Absolute and relative values. Absolute and relative indicators Relative indicators of population structure and coordination
Topic 6. Absolute and relative quantities
Absolute indicators
Statistical research, regardless of its scale and goals, always ends with the calculation and analysis of statistical indicators of various types and forms of expression. The original, primary form of expression for statistical indicators is absolute values. Absolute indicator – an indicator in the form of an absolute value, reflecting the physical properties, time or cost characteristics of socio-economic phenomena and processes.
According to the method of expressing the sizes of the phenomena being studied, absolute values are divided into individual and total (summary volumetric). Individual absolute indicators characterize the size of quantitative characteristics of individual units of the population. They are obtained, as a rule, directly in the process of statistical observation as a result of measuring, weighing, counting and evaluating the quantitative characteristic of interest. Summary indicators characterize the object being studied as a whole or any part of it. They are obtained as a result of summarizing and grouping individual characteristic values.
Absolute statistics are always named numbers. Depending on the socio-economic essence of the phenomena under study and their physical properties, the following are distinguished: units of measurement of absolute indicators:
1) Natural units of measurement. In international practice, tons are used; kilograms; ounces; square, cubic and simple meters; miles; kilometers; gallons; liters; pieces, etc. In some cases, to characterize a phenomenon or process, one unit of measurement is not enough and the product of two units is used - composite natural units of measurement. For example, indicators of freight turnover and passenger turnover, estimated respectively in ton-kilometers and passenger-kilometers, electricity production, measured in kilowatt-hours, etc.
The natural group also includes conditionally natural meters, used in cases where a product has several varieties, and the total volume can only be determined based on the consumer property common to all varieties. Such units are obtained by bringing various natural units to one, taken as a basis, standard. For example, various types of organic fuel are converted into equivalent fuel with a calorific value of 29.3 MJ/kg (7000 Kcal/kg). Conversion into conventional units of measurement is carried out on the basis of special coefficients, calculated as the ratio of the consumer properties of individual product varieties to the reference value. So, for example, 100 tons of peat, the calorific value of which is 24 MJ/kg, will be equivalent to 81.9 tons of standard fuel (100 - 24.0/29.3), and 100 tons of oil with a calorific value of 45 MJ/kg are estimated at 153 .6 tons of standard fuel (100 - 45.0/29.3).
2) Cost units of measurement. They give a monetary assessment of socio-economic phenomena and processes. Thus, one of the most important cost indicators in the system of national accounts, characterizing the overall level of development of the country’s economy, is the gross domestic product, which in the Russian Federation in 2012 amounted to 62,599.1 billion rubles at current prices.
When analyzing and comparing cost indicators, it is necessary to keep in mind that in conditions of high inflation rates they become incomparable; it is necessary to recalculate them into comparable prices.
3) Labor units of measurement. They allow you to take into account both the total labor costs of the enterprise and the labor intensity of individual operations of the technological process, for example, man-days and man-hours.
Relative indicators
Relative indicator – an indicator in the form of a relative value, obtained as a result of dividing one absolute indicator by another and reflecting the relationship between the quantitative characteristics of the phenomena and processes being studied. Therefore, in relation to absolute indicators, relative indicators are derivatives.
When calculating relative values, the numerator always contains the indicator being compared, and the denominator always contains the indicator with which the comparison is made, i.e. taken as a basis or basis of comparison. Thus, the calculated relative indicator indicates how many times the compared absolute indicator is greater than the base one, or what share it makes up of it, or how many units of the first are per 1, 100, 1000, etc. units of the second.
Depending on the numerical value of the comparison base (base), the result of the relationship can be expressed either in the form coefficient(base = 1) and percent(base = 100, %), or in the form ppm(base = 1000, ‰) and decimillé (base = 10000).
The relative indicator obtained as a result of correlating different absolute indicators should, in most cases, be named. Its name is a combination of the names of the compared and basic indicators (for example, the production of any type of product in the corresponding units of measurement per capita).
All relative statistical quantities used in practice can be divided into the following types: dynamics, plan and implementation of the plan, structure, coordination, intensity, comparison.
1) Relative dynamics(OVD) represent the ratio of the level of the process or phenomenon under study for a given period of time and the level of the same process or phenomenon in the past:
There are relative values of dynamics with a constant and variable basis of comparison. If the comparison is made with the same reference level (for example, the first year of the period under consideration), one gets basic relative dynamics values, if with the previous level (i.e. the basis of the relative value changes consistently) – then chain.
Example calculation of air traffic control is presented in table. 6.1.
Table 6.1 – Analysis of store sales dynamics
Thus, store sales in 2012 compared to 2011 decreased by 8% (92 – 100 = -8), and in 2013 compared to 2012 increased by 35% (135 – 100 = 35 ).
2) Relative plan values(ORP) And relative values of plan implementation(OVRP). All subjects of financial and economic activity, to one degree or another, carry out both current and strategic planning, and also compare the actual results achieved with those previously planned. For this purpose, the relative values of the plan and the implementation of the plan are used.
Relative plan values(planned growth rates) express the ratio of the planned target to the actual value of the indicator for the reporting period:
Relative values of plan implementation represent the ratio of the actual value of the indicator to the planned one:
The following relationship exists between the relative values of the plan, plan implementation and dynamics:
ORP·OVRP = OVD.
Example. The company's sales volume in 2012 amounted to 2.0 million rubles. The company's management planned to increase sales volume to 2.8 million rubles in 2013.
ORP = (2.8/2.0) 100 = 140%,
those. the company's management planned to increase sales in 2013 compared to 2012 by 40%
Let's assume that the actual sales volume for 2013 amounted to 2.6 million rubles.
ORP = (2.6/2.8) 100 = 92.9%,
those. the company in 2013 did not fulfill the sales volume plan by 7.1%.
OVD = (2.6/2.0) 100 = 130%;
OVD = 1.4 0.929 100 = 130%,
those. The company's sales volume in 2013 increased by 30% compared to 2012.
There are a number of indicators that, when an enterprise’s performance improves, are reduced, for example, expenses, production costs, the number of defective products, etc. In this case, the total production volume is calculated, on the contrary, by dividing the planned value of the indicator by the actual value.
Example. The company planned to reduce the cost of production in 2013 compared to 2012 by 8%, but actually reduced it by 4%.
%,
those. In 2013, the enterprise did not fulfill the plan to reduce costs by 4.2%.
3) Relative magnitudes of structure(OVS) represent the relationship between the structural parts of the object being studied and their whole:
OBC is expressed in fractions of a unit or percentage. The calculated values, respectively called shares or specific gravity, show what share or specific weight this or that part has in the overall total.
Example. Let us characterize the structure of the population of the Russian Federation in 2012 (Table 6.2).
Table 6.2 – Structure of the population of the Russian Federation by place of residence, 2012
Thus, the urban population in 2012 amounted to 73.92% of the total population of the Russian Federation, the rural population – 26.08%.
4)Relative coordination values(HVAC) represent the ratio of one part of a population to another part of the same population:
In this case, the part that has the greatest share or is a priority from an economic, social or other point of view is selected as a basis for comparison. OVCs show how many times a given part is larger than the base one, or what percentage of it it is, or how many units of a given part are per unit of the structural part.
Example. Let us characterize the ratio of the urban and rural population of the Russian Federation in 2012 (Table 6.3).
Table 6.3 – Ratio of the population of the Russian Federation by place of residence, 2012
Thus, in 2012 in the Russian Federation there were 35 rural residents per 100 urban residents.
5) Relative intensity values(OVI) characterize the degree of distribution of the phenomenon under study and represent the ratio of the indicator under study to the size of its inherent environment:
.
These indicators are obtained by comparing opposite but interrelated quantities. Therefore, most often they are named quantities. Typically, JVI is calculated in cases where the absolute value is insufficient to formulate substantiated conclusions about the scale of the phenomenon and the density of its distribution.
Example. The population of the Russian Federation in 2012 was 143.0 million people. The area of the Russian Federation is 17,075,400 km2.
JVI = 143.0 10 6 /17075400 = 8.4 people/km 2,
those. The population density in the Russian Federation averages 8.4 people/km 2 .
6)Relative comparison values(OVSr) represent the ratio of the same absolute indicator characterizing different objects (enterprises, regions, countries, etc.):
Example. Enterprise income A– 100,000 rub. per month, enterprises IN – 150 000; WITH– 300,000 rub. per month Compare enterprise income.
OVSR ( WITH/A) = 300000/100000 = 3;
OVSR ( WITH/IN) = 300000/150000 = 2,
those. enterprise income WITH three times the company's income A and twice the company's income IN.
Relative indicators- the result of the relationship between two absolute indicators. Therefore, in relation to absolute indicators, relative indicators are secondary.
When calculating a relative indicator, the absolute indicator (numerator) is called current or compared. The indicator with which it is compared (denominator) is the basis or basis of comparison.
Thus, the calculated relative indicator shows how many times the compared indicator is greater than the base one, or what proportion it constitutes, or how many units there are per 1, 100, 1000, etc. units of the second.
Relative values can be expressed in coefficients, percentages, ppm, prodecemille.
The percentage indicates when the indicator exceeds the base one by no more than 2-3 times, otherwise by several times.
If a relative indicator is obtained as a result of the ratio of different indicators, then it should be named (kg per capita).
All relative statistical indicators are classified as follows:
Speakers
Implementation of the plan
Structures
Coordination
Intensity and level of economic development
Comparisons
Relative dynamics indicators(OPD) - the ratio of the level of the process under study over a period of time to the level of the same process in the past.
OPD = Current indicator / Previous or baseline indicator
Shows how many times the current level exceeds the previous (basic) one or what share of the latter it is. If the indicator is a multiple, it is called the growth coefficient; when multiplied by 100, it gives the growth rate.
Relative plan indicator(OPP) - used for long-term planning.
OPP = Indicator planned for (i+1) period / Indicator achieved in this period
When comparing the actually achieved result with the previously planned one, determine relative indicator of plan implementation(OPRP).
DPRP = Indicator achieved in (i+1) period / Indicator planned for (i+1) period
The following relationship exists between the relative indicator of the plan (RPI), implementation of the plan (RPRP) and dynamics (RPD):
OPP x OPR = OPD
Using this relationship, from any two known quantities one can determine an unknown third quantity.
Relative structure index(OPS) - the ratio of the structural parts of the object being studied and their whole.
OPS = Indicator characterizing part of the population / Indicator for the entire population as a whole
Expressed in fractions of a unit or percentage. The sum of all specific gravities must equal 100%.
Relative Coordination Score(GPC) - characterizes the relationship between the individual parts of the whole.
GPC = Indicator characterizing the i part of the population / Indicator characterizing the part of the population selected as the base
The part that has a greater share or is a priority is selected as a basis for comparison. It turns out how many units of each structural part there are in 1, 100, 1000, etc. units of the basic structural part.
Relative intensity index(OPI) - characterizes the degree of distribution of the process being studied in its inherent environment.
PPI = Indicator characterizing phenomenon A / Indicator characterizing the environment of distribution of phenomenon A
This indicator is calculated when the absolute value is insufficient to substantiate conclusions about the scale of the phenomenon, size, and distribution density. Expressed as a percentage, ppm, or can be a named value. Example. Population density is the number of people per 1 km, birth rate is the number of births per 1000 people of the population, the number of unemployed per 1000 people employed in the economy.
The problem arises of choosing the most reasonable basis for comparison.
A type of relative intensity indicator is relative indicators of the level of economic development, characterizing production per capita and playing an important role in assessing the development of the state’s economy. Example: Russia's gross domestic product is compared with population size.
Relative Comparison Index(OPSR) - the ratio of absolute indicators of the same name that characterize different objects (firms, regions, countries).
OPSR = Indicator characterizing object A / Indicator characterizing object B
Or relative values of visibility(OVN) - reflect the results of comparison of indicators of the same name, relating to the same period (moment) of time, but to different objects or territories. This type of relative values is used for comparative assessment of the level of development of countries and regions, as well as for assessing the performance of individual enterprises.
Relative statistical indicators is a generalizing characteristic expressed as a numerical measure of the ratio of two compared absolute values. These indicators are used to study the structure of the phenomenon being studied, to compare its level of development with the level of development of another phenomenon, to assess changes occurring in the phenomenon being studied, etc.
A relative statistical indicator is obtained by dividing one absolute indicator by another.
In general, the formula for a relative statistical indicator will look like this:
Relative indicators can be expressed in the form of coefficients, percentages, ppm and prodecimal.
If the comparison base is taken as one, then the relative indicator is expressed in the form of a coefficient. If the comparison base is taken to be one hundred units, then the relative indicator is expressed as a percentage. If the comparison base is taken as a thousand units, then the relative indicator is expressed in ppm (tenth of a percent), if ten thousand - in prodecimal (hundredth of a percent).
Speakers;
Plan and implementation of the plan;
Structures;
Coordination;
Intensity and level of economic development;
Comparisons.
Relative dynamics indicator characterizes the change in the phenomenon being studied over time and represents the ratio of indicators characterizing the phenomenon in the current period and the previous (or base) period.
OPD =
The indicator calculated in this way is called the growth (decrease) coefficient. It shows how many times the indicator of the current period is greater (less) than the indicator of the previous (base) period. Expressed as a percentage, the relative indicator of dynamics is called the growth (decrease) rate.
T r = (y i / y i-1) *100%
T r = (y i / y o)*100%
Example: population of the Russian Federation according to the 2002 population census. amounted to 145,181.9 thousand people, according to the 1989 census. - 147021.9 thousand people. Determine the coefficient and rate of growth (decrease).
T r = 98, 7%
Consequently, the population decreased by 1.3%.
Relative indicator of plan (forecast) (RPP) and plan implementation (RPVP) are used by all subjects of financial and economic activity carrying out current and strategic planning and are calculated using the formula:
The relative indicator of the plan characterizes the intensity of the plan task, and the relative indicator of the plan’s implementation characterizes the degree of its implementation.
Example: actual turnover of the company for 2008. amounted to 2 billion rubles. Market analysis showed that in 2009. it is possible to increase turnover to 2.6 billion rubles. Actual turnover for 2009 amounted to 2.5 billion rubles. Define AKI and APVP.
OPP==130% or 1.3 times
VPVP==96%
Calculations show that the planned target for 2009 is 1.3 times higher than the actual level for 2008, but the plan for 2009 is only 96% fulfilled.
Relative structure indicators(OPS) characterize the shares (specific gravities) of the constituent parts of the aggregate in its total volume. They characterize the structure of the aggregate and its structure.
OPS=(*100%)
OPVs are usually expressed in the form of odds or percentages. The sum of the coefficients should be 1, and the sum of the percentages should be 100%, since the specific weights are given to a common basis.
The set of relative values of the structure shows the structure of the population.
Relative coordination indicators(GPC) characterize the ratio of parts of a given statistical population to one of them, taken as a basis for comparison. They show how many times one part of the population is larger than the other or how many units of one part of the population are one, ten, hundred, etc. units of another population.
The part that has the greatest share or is a priority in a given population is selected as the basis for comparison.
Relative indicators of intensity and level of economic development(OPI) characterize the degree of distribution or level of development of the phenomena or processes being studied in a certain environment. They are formed as a result of comparison of opposite, but in a certain way interconnected quantities.
This indicator is calculated per hundred, thousand, ten thousand, etc. units of the population under study and is used in cases where it is impossible to determine the scale of distribution of the phenomenon based on the value of the absolute indicator. For example, when studying demographic processes, indicators of fertility, mortality, and natural population growth (loss) are calculated as the ratio of the number of births (deaths) or the amount of natural growth per year to the average annual population of a given territory per 1000 or 10,000 people.
K r =‰
K m=‰
to natural increase =‰
Relative indicators of the level of economic development characterize the efficiency of resource use and production efficiency. These are indicators of product output, costs per unit of production, efficiency of use of production assets, etc.
Relative Comparison Index OPS p characterizes the comparative sizes of absolute indicators of the same name, relating to different objects or territories, but for the same period of time.
They are obtained as quotients from the division of absolute indicators of the same name that characterize different objects belonging to the same period or point in time.
OPS r=
Using these indicators, you can compare labor productivity in different countries, compare prices for various goods and compare economic indicators for different enterprises.
Although absolute values play an important role in the practical and cognitive activity of a person, analysis of facts necessarily leads to the need for various comparisons. And then the absolute indicators characterizing the various phenomena being studied are considered not only independently, but also in comparison with other indicators, which is taken as the basis of comparison (scale of assessment).
A relative indicator is an indicator in the form of a relative value, obtained as a result of dividing one absolute indicator by another and reflecting the relationship between the quantitative characteristics of the processes and phenomena being studied.
Comparison of statistical data is carried out depending on the task at hand using various types of relative values. (Appendix No. 1)
As we can see in the above classification, it is possible to compare indicators of the same name that relate to different periods, different objects or different territories. The result of such a comparison can be expressed as a percentage and shows how many times or how many percent the compared indicator is more or less than the base one.
The relative dynamics indicator (RDI) is the ratio of the level of the process or phenomenon under study for a given period of time (as of a given point in time) to the level of the same process or phenomenon in the past:
OPD= .
The value calculated in this way shows how many times the current level exceeds the previous (basic) one or what share of the latter it is. If this indicator can be expressed as a multiple, it is called a growth coefficient, and if it is multiplied by 100%, it is the growth rate.
For example, if it is known that the trading turnover of the Moscow Interbank Currency Exchange on March 25, 1998. amounted to $51.9 million, and on March 24 - $43.2 million, then the relative indicator of dynamics, or growth rate, will be equal to:
Relative indicators of the plan and implementation of the plan. All subjects of financial and economic activity, from small individual private enterprises to large corporations, to one degree or another carry out both operational and strategic planning, and also compare the actual results achieved with those previously planned. For this purpose, relative indicators of the plan (RPP) and implementation of the plan (RPRP) are used:
Suppose the turnover of a commercial company in 1997 was amounted to 2.0 billion ore. Based on the analysis of emerging trends in the market, the company’s management considers it realistic to increase turnover to 2.8 billion rubles next year. In this case, the relative indicator of the plan, which is the ratio of the planned value to the actually achieved value, will be:
Let us now assume that the actual turnover of the company in 1998 amounted to 2.6 billion rubles. Then the relative indicator of plan implementation, defined as the ratio of the actually achieved value to the previously planned value, will be
The following relationship exists between the relative indicators of the plan, plan implementation and dynamics:
OPP * OPP = OPD.
In our example:
1.40* 0.929 = 1.3, or OPD = = 1.3.
The relative structure index (RSI) is the ratio of the structural parts of the object under study and their whole:
A relative indicator of structure, expressed in fractions of a unit or as a percentage. The calculated values (di), respectively called shares or specific gravity, show what share or specific weight the i-th part has in the overall total.
The calculated percentages in column 2 represent relative indicators of the structure. In this example, they are obtained as the ratio of export and import volumes to the total foreign trade turnover of the Russian Federation. The sum of all specific gravity must always be strictly equal to 100%.
Relative coordination indicators (RCI) characterize the relationship between individual parts of the whole:
![](https://i2.wp.com/studbooks.net/imag_/29/202868/image009.png)
The basis of comparison is the part that has the greatest share or is a priority from an economic, social or any other point of view.
So, based on the data from the OPS given in the example, we can calculate that for every trillion of imports there were 1.29 trillion rubles. export:
RUB 1.29 trillion
Relative intensity indicators (RII) characterize the degree of distribution of the process or phenomenon being studied in its inherent environment:
![](https://i2.wp.com/studbooks.net/imag_/29/202868/image011.png)
This indicator is used when the absolute value is insufficient to formulate substantiated conclusions about the scale of the phenomenon, its size, saturation, and distribution density. For example, to calculate the birth rate, population density, etc.
The relative comparison indicator (RCI) is the ratio of absolute indicators of the same name that characterize different objects (enterprises, firms, districts, regions, countries, etc.):
Having data at the end of 1993 on the size of investment funds in the USA (3583 billion marks), Europe (2159 billion marks) and Japan (758 billion marks), we can conclude that US investment funds are 1.7 times more powerful than European ones.
Under absolute values In statistics, we understand indicators that characterize the dimensions of the phenomena and processes being studied. For example, the volume of commercial output of the enterprise, the number of industrial production personnel, profit margin, etc.
Absolute values in statistics are the initial basis of statistical analysis. They are expressed in natural, conditionally natural, cost and labor units.
Natural indicators have a name, are given in natural units of measurement (tons, kilograms, meters, liters, pieces, etc.) Conditionally natural indicators are used in cases where a product has several varieties, and the total volume can only be determined based on the consumer property common to all varieties. Conversion into conventional units of measurement is carried out on the basis of special coefficients, calculated as the ratio of the consumer properties of individual product varieties to their reference value.
Cost indicators give a monetary assessment of socio-economic phenomena and processes.
TO labor units of measurement include indicators characterizing total labor costs and labor intensity. They are measured in man-days, man-hours, etc.
There are individual and summary (total) absolute indicators.
Individual indicators are obtained directly in the process of statistical observation as a result of measuring, weighing, counting, etc. of the quantitative characteristic being studied.
Summary (total) indicators characterize the volume of a feature or the volume of an aggregate of either the entire object or its part. They are determined by summarizing and grouping individual values.
Relative values are the result of comparison (division) of two indicators.
Depending on the number of units the comparison base is equated to, relative values can be expressed in the form:
Coefficient if the base is taken to be 1;
Percent (%) if the base is taken to be 100;
Permille (0 / 00), if the base is taken to be 1000;
Prodecimille (0 / 000) if the base is taken to be 10000.
Something to keep in mind that most relative values are unnamed numbers, with the exception of those that are obtained as a result of comparing different indicators and outwardly resemble average values (for example, population density).
Unlike absolute values, relative indicators are production values and are calculated on the basis of absolute values.
In statistical analysis, the following types are calculated relative quantities: dynamics, implementation of the plan, planned task, structure, coordination, intensity, comparison.
Relative dynamics indicator (RDI) - indicators characterizing the relationship of similar quantities over time.
They are calculated using the formula:
The quotient of the numerator divided by the denominator of a fraction is called dynamics coefficient. The dynamics coefficient, expressed as a percentage, is called growth rate. The reporting and base periods should not be confused. Reporting period- always current, basic- the period preceding the reporting period.
Let us give an example of calculating relative dynamics values (Table 8).
Table 8
Calculation of relative dynamics values based on the production of commercial products in the organization.
Let's calculate the relative values of the dynamics with a constant comparison base, taking January as the base: 1426.9/1390.7=1.026*100=102.6%; 1492.6/1390.7=1.073*100=107.3%, etc. Such quantities with a constant basis of comparison are called base growth rates. Here, each subsequent level is compared with one permanent fixed level.
Let us calculate the relative values of the dynamics with variable comparison base, using the ratio of each subsequent month to the previous one: 1426.9/1390.7=1.026*100=102.6%; 1492.6/1426.9=1.046*100=104.6%, etc. These obtained relative indicators with a variable comparison base are called chain growth rates.
There is a relationship between the base and chain growth rates: the product of the chain growth rates is equal to the base rate of the last period.
Relative plan implementation indicator (RPI) - indicators characterizing the degree of fulfillment of the planned target. They are calculated using the formula:
Let's consider the calculation of plan implementation indicators according to the data in Table. 8.
For the first quarter of OPVP. =(24.15/22.28)*100%=108.4%;
For the second quarter of OPVP. =(23.62/21.35)*100%=110.6%.
We will make similar calculations for the remaining periods. According to the calculations, the following conclusions can be drawn: a higher percentage of the production plan is fulfilled in the second quarter (110.6%). The plan was least exceeded in the third quarter - by 4.3%.
Relative target indicator (RPI)- indicators characterizing the degree of establishment of the planned target for the reporting period. They are calculated using the formula:
Let's consider the calculation of relative indicators of the planned target according to the data in Table. 9.
Table 9
Calculation of the relative values of the implementation of the plan and the planned task based on the production output data of the team in the organization.
For the first quarter, TPZ = (22.28/22.25) * 100 = 100.1%.
We make similar calculations for the remaining periods. Based on the calculations, the following conclusions can be drawn: the highest percentage of setting the target target occurs in the third quarter (102.9%).
The relative values of the dynamics of the plan task and the implementation of the plan are in a certain relationship, namely: the product of the relative values of the implementation of the plan and the plan task is equal to the relative value of the dynamics.
There is a relationship between these indicators of the form: OPD = OPVP OPPZ.
Relative structure index (RSI)- indicators characterizing the share of the target components in the overall total. If you set the condition that:
X 1 +X 2 +X 3 +…X n =∑X
1
then, taking the final value as 100%, each component can be calculated in relation to this value as a percentage. Wherein the sum of the calculated relative structure values should be 100% or 1.
Relative coordination index (RCI) - indicators characterizing the relationship to each other of the components of the whole.
When calculating relative coordination values any one part of the population being studied is taken as the basis for comparison, and the rest are correlated with it.
Relative values of coordination can be expressed not only in coefficients, but also in percentages, and in the same named units in which the characteristic is expressed.
As a comparison base, it is advisable to choose the one that has the largest share or is a priority (for example, the number of men per 1000 women).
Relative intensity index (RII) - indicators characterizing the ratio of one economic phenomenon per unit of another
When calculating the relative values of intensity, it is necessary to remember that they, in contrast to the values of dynamics, plan implementation and structure, are quantities named.
Relative intensity values include indicators of production, capital productivity, the number of births or deaths per 1000 people, and production per capita.
Relative comparison index (RCI p) - indicators characterizing the comparative sizes of phenomena of the same name for the same period of time, but for different objects.