799). St. Petersburg, 1907; The working class in France during the era of the revolution. St. Petersburg, 1909-11. Part 1-2; Continental blockade. 1. Research on the history of industry and foreign trade of France during the Napoleonic era. M., 1913; Peasants and workers in France during the Great Revolution. St. Petersburg, 1914; Economic life of the Kingdom of Italy during the reign of Napoleon I. Yuriev, 1916; West and Russia: Art. and documents on the history of the 18th-20th centuries. Pg., 1918; Europe from the Congress of Vienna to the Treaty of Versailles, 1814-1919. M.; L., 1924; Europe in the Age of Imperialism, 1871-1919. M.; L., 1927; The working class in France in the early days of machine production. From the end of the Empire to the workers' uprising in Lyon. M.; L., 1928; Napoleon. M., 1936; Germinal and Prairial. M., 1937; Second edition of "History of the 19th Century" // KG. 1938. May 10; Napoleon's invasion of Russia, 1812. M., 1938; Talleyrand. M., 1939; Unpublished documents on the history of the French Revolution [in the State funds. Public Library. M.E. Saltykova-Shchedrin] // Pravda. 1939. January 9; Historical collections of the Public Library // KG. 1939. January 15; Crimean War. M.; L., 1941-43. T.1-2; [A word about the Public Library. 1947] // B-r. 1964. No. 1; From the literary heritage of academician E.V. Tarle. M., 1981.
Reference: TSB; EE; Pomegranate; SIE; Masanov; Scientific slave. Pg.; Scientific slave. Y-yes; Dotsenko V.D. Marine biographical dictionary. St. Petersburg, 1995.
Bibliography: Evgeniy Viktorovich Tarle / Intro. Art. A.I. Milk. M.;L., 1949; Bibliography of printed works of academician E.V. Tarle // Tarle E.V. Op. T.12.
Lit.: Belozerskaya L.E. So it was: (Recollection of Academician E.V. Tarle) // Vest. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1939. No. 9; Molok A.I. E.V. Tarle: Essay on life and work // Tarle E.V. Three expeditions of the Russian fleet. M., 1956; From the history of social movements and international relations: Sat. Art. in memory of academician E.V. Tarle. M., 1957 (bibliogr.); Erusalimsky A.S. Evgeny Viktorovich Tarle (1875-1955) // Tarle E.V. Op. T.1; On the assault on science: Vosp. b.students FON Leningrad. un-ta. L., 1971; Rutenburg V.I. Tarle - scientist and public figure // Problems of the history of international relations: Sat. Art. in memory of academician E.V. Tarle. L., 1972; LannE.L. Evgeniy Viktorovich Tarle (1875-1955) // Historiography. Sat. Saratov, 1977. Issue 6; Chapkevich E.I. Evgeny Viktorovich Tarle. M., 1977 (bibliogr.); Schwartz E.L. I live restlessly...: From the diaries. L., 1990; Chukovsky K.I. Diary, 1901-1929. M., 1991; Academic affairs 1929-1931. St. Petersburg, 1993-98; Issue 1-2; Bocharov S.G. About one conversation // New lit. review 1993. No. 2; Kaganovich B.S. To the biography of E.V. Tarle (late 1920s - early 1930s) // Otech. story. 1993. No. 4; Chapkevich E.I. Until the pen falls out of your hands: Life and work of academician. Evgeniy Viktorovich Tarle. Orel, 1994 (bibliogr.); Chukovsky K.I. Diary, 1930-1969. M., 1994; Kaganovich B.S. Evgeniy Viktorovich Tarle and the St. Petersburg school of historians. SPb., 1995 (bibliogr.); Brachev V.S. "The Case of Historians", 1929-1931. St. Petersburg, 1997.
History of PB; Chronicle of the war; PB in print. 1987-88.
Nekr.:Vest. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. 1955. No. 2; Question stories. 1955. No. 2; News. 1955. January 8; Lit. gas. 1955. January 8
Arch.:Arch. RAS. F.697; Arch. RNB. F.10/5; Etc. and disp. 1923-24; OR RNB. F.124, no.4251; TsGALI SPb. F.97, op.1, d.179, 244; op.3, d.1093.
Iconography: Chapkevich E.I. Evgeny Viktorovich Tarle.
Youth
Born into a Jewish family. The father belonged to the merchant class, but was mainly involved in raising children, served as the manager of a store that belonged to a Kyiv company, and his wife managed it. He spoke German and even translated Dostoevsky. The mother came from a family whose history included many tzaddikim - experts and interpreters of the Talmud. Tarle spent his childhood and early youth in Kherson, where interethnic peace reigned. In Odessa, in the house of his older sister, he met the famous Byzantine historian Professor (later academician) F. I. Uspensky. On his advice and recommendation, Tarle was admitted to the Imperial Novorossiysk University. Uspensky brought Tarle together with his future teacher - a professor at the University of St. Vladimir (Kyiv) Ivan Vasilievich Luchitsky. For the second academic year, Tarle transferred to Kyiv. In Kyiv, in 1894, Tarle was baptized according to the Orthodox rite in the St. Sophia Cathedral
The reason for accepting Orthodoxy was romantic: since his high school days, Tarle had loved a very religious Russian girl from a noble family, Lelya Mikhailova, and so that they could unite, he converted to Orthodoxy. They lived together for 60 years. Tarle never hid his ethnic origin. His phrase “... I am not a Frenchman, but a Jew, and my last name is pronounced Ta?rle”, which he delivered at the first lecture on the modern history of Europe and North America to the first year of the historical and international faculty of the MGIMO Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR in the fall of 1951, became famous (“In In the USSR, the anti-Semitic campaign was gaining momentum with all its might, the case of the “killer doctors” was just around the corner, officially, according to the “fifth point” in the questionnaire, there was not a single Jew at MGIMO at that time...”)
Like many Kyiv University students of that time (for example, like Berdyaev), he joined student circles of Social Democrats. There Tarle made reports, participated in discussions, “went to the people” - to the workers of Kyiv factories. On May 1, 1900, Tarle was arrested along with other members of the circle in a student apartment during Lunacharsky’s report on Henrik Ibsen) and deported under public police surveillance to the place of residence of his parents in Kherson. As “politically unreliable,” he was forbidden to teach at imperial universities and state gymnasiums. A year later he was allowed to defend his master's thesis. His master's thesis on the English utopian Thomas More (1901) was written in the spirit of "legal Marxism".
In 1903, after petitions supported by prominent professors, the police allowed Tarle to teach on an hourly basis as a private lecturer at the University of St. Petersburg. In February 1905, he was again arrested for participating in a student meeting and again suspended from teaching at the university.
On October 18, 1905, Tarle was wounded by mounted gendarmes at a rally near the Technological Institute in St. Petersburg. The meeting was dedicated to supporting Tsar Nicholas II and his manifesto on “civil liberties” of October 17, 1905. The manifesto amnestied all unreliable people, and Tarle returned to St. Petersburg University.
“His social circle included A. Dostoevskaya and S. Platonov, N. Kareev and A. Dzhivelegov, A. Amphiteatrov and F. Sologub, P. and V. Shchegolevs, V. Korolenko and A. Koni, N. Roerich and I. Grabar, K. Chukovsky and L. Panteleev, and many others.”
Academic career
Graduated from the Faculty of History and Philology of Kyiv University (1896). Thesis research: “Peasants in Hungary before the reform of Joseph II” In February 1900, the academic council of Kyiv University awarded Tarle the academic title of privat-docent. His master's thesis (1901) was published as a separate book, and in 1902, based on the dissertation, Tarle published an article “On the question of the boundaries of historical foresight” in the liberal-populist journal V. G. Korolenko “Russian Wealth”.
In 1903-1917 (with a short break in 1905) private assistant professor at St. Petersburg University. In 1911 he defended his doctoral dissertation on the basis of a two-volume study “The Working Class in France in the Age of the Revolution.” In 1913-1918 he was also a professor at the university in Yuryev (Tartu). Since 1918, Tarle has been one of the three heads of the Petrograd branch of the Central Archive of the RSFSR. In October 1918, he was elected an ordinary professor at Petrograd University (and then Leningrad University), then became a professor at Moscow University and lived in Moscow (before his arrest).
In 1921 he was elected a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and in 1927 - a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Awarded the Stalin Prize (first degree) in 1942 for the collective work “History of Diplomacy”, vol. I, published in 1941. Honorary doctorate from the universities of Brno, Prague, Oslo, Algiers, Sorbonne, corresponding member of the British Academy (1944), full Member of the Norwegian Academy of Sciences and the Philadelphia Academy of Political and Social Sciences.
He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery in Moscow.
Repression and official criticism
After the February Revolution of 1917, Tarle immediately went to serve the “young democracy”. He (like the poet A. Blok) is included among the members of the Extraordinary Investigative Commission of the Provisional Government for the crimes of the tsarist regime. In June 1917, Tarle was a member of the Russian official delegation at the international conference of pacifists and socialists in Stockholm.
Tarle is wary of the October Revolution. During the days of the “Red Terror”, Tarle in 1918 published a book in the liberal publishing house “Byloye”: “The Revolutionary Tribunal in the era of the Great French Revolution (memoirs of contemporaries and documents).”
In the autumn of 1929 and winter of 1931, the OGPU arrested a group of famous historians in the “Academic Case” of Academician S. F. Platonov. Involved were Yu. V. Gauthier, V. I. Picheta, S. B. Veselovsky, E. V. Tarle, B. A. Romanov, N. V. Izmailov, S. V. Bakhrushin, A. I. Andreev, A I. Brilliantov and others, 115 people in total. The OGPU accused them of plotting to overthrow Soviet power. E.V. Tarle was supposedly intended for the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs in the new Cabinet. The USSR Academy of Sciences expelled those arrested.
E.V. Tarle was also accused of belonging to the Industrial Party. By the decision of the OGPU board of August 8, 1931, E.V. Tarle was exiled to Alma-Ata. There he began to write his "Napoleon". On March 17, 1937, the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR cleared the criminal record against E.V. Tarle, and he was soon reinstated to the rank of academician. However, on June 10, 1937, Pravda and Izvestia published devastating reviews of the book Napoleon. In particular, it was called "a striking example of an enemy attack." Despite this, E.V. Tarle was forgiven, presumably on Stalin’s personal initiative.
In 1945, the magazine of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks (Bolshevik) criticized his work “The Crimean War”; There were no reprisals this time either. The author of the article, identified as “Yakovlev N.” wrote, in particular: “Many of Academician Tarle’s provisions and conclusions raise serious objections. Some important issues concerning the essence and consequences of the Crimean War are ignored by him or are resolved incorrectly.<…>he gives an incorrect assessment of the outcome of the war, believing that tsarist Russia was essentially not defeated in the Crimean War.”
During the war years
At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. E.V. Tarle was evacuated to Kazan, where he worked as a professor in the Department of History (1941-1943) of the Faculty of History and Philology of Kazan State University. V. I. Ulyanov-Lenin (KSU). Simultaneously with his teaching activities at KSU, Evgeniy Viktorovich worked on preparing the monograph “The Crimean War” and read public lectures on historical and patriotic topics for the workers of the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
Member of the commission to investigate the atrocities of the Nazi invaders (1942).
Scientific and literary activities
Tarle, who occupied a leading position in Russian historical science even before the revolution, later became one of the most authoritative historians of the USSR. In the 1920s, E.V. Tarle, S.F. Platonov and A.E. Presnyakov began to create their “Historical Library: Russia and the West in the Past.” Participates in 1923 in the international historical congress in Brussels and in 1928 in the congress in Oslo. In 1927, he published his course “Europe in the Age of Imperialism, 1871-1919,” which caused great irritation among official Marxists. He played a large role in the cooperation of Soviet and French historians, which is highly valued by the latter. In 1926, with the active participation of Tarle, the first scientific committee for relations with scientists of the USSR was created in Paris, which included such world luminaries as P. Langevin, A. Mathiez, A. Mazon, and other major French scientists.
Tarle’s works “Europe in the Age of Imperialism”, “Napoleon’s Invasion of Russia”, “Crimean War” are of great importance in historical science. Tarle's works are characterized by some freedom in relation to historical facts, allowed for the sake of a lively, exciting style of presentation, presenting Tarle in a number of works more as a historical writer than a historian. Strictly historical works are not without the ideological distortions inevitable for scientific works of the Stalinist period, but nevertheless remain brilliant monuments of historical thought, which have fully retained their significance for science.
In 1942, his work “Hitlerism and the Napoleonic Era”, written in the journalistic genre, was published; the book praised Napoleon as a great transformer and gave a derogatory description of Adolf Hitler, proving “the caricature of serious comparisons of an insignificant pygmy with a giant.” The book ended with the statement: “And we can safely say that in its entire great history, never, not even excluding 1812, have the Russian people been the savior of Europe to such an extent as they are now.”
Once, at the anniversary of ... Evgeniy Viktorovich Tarle, Chukovsky teased Samuil Yakovlevich that even he would not be able to find a rhyme for the surname of the hero of the day.
In response, Marshak instantly gave an impromptu:
In one sitting, historian Tarle
Could write (like me in an album)
A huge volume about every Karl
And about anyone Louis.
- According to L. E. Belozerskaya, “of the writers he loved Dostoevsky most of all.”
Publications of works
- Tarle E.V. Works in 12 volumes. - M., Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1957-1962.
- History of Italy in the Middle Ages 1906
- Continental blockade 1913
- Economic life of the Kingdom of Italy during the reign of Napoleon I 1916
- The West and Russia 1918
- Europe in the Age of Imperialism 1927
- Germinal and Prairial 1937
- "Hitlerism and the Napoleonic era." Academy of Sciences of the USSR. - M.-L., 1942.
- Essays on the history of colonial policy of Western European states 1965
- The most unusual space objects (6 photos) The most famous space objects
- Interesting facts about the dish
- What is Martini made from: production technology and composition What is the difference between the composition of different types of Martini
- Brodsky Joseph - biography Joseph Brodsky biography and personal