Download presentation on the topic of mammals. Mammals

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Class Mammals, or Beasts (Mammalia) Mammals, or Beasts, are the highest warm-blooded, hairy vertebrates. They give birth to live young and feed them with milk. They have a large brain with well-developed forebrain hemispheres, organs of smell, vision, and hearing. They have varied and complex behavior. These are the most highly organized vertebrate animals in evolutionary terms, demonstrating a huge variety of adaptations to living conditions. About 4 thousand are known. modern species animals that are distributed throughout the globe and have mastered all habitats. The appearance and size are very diverse: from 4 cm in length with a weight of 1.2 g (the dwarf shrew from insectivores) to 33 m with a weight of 150 tons (blue whale).

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The evolution of mammals was accompanied by a number of aromorphoses: High development of the nervous system, especially the cerebral cortex, which ensured adaptation to living conditions through changes in behavior; Differentiation of the spinal column into clearly defined sections and movement of the limbs from the sides under the body; The emergence of organs that ensure the development of the embryo in the mother’s body and the feeding of the young with milk; The appearance of fur, which allows you to retain heat; Complete separation of blood circulation and the occurrence of warm-bloodedness; The emergence of alveolar lungs, which increased the intensity of gas exchange and, as a consequence, the overall level of metabolic processes. Class Mammals Subclass Monotremes (Primal Animals) Subclass Placentals Subclass Marsupials

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The similarity of adult animals with reptiles is manifested in the abundance of horny skin formations in animals (fur, horns, hooves, claws, nails); presence of scales on the tails of mice, rats, beavers, similar to the scales of reptiles; in the similar development of these scales from the skin rudiments. The similarity with reptiles is especially noticeable in the primitive egg-laying primates - the platypus and the echidna.

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Ancient toothed reptiles had a great resemblance to mammals. They were called that because they, like mammals, had differentiated teeth (incisors, canines and molars), which were placed in recesses - alveoli. Mammals evolved from mammal-toothed reptiles common in Permian period. Small primitive animals, similar to modern egg-laying animals, were pushed by dinosaurs into inconvenient habitats. After the extinction of the dinosaurs, the animals mastered all habitats and spread widely across the Earth. Mammals flourished during the Cenozoic. At the very end of Perm, saber-toothed Gorgonops predators appear. The largest of them (up to 3 m) were foreigners (1). The most progressive group of animal-toothed predators - cynodonts (dog-toothed) gave rise to mammals. Dvinia (2) was quite similar to a mammal, had auricles, vibrissae, a secondary palate and most likely was a warm-blooded animal, but the brain was very small. Morganucodon Dvinia Ticanodon

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The body of mammals is divided into sections: head, neck, torso, tail and two pairs of limbs. The limbs have sections typical of vertebrates: shoulder (thigh), forearm (lower leg) and hand (foot). The legs are not located on the sides, as in amphibians and reptiles, but under the body. Therefore, the body is raised above the ground. This expands the possibilities of using limbs. Among the animals, tree-climbing, plantigrade and digitally walking animals, jumping and flying are known. The facial and cranial sections of the head are clearly distinguishable. In front is the mouth opening, surrounded by soft lips. At the end of the muzzle there is a nose covered with bare skin with a pair of nasal openings. Closer to the side surfaces of the head are the eyes, protected by movable eyelids, along the outer edges of which there are long eyelashes. The lacrimal glands are well developed, the secretion of which washes the eyes and has a bactericidal effect. Large ears protrude from the sides of the head, which turn towards the sound source and allow it to be directed towards the sound source.

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Most mammals have a well-developed coat that protects the body from sudden temperature changes - from cooling and overheating. In the wool there are more rigid and long awns and short soft hairs that form the undercoat. Long, stiff hairs located on the muzzle and performing a tactile function are called vibrissae. Animals shed periodically, and the thickness and color of their fur changes. In winter, the fur is thicker, and in animals living on snow cover it becomes white. In summer, the coat is thinner and colored in protective dark tones. The lower end of each hair is buried in the skin, there is a hair bag around it, small muscles are attached to it, so the hair can rise like a frightened cat or a barking dog. At the base of the hair there are sebaceous glands. Their secretion lubricates the coat, giving it elasticity, reducing the wettability and stickiness of the coat. The fur of mammals comes from the same skin rudiments as the scales of reptiles. Their common origin is evidenced by the horny scales located on the tails of rats, mice, and beavers. This is one of the signs confirming the related relationship between mammals and reptiles.

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The spine consists of the following five sections: cervical (7 vertebrae), thoracic (12 vertebrae), lumbar (6-7 vertebrae), sacral (4 fused vertebrae) and caudal section of varying numbers of vertebrae in different mammals. The vertebrae are massive, with flattened surfaces of their bodies. The ribs are attached to the thoracic vertebrae, some of them are connected to the sternum, forming the rib cage. The forelimb girdle consists of paired clavicles and paired shoulder blades. Crow bones (coracoids) are reduced in most animals. In horses and dogs, whose legs move only along the longitudinal axis of the body, the collarbones are also reduced. The pelvic girdle consists of two large pelvic bones. Each of them arose from the fusion of the pubic, ischial and ilium bones. The pelvic bones fuse with the sacrum.

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Nervous system. The central nervous system of mammals consists of the same parts as those of other vertebrates. The most developed is the forebrain, which has large hemispheres. The surface of the hemispheres is formed by several layers of nerve cells - the so-called cortex.

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In mammals, the digestive system is more differentiated than in reptiles. The mouth is surrounded by fleshy lips, which facilitate the capture and retention of food. Between the teeth and lips is the vestibule of the mouth. Rodents and monkeys have cheek pouches here, in which the animals carry food. It is torn off and chewed with teeth, abundantly moistened with saliva. Saliva enzymes act on complex sugars (starch, fiber), breaking them down into simpler compounds. The bolus of food passes into the pharynx, esophagus and enters the stomach. Most mammals have a simple stomach, consisting of a single chamber. In its walls there are glands that secrete digestive enzymes and acid that affect food proteins.

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Mammalian bones are strong and many are fused together. The skull is large and consists of fewer bones than in reptiles, since many fuse together in the embryonic period. The jaws are strong, armed with teeth, which are located in recesses - alveoli. The teeth are differentiated into incisors, canines, premolars and molars, which ensures the specialized development of different groups in different representatives of animals: incisors - in rodents and hares, canines and carnassial teeth - in predators, etc. Depending on the method of nutrition and the nature of food, Different mammals' teeth are developed differently. Herbivore jaw

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Ruminant artiodactyls have a complex stomach, consisting of a rumen, mesh, book and abomasum. Only their last section is the stomach itself. The previous sections serve to ferment food, where, under the influence of protozoa, bacteria and yeast, hard-to-digest fiber is broken down. A cow produces up to 50 liters of saliva per day. In the intestines, food is exposed to enzymes secreted by the digestive glands located in the intestinal walls and juices coming from the liver and pancreas. They affect all food groups: proteins, fats and sugars. Digested food is absorbed in the small intestine, and undigested remains enter the large intestine, where feces are formed and removed outward.

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The respiratory system consists of the same sections as those of reptiles: the ducts and the lungs. The lungs of mammals are more complex and have a larger surface area, ensuring perfect gas exchange. The larynx contains vocal cords. Mammals make sounds with which they warn of danger, threaten or ingratiate themselves and beg. However, these sounds are less varied than those of birds. The trachea divides into two bronchi, which enter the lungs and here divide repeatedly, forming a very branched bronchial tree. The thinnest branches are the bronchioles. They end in pulmonary vesicles, or alveoli, the respiratory surface of which is 50-100 times larger than the surface of the body. The alveoli are abundantly intertwined with blood capillaries. This is where gas exchange occurs. Carbon dioxide is released from the blood into the alveoli, and oxygen enters the capillaries from the alveoli, combines with the hemoglobin of red blood cells and is carried by the blood throughout the body. Ventilation of the lungs occurs through inhalation and exhalation. Inhalation is ensured by contraction of the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm, thereby increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity. When the intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax, the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases - exhalation occurs.

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Circulatory system. In mammals it is similar to the circulatory system of birds. The heart has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles. The left side of the heart contains arterial blood, and the right side contains venous blood.

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Excretory system. Represented by the kidneys. They are located in the pelvic region and are compact bodies. In the kidneys, the products of protein metabolism are filtered from the blood: urea and some salts along with water. Urine flows through the ureters into the bladder and is removed through the urethra. Reproduction. The reproductive organs of males are paired testes. Sperm are produced in the testes. The reproductive organs of females are the ovaries. They develop eggs that are microscopic in size. Fertilization in mammals is internal, as in reptiles and birds. It occurs in the upper part of the oviducts

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Development. The fertilized egg begins to fragment as it moves through the oviduct and turns into a multicellular embryo. In the extended part of the female reproductive system, that is, in the uterus, the membrane of the embryo is connected to the wall of the uterus. The villi of the embryonic membranes grow into the wall of the uterus, a baby's place, or placenta, is formed. The fundamental difference between mammals and other vertebrates is the development of the placenta in the uterus. The duration of development of the embryo in the uterus varies among different mammals. How larger sizes animal, the longer the pregnancy. The duration of embryo development also depends on the ecology of the species. Animals that give birth to their young in burrows with warm nests have a short pregnancy: for the house mouse – 18 days, for the gray vole – up to 23 days. It is longer in large burrowers (for example, marmots) and in squirrels that make nests in trees - about 30-40 days. The longest pregnancy is in animals whose cubs follow their mother immediately after birth: for a cow it is 9 months, for large whales it is almost a year.

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Placental, or Higher, animals are a thriving and numerous group of mammals, consisting of 17-19 orders. Order Insectivores. Representatives of this order are small animals (3.5-40 cm long), distributed over all continents except Australia and South America. A relatively primitive group. Their numerous teeth are not divided into groups and are similar to each other. The brain is small, the hemispheres are without convolutions. Most insectivores eat not only insects, but also other invertebrates: worms, mollusks, spiders. Large representatives of the order feed on amphibians, lizards, and small animals. Mole Hedgehog Shrew

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Order Chiroptera, or Bats. Representatives of this detachment have adapted to flight. A leathery membrane is stretched between the forelimbs, body, hind limbs and tail. The sternum has a keel to which the flight muscles are attached. Order Rodents. The order includes more than 1,500 modern species of mammals. Animals of small and medium sizes (Fig. 210). The smallest are mice about 5 cm long, and the largest rodent is the South American capybara, or capybara, reaching 130 cm in length. Rodents include numerous species of mice, voles, ground squirrels, marmots, beavers and squirrels.

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Order Lagomorpha. Representatives of this order are in many ways similar to rodents. Like rodents, they eat plant foods, have well-developed incisors, only in the upper jaw they have two pairs of incisors: the longer ones are on the outside, the short ones are located behind them on the inside. The intestine, like that of rodents, is elongated, with a well-developed cecum, where solid fiber is digested. Squad Predatory. There are more than 200 species of medium and large animals in the order: the body length of the smallest animal, the weasel, is about 11 cm (weight 100 g); The body length of the largest animals - the tiger and the polar bear - is about 3 m (the weight of the bear is up to 700 kg). They feed on animal food, the vast majority are active predators

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Order Pinnipeds. This order unites large predatory mammals that have adapted to life in water. The smallest representative is the ringed seal, 1.5 m long and weighing 100 kg. The largest in the order is the southern elephant seal, 6.5 m long, weighing 3.5 tons. They have an elongated body, well streamlined by water, with thick skin and sparse coarse hair. The limbs are modified into flippers. In the water, animals row with their front flippers, and their rear ones serve as rudders. The ear and nasal openings close when diving. The fatty layer of the skin is well developed, reliably protecting the body from heat loss. Distributed in the Arctic and Antarctic seas. Walrus Order Cetaceans. Representatives of this order have completely lost contact with land and spend their entire lives in the seas and oceans. The body of cetaceans has a torpedo-shaped, streamlined shape. It is naked, without fur. Only a few whales have a few stiff bristles on their upper jaw. The forelimbs are modified into flippers, the hind limbs are absent. The skeleton preserves rudiments of the pelvic bones lying in the muscles. The organ of movement in water is the powerful caudal fin located in the horizontal plane.

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Order Artiodactyls. Representatives of this order are herbivores or omnivores. These include pigs, hippos, bulls, mountain sheep and goats, deer, giraffes, etc. Their limbs have hooves - these are horny sheaths that cover the terminal phalanges of the well-developed third and fourth fingers, the first finger is reduced, the second and fifth fingers are shorter than the two middle ones and underdeveloped. Order Odd-toed ungulates. The detachment unites large and slender animals adapted for fast running. They have a well-developed third finger, the terminal phalanx of which is covered by a hoof. Typical representatives of the order are horses, zebras, and donkeys. They are common in steppe and desert regions of Asia and Africa. They live in small herds. Herbivores. Swallowed food is not chewed again. The stomach is single chambered. The number of most equids is very low. It is assumed that the Przhevalsky horse, discovered more than 100 years ago by N.M. Przhevalsky, a famous Russian traveler, in the deserts, has completely disappeared from nature. Central Asia. Last time this horse was seen in the Gobi Desert in the 50s of the twentieth century. Now it is bred in zoos and nature reserves. In tropical rainforests and near water bodies, tapirs and rhinoceroses, now rare, are found. Many species of equids are included in the Red Book.

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Detachment Proboscis. The order Proboscidea includes two species of elephants - Indian and African. These are the largest modern land mammals. Thus, the height of a large African elephant reaches 4 m, body length – 5.5 m, weight – 7.5 tons. The appearance of the elephant is unique. The massive body rests on powerful column-shaped limbs, the fingers are covered with small hooves on the outside. The neck is short. The head is huge with large fan-shaped ears, small eyes, and a long muscular trunk. At the end there are nostrils. The sizes of representatives of the order are different: the body length of small lemurs is about 10 cm, and that of a large gorilla is up to 180 cm. The head is relatively small, especially the front part, and the cranium is large in volume. Primates have well-developed forebrain hemispheres, the cortex of which forms numerous folds and convolutions. The order Primates includes the most developed representatives of the animal world - lemurs and monkeys (from Latin word“prima” – first, best) Many species lead an arboreal lifestyle. Their limbs are of the grasping type, with well-developed fingers, the thumb is opposed to the rest, and there are nails on the fingers.

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Ecological groups of mammals Typically, terrestrial mammals inhabit forests and open spaces. Among land animals there are many herbivorous species: deer, horses, antelopes. Jumping land mammals, such as the hare, jerboa, and kangaroo, have strong and long hind limbs and short, weaker forelimbs. Terrestrial arboreal mammals living in forests are associated with tree and shrub vegetation. This group includes the pine marten, sable, squirrel, and chipmunk. Underground mammals are adapted to a burrowing lifestyle. They spend almost all their time underground, rarely appearing on the surface. Flying mammals have fully mastered the air environment. This group includes representatives of the order Chiroptera. Aquatic and semi-aquatic mammals

Class Mammals (Beasts)

1. Mammals -

the most complex vertebrate animals living on the land , in water And in the soil

2. Body parts:

head, neck, torso, tail (not for everyone), 2 pairs of limbs

The body is raised above the ground

reptiles

mammals

3. Leather

covered with hair, has glands:

A) sweaty;

B) sebaceous;

B) dairy;

D) odorous

4. Skeleton:

(peculiarities)

1. large brain box;

2. teeth are attached to the jaw cells and are divided into:

A) incisors;

B) fangs;

B) indigenous

4. Skeleton:

(peculiarities)

3. in the girdle of the forelimbs, the majority do not have coracoids and clavicles

4. Skeleton:

(peculiarities)

4. there are plantigrade, digitigrade, and ungulates

5. departments spine

cervical

(7 vertebrae)

tail

chest

(with ribs)

sacral

lumbar

the vertebrae are fused

sacrum

5. Muscles

There is a special dome-shaped muscle - diaphragm , separating the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity and involved in breathing

6. Digestive system

pharynx

colon

pancreas

anal hole

esophagus

cecum

liver

small intestine

stomach

Features of the digestive system:

1. the mouth is surrounded by folds of skin – lips ;

2. ends with the anus;

3. the intestine is divided into the small and large intestine, at their border there is a growth - cecum with appendix

Multichamber stomach ruminants

7. Breath

pulmonary costo-diaphragmatic

larynx

trachea

bronchi

diaphragm (inhalation)

diaphragm (exhalation)

lungs

8. Circulatory system

arterial blood

deoxygenated blood

right atrium

left atrium

internal organs

lungs

left ventricle

right ventricle

deoxygenated blood

arterial blood

9. Metabolism

warm-blooded

10. Excretory organs:

2 kidneys, 2 ureters, bladder, urethra

kidneys

ureters

urethra

bladder

11. Nervous system

forebrain (with cortex)

Particularly developed front brain And cerebellum (covered with cortex with folds and convolutions)

cerebellum (with cortex)

12. Features of the senses:

1. eyelids eyelashes ;

2. yes Auricle ;

3. there are sensitive hairs - vibrissae

13. Reproduction:

in a male ( ♂ ) 2 testes, 2 vas deferens;

in a female ( ♀ ) 2 ovaries, 2 oviducts, uterus

internal fertilization (in the female’s oviducts)

Development of the embryo occurs in uterus

Uterus – muscular organ for the development of the embryo

Placenta (baby place) – place of attachment of the embryo in the uterus

Types of cubs

blind, helpless

(squirrels, dogs, rabbits, hamsters)

sighted, independent (deer, horses, elephants, cows)

14. Happened

from ancient reptiles

ancestors of mammals

first mammals

1. Burrowing animals

(moles, mole rats, star-nosed moles)

mole

star-nosed

mole rat

mole vole

golden mole

2. Hydrobionts

(cetaceans)

3. Semi-aquatic animals

(pinnipeds, beavers, otter, muskrat)

4. Aviation

(chiroptera)

5. Tree frogs

(primates, squirrels, koalas, sloths)

6. Terrestrial forest animals

(wolves, hares, foxes, wild boars, moose, bears)

7. Beasts open spaces

(antelope, lion, elephant, giraffe, zebra)

8. City and home animals

(rats, mice, cats, dogs, hamsters, guinea pigs)

9. Agricultural animals

(cows, sheep, goats, horses, donkeys, pigs)

Class Mammals

Subclass of the Prime Beast

Subclass Real animals

(platypus, echidna, echidna)

Marsupials

Placental

(kangaroo, koala, marsupial wolf)

(rest)

Subclass of the Prime Beast

(platypus, echidna, echidna)

Subclass of the Prime Beast

(platypus, echidna, echidna)

Signs of reptiles:

Signs of mammals:

lay eggs

milk

t body fickle (24 O -34 O WITH)

wool

cloaca

no ears

crow bones

Marsupials

marsupial wolf

wombat

Taman devil

kangaroo

opossum

koala

Marsupials

(kangaroo, koala, opossum, marsupial wolf)

1. the placenta is poorly developed or absent;

2. the cubs are born underdeveloped, their development continues in the pouch;

3. t the body fluctuates greatly

Municipal educational institution

Pervomayskaya average comprehensive school

Scientific and practical conference students "I explore the world"

Creative research project:

« Amazing world mammals"

Kurenkova Varvara

Shompolov Oleg

Supervisor:

teacher primary classes

Evteeva S.V.

Pervomaisk

2014

Content.

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………..

Theoretical part…………………………………………………..

Who are mammals…………………………………………….

Blue whale…………………………………………………………….

African elephant……………………………………………………

Giraffe ………………………………………………………………..

Bat…………………………………………………………

Rock squirrel……………………………………………………….

Cheetah………………………………………………………………….

Platypus…………………………………………………………………

Marmoset monkey…………………………………………………..

3. Organization and research methods …………………………………………………………….

Research results and discussion ……………………………

Conclusion and conclusions………………………………………………………

Bibliographic list of sources used…………….

Applications……………………………………………………………………………….

Introduction

Plunge into the wonderful world of mammals and you will discover a lot of new things. Here everyone, even a well-informed and erudite person, will find unknown and sometimes intriguing facts from the animal world. The relevance of the chosen topic can be revealed in one famous statement George Eliot "Animals are very dear friends..."

We took on this work to expand our knowledge in such a section of the animal world as Mammals. In this work we will describe some mammals and tell interesting information about them.

The goal of the project: acquaintance with amazing mammals.

Tasks:

Find information about common characteristics of mammals;

Discover mammals you never knew existed

Collect interesting, unknown facts about mammals already familiar to us

Before starting work on a project on this topic, we, grade 1a students, assumed that mammals are four-legged animals in which the body is raised high above the ground, and the limbs are located under the body. One of the distinguishing features of mammals is the presence of hair. The habitat of mammals is land. To confirm our hypothesis, we used the following research methods:

1.Observation.

2. Study of literature.

3. Comparison.

4.Sociological survey

5. Systematization of knowledge, analysis and explanation of research data.

So, we begin our virtual journey through the world of mammals!

Theoretical part

All animals that feed their young with milk are called mammals. There are a lot of them, and they are very different: from a tiny mouse to a giant elephant. Humans are also mammals.

Nowadays, about four thousand species of mammals live all over the globe. Many of them inhabit vast expanses of land or the World Ocean and still number in the hundreds of thousands and millions, and some have become so rare and small in number that scientists count them in the thousands, hundreds and even tens.

Despite all the diversity of forms, mammals have a number of common characteristics.

Most mammals are four-legged animals in which the body is raised high above the ground, and the limbs are located under the body. This body structure contributes to their more advanced movement on land. Mammals have a well-defined neck, which allows the head to have a greater degree of mobility. Due to adaptations to locomotion in different environments, the limbs of mammals have different shapes. For example, whales and dolphins have their limbs modified into flippers, and bats have modified their limbs into wings.

Modern mammals are divided into 19 orders. Among them are: oviparous, marsupials, insectivores, chiropterans, cetaceans, carnivores, even and odd-toed ungulates, primates.

We will name the most important orders of mammals:

Insectivores have medium or small body sizes (mole, hedgehog, shrew). Chiropterans have forelimbs modified into wings and hibernate for the winter (long-eared bat, kozhan, rufous noctule).

Rodents have a small or medium-sized body, highly developed, constantly growing incisors; They are highly fertile, predominantly herbivores (squirrels, beavers, ground squirrels, mice, rats).

Lagomorphs have two pairs of incisors and small body sizes (hare, rabbit, pika).

Carnivores have well-developed fangs and carnassial teeth and feed mainly on animal food (wolves, bears, martens, tigers).

Pinnipeds spend most of their lives in water, their limbs are modified into flippers (walrus, seal, fur seal).

Cetaceans live in water and have large bodies; the forelimbs are modified into flippers, and the hind limbs are absent; move with the help of a powerful tail; distinguish between toothed whales (sperm whales, dolphins) and baleen whales (blue whale).

Artiodactyls have a body of medium or large size

(cow, elk, wild boar, hippopotamus).

Even-toed ungulates have large body sizes and hooves (horse, donkey, zebra).

Primates come in a variety of body sizes, with the largest family being the Apes, which includes macaques, baboons, and marmosets.

Now we will tell you about the most amazing mammals.

Blue whale

Among modern mammals, the largest is the blue whale, whose body length exceeds 33 meters and weighs up to 160 tons, which corresponds to the weight of 30 elephants or 150 bulls. One tongue of such a giant weighs 4 tons - like a large elephant!

Blue whale - the largest mammal not only of our time, but also that has ever lived on Earth. It is larger than even the largest dinosaur. Plus, the blue whale - withthe loudest mammal -

This. It can produce sounds that can be heard at a distance of 850 km.

African elephant

Largest land mammal

– it's a male African elephant . The largest elephant had a height of 3.96 m and weighed over 12 tons. The amazing thing about elephants is that they can hear with their feet just as they can with their ears, picking up sounds passing through the earth. Perhaps elephants resort to this method of communication when there is too much noise above the ground, for example, airplanes flying over.

Giraffe

WITH tallest of mammals- Thisgiraffe having a height of 6.1 m. Giraffes have an unusually long neck, despite the fact that they, like almost all other mammals, have only seven cervical vertebrae. Giraffes can run fast and, in case of urgent need, reach a gallop speed of 55 km/h, that is, over short distances they can outrun a racehorse. However, giraffes walk slowly.

Bat

The smallest of mammals is a bat from Thailand, called pig-nosed bat Kitty, which is only 2.9-3.3 cm long and weighs only 1.7-2 g. This mouse is inferior in size to many insects and snails.

rock squirrel

Rock squirrel can live without water for up to 100 days

The record for being able to live without water belongs not to a camel, but to a rock squirrel from southern Mexico. This small animal can live without water for up to 100 days.

Cheetah

The fastest mammal is cheetah, which develops a speed of 96 km per hour over short distances, there is data about 105-115 km per hour.

Platypus

The platypus, which lives in Australia, can easily be called one of the most amazing animals on our planet. When the first platypus skin first came to England (this happened in 1797), at first everyone decided that some joker had sewn a duck's beak to the skin of an animal similar to a beaver. When it turned out that the skin was not a fake, scientists could not decide to which group of animals to classify this creature. So, the platypus is an amazing mammal that lays eggs, but feeds its young with milk.

An amazing creation of nature - the marmoset mammal - the smallest monkey in the world, its body length is about 12cm and its tail is 15cm long.

Organization and research methods

The main place of work on the project was office No. 2 of the Municipal Educational Institution PSOSH. Under the leadership of our class teacher, we studied the literature on the topic “Amazing Mammals” and conducted a sociological survey among primary school students, teachers, and parents. Primary school students were asked the following questions:

What is the main distinguishing feature of mammals?

Is a bat a mammal? Why?

Are whales and dolphins mammals? Why?

What is the fastest mammal?

What is the largest mammal?

What is the smallest mammal?

What is the tallest mammal?

As a result, we have collected a wealth of material on this topic.

Research results

As a result of the study, we found out that primary-level students of the Secondary Secondary Educational Institution are well aware of the distinctive features of mammals. Many children can name the tallest mammal, the smallest mammal, the fastest, the largest mammal.

As a result of the research, we have expanded our knowledge about mammals. We learned that all mammals have in common the fact that they feed their young with milk. Our assumptions that mammals are four-legged animals, in which the body is raised high above the ground, and the limbs are located under the body, and that one of the distinctive features of mammals is the presence of hair, was confirmed. We also learned that mammals live not only on land, but also in water. We discovered mammals whose existence we didn’t even suspect; collected interesting, unknown facts about mammals already familiar to us.

Conclusion

Having studied the materials of books and encyclopedias on our topic, we came to the conclusion that the world of mammals is large and diverse. No encyclopedia can even briefly tell about absolutely all representatives of the class of mammals. It is possible that scientists have yet to discover new species that are still unknown to science. It is possible that we, 1st grade students, will become these scientists.

While working on the project, we found out that many mammal species are endangered. These are the Altai mountain sheep, the Amur tiger, the white-bellied seal, the East Siberian leopard, the polar bear, the bison and many others.

It is our responsibility to protect nature. All animals, without exception, have the right to live on this planet, regardless of their size or benefit to humans. Many animal species have already disappeared from the face of the Earth with the active participation of humans. Our task is to preserve the remaining species. By feeding the birds in winter or releasing a caught bug, even the smallest person can make his small contribution to a big cause - nature conservation.

Bibliography

"Big Encyclopedia for Schoolchildren." Publishing house Rosmen. M.2000 "Child in the world of search." Ed. Dybina O.V. M. 2009 Poglazova O. T. The world, 1st grade Smolensk, “21st Century Association”, 2012 Schoolboy Yu.K. Animals. Complete encyclopedia. - M.: Eksmo, 2008 Encyclopedia “Secrets of Living Nature”, Moscow “Bustard”, 2000. Internet resources

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Slide captions:

Class Mammals Includes more than 4 thousand species. This is the youngest and most highly developed group of vertebrates. It originated from primitive reptiles about 150 million years ago, but it began to flourish only 80 million years ago.

Class Mammals Subclass Monotremes Subclass Viviparous Superorder Inferior (Marsupials) Superorder Higher (Placental) 17 orders

Placental animals Order name Number Characteristic features Representatives

Order Insectivores Includes 370 species. The teeth are not differentiated. The brain is small, the hemispheres are without convolutions (this is a no brainer) hedgehog shrew mole

Order Chiroptera Includes 850 species. Capable of flight. Between the forelimbs, body and hind limbs there is a leathery membrane. Keel. Echolocation of kalong hammerheads

Bat

Order Rodents Includes 1500 species. They eat plant foods. Large incisors that grow throughout life. No fangs squirrel beaver

capybara

chinchilla

Order Lagomorpha Includes 60 species. They eat plant foods. Above – two pairs of incisors (external and internal) hare rabbit

Order Carnivores Includes 200 species. They feed on animal food and are active predators. Fangs! The coat is long and thick. The forebrain hemispheres have convolutions - complex behavior Family Mustelidae marten sable

Family Panda Bears Polar Bear

Wolf family

Family Feline Lion Leopard

manul cat domestic

Order Pinnipeds Includes 30 species. Large predators. They live in water, but have not lost contact with land. The hind limbs are transformed into flippers. Fat layer, thick skin

fur seal seal

Order Cetaceans. Lost contact with land. There are no glands or hair on the body. The limbs are transformed into flippers. Toothed Cetaceans. Dolphins

Toothed Cetaceans: Sperm Whale Baleen Cetaceans. Blue whale.

The order Proboscis experienced its heyday in the Tertiary period. Now it is represented by 2 species: Indian and African elephant. The upper lip and nose are turned into a trunk.

Order Odd-toed ungulates.

rhinoceros tapir

Order Artiodactyls. Includes two suborders: ruminants and non-ruminants. Non-ruminant hippopotamus and boar.

Ruminant giraffe

bison elk

Order Primates Lemur Suborder Prosimians - in their development they are an intermediate link between insectivores and monkeys.

gorilla The group of higher primates includes three families: Apes, Apes, People

Olive baboon

chimpanzee

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

Test in biology, 7th grade, program by I.N. Panomareva. Topic: "Class Mammals". Form: test tasks of various types....

Tasks:1. continue to familiarize students with the diversity of mammals;2. give general characteristics orders of artiodactyls and equids, 3....

Class: 7

Presentation for the lesson

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The Education Development Strategy of the Russian Federation indicates the need to work with different children and create a variety of conditions for receiving a quality education. The use of modern educational technologies improves learning, making it more intense, dynamic, and creative.

The technology of project activities allows you to reveal the abilities of each child, increase his cognitive activity, gives cooperation skills, teaches him to work with information, think logically and generalize, broadcast the results obtained, prepares him for constant self-education and obtaining a profession.

The use of student projects during lessons makes schoolchildren active participants in the educational process and co-authors of the lesson.

Lesson objectives:

Educational:

• Identify common signs external structure and behavior of predatory mammals.
• Show the structural features, behavior, and lifestyle of representatives of some families of the order Carnivora.

Educational:

• To increase the level of cognitive abilities and self-education of students through their inclusion in project activities using ICT.
• Develop the ability to work with presentation materials, highlight the main points, compare, formulate questions and conclusions, and navigate the text.
• Develop students' independent work skills.

Educational:

• Show the importance of predatory mammals in nature and human life, justify the need for their protection.

Planned results:

Subject

• Systematization and generalization of students’ knowledge about orders of mammals, including carnivores.
• Determination of a family based on specific animal characteristics.
• Expanding students' understanding of the role of predatory mammals in nature, their characteristics and diversity.

Metasubject

• Development of students' oral speech.
• Development of skills in working with various computer programs
• Development of skills in analysis and synthesis of the studied material.

Personal

• Promotion educational motivation students through project activities.
• Formation of readiness for education and self-education.
• Improving monologue and dialogic speech.

Lesson type: lesson on learning new material

Equipment: multimedia projector, PowerPoint presentation, handouts.

Technologies: information and communication, development, project activities.

During the classes

1. ORGANIZATIONAL START OF THE LESSON.

2. REPEATING THE MATERIAL COVERED.

Questions for students.

TO What orders of mammals do the following representatives belong to: muskrat, nutria, rabbit, mole, killer whale, pika, squirrel, horseshoe bat? By what characteristics can representatives of each order be identified?

Independent work. Use of handouts. <Приложение 1>

Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of representatives of the class Mammals and the orders (groups) for which they are characteristic.

Answers:

A	B	IN	G	D	E	AND	Z	AND
2	2	1	2	1	2	2	2	1

3. STUDYING NEW MATERIAL.

When conducting the lesson, the presentation “Carnivorous Mammals” is used, which is the result of the project activity of a group of 7th grade students. Students defend their project.

Lesson topic: Orders of predatory mammals<СЛАЙД 1>

Complete teacher assignments

4. REFLECTION

Students evaluate the work of the project group: the quality of presentation, presentation of material, ability to command the attention of listeners. Students evaluate their activity in class.

The teacher gives grades.

5. HOMEWORK. Paragraph 33, Task 5 Workbook