Examination options for the Unified State Exam in social studies. Changes in demo versions of the Unified State Exam in Social Studies
The first preliminary results of the Unified State Exam 2017 in social studies have been summed up. We, by tradition, invite you to familiarize yourself with the tasks that this year’s graduates had to solve, especially in the written part 2.
Unified State Exam 2017 in social studies took place
And, although the full results of this Unified State Examination season have not yet been summed up, we are in a hurry to familiarize the future generation of graduates who will take the Unified State Exam 2018 in social studies with the tasks encountered at the Unified State Exam.
Thus, through the mouth of the head of the department, Kravtsov, it was announced that last year it was 17.5% of graduates, this year - 13,8%. Still, a lot on average every sixth of those taking the test receives this “D” and loses the chance to enroll in their university.
At the same time, it is worth noting that some graduates still had hopes of increasing their score on the exam result.
Unified State Exam 2017 assignments in social studies
Now I propose to look at the work of a graduate of the Far Eastern Federal District and the tasks encountered in this work. Let us remind you that we cannot show the tasks of Part 1, the completion of which is impossible to appeal. The structure of tasks corresponds
Now the graduate answer forms themselves.
And points for completed tasks. It should be noted the high percentage of completion and huge losses in Overall score - 63, which roughly corresponds to the national average this year, but when competing for places on the budget of prestigious universities, it may not be viable.
Analysis of the completion of Unified State Exam 2017 tasks
On assignment 21 to the text, everything is written out very competently, in accordance with the theory. There is no need to be afraid of double-checking.
On assignment 22 removed for first position. Naturally, economic responsibility is not “...failure to comply with business ethics...” The logic is broken, any liability is measures for failure to fulfill obligations (responsibilities).
...the legal consequences established by acts of legislation of non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment by a business entity of the instructions provided for by acts of legislation in the field of economic relations.
For assignment 23. The examples in the first and second positions are not written out very correctly.
It is difficult to say for sure without the text whether the sources of economic growth themselves are written out correctly, unfortunately.
If they are written out correctly, then the examples are given CORRECTLY (!). It seems to me that 0 could have been set here only if the wording in the text itself was incorrect. In any case, this is worth bringing to the attention of the commission members during the appeal!
On assignment 23 YOU CAN challenge the scores, or at least ask to review and understand this task! The examples are correct!
On task 24. The graduate correctly describes ways to regulate economic policy, but the examples are completely lacking in specifics, which was clearly required in the terms of the assignment. The graduate simply explains what he means, and they will definitely point this out to you.
For example, it was required to write that 1) Antimonopoly policy. For example, in the Russian Federation, the FAS structure imposed a fine on a corporationGoogle, for abusing their market position.
You see, this is a HIGH level of difficulty task. , AND REQUIRES DEEP KNOWLEDGE ON THE PROPOSED TOPIC. IT IS NOT SHOWN IN THE RESPONSE.
It is worth drawing the attention of the commission members during the appeal that the essence of the explanation is conveyed correctly,
BUT, WITHOUT SPECIAL CHANCES FOR SUCCESS, unfortunately...
On assignment 25 You simply fell under the verification criterion, according to which an incorrect DEFINITION DOES NOT PROVIDE AN OPPORTUNITY to check the completion of the task further.
And indeed, the definition is not correct, because “a way of managing someone, something...” sounds extremely frivolous... The tutor had to explain that such vagueness in the definition is IMPOSSIBLE!
Here, for example, is the definition from my website
Here's the classic definition Max Weber:
Power- this is any opportunity, no matter what it is based on, to realize one’s own will in a given social relationship, even in spite of opposition.
There is no point in appealing, it has been verified correctly.
On assignment 26 I have some big questions.
Labor Code of the Russian Federation, Article 81. Termination of an employment contract at the initiative of the employer
An employment contract can be terminated by the employer in the following cases:
1) liquidation of an organization or termination of activities by an individual entrepreneur;
(clause “b” as amended by Federal Law dated June 30, 2006 N 90-FZ)
I think that the graduate explained everything CORRECTLY and gave examples! Must stand maximum 3 points!
1 and 3 explanations are absolutely included in the Law, and in the second, the liquidation of the organization is replaced by the word bankruptcy, it is explained that the company is closing..
Article 3. Signs of bankruptcy of a legal entity
- A legal entity is considered unable to satisfy the claims of creditors for monetary obligations, for the payment of severance pay and (or) for wages of persons working or who worked under an employment contract, and (or) to fulfill the obligation to make mandatory payments, if the corresponding obligations and (or) obligation not executed by him within three months from the date on which they should have been executed.
(as amended by Federal Law dated June 29, 2015 N 186-FZ)
IT DOES NOT NEED TO FIRED EMPLOYEES, but logically it is correct.
Task 27. IT IS ALSO ABSOLUTELY UNCLEAR WHY THEY TOOK THE POINT.
If the concept is used correctly (I cannot understand this from the wording of the assignment, unfortunately), then 2-3 criteria of progress for modern society (the so-called humanitarian), used CORRECTLY!
The wording “level of satisfaction” is very vague and will not be counted!
The problem is that the concept of CRITERIA for progress is very vague, some researchers even believe that there are NO CRITERIA (Korotaev A.V. Social evolution: factors, patterns, trends. M: Eastern literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2003. - p. 7.)
From the latest information and research:
The Social Progress Index is a combined indicator of the international research project The Social Progress Imperative, which measures the achievements of countries around the world in terms of public well-being and social progress. Developed in 2013 under the leadership of Michael E. Porter, Chairman of The Social Progress Imperative, a Harvard University professor and expert in strategic management and international competitiveness. The Index's editorial board includes representatives from a number of leading universities and research centers, including Harvard Business School and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
The index covers countries for which reliable indicators are available and is based on a combination of data from public opinion polls (12%), assessments of development experts (25%) and statistical information from international organizations (61%).
When determining the success of a country in the field of social progress, over 50 indicators are taken into account, combined into three main groups:
Basic human needs are food, access to basic medical care, housing, access to water, electricity and sanitation, and the level of personal safety. In general, this falls under what is written “life satisfaction” (!)
The foundations of human well-being are access to basic knowledge and the level of literacy of the population, access to information and means of communication, level of healthcare, environmental sustainability.
Opportunities for human development - the level of personal and civil freedoms, ensuring the rights and opportunities of a person to make decisions and realize their potential.
Even if experts considered that the level of health care and mortality follows one from the other, you need to pay attention that this is statistically DIFFERENT indicators, The level of healthcare development, for example, is measured by the UN by the number of doctors per 1000 population!
YOU NEED TO APPEAL, DEMAND 1 point!
According to task 28, I am sure that two “mandatory” points were hit – 2, 3. It is logical that point 4 should have included examples of positive deviant behavior, but, in any case, there are at least 2 points here.
CRITERIA HAVE BEEN COMPLETED, NO ERRORS, MINIMUM 1 POINT NEEDS TO BE DISPUTED!
- “Social stratification is the actual stratification of society”
They took into account an example from India, although it is not very fully disclosed!
So, let's summarize!
For tasks 23 it is quite possible to ask for a revision of points, without the text I can’t say more precisely!
ASSIGNMENTS 26, 27 and 28 can receive 1 point for revision.
For essay 29 they can give 0 and subtract 2 points.
The result of the appeal to the Unified State Examination
What happened in the end? Like the vast majority of appeals, the appeal to the conflict commission ended in nothing, the result was abandoned. Here is a short story about the procedure itself:
Evgeniy Sergeevich, hello.
We didn’t “recapture” anything at all.
There's a blank wall there.
On those questions (to which you wrote about the “futility” of trying) or those where they suggested that Nikita’s initial formulation was incorrect, the commission gave exactly the same arguments as you, word for word. And they repeated after you in the essay (that you had to put 0).
According to 26, 27, 28, none of our arguments were taken into account and were explained by the fact that the criteria were not met.
By the way, I have a higher law degree and 15 years of practice, so I naturally got involved with her under Art. 81 Labor Code of the Russian Federation. But it was inflexibly stated that Nikita indicated a disciplinary violation as the third point, but it was necessary to write precisely that it should be a serious one-time violation. My arguments that the child specified in parentheses and revealed the meaning remained unheeded. When I tried to read the criteria from your tables and explain that they were met, I was told that they are different in the Far East 😳
In general, we have what we have 😄
In any case, I thank you very much. It's a pity that we met late. Good luck and all the best to you.
Unified State Examination in Social Studies 2018. Option 102. Part 1
The answers to tasks 1–20 are a word (phrase) or a sequence of numbers. Write down the answers in the answer fields in the text of the work, and then transfer them to ANSWER FORM No. 1 to the right of the numbers of the corresponding tasks, starting from the first cell, without spaces, commas and other additional characters. Write each character in a separate box in accordance with the samples given in the form.
№1 Write down the word missing in the table. Diversity of political parties
Answer: Liberal
Explanations: Liberal parties defend the idea of individual freedom.
№2
In the row below, find a concept that is generalizing for all other concepts presented. Write it down phrase.
Unitary enterprise, production cooperative, legal entity, limited partnership, joint-stock company.
Answer: legal entity
Explanations: A legal entity is a general entity for all other concepts.
№3
Below is a list of functions performed by banks. All of them, with the exception of two, belong to the sphere of activity of commercial banks.
1) opening and servicing of plastic cards; 2) purchase and sale of currency; 3) sale of traveler's checks; 4) servicing company accounts; 5) setting the discount rate; 6) issue of money.
Find two functions that “fall out” from the general series and write them in the table
the numbers under which they are indicated.
Answer: 56
Explanations: Setting the discount rate and issuing money are the functions of the Central Bank.
№4
Choose the correct judgments about social institutions and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) A social institution is a historically established organization of social practice.
2) The structure of a modern social institution, as a rule, is characterized by simplicity of relations.
3) Some social institutions can act as agents of socialization.
4) The political institutions of society traditionally include the market economy and property.
5) Social institutions streamline, coordinate individual actions of people, give them an organized and predictable character.
Answer: 135
Explanations: The socializing function is the function of social institutions; the ordered actions of people create stability.
№5 Establish a correspondence between needs and their types: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column
NEEDS
A) in public recognition
B) in communication
B) in satisfying hunger and thirst
D) in self-preservation
D) at work
TYPES OF NEEDS
1) social
2) biological (natural)
Answer: 11221
Explanations: You can complete the task using logical reasoning.
№6
The State Symphony Orchestra performed a symphony by a modern composer for the first time. Critics unanimously praised the musical work as an example of elite (high) culture. What allowed them to come to this conclusion? Write it down numbers, under which the signs of works of elite culture are indicated.
1) use of technical means for listening
2) the entertaining nature of the work
3) lack of a clearly expressed commercial orientation of the activities of the composer and performers
4) setting to follow the model that is adopted from previous generations
5) excessive complexity of the form of a musical work
6) difficulty in perceiving the work by unprepared listeners
Answer: 356
Explanations: Elite culture claims to stand high above the “ordinariness” of everyday life and to occupy the position of the “highest court” in relation to the socio-political problems of society.
№7
Choose the correct statements about the world economy and write down numbers, under which they are indicated.
1) The opening of domestic markets to foreign producers increases competition between market participants.
2) Sales of goods and services abroad are called imports.
3) The subjects of the world economy are national economies, transnational corporations, and international integration associations.
4) The opening of domestic markets to foreign producers contributes to a decrease in the income of all trading firms.
5) The trade balance is understood as the difference between the value of exports and imports for a certain period.
Answer: 135
Explanations: Judgments about the global economy: The opening of domestic markets to foreign producers increases competition between market participants. The subjects of the world economy are national economies, transnational corporations, and international integration associations. The trade balance is the difference between the value of exports and imports for a certain period.
№8
Establish a correspondence between the examples and types of taxes and fees in accordance with the Tax Code of the Russian Federation: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
EXAMPLES
A) corporate property tax
B) water tax
B) transport tax
D) trade fee
D) excise tax
TYPES OF TAXES
AND FEES IN THE RF
1) regional
2) local
3) federal
Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.
Answer: 13123
Explanations: Federal (VAT, excise tax, personal income tax, mineral extraction tax, water tax), regional (organizational property tax, gambling tax, transport tax), local (land tax, personal property tax, trade tax).
№9
The company provides services for external and internal cleaning of premises. Find in the list below examples of the firm's fixed costs in the short run. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) office security fee
2) purchasing detergents
3) payment for transport services
4) payment of piecework wages to employees
5) servicing a bank loan
6) rent for the company office
Answer: 156
Explanations: The company's costs in the short term: fees for office security, servicing a bank loan, rent for the company's office.
№10
The figure shows the change in demand for sailing yachts in the corresponding market: demand line D has moved to a new position - D1.
(P – price; Q – quantity.)
Find in the list below the conclusions that can be drawn from the diagram and write down numbers, under which they are indicated.
1) In 2007, the share of those who believe that the state should ensure a normal level of well-being for all citizens is greater than those who believe that the state should provide assistance only to those who find themselves in difficult life situations.
2) Equal shares of respondents from both groups found it difficult to answer.
3) In 2007, equal shares of respondents answered that a citizen must provide himself with everything necessary, and found it difficult to answer.
4) In 2017, the share of those who believe that a citizen should provide himself with everything necessary is greater than the share of those who believe that the state should provide a normal level of well-being to all citizens.
5) The share of those who believe that the state should help only those who are unable to provide for themselves has decreased over 10 years.
Answer: 125
№13
Choose the correct judgments about the state and its functions and write down numbers, under which they are indicated.
1) The external functions of the state include determining the general direction of the state’s economic policy in accordance with the achieved level of economic development.
2) Environmental requirements established by the state form the basis of the country’s environmental security.
3) The state creates a regulatory and organizational basis for the effective and high-quality activities of government bodies.
4) A state of any type has a monopoly right to law-making activities and taxation of individuals and legal entities.
5) The fundamental feature of any type of state is the implementation in it of the principle of separation of powers.
Answer: 234
Explanations: Judgment: Environmental requirements established by the state form the basis of the country's environmental security - very often found in Unified State Examination tasks as the correct answer.
№14 Establish a correspondence between the powers and the subjects of state power of the Russian Federation exercising these powers: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
POWERS
A) management of federal property
B) announcement of amnesty
C) implementation of measures to combat crime
D) resolution of disputes about competence between the highest state bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation
D) ensuring the execution of the federal budget
SUBJECTS OF STATE AUTHORITY OF THE RF
1) State Duma
2) Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation
3) Government of the Russian Federation
Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.
Answer: 31323
Explanations: For implementation, knowledge of the Constitution is used.
№15 State Z has undergone electoral reform. What changes in election legislation indicate the approval of the proportional electoral system? Write it down numbers, under which they are indicated.
1) introduction of universal, equal and direct suffrage
2) reflection of the progress of the election campaign in the media
3) introduction of an educational qualification for candidates for deputies
4) distribution of seats in parliament in accordance with the number of votes received by parties in the elections
5) voting on lists of political parties
6) introduction of a 7% electoral threshold for political parties
Answer: 456
Explanations: The introduction of a 7% electoral threshold refers to the proportional electoral system.
№16
Which of the following refers to the constitutional duties of a citizen of the Russian Federation Write down numbers, under which they are indicated.
1) engaging in entrepreneurial activity
2) defense of the Fatherland
3) care of adult able-bodied children for disabled parents
4) preservation of historical and cultural heritage
5) appeal to government authorities
Answer: 234
Explanations: K constitutional responsibilities of a citizen of the Russian Federation: protection of the Fatherland, care of adult able-bodied children for disabled parents, preservation of historical and cultural heritage.
№17
Choose the correct judgments about civil law. Write it down numbers, under which the relevant provisions are indicated.
1) Civil law includes a system of legal norms defining crime and punishability of acts.
2) The basis of the relationship between partners is the private interest and autonomous will of each participant in the legal relations that arise.
3) The rules of civil law regulate property and personal non-property relations.
4) Civil legal relations arising in connection with the creation and use of works of science, literature, art, etc. are regulated by copyright.
5) Methods of protecting civil rights established by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation include warning and disqualification.
Answer: 234
Explanations: Civil law regulates property and related non-property relations.
№18
Establish a correspondence between the examples and the grounds for termination of an employment contract in accordance with the Labor Code of the Russian Federation: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
EXAMPLES
A) Matvey Z. was declared completely incapable of working in accordance with a medical report.
B) Victoria K. found a more prestigious job.
C) The Occupational Safety and Health Commission found that Ivan Zh. violated labor safety requirements, which resulted in an industrial accident.
D) Irakli Z. did not perform his job duties without good reason and had several disciplinary sanctions.
D) 26-year-old Peter Ch. was sent to alternative civilian service.
GROUNDS FOR TERMINATION OF AN EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT
1) employee initiative
2) employer initiative
3) circumstances beyond the control of the parties
Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.
Answer: 31223
Explanations: The task can be completed by reasoning logically. Victoria K. found a more prestigious job. This benefits the employee.
№19
Leonid Vasilievich works as a notary. Find in the list of actions included in the terms of reference of a notary and write down numbers, under which they are indicated.
1) investigate crimes
2) make copies of documents and make extracts from them
3) provide explanations on issues related to the performance of actions within his competence
4) represent and defend the interests of the principal in court
5) exercise supervision over the implementation of laws by bodies carrying out inquiry and preliminary investigation
6) certify the marriage contract
Answer: 236
Explanations: Actions within the scope of the notary's powers: make copies of documents and make extracts from them, give explanations on the issues of performing actions within his competence, certify the marriage contract.
№20
Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing. Select from the list provided the words that need to be inserted in place of the gaps.
“According to the classical definition, ________(A) is a community of people based on marriage and (or) consanguinity, joint management of ________(B), moral mutual responsibility and spiritual attachment. It performs a whole range of functions that are essential for the existence of society: ________ (B) people; transfer from generation to generation of the most important social ________ (G), attitudes, knowledge. Its main functions also include organizing the household. The family carries out social ________(D). Family members provide each other with emotional support. The basis of the nuclear family is ________(E) - a state-sanctioned and regulated form of relationship between a man and a woman, defining their rights and responsibilities.”
The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word can only be used once.
Choose one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you will need to fill in the blanks.
List of terms:
1) marriage
2) reproduction
3) marriage
4) control
5) institute
6) farm
7) norm
8) family
9) mobility
The table below shows the letters representing the missing words. Write down the number of the word you chose in the table under each letter.
Answer: 862743
Part 2
To record answers to tasks in this part (21–29), use ANSWER FORM No. 2. First write down the task number (21, 22, etc.), and then a detailed answer to it. Write down your answers clearly and legibly.
Read the text and complete tasks 21–24.
In the process of development of society, its social structure does not remain unchanged. At the micro level, relationships, social connections, group composition, statuses and roles, and relationships between groups change. At the macro level, the quantitative composition of the lower and middle layers is changed by the economic situation and political decisions of the authorities, legal and moral
norms.
In addition, every person strives to improve his status. All this creates not a frozen, not static, but a dynamic picture of society. One of the processes of social dynamics is social mobility. The intensity of social mobility depends on the level of development of society, economic conditions, democratic relations, and the standard of living of the population.
Post-industrial society is characterized by intense vertical mobility. In a democratic society, where a person’s position does not depend on his prescribed status, nationality, religion, channels of vertical mobility are open, and everyone who meets certain requirements has the opportunity to improve their social status.
According to P. Sorokin, in a democratic society “there are many holes and elevators for ascent and descent...” Excessive social mobility, for example, a large number of people from the lower strata in management structures, indicates some kind of abnormality, a social cataclysm (revolution, war, epidemic , which destroyed many representatives of the upper strata at once).
In a democratic society, where there are no social, national and other restrictions, there is nevertheless a certain social mechanism that constrains mobility... This is a mechanism of competition, which manifests itself not only in economic struggle, but also in any struggle for increasing social status.
(B.A. Isaev)
№21 What changes in social structure at the micro level are noted in the text? What example of excessive social mobility does the author give? What indicators, in his opinion, do not affect a person’s position in a democratic society? (Name any two indicators.)
Answer:1) At the micro level, relationships, social connections, group composition, statuses and roles, and relationships between groups change. 2) The author gives an example of excessive social mobility: Excessive social mobility, for example, a large number of people from the lower strata in management structures. 3) Indicators, according to the author, that do not affect a person’s position in a democratic society: prescribed status, nationality.
Explanations: You can write your religion instead of your assigned status or nationality.
№22 Based on social science knowledge, explain the meaning of the concept of “vertical social mobility”. What conditions, according to the author, influence the intensity of social mobility? (Name any three conditions.) What social mechanism does he think holds back social mobility in a democratic society?
Answer: Vertical social mobility is the movement of an individual from one social level to another, with a change in social status. The intensity of social mobility depends on the level of development of society, economic conditions, and democratic relations. In a democratic society, social mobility is constrained by the mechanism of competition, which manifests itself not only in economic struggle, but also in any struggle to improve social status.
Explanations: You can write the standard of living of the population instead of the level of development of society or economic conditions, or democratic relations.
№23 Based on social science knowledge and facts of social life, name and illustrate with examples any three “elevators for ascent and descent.” (First name the social elevator, then give a corresponding example.) (Each example should be formulated in detail.)
Answer: 1. Education (University graduate of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics Evgenia Sokolova entered graduate school and after graduating and defending her PhD thesis became a candidate of technical sciences). 2. Professional activity (the leading manager of the Equator company, Alexander Titov, hardworking and executive, received a promotion and was appointed director of the department). 3. Marriage (The girl Natalya Gorelova married the owner of the large shopping center "Karat" Oleg Borodin, Natalia's social status increased).
Explanations: In this task, you need to show specific illustrative examples, with names and titles.
№24 Experts believe that artificial restrictions on social mobility by the state lead to negative consequences. Based on social science knowledge and facts of social life, name any three such consequences.
Answer: 1) With artificial restrictions on social mobility, social structures are not updated. Moving to a higher stratum, individuals bring innovation, strive for more advanced forms of life, and increase competition. 2) An individual, with artificial restrictions on social mobility, does not have the opportunity to reveal his talents and personal qualities; they can only be developed in higher strata of the population. 3) The negative consequence of artificial restrictions on social mobility will be expressed in the fact that due to the inaccessibility of certain specific benefits to lower social strata, social tension and aggressiveness will increase, and social conflicts will begin to grow.
Explanations: The answer must contain a specific cause-and-effect relationship.
№25 What meaning do social scientists give to the concept of “activity”? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, compose two sentences: one sentence containing information about the structure of the activity, and one sentence revealing any of the elements of the structure of the activity.
Answer: Activity is a form of a person’s active relationship to the world around him, which consists of its purposeful change and transformation. 1. The structure of activity includes subject, object, motive, goal, result, methods of achieving the goal. 2. A goal is an image of an anticipated result towards which the activity is aimed.
Explanations: It is recommended to learn definitions.
№26 Illustrate with three examples the effect of changes in the price of factors of production on the supply of goods and services. (First give an example, then name a factor of production.) (Each example should be formulated in detail.)
Answer: 1. Capital (The decrease in energy prices in the country of N. has made many energy-intensive industries profitable, the supply of goods for which has increased).
2. Labor (Trade unions in the country of N. achieved an increase in the minimum wage, so the costs of producers increased significantly. Consequently, some producers raised prices and reduced the supply of goods).
3. Land (In the country of N., due to the unstable economic situation, the owners of agricultural plots increased the price of their rent. As a result, producers of natural products increased prices and decreased the supply of goods).
Explanations: You could provide other examples in your answer; your own reasoning is very important. It was possible to show not a decrease, but an increase in prices.
№27 In state Z, legislative power is exercised by parliament, and the popularly elected head of state forms the government and heads the executive branch. Citizens have full rights and freedoms, and civil society institutions are developed. State Z includes eight territories that have a certain political and legal independence and the right to adopt their own constitutions that do not contradict the basic law of the country. What is the form of state (territorial) structure of state Z? Indicate the fact according to the problem conditions on the basis of which you established this. Name any two features of this form of state (territorial) structure that are not mentioned in the problem statement.
Answer: 1. The form of state (territorial) structure of state Z is a federation.
2. The fact on the basis of which it was established. State Z includes eight territories that have a certain political and legal independence and the right to adopt their own constitutions that do not contradict the basic law of the country.
3. Two features of a federation are not mentioned in the problem statement: Bicameral structure of parliament. The existence of two systems of government bodies: federal bodies and bodies of federal subjects.
Explanations: From the conditions of the problem, you need to select facts related to the state territorial structure.
№28 You have been instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic “Alternative civil service in the Russian Federation.” Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in subparagraphs.
Answer:
- The concept of alternative civil service
- Term of alternative civil service
- 21 months (including two holidays).
- 18 months (for citizens serving in organizations of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies).
- The main replacements for military service under conscription ACS
- Carrying out military service is contrary to the convictions or religion of a citizen
- The citizen belongs to a small indigenous people and leads a traditional way of life, carries out traditional farming and is engaged in traditional crafts
- Citizens are not sent to alternative civil service
- Have grounds for exemption from conscription for military service
- Not subject to conscription
- I have grounds for granting a deferment from conscription for military service
- Place of alternative military service for citizens
- In organizations subordinate to the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation
- In organizations of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, other troops, military formations and bodies as civilian personnel
- In organizations of traditional economic sectors and traditional crafts
- Signs that are taken into account when determining the type of work in which a citizen sent to alternative civil service can be employed
Explanations: During preparation, it is recommended to be sure to learn the reasons for replacing conscription military service with alternative civilian service.
By completing task 29, you can demonstrate your knowledge and skills oncontent that is more attractive to you. To this endchoose only ONE of the statements below(29.1–29.5).
№29
Choose one of the statements below and write a mini-essay based on it.
Identify, at your discretion, one or more main ideas of the topic raised by the author and expand on it (them).
When revealing the main idea(s) you have identified, in your reasoning and conclusions, use social science knowledge (relevant concepts, theoretical positions), illustrating them with facts and examples from public life and personal social experience, examples from others educational subjects.
To illustrate the theoretical positions, reasoning and conclusions you have formulated, please provide at least two facts/examples from various sources. Each fact/example cited must be formulated in detail and clearly related to the illustrated position,
reasoning, conclusion.
29.1 Philosophy“Progress only indicates the direction of movement, and it is indifferent to what awaits at the end of this path - good or evil.” (J. Huizinga)
29.2 Economics“Entrepreneurial activity serves the interests not only of the individual, but also of society as a whole.” (S.N. Kanareikin)
29.3 Sociology, social psychology“True patriotism as a private manifestation of love for humanity does not coexist with hostility towards individual nations.” (N.A. Dobrolyubov)
29.4 Political science“The ruler must not only want and decide, but also systematically lead others to a consistent will or decision.” (I.A. Ilyin)
29.5 Jurisprudence“Laws are the most beautiful invention of reason, but, while providing peace to peoples, they diminish their freedom.” (L. Vauvenargues)
There is an opinion among schoolchildren that social studies is the simplest subject of the Unified State Exam. Many people choose it for this reason. But this is a misconception that takes away from serious preparation.
Changes in KIM Unified State Exam 2020 in social studies:
- There are no changes in the structure and content of the CMM.
- The wording of tasks 28 and 29 has been detailed and adjustments have been made to their assessment system.
Where to start preparing for the Unified State Examination in social studies?
1. Learn theory.
For this purpose, theoretical material has been selected for each task, which you need to know and take into account when completing the task. There will be questions with a philosophical bias (man and society) and sociological (relations in society). Remember that there are only 8 topics: society
- Human
- cognition
- spiritual sphere (culture)
- social sphere
- economy
- policy
- right
Indicate what topics the survey will be on in the assignments. Within each topic there are many smaller subtopics that you should pay attention to while studying.
To obtain a high result, the examinee must confidently operate with basic concepts and terms. Analyze information provided in graphical form. Work with text. Reason competently within the framework of the problem posed, concisely express your thoughts in writing.
Important tip: When preparing, you should not use materials and manuals for 2016 and earlier, since they have lost compliance with the updated tasks.
2. Study well the structure of assignments and their evaluation system.
The examination ticket is divided into two parts:
- Tasks 1 to 20, requiring a short answer (word, phrase or number);
- Tasks 21 to 29 - with a detailed answer and mini-essays.
The assessment of Unified State Exam assignments in social studies was distributed as follows:
- 1 point - for tasks 1, 2, 3, 10, 12.
- 2 points - 4-9, 11, 13-22.
- 3 points - 23, 24, 26, 27.
- 4 points - 25, 28.
- 6 points - 29.
You can score a maximum of 65 points.
The minimum must be 43 total points.
Pay special attention to Unified State Exam assignments with detailed answers in social studies.
3. Solving Unified State Exam assignments in social studies.
The more test tasks you complete, the stronger your knowledge will be. The tasks are based on
Preparation for the OGE and the Unified State Exam
Secondary general education
Line UMK G. A. Bordovsky. Social Studies (10-11)
Line UMK G. A. Bordovsky. Social Studies (6-9)
Unified State Exam in Social Studies: analysis of tasks with a teacher
We analyze the tasks and arrange answers to the questions of the social studies exam.Every year, almost half of all Russian graduates take the Unified State Examination in social studies - this is the most popular exam after the Russian language and mathematics. The reasons are clear - the results of this test are necessary for admission to many humanities specialties.
The exam consists of two parts, containing 29 tasks: For the first 20 tasks (No. 1–20), you need to give a short answer - choose the correct one from the one proposed, correlate the different options with each other, and enter the missing word. The remaining 9 tasks (No. 21-29) must be answered in detail.
235 minutes are given to complete the work.
Exam evaluation criteria. The passing score for the exam is 19 primary points, for this you need to accurately complete the first 13 tasks.
Despite the fact that a hundred-point scale is used when assessing results, many are interested in what rating he received on a five-point scale. Let's give the equivalent: “satisfactory” - 42-54 points, “good” - 55-66 points, “excellent” - from 67 points.
Romana Nikolaevna Kis, history and social studies teacher, 20 years of work experience:“Before starting work, I recommend that my students read the entire text of the work in order to have a general understanding of the materials presented in the work. In brainstorming conditions, the internal resource of the body is used and with further completion of tasks, the effect of novelty will be eliminated, the student will be ready to perceive each new task. As materials for work, we use a set of materials for preparing students in social studies FIPI Unified State Exam 2017. Option No. 7.”
Read also: Unified State Examination in History: reviewing assignments with the teacher
When performing this task, you should always look at the title of the table. In this case, the table is called “Factors of Production”, it indicates one of the factors - Earth, and its characteristics are given. The main factors of production are known: land, labor, capital (physical and monetary), entrepreneurial abilities and information. We look at the indicated characteristic - the activities of people, the use of mental and physical abilities acquired in the learning process, etc. refer us to such a factor of production as work. It is important for students to remember the factor income of each factor of production; this allows them to more accurately answer questions related to factors of production.
This task requires knowledge of a generic concept (in the question it sounds like a generalizing concept). In this case we see: abilities as individual characteristics of a person; worldview as a system of views, concepts and ideas of a person about the world and his place in it; character as certain properties and qualities of a person that influence the behavior of an individual; interest as a conscious need that characterizes people’s attitude towards objects and phenomena of reality. That is, when performing this task, it is recommended to mentally give an explanation to each concept. With this approach, it soon becomes clear that in this task the generic, i.e. generalizing for all these concepts will be the concept personalities- a set of socially significant properties and qualities, which will include abilities, interests, character and worldview.
In this task we are asked about Galina’s social traits (qualities). We remember that a person is biosocial, we remember what human traits express his sociality (the most important personality properties: knowledge about the world and about oneself, skills, social experience, moral values). Therefore, blonde hair and brown eyes show Galina’s natural, individual features. But the fact that she is kind and sympathetic are socially significant properties of her personality. Answer 2 is correct. The external attractiveness of a girl also indicates her individual characteristics given to her by nature, as does her height. But the fact that Galina is an honest person, and is also friends with many of her classmates, shows how much she knows how to live and interact in society. So: 2,5,6.
We remember that an important element of market self-regulation is competition, and also do not forget the types of market competition and their essential characteristics (pure (free) competition, monopolistic, oligopoly, pure monopoly, monopsony). Considering first judgment, we cannot say unequivocally that a monopoly has only disadvantages. On the one hand, yes - the market mechanism demonstrates a tendency towards monopolization of production, since in order to protect against competitors, collusions and mergers occur. But we know about the sanitizing or health-improving function of the market. In market conditions, unprofitable enterprises go bankrupt, the economy is freed from ineffective economic activities, and more powerful industries strengthen and prosper. Therefore, it is difficult to speak unequivocally about the disadvantages of a monopoly. Second judgment true, because a monopolist, having no competitors, independently sets prices for its products. That is why the role of the state pursuing antimonopoly policy is so important. Third judgment right. Oligopoly is characterized by the existence of several large firms in the market - from two to five, which control the bulk of the market. In the fourth judgment signs of pure (free) competition are given, when the price is set as a result of balancing supply and demand, and individual sellers cannot influence the price of the product, so the answer is incorrect. Fifth judgment- correct, because In a monopsony, a single buyer dictates the price and sales volume. Answer: 2,3,5.
When completing task 12 in the Unified State Exam in social studies, you need to carefully read the terms of the sociological survey. In this case, they found out how many domestic and imported products were on the shelves of stores in their localities. The chart shows data for 2005 and 2015. Before reading the judgments presented, you should carefully study the diagram yourself. In 2005, the share of domestic and imported products, according to respondents, was the same, and 40% of respondents think so. Next comes the position - domestic products 30%. In 2015, half of the respondents chose the position of domestic products. A trend toward an increase in the share of domestic products was also observed in 2005. In both cases, the least choice of answer is - I find it difficult to answer. Now we look at the judgments presented in the answer options. First answer corresponds to the trend we identified: the share of those who noted that stores carry more domestic goods has increased over 10 years. The answer is correct. Second answer- No. The share of those who responded that imported goods increased decreased rather than increased by 2015. Third answer correct, since the share of those who noted an equal amount of domestic imported goods actually decreased. Fourth answer- incorrect, the share of those who found it difficult to answer was smaller in 2005 than the share of those who answered about the dominance of imported goods. AND fifth answer correct, since we immediately, when analyzing the materials, identified this trend - in 2015, half of the respondents answered that the share of domestic goods is higher than imported ones.
When completing task 16, it is necessary to remember the basics of the constitutional system of the Russian Federation and especially the characteristics of the principle of political pluralism (the ban on the establishment of an official ideology, political diversity, freedom of political opinions and actions, opposition as the basis of a multi-party system). First position has no relation to political pluralism, since it reveals the principle of federalism in the Russian Federation - the equality of the subjects of the Russian Federation. Second, third and fourth positions reveal the essence of the principle of political pluralism. Fifth position It also reveals the principle of federalism of the Russian Federation - state integrity. Answer: 2, 3, 4.
Analyzing the materials of task 17, we highlight the basic concepts and norms related to criminal law. Article 2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation defines the tasks of criminal law. This is the protection of the most significant social relations (human rights and freedoms, property, public order and public safety, ensuring peace and human security from criminal attacks). Means, first judgment about the protective function of criminal law will be correct. Second judgment is also true, because a fine and life imprisonment are punishments provided for by the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Third judgment True, it reflects the main characteristics of criminal law as a branch of Russian law. Fourth proposition incorrect, since the principles of equality of parties, property independence, independence, autonomy of will relate to private law - Civil Law of the Russian Federation. Fifth judgment is incorrect - business turnover as a source of law relates to Civil Law.
Task 18 is related to Labor Law. Here we consider one of the parties to the labor relationship - the employer, his rights and obligations. The employer, when concluding a collective agreement with employee representatives, is obliged to provide complete and reliable information necessary for concluding a collective agreement, reaching an agreement and monitoring their implementation. Answer A- responsibilities. The employer has the right to demand that employees perform their labor duties. Answer B- rights. Ensuring working conditions provided for by law, as well as compensating for harm caused to employees in connection with the performance of their job duties (the employee’s right to labor safety) are the responsibilities of the employer. Answers B, D- responsibilities. Answer D- is the right of the employer to conduct collective negotiations and conclude collective agreements.
Task 19 requires a clear knowledge of the grounds for obtaining Russian citizenship on a general basis. Obtaining citizenship on a general basis means: continuous residence in the territory of the Russian Federation for 5 years, renunciation of the citizenship of another state (this position is indicated in the task - Jose-Luis applied to the authorized body of state Z with an application to renounce citizenship), the presence of a legal source of funds existence, compliance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and legislation, knowledge of the Russian language. Thus, answers 2, 3, 5 are true.
When completing task 20, you first need to try to read the text and substitute the words yourself, this is how you achieve an understanding of the semantic content of the text, and when reading it again, turn to the list of available words. We try to read, inserting words that are similar in meaning, then select from those available in the task.
“Social control is a mechanism by which society ensures compliance with certain rules, violation (A) which damages the functioning of the social system (in this case, compliance with rules, the violation of which causes damage shows the consequences of non-compliance with the rules). In this capacity are morality and law, customs (B), administrative decisions, etc. (here is a list of types of social norms). The effect of social control comes down mainly to the application of various sanctions (IN) to violators of accepted social norms (it is logical that for violation of social norms there is a sanction - an element of social control). At the same time, social control involves rewards for compliance (G) social norms (here are signs of social control - connections with sanctions - punishments for violating norms and rewards for their compliance).
Social control acts as an element of any management system (D) a social process, as a feedback mechanism that ensures the execution of the commands of the governing body (the regulatory function of social control is reflected here).
Social control can be found in the earliest societies. With the development of productive forces and division of labor, the role of social control increases, and its social structure becomes more complex. Social institutions emerge (E)"dealing almost exclusively with social control (for example, the judiciary)."
When starting to complete tasks on texts 21-24, you should initially read the text very carefully and highlight the main semantic fragments of the text. Work through the text with a pencil to ensure maximum absorption of the content.
Based on Article 27, paragraph 2, a marriage is declared invalid by the court. According to paragraph 4 of Article 27, a marriage is recognized as invalid from the moment of its conclusion. A marriage is called fictitious if the spouses or one of them registered the marriage without the intention of starting a family.
Title of the article: “Cases when an invalid marriage is recognized as valid.”
When the assignment says to illustrate with an example, it means it is necessary to give a specific example, a life situation.
Citizen N. and citizen D., having entered into a fictitious marriage, a year later gave birth to a son, K., and are raising him together, living together, and having a common family budget. They attend courses for young parents (in this example we can observe how fictitious conditions for marriage have grown into family ones).
The law considers a conscientious spouse to be one of the spouses whose rights were violated by the conclusion of an invalid (fictitious) marriage. If we are asked to model a situation, this means that we must provide specific examples illustrating the property rights of a conscientious spouse. Right to receive content. Citizen K., recognized by the court as a bona fide spouse after a court decision to dissolve an invalid (fictitious) marriage, was assigned by the court maintenance in the amount of 30 thousand rubles monthly from the person who entered into a fictitious marriage with her. Recognition of the terms of the marriage contract. After the court declared the marriage between citizen S. and citizen K. invalid, citizen S., recognized by the court as a bona fide spouse, was retained the right to shared property established under the terms of the marriage contract.
In order to answer the question posed, you need to understand what is the subject of family law: relations associated with marriage and termination of marriage; personal non-property and property relations between family members and here we will find a field for our assumption. Because the important issues here are raising children, acquiring and dividing property, providing assistance to disabled family members; relations arising in connection with the placement into a family of children left without parental care.
1. Equality of rights of spouses in realizing their interests. The Constitution of the Russian Federation guarantees men and women equal rights and freedoms and equal opportunities for their implementation. Therefore, upon marriage, the state guarantees spouses equal opportunities in the implementation of family and marital relations. For example, the conditions for marriage and circumstances that prevent marriage.
2. Protecting the interests of disabled and minor family members. According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, motherhood, childhood, and the family are under the protection of the state. Therefore, in the event of divorce in which the spouses have minor children, the marriage will be dissolved in court, under the control of state authorities.
3. Prioritize raising children. The state prioritizes the responsibility of parents to care for the well-being and development of their children. If the parents do not comply with the established procedure, the parents may be deprived of parental rights; here state coercion comes into force.
This task can only be successfully completed if you know the basic concepts of the course. A social institution is a historically established form of organizing the joint activities of people, implementing socially useful functions. The main social institutions in the economic sphere are property, banks, and the firm. Social institutions - family, kindergarten, school - perform the most important function of social institutions - they ensure the socialization of individuals.
1. Leads to monopolization of production, since protection from competition stimulates collusion and mergers. In this situation, the state can, through its coercive power, prohibit merger agreements, adopt antitrust legislation, or apply economic sanctions to monopolists.
2. Does not guarantee solutions to socio-economic problems: unemployment, inflation, the State takes measures to regulate the amount of money in circulation, sets the interest rate, the volume of investment, and the exchange rate. All these measures are aimed at combating inflation. To combat unemployment, the state sets the minimum wage, the length of the working day and rest time, and freezes prices in order to reduce the level of social tension in society.
3. Distributes economic benefits based on the results of competition, which leads to social inequality. State support for small and medium-sized businesses, which will create a healthy competitive environment and many jobs, redistribution of income to eliminate excessive social inequality, equalizing the level of socio-economic development of regions.
Read each episode carefully and immediately find a fragment related to the form of the state. The head of state is elected by popular vote - we are talking about a republic. Adhering to a universally binding ideology is a sign of totalitarianism. Constant state control over all spheres of social life is a sign of totalitarianism. Extrajudicial persecution of opposition movements is a sign of totalitarianism. The state includes territories that do not have political independence - a sign of a unitary state. The components of the form of a state include: form of government, political regime and state-territorial structure.
1. Form of government - republic (The head of state is elected by popular vote);
2. Political regime - totalitarian;
The state-territorial structure is a unitary state (the State includes territories that do not have political independence).
To write a plan for any social science topic, you must clearly understand the structure of studying the topic. Because the plan is aimed at recreating the structure of the topic. The writing of the plan depends on the quality of assimilation of the topic material and understanding of its structure. In this case, the topic of the plan is clear and transparent. We are talking about the most important social science phenomenon - socialization. It is important to reveal such a topic through the very characteristics of socialization, then show the stages of socialization, the agents of socialization, the functions of socialization, touch on the issues of resocialization and desocialization, and end the plan with a problematic question regarding the topic of the plan.
1.
Socialization as the process of an individual’s assimilation of social norms and values of society necessary for a successful life in society.
2.
Stages of socialization:
A) primary (socialization of the child);
B) secondary (school, university);
C) final (socialization of an adult acquiring new social roles - husband, father, grandfather)
3.
Agents of socialization:
A) primary socialization (family, school, group of friends);
B) secondary socialization (university, army, church, media, etc.)
4.
Socialization functions:
A) mastering a system of knowledge about the world, man, society;
B) gaining experience of interaction in society;
C) mastering moral norms and values;
D) mastering skills, abilities, competencies
5.
Processes of desocialization and resocialization.
6.
The problem of the influence of the environment on the processes of socialization of a person’s personality.
When writing an essay, first of all, it is necessary to clearly understand the sphere of society to which the chosen topic relates. You should carefully read the proposed topics, analyze your knowledge base, understand which of the topics you have a clearer understanding of the conceptual apparatus of the topic, and for which of the topics you can give the most relevant examples.
In this case, we choose a topic from the economics section. Read the quote carefully. We understand that the problem of limited resources immediately arises, given the boundless (endless) needs of man. In essence, the main question of economics is how to satisfy the unlimited needs of a person with limited economic resources. The quote touches on another problem - the impossibility of satisfying all human needs, which means the need to make a choice in favor of the most necessary goods. So, we are addressing the problems of a literate consumer.
Writing an essay:
In this statement, the authors raise the most important economic problem - the limited resources necessary for the production of material goods. As is known, there are very few free goods in nature, unlimited and available to all who need them. Economic goods - means necessary to satisfy people's needs and are at the disposal of society in a limited amount, cannot satisfy endless human desires in full. Here we come to the main question of economic theory: how to satisfy the endless and growing needs of the population with limited material resources? The problem of limited resources leads society to the need to make choices. The choice is made by producers of material goods, using the necessary resources known to us as factors of production (land, labor, capital, entrepreneurial abilities, information). Each of these productive resources has its own limitations. Thus, labor, as a factor of production associated with the activities of people in the production of goods and services through the use of their physical and intellectual capabilities and skills, may be limited by the size of the working population, territorial location or professional competencies. It is well known that land, as a factor of production, including all types of natural resources available on the planet and suitable for the production of material goods, is limited by natural topography, the amount of suitable land required for agriculture, or the presence and development of minerals and their exhaustibility. Physical capital will be limited by the level of scientific and technological development of society, and monetary capital - by the volume of money supply in circulation by the state and the level of inflation. Only 13% of the planet's population has entrepreneurial abilities, which shows the rarity of their talent. Information as a factor of production will be at least limited by the level of science and education in a particular economic system. In addition to the main factors of production, such factors as the general culture of production and consumption, science, the state of morality, and the level of legal consciousness play an important role in economic life. The manufacturer, relying on the initial available economic goods, taking into account production costs - the manufacturer’s costs for the acquisition and use of production factors and the amount of economic profit (the difference between the total revenue of the company and economic costs), which will allow assessing the possibility of the existence of the enterprise, will produce the product that will be the maximum beneficial for him in conditions of market competition.
An example is the Model N, the fifth model of the Henry Ford company, which became a real bestseller in production and consumption. It was cheap and reliable, strong and unpretentious. In 1906, Ford managed to sell 2,194 copies - a huge success by the standards of the early twentieth century. In America at that time, 485 American companies offered their products to consumers. The production technology was simple, but the average price of a car in the 1900s was $1000 - fantastic money for that time. Henry Ford understood even then that it was possible to beat competitors only if prices were lowered. And he succeeded; Ford created not only a cheap, but also a reliable car that was in great demand among buyers. An example is the Mercedes company, which, during the global economic crisis of 2008-2010, abandoned the mass production of five-door expensive models and switched to the production of three-door models, which made it possible, first of all, to save jobs at the enterprise, not to close factories, located on the territories of other states. And preserve the consumer market.
Let us turn again to another part of the quote, which states that it is impossible to have everything you want, so you have to choose. The problem of economic choice is important not only for the manufacturer, but also for the consumer. Willingness to acquire goods has two sides: desire and opportunity. Opportunity is associated with such an economic concept as demand - the buyer’s willingness to purchase goods and services at a certain price at a certain point in time and in certain quantities. In other words, demand expresses the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity of it that buyers are willing and able to buy. Non-price factors also have a great influence on the quantity of demand. An example is the cosmetics market, which is traditionally one of the most dynamic and profitable sectors of the economy.
It is known that before the crisis of the summer of 1998, experts estimated the annual volume of the cosmetic market at 3 billion US dollars. After the crisis, this amount fell by almost half. However, the crisis has provided an opportunity for domestic producers to take the lead. As a result, there was almost complete import substitution of goods in the middle price category. The non-price factor played a role here. After the crisis, domestic manufacturers were able to overcome the consumer stereotype “only imported cosmetics can be good” by offering customers a high-quality product. Today, the Russian cosmetics industry has excellent prerequisites for growth: the country has a developed chemical industry, a significant number of specialists and scientific laboratories. In addition, national traditions force women to spend significant sums on maintaining beauty. The climatic conditions of Russia require special skin care, which creates additional opportunities for the manufacturer, but consumers always have the opportunity to make their choice.
*Since May 2017, the united publishing group "DROFA-VENTANA" has been part of. The corporation also includes the publishing house "Astrel", the company for equipping educational organizations with equipment "DROFA-new school" and the digital educational platform "LECTA". Alexander Brychkin, a graduate of the Financial Academy under the Government of the Russian Federation, Candidate of Economic Sciences, head of innovative projects of the DROFA publishing house in the field of digital education (electronic forms of textbooks, Russian Electronic School, digital educational platform LECTA) was appointed General Director. Before joining the DROFA publishing house, he held the position of vice president for strategic development and investments of the publishing holding EKSMO-AST. Today, the publishing corporation "Russian Textbook" has the largest portfolio of textbooks included in the Federal List - 485 titles (approximately 40%, excluding textbooks for special schools). The corporation's publishing houses own the most popular sets of textbooks in Russian schools in physics, drawing, biology, chemistry, technology, geography, astronomy - areas of knowledge that are needed for the development of the country's productive potential. The corporation's portfolio includes textbooks and teaching aids for primary schools, which were awarded the Presidential Award in the field of education. These are textbooks and manuals in subject areas that are necessary for the development of the scientific, technical and production potential of Russia.
The Unified State Exam in Social Studies is an exam that graduates take at their choice, often paired with history if they plan to enter universities with a certain specialization: law, management, management and a number of similar areas. This item is also popular because it is considered one of the easiest. As part of the course, the features of sociology, social studies, and political science are studied - this knowledge will be useful not only in the exam, but also in everyday life. After entering a university, thorough knowledge in this field allows you to quickly understand many specialized disciplines.
Like other tests, social studies tasks are divided into three types according to difficulty level: basic, advanced and high. The number of tasks may change every year, but this figure is in the range of 28-32 questions. All work is divided into 2 parts:
- To determine the level of basic knowledge and mastery of theory, test tasks are used when you need to choose the correct option from several proposed ones. The answer is entered on the form. Within this block there may also be tasks to establish correspondences and indicate a short answer to the question.
- The second part involves writing an essay on a given topic, detailed answers to questions, and formulation of terms and concepts. It is important to give answers with scientific justification, based on theoretical knowledge.
The most valuable task is the last task - the essay. At its core, it is a small essay where you need to not just express an opinion, but back it up with facts, state your own position, structure the text logically and competently, and be concise. This skill must be practiced in preparation for the exam.
To write an essay, the subject is offered several topics - you can choose according to your taste. Topics concern politics, social thought, culture, the development of science, sometimes aphorisms and proverbs are taken as a topic.
- Take online testing to identify weaknesses and gaps in knowledge - this will help you focus on correcting these errors during the preparation process.
- Study the theory: terms, patterns, concepts.
- To prepare thoroughly, use textbooks, reference books, and recommended manuals.
- Beginning of preparation - familiarization with , it gives a clear outline of what to look for.
- Rationally distribute time to work on tasks of varying levels of complexity.
- Be careful! The reason for many mistakes is inattention to assignments - you should not be lazy to read the question to the end.
- Preparation should begin in advance - it is unlikely that you will be able to understand all the features of the course in a couple of months.
- Exercise