Chlamydia medications for men. Chlamydia in women: symptoms
The results of the study of chlamydial infection obtained in last years, allowed us to better understand how chlamydia is transmitted and the mechanisms of its development in the body, to reconsider the role of the pathogen in the occurrence of diseases not only of an infectious, but also of a somatic nature, its impact on intrauterine development fetus and the course of the postpartum period. Knowledge of the cause and mechanism of development of the disease helps to comply with preventive measures or treatment prescribed by a doctor.
Etiology and pathogenesis of chlamydia
The most common type of pathogen among people from the genus Chlamydia is the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis, which causes urogenital chlamydia - a lesion of the genitourinary system . The disease is a serious medical and social problem due to the possibility of a hidden course and the ability of the bacterium to survive in the human body for a long time.
The disease is widespread throughout the world, especially in large cities, and in its frequency is second only to trichomoniasis. The source is a sick person. The infectious process in his body can occur in an acute or chronic form, with or without clinical manifestations.
Routes of infection
Infection with urogenital chlamydia occurs:
- Mainly sexually. Among sexually transmitted infections, Chlamydia trachomatis is one of the most common bacterial pathogens (after trichomoniasis).
- Vertical (intrauterine).
- Contact and household (very rare).
Development of the disease
Each cycle of its reproduction lasts two to three days, after which it destroys the cell, enters the intercellular space and penetrates into new cells. Treatment of chlamydia with antibiotics is effective only at the stage of intracellular growth and reproduction of the bacterium.
The development of a chronic process occurs as a result of the absorption of the pathogen by monocytes (phagocytosis), which are carried by the blood and deposited in various tissues and organs. The bacteria found in them modify the specificity of the cellular response to irritants and damage, deprive the body of a biological defense mechanism, disrupt the mechanisms of natural cell death, etc. Thus, they themselves become antigens and transform the cells affected by them into antigens, stimulating the production of antibodies by the immune system against these tissues, perceived by the body as a foreign agent.
Life cycle of chlamydia: ET - elementary bodies; RT - reticular bodies
How dangerous is chlamydia?
The further development of the disease depends on the size of the infection, the activity of microorganisms, the state of the immune system and other reasons. Therefore, serious complications of urogenital chlamydia almost always occur against the background of disturbances in immune regulation in the body. Such complications include chlamydial atherosclerosis with coronary disease (especially in men), arthritis, pneumonia, cholecystitis, perihepatitis, ocular chlamydia, pelvic peritonitis, a combination of inflammation of the urethra (urethritis) with conjunctivitis and arthritis (Reiter's syndrome).
Chlamydia and pregnancy
A feature of inflammation of the fallopian tubes and/or ovaries is a subacute or mild course, characterized by the absence of aggravation of the process or exacerbations. In the future, it leads to ectopic (ectopic) pregnancy or infertility due to the formation of adhesive tubal obstruction and other anatomical changes. The possibility of penetration of bacteria to the fetus through the placental barrier has been proven.
On early stages pregnancy, which is complicated by chlamydia, may occur:
- primary placental insufficiency, the final result of which is a decrease in the supply of nutrients and oxygen to the fetus and the cessation of pregnancy development (non-developing pregnancy) or its interruption as a spontaneous abortion;
- malformations, hemorrhagic syndrome, cerebral hemorrhage, renal-hepatic or adrenal insufficiency in the fetus;
- damage to the child’s lungs, meninges, pulmonary and cerebral vascular plexuses;
- the development of infectious inflammation in the digestive tract or lungs of the child even before birth, caused by aspiration or ingestion of chlamydia-infected amniotic fluid.
For more later During pregnancy, infection with chlamydial infection often leads to the development of secondary placental insufficiency and disruption of its production of amniotic fluid, premature birth or premature rupture of the membranes.
All these factors cause the death of a fetus or child in the womb or in the immediate period after its birth. But most often, the impact of infection is limited only to damage to the placenta with the subsequent development of adaptive and compensatory mechanisms in it. Therefore, timely diagnosis and adequate treatment of chlamydia during pregnancy provide a chance for its successful resolution without consequences for the mother and child.
Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of chlamydial infection
They can be very diverse - from significantly pronounced signs of acute inflammation to the complete absence of symptoms, that is, latent carriage, in which talk about clinical manifestations makes no sense at all.
This is especially true for women. Symptoms of an inflammatory process in the urethra or bladder are much less common in them than in men. In addition, women often do not pay attention to them, since due to the peculiarities of the anatomical structure of their genitourinary system, the severity clinical manifestations insignificant, and laboratory tests of smears taken during a preventive examination are uninformative and are not targeted.
In accordance with the clinical course and symptoms in the International Classification, urogenital chlamydial infection is divided into:
- uncomplicated, i.e. affecting the lower parts of the genitourinary system - urethritis, cystitis, vulvovaginitis, endocervicitis;
- complicated by inflammatory processes in the upper parts of the genitourinary system: in women - the pelvic organs, in men - orchitis and epididymitis;
- infection of the anorectal area (the area of the anus and rectum);
- chlamydial pharyngitis;
- infection of other locations.
IN practical work In order to conveniently select adequate treatment, many doctors distinguish between urogenital chlamydia:
- Lower parts of the genitourinary system.
- Upper parts of the genitourinary system.
- Persistent (long-term sluggish or asymptomatic) or recurrent (with exacerbations).
Signs of chlamydia in men
The clinical picture appears 1-2 weeks, and sometimes 1 month after infection. Most common symptoms:
- The presence of scanty, very rarely abundant mucous or mucopurulent discharge from the urethra.
- Feeling of discomfort, burning, itching and pain during urination.
- Dysuric disorders - frequent urge and/or difficulty urinating, urinary incontinence. The intensity of dysuric phenomena ranges from moderate to severe.
- Hyperemia (redness) and swelling of the “sponges” of the external opening of the urethra, and sometimes the foreskin of the penis.
The onset of the disease is rarely acute. More often, a subacute or mild course is observed, and in 50% of men there are no symptoms at all. However, with a careful questioning of the patient, he can recall episodes of rapidly passing dysuric disorders.
Complications may include orchitis (inflammation of the testicles), vesiculitis (inflammation of the seminal vesicles), epididymitis (inflammation of the epididymis), prostatitis, infertility, etc.
Symptoms of chlamydia in women
Subjective symptoms of an inflammatory process in the urethra or bladder in women occur only in 25% - much less often than in men.
Chlamydia, through infected sperm, as well as from foci in the lower sections, can spread upward through the cervical canal and the uterine cavity into the fallopian tubes, and can also be carried with blood and lymph into the pelvic organs and peritoneum. At the same time, it causes endometritis, salpingoophoritis and, as a consequence, ectopic pregnancy, peritonitis in the pelvic cavity (pelvioperitonitis). The rise of infection from the lower parts of the genitourinary system is facilitated by artificial termination of pregnancy, various diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and operations.
Main symptoms:
- Scanty, sometimes copious discharge from the genital tract of a serous-purulent nature, often mixed with blood.
- Feeling of discomfort and heaviness above the pubis.
- Uterine bleeding after sexual intercourse, and sometimes unrelated to anything.
- Subjectively unmotivated pain in the pelvic cavity.
- Paraurethritis is an inflammation of the rudimentary glands and ducts located next to the urethra.
- Bartholinitis is an inflammation of the Bartholin glands located at the entrance to the vagina.
- Dyspareunia, sometimes severe. It represents pain, discomfort during, before or after sexual intercourse in the absence of signs of vaginismus - spasm of the pelvic and vaginal muscles, like cramps, making sexual intercourse difficult.
When examining a woman by a gynecologist through mirrors, the following changes are determined:
- Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the vaginal cervix (cervicitis) is the most common symptom of chlamydial urogenital infection. It is manifested by swelling, redness and severe bleeding of the mucous membrane of the cervix when touched with a tampon. The external os of the cervical canal is surrounded by redness in the form of a halo, sometimes with follicles.
- Slight mucopurulent discharge and plaque on the cervix.
- Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the cervical canal (endocervicitis). It is manifested by hyperemia, edema, friability and bleeding when a tampon lightly touches the mucous membrane of the canal, and mucopurulent discharge from it.
- , formed as a result of loosening of non-keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium by secretions from the cervical canal and replacing it with columnar epithelium of the cervical canal.
- Colpitis is inflammation of the vaginal mucosa. It is most often caused by concomitant infection. However, Chlamydia trachomatis can cause colpitis in girls with pathological hormonal activity, during the postmenopausal period and in pregnant women.
During a bimanual examination, tenderness of the uterus and its appendages may be detected. Often, chlamydia in women can be asymptomatic for years, without causing any disorders or subjective sensations, but in the presence of sterile purulent urine, it is always necessary to conduct an examination for urogenital chlamydia.
Diagnostics
As a result of a laboratory diagnostic study, the causative agent of urogenital chlamydia is detected in 40% of men suffering from urethritis of non-gonococcal etiology. At the same time, in the chronic course of the disease, it is found in the genitourinary tract in women 2 times more often than in men.
This circumstance must be taken into account when carrying out therapy: treatment of chlamydia in women must necessarily be accompanied by treatment of her sexual partner (and vice versa), regardless of the results of laboratory diagnostics.
Test for chlamydia
They involve the collection of material (urinary tract contents or blood) for smears, scrapings or prints in order to conduct their research using various techniques. In men, a smear is taken from the urethra no later than 4 hours after urination. For this, a tampon is used, which is inserted into the urethra 2-4 cm.
In women, a smear is taken from the urethra with a swab and a special brush from the cervical canal after preliminary removal of the mucous protective plug, which increases the likelihood of detecting the pathogen. It is also possible to detect the pathogen in a smear from the rectal mucosa.
The resulting material is then processed with a set of special reagents. Basic laboratory diagnostic methods:
- cytological - direct detection of the causative agent of the disease under a microscope in material stained in the usual way; the probability of its detection is 10%;
- immunofluorescence analysis, the essence of which is to stain smears with ready-made anti-chlamydial antibodies into which fluorescent components are introduced, and detect the glow of bacteria under a fluorescent microscope; the advantage of the technique is its speed, high sensitivity (up to 95%) and specificity;
- enzyme immunoassay, based on the detection in blood or smears of a specific lipopolysaccharide, which appears in the body during chlamydia; the sensitivity of the method ranges from 60 to 95%;
- serological, based on the detection of immunoglobulins of classes “M” and “G” in the blood, which are specific antibodies of the body against chlamydia (both false-negative and false-positive results are possible);
- molecular biological, which includes the PCR (polymerase chain reaction) method, which makes it possible to detect the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis DNA not only in smears from the urethra or cervical canal, but also in urine sediment; the specificity and sensitivity of the method are very high (up to 100%), but due to the high risk of contamination of reagents and test materials of various samples, the possibility of false positive and false negative results cannot be excluded.
Considering the lack of complete reliability of any of the listed methods, in order to accurately diagnose and monitor the effectiveness of treatment, a combined study using at least two methods conducted simultaneously is necessary.
Among this group of drugs, Azithromycin (Sumamed) is the most effective. Its uniqueness lies in its ability to penetrate into the affected cells and accumulate in them in high concentrations, which ensures its active effect on microorganisms in the lesions.
Another advantage of Sumamed is that after taking one therapeutic dose, a high concentration of the drug is achieved in the inflamed tissues, which persists for 1 week. However, when eating food, its absorption in the digestive tract is reduced by 2 times. Therefore, it is necessary to take Sumamed before meals (1 hour) or 2 hours after meals.
Azithromycin can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, as well as liver dysfunction - jaundice, increased transaminase activity, etc., the possibility of allergic reactions is not excluded. In these cases, antibacterial drugs are selected taking into account their individual tolerance.
Treatment regimen for chlamydia
For acute manifestations of urogenital chlamydia, it is recommended to take antibiotics according to the following regimens:
- Azithromycin (Sumamed) once in a dose of 1 g once a week for 3 weeks or...
- Doxycycline 100 mg 2 times a day for 1 week.
Alternative drug regimens:
- Erythromycin (base) - 500 mg 4 times a day for 1 week or 250 mg 4 times a day for two weeks;
- Erythromycin (ethylsuccinate) 800 mg 4 times a day - 1 week or 400 mg 4 times a day - 2 weeks;
- Spiramycin (natural antibiotic) - 3 million IU 3 times a day for 7-10 days.
Therapy during pregnancy
An antibiotic that has proven itself in the treatment of chlamydia during pregnancy is Erythromycin. However, its use is not recommended in the first trimester of pregnancy. Therefore, if there are contraindications, it is possible to use Amoxicillin 500 mg 3 times a day for 1 week or Ofloxacin 300 mg twice a day for 7 days.
Treatment of chronic chlamydial infection
Persistent (long-term) and recurrent forms of the disease are accompanied by immune disorders in the body that contribute to the development of complications. Therefore, treatment of chronic chlamydia should be combined with the use of immunocorrectors.
Selection of individual treatment regimens for each patient and compliance with the rules for monitoring the effectiveness of therapy for urogenital chlamydia make it possible to completely cure acute and chronic forms of the disease, even if the pathogen is resistant to conventional antibacterial drugs.
Sexually active men are infected with chlamydia in 5-15% of cases. Moreover, this disease is diagnosed three times more often than gonorrhea.
The infection spreads quickly, as it rarely manifests itself at the initial stage. But subsequently, its untimely diagnosis and lack of treatment can lead to a number of complications, the most dangerous of which is infertility.
Therefore, it is important to know what chlamydia is in men, treatment, and drugs used to destroy them.
This is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases, the appearance of which is promoted by Chlamydia.
This is a special microorganism that is an intermediate link between bacteria (similar structure) and viruses (lives inside cells).
Therefore, it is difficult to identify and remove from a living organism.
It enters the human body after unprotected sexual contact, through infected underwear, hands, and from an infected mother to her child.
About 50% of men are carriers of chlamydial infection.
Chlamydia does not manifest itself for a long time. But sometimes a small amount of white mucus is released from the urethra. Also, the genitals may become red and itchy, and sometimes discomfort is felt during sexual intercourse.
After years of asymptomatic progression, if medications for men against chlamydia have not been used, a number of complications may develop:
To prevent such consequences from developing, it is important to know how to treat chlamydia in men.
Drugs to treat the disease can be different, but antibiotics and modern drugs that penetrate the cell membrane are most often used.
Treatment methods for chlamydia
How to treat chlamydia in men? The drugs prescribed for chlamydial infection are antibiotics and immunoglobulins. Etiotropic treatment is often carried out, which involves taking various groups. Another scheme may also be used.
Treatment of chlamydia in men: medications and their dosage regimen should be prescribed only by a doctor.
Attention: To prevent complications from developing due to chlamydia, healthy people are given a special vaccine.
The second method of treatment for chlamydial infection ( eubiotic) consists of taking antibiotics and drugs that prevent the development of dysbiosis.
After all, drugs against bacteria destroy not only pathogenic, but also beneficial microflora.
Therefore, additional drugs for the treatment of chlamydia in men are products containing lactobacilli.
But at the same time, the patient should adhere to a special diet, which included the consumption of fermented milk products.
Also prescribed for chlamydia enzymes. These products activate metabolism, improve digestive function, stimulate the immune system and thin the blood. To maintain the functioning of the body at the desired level and remove toxins from it, they are prescribed immunostimulants.
All of the above drugs for the treatment of chlamydia for men can be used simultaneously.
However, the course of therapy and dosage are determined by a venereologist, gynecologist or urologist. After all, men over 40 years of age, in addition to chlamydia, may have other chronic diseases that require separate treatment.
Reference: The average duration of therapy for chlamydial infection is 25 days.
Drugs
If there is chlamydia in men, the drugs that are most effective in treating are:
- macrolides;
- tetracyclines;
- fluoroquinolones.
Macrolides
If there is chlamydia in men, the symptoms determine treatment with drugs that are selected by the doctor depending on various factors (the nature of the disease, the extent of the lesion, age, the presence of concomitant diseases).
For acute and chronic forms of infection, macrolides are prescribed. This group of antibiotics includes many drugs, which include:
To increase the effectiveness of treatment, it is necessary to simultaneously take antibiotics from different groups.
Tetracyclines
The second most popular group of antibiotics used for chlamydial infections are tetracyclines.
Tetracycline dosage is 500 mg 4 times. per day. The course of therapy is up to 14 days. Doxycycline is prescribed in a lower dosage - 100 mg 2 times. per day for 1-2 weeks.
Fluoroquinolones
Fluoroquinolones are least often prescribed for chlamydial infection.
They are used if the first two groups of antibiotics are ineffective.
If chlamydia is detected, the doctor prescribes Ofloxacin.
It is taken once (400 mg) or twice 200 mg) per day. Duration of treatment – 9 days. Ciprofloxacin is sometimes prescribed, but in most cases chlamydia is resistant to this antibiotic.
Reference: in 70% of cases, immunotherapy helps cure chronic chlamydia.
Treatment regimens for chlamydia
Chlamydia, treatment in men. The medications and course of treatment are selected individually. But there are certain therapeutic regimens that are most effective.
Scheme No. 1:
- Antibiotics – Unidox, Azithromycin;
- Immunostimulants – Lidaz with novocoin;
- Hepatoprotectors – Essliver forte;
- Antiseptics for topical use – Miramistin, Chlorhexidine.
- The duration of therapy is at least three weeks.
Scheme No. 2
The use of antibiotics Ofloxacin and Dloxycycline in combination with Enzyme Complex Plus. Duration of therapy is up to 15 days.
Additional drugs and procedures
To completely cure chlamydia and prevent its re-development, you need to drink vitamins.
To restore the body, synergists, antioxidants and vitamin complexes:
- Vitamin E – 1 pill twice a day for two weeks.
- Glutamic acid – 2 tablets three times a day for 14 days.
- Na thiosulfate – 10 injections daily at a dose of 10 ml IV.
- Ascorbic acid – three tablets three times a day for two weeks.
To restore microflora it is necessary to take probiotics.
There are no contraindications to taking these drugs, the only thing is that some patients may develop allergies.
These drugs include Lactobacterin, Enterol, Bifidobacterin, Bifikol. The drug is taken three times a day. Duration of treatment is 2-3 weeks.
Important: to speed up the treatment process for chlamydia, it is useful for men to do prostate massage, baths, enemas, urethral instillation and physiotherapeutic procedures.
It is very important not to be sexually active during treatment.
Moreover, if a man has a regular partner, then he should also undergo a course of therapy. When you finish taking the medications, you need to be tested again, which will make sure that there are no more chlamydia in the body.
In contact with
Nowadays, treatment of chlamydia poses serious difficulties for patients and doctors, since often after therapy with antimicrobial drugs, this insidious disease re-manifests after some time. The problem is that many patients are diagnosed with chronic urogenital chlamydia, and many drugs are often ineffective.
To date, the problem of treating chlamydia has not been fully resolved and most experts argue that this can be explained by the formation of an inadequate or pathological response of the body to the infection. Specialists in this field conducted a set of studies that showed that in 70 percent of cases there was a cure for chronic chlamydia without resorting to the use of antibiotics, that is, spontaneous treatment of the infection by the body itself occurred.
But it is worth remembering that immunostimulants and immunomodulators cannot be prescribed without an immunological examination. This is primarily due to the fact that in 66 percent of patients with chlamydial infection, lymphocytes are not sensitive to immunomodulators.
Chlamydia: symptoms in women
Before we consider the symptoms of chlamydia in women, we note that in seven out of ten cases its absence is noted. First of all, chlamydia manifests itself in women as vaginal discharge, which can be purulent or mucous. The difference from simple discharge is the accompanying unpleasant odor and tint - it happens that such discharge has a yellowish color. Instead of discharge, pain may appear, which is noted from the external and internal genital organs. In addition, itching and burning appear (such sensations may accompany urination). A woman has a desire to scratch her skin, pain appears in the lower abdomen, which is concentrated in the pelvic area. Especially strong pain noted on the eve of menstruation, often bleeding that is completely unrelated to menstruation (they are usually called intermenstrual bleeding).
As for additional symptoms, there is weakness and a slight increase in temperature - characteristic symptoms of intoxication. In addition, there are simply no specific symptoms or signs that would indicate the presence of chlamydia (and neither for the woman nor for her attending physician).
Therefore, as you already know, the subjective feeling that a woman experiences regarding the genital organs and the state of their certain dysfunction, together with the identified symptoms that may also be present - all this is a reason for a subsequent visit to a gynecologist.
At the same time, inflammatory processes, for example, cystitis, endocervicitis and others, can be diagnosed at the appointment. It is possible that the woman will be diagnosed with bacterial vaginosis. As you may have guessed, each of these diseases may have its own symptoms, without any “link” to chlamydia, but it is possible to accurately check the presence of a connection only after tests.
Chlamydia in men: symptoms
It is worth noting that the symptoms of chlamydia in men, just like women, are absent or mildly expressed. The manifestation of symptoms, if observed, occurs at the beginning of the disease, and in most cases this manifests itself in the form of one or another inflammation of the urethra, which has a chronic form, the duration of which is about 2 months. But be that as it may, there are no special symptoms that would indicate that the cause of a certain ailment is the effect of chlamydia on the body of men.
Among all the symptoms that you need to pay attention to, it is worth highlighting the appearance of glassy discharge from the urethra (the so-called “morning drop”). The entire process of urination is accompanied by itching and burning. Pain is possible, but it is usually not pronounced and is concentrated in the urethra, scrotum, lower back and ovaries. An increase in temperature (usually within 37 degrees) and general weakness are often noted, as is the case when considering female symptoms indicating intoxication. In rare cases, cloudiness of the urine is observed, as well as the appearance of purulent threads in it. Patients may also experience bloody discharge after urination or during ejaculation. Regardless of the nature of the manifestations and the degree of discomfort, you need to go to the doctor as soon as possible. Chlamydia that spreads throughout the body can cause serious illness (such as infertility and impotence).
Chlamydia in pregnant women: symptoms and features
As already mentioned, chlamydia is a fairly common disease. Therefore, pregnant women’s interest in it is, of course, completely justified. So, what are the symptoms of chlamydia in pregnant women?
In accordance with the asymptomatic nature of the disease and the general prevalence, chlamydia during pregnancy is diagnosed very often. Typically, urogenital chlamydia is considered traditional and is characterized by the absence of symptoms. Almost its only manifestation is a disease such as cervicitis or pseudo-erosion of the cervix (in which the cervix itself becomes inflamed).
If a woman is infected with chlamydia while pregnant, and with a subsequent exacerbation of the process against a background of weakened immunity, the symptoms will be exactly the same as in non-pregnant women. Most often this is a mucopurulent form of cervicitis, endometritis with inflammation of the uterine mucosa, or choriomnionitis (the placenta is subject to inflammation).
The process of pregnancy with chlamydia is always caused by the occurrence of many complications of an obstetric scale, which poses a threat of termination of pregnancy, ectopic pregnancy or spontaneous abortion (especially important for the initial period), as well as late toxicosis and polyhydramnios.
The infection may also be accompanied by complications such as abnormal placentation, untimely rupture of membranes, or premature placental abruption. In addition, intrauterine hypoxia, fever and weakness during childbirth cannot be ruled out.
It is worth noting that about 60% of cases indicate that mothers transmit the infection to the child with the further development of chlamydia.
In most cases, chlamydia manifests itself as ophthalmochlamydia (conjunctivitis). At birth from a mother with chlamydia, it is diagnosed in 30-50% of cases, by 3-15 days.
Chlamydia: symptoms in children
In newborns, chlamydial infection manifests itself in the form of diseases such as pneumonia, vulvovaginitis, proctitis, bronchitis, tubo-otitis, conjunctivitis. About 70% of cases the infection is generalized, which contributes to infection of various organs. But according to statistics, conjunctivitis is most often diagnosed.
One of its features is the gluing of the eyelids after sleep. The duration of chlamydial conjunctivitis is about 4 weeks (after it there is no deterioration in vision). Many children experience respiratory chlamydia (damage to the respiratory tract), the symptoms of which are the result of the infection affecting the lung tissue, which is explained by the aspiration of amniotic fluid with infection during childbirth.
In children with chlamydial pneumonia, the Apgar score is often less than six points. The early neonatal period in almost every infected person is always accompanied by the manifestation of a respiratory distress syndrome of a certain severity, and about 30% of cases cannot do without artificial ventilation.
Many people have hepatosplenomegaly from birth or on the first day after birth; in approximately 50% of cases, edema syndrome is diagnosed. Compared to the course of the disease in older children, during this period chlamydia infection is accompanied by severe toxicosis. At the same time, its maximum manifestation is diagnosed on days 5-7 of life, which is accompanied by pale skin and the formation of marbled patterns on it, as well as regurgitation, bloating and disorders nervous system. In half of the cases, an early form of lymphadenopathy is diagnosed, and in more rare cases, a rash (short-term or pinpoint) is diagnosed. By the 2-3rd week of the disease, a paroxysmal cough develops against the background of sputum discharge.
Possible complications of chlamydia:
Morning stricture.
It is a narrowing of the urethra as a result of cicatricial changes in the urethral mucosa. Treatment is carried out only through surgery.
Reiter's disease.
It is characterized by a triad of symptoms: conjunctivitis, urethritis and arthritis. Circinal balanoposthitis and skin lesions may also occur with the syndrome.
Orchiepididymitis.
Causing the death of Leydig cells and narrowing of the sperm ducts, which leads to the cessation of spermogenesis and male infertility.
PID (pelvic inflammatory disease) in women.
Chlamydial infection can penetrate the uterus, fallopian tubes, and uterine appendages, causing an inflammatory process there - salpingoophoritis, endometritis, salpingitis. Distinctive feature is the formation of adhesions and scars in the fallopian tubes, which causes tubal infertility and ectopic pregnancy.
Chronic prostatitis.
A disease leading to narrowing of the prostate ducts, death of the glandular tissue of the prostate gland, changes in the quality and quantity of prostate secretion, which in turn leads to rapid death and dehydration of sperm.
Often the presence of chlamydia causes premature termination of pregnancy; the danger is infection of the fetus during childbirth (according to statistics - 40% of all cases).
Diagnosis of chlamydia
Laboratory techniques used to detect chlamydia:
mini test. Each of you can purchase it at a pharmacy and conduct the analysis yourself. It's cheap, fast, but the accuracy of such tests does not exceed 20%. For this reason, you should not rely on its indicators;
general smear (microscopic analysis). For women, a smear is taken from the cervix, vagina and external opening of the urethra, for men - from the urethra;
linked immunosorbent assay. Determination of antibodies (IgM, IgA, IgG) to chlamydia in the blood. Such antibodies are produced by the body itself as protection against infection. Antibodies to chlamydia are detected during interaction with special preparations that contain chlamydial antigens, which together with antibodies create a strong complex that can be detected different ways. In addition to simple scrapings, blood is also taken to perform the analysis using this method;
immunofluorescence reaction. The material taken from the urethra is stained with a special substance and examined under a special microscope (fluorescent). If chlamydia is present, they glow in the microscope lens like fireflies;
culture for chlamydia with antibiotic sensitivity analysis. This is the most time-consuming and expensive method, test results can be obtained in a few days. If the result is positive, then you definitely have chlamydia. Tests also show which antibiotic kills your infection;
polymerase chain reaction. To date, this method has the highest reliability - up to 100%. To perform the analysis, a small amount of material is required, and the results will be ready in 1-2 days. Although this method in rare cases can give false positive results.
Drugs for the treatment of chlamydia
For a full course of treatment of chlamydia with an active inflammatory process, a complex of medications will be required. The drugs used in treatment are selected by a specialist taking into account the clinical symptoms of the disease, the characteristics of the patient’s body, the severity of inflammation and the results of all tests - liver tests, immunograms, urine culture, general analysis blood, results of ELISA, PCR and other laboratory tests.
Stimulation of the immune system - treatment of chlamydia, which is chronic, must necessarily include immune agents, since they are the most important component in the treatment of all sexually transmitted diseases.
If there is no good immune response of the body to the introduction of microbes into the body, then no antibiotic will cure the patient. The course of treatment for chlamydia should include adequate immunostimulation in a timely manner.
The choice of interferon drugs, immunomodulators, probiotics, hepateroprotectors, antioxidants, enzymes and treatment of chlamydia is presented in the tables.
All information about treatment regimens and medications is intended for informational purposes only. The complex of treatment for chlamydia should be prescribed exclusively by an experienced doctor based on test results, taking into account the patient’s medical history, as well as concomitant diseases and others.
Name of the drug |
Chlamydia treatment process |
Interferon preparations |
|
"Amiksin" |
250 mg once a day for two days, only during a relapse, after which 125 mg every other day for a whole month. |
"Cycloferon" |
10 days intramuscularly 200 mg, every day. |
"Neovir" |
250 mg intramuscularly No. 3 (only during relapse, every day), then every other day No. 3 |
"Ridostin" |
8 mg intramuscularly No. 3 (only during relapse), after 2 days |
"Poludan" |
200 mcg every day, intramuscularly No. 10 |
"Reaferon" |
14 days intramuscularly, every day 1 ml. |
"Interlock" |
500 IU intramuscularly for 14 days (every day). |
"Leukinferon |
for 21 days, intramuscularly 2-3 times a week |
Immunomodulators |
|
"Derinat" |
5 ml intramuscularly once every three days No. 5-10 |
"Timalin" |
every day intramuscularly No. 10 |
"Polyoxidonium" |
6 mg intramuscularly No. 10, every other day |
Enzyme therapy is one of the effective ways treatment of chlamydia, through specially formulated mixtures of plant enzymes and highly active animals, which have a positive effect on the body’s immune responses and reparative processes. The use of enzymes makes it possible to achieve maximum concentrations of antibiotics at sites of infection. Enzyme medications help stimulate the liver and kidneys, reducing intoxication of the body, and promote rapid recovery of the body.
Synergists and antioxidants, vitamin complexes are also a component in the treatment of chlamydia, since their use helps to increase the immune response against infectious agents.
Hepatoprotectors are drugs that increase the liver’s resistance to the pathogenic effects of various factors, improve the neutralizing function of the liver, and reduce the toxic effects of antibiotics. Many of the hepatoprotectors used also have immunomodulatory, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which, when treating a disease with antibiotics characterized by toxic effects, turns out to be necessary for a speedy recovery and protection of the liver.
Probiotics – prevention of intestinal dysbiosis and antibiotic-associated diarrhea; after treatment of chlamydia, you need to take probiotic preparations.
Probiotics |
|
Drug name |
Treatment regimen |
"Bifikol" |
|
"Bifidobacterin" |
5 doses three times a day 30 minutes before meals for 14-21 days. |
"Lactobacterin" |
5 doses three times a day 30 minutes before meals for 14-21 days. |
"Enteron" |
1 capsule twice a day 30 minutes before meals. |
What antibiotics are taken for chlamydia?
Antimicrobial agents are the main ones in the treatment regimen for chlamydia. Typically, for chronic chlamydia treatment medicines consists of using a combination of two antibiotics. The individual dosage and duration of treatment are determined by a specialist, taking into account the type of disease, as well as the inflammatory process.
When selecting antibiotics for the treatment of chlamydia, laboratory data to determine the sensitivity of the pathogen to a particular antibacterial drug are indispensable. For this reason, it is advisable to supplement cultural diagnostic methods with an antibiogram.
Antibiotics |
|
Drug name |
Treatment regimen |
"Erythrocin" ("Erythromycin") |
4 times a day 500 mg 1 hour before meals, duration of treatment is 10-14 days or more than 14 days (for complicated and chronic). |
"Doskycycline" ("Vibra-Tabs", "Vibramycin", "Dorix") |
2 times after meals, 100 mg, duration of treatment is the same as for Erythromycin. |
"Zithromax", "Sumamed" |
250 mg once a day, course duration - 11 days, full course 3 years, with the first dose - 500 mg, in case of complications - 2 weeks. |
"Levaquin" ("Lomefloxacin") |
600 mg once a day after meals for 10-14 days, in case of complications - more than 14 days. |
“Ofloxacin” (“Ofloxin”, “Tarivid”, “Zanocin”, “Floxin”) |
2 times a day, 300 mg after meals. 10 days for the usual form and 14 days for the complicated form. |
"Vilprofen" |
2 times a day, 500 mg, 10-12 days after meals, in complicated forms for 14 days. |
"Rovamycin" |
3 times a day, 3 ml. IU two hours after eating for 10 days (14 days in the complicated form). |
"Abaktal" ("Pefloxacin") |
2 times a day, 400 mg with meals for 10 days (14 days for a complicated form). |
"Levofloxacin" ("Norbactin", "Nolicin", "Urobacid") |
2 times a day, 500 mg, for 7 days. |
"Ciprofloxacin" ("Ciprobay", "Cifran", "Cipro-bid", "Ciprinol"). |
2 times a day, 400 mg, for 7-10 days. |
Treatment regimen for chlamydia
During treatment of the lower part of the urogenital tract, namely in uncomplicated forms, you need to resort to the following treatment regimen:
Preparation – a week. It begins with immunocorrection if a violation of the immune status is detected - “Polyoxidonium” or “Amiksin”. Systemic enzyme therapy – “Wobenzym” or “Trypsin2. Local treatment - microenemas with chlorhexidine solution, baths, instillation. Vitamin therapy – vitamin E, any multivitamin complexes.
Basic treatment – treatment duration is 2 weeks. Antibiotics for 2 weeks, enzymes to improve digestion, antifungal agents according to indications - “Mezim”, “Festal”, “Pancreatin”, basic treatment is carried out while the first stage of treatment is ongoing.
Recovery – 2 weeks. Restoration of intestinal microflora by taking hepatoprotectors, probiotics, physiotherapy as indicated.
How is chronic chlamydia treated?
The treatment regimen for chronic chlamydia directly depends on the degree of clinical symptoms and the combination of different bacterial infections. For complicated forms (inflammation of the pelvic organs in women, scrotum and men) of atypical inflammation, the following treatment regimen is recommended:
Basic treatment. Immune drugs, antibiotics, antioxidants, vitamin therapy. 7 days after starting antibiotics, systemic enzyme therapy and antifungal (antimycotic drugs) are added.
Recovery stage. Hepatoprotectors, physical therapy is possible - ultrasound, laser-magnetic effects. Treatment should be supplemented with local procedures - microenemas, baths with a solution of chlorhexidine and perftoran.
Treatment for indolent chlamydia:
Preparation. Systemic enzyme therapy, immunotherapy for 2 weeks, local treatment.
Basic treatment. A week after the start of the first stage of treatment, antifungal agents, antibiotics, antioxidants, and multivitamins are prescribed.
Recovery. Hepatoprotectors, physiotherapy, hyaluronidase preparations - probiotics, Longidase, antioxidants, local treatment.
Treatment with drugs for chlamydia will be effective if:
For treatment, only drugs are used that are characterized by high anti-chlamydial activity and easily penetrate into the cells.
The timing of infection will be taken into account - fresh infection, chronic course, clinical picture of inflammation - acute, asymptomatic, subacute, torpid.
Finally, it is worth recalling that the course of therapy should only be prescribed by the attending physician; self-medication and self-diagnosis are not acceptable, as they can negatively affect your health.
One of these diseases is chlamydia, a very dangerous disease, since it can be asymptomatic for a long time and have irreversible consequences for the health of an adult and a child.
To ensure their safety, every person needs to know what chlamydia is and how to treat it?
Infection mainly occurs through unprotected sexual intercourse. extremely rare, since these bacteria are not able to live outside the host cells. It is also possible for a child to become infected from a sick mother during childbirth.
The incubation period for the development of bacteria ranges from seven to thirty days. It all depends on the specific organism, on how strong its immune system resists. During this period no symptoms may not appear.
In medicine, there are two types of the disease. Depending on the time of infection, chlamydia can occur in:
- acute form - with this course, only the bottom of the urethra is affected;
- chronic form - with this development of the disease, the entire genitourinary tract is completely affected.
In men, when infected, the prostate gland or seminal vesicles are affected along with the urethra.
When infected, women experience symptoms of other urinary tract diseases.
In a newborn child, the disease also affects the nasopharynx.
Important! When a person gets sick, they do not produce antibodies to these bacteria. That is, even with complete cure of the disease, the risk of re-infection remains.
What danger does the disease pose?
The greatest danger to human health comes from all sorts of complications that develop during infection.
Among women complications are manifested by the following diseases:
- cervicitis;
- urethritis;
- increased hemorrhagic cystitis;
- endometritis or the development of inflammation of the endometrium in the uterus;
- the process of inflammation in the Bartholin glands;
- various inflammations in the uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes;
- obstruction of the fallopian tubes develops;
- chronic pain occurs in the pelvic organs;
- infertility;
- there is a risk of developing inflammation in the liver.
Among women, infected during pregnancy, The following problems may occur:
In men the consequences of infection are diseases such as:
- Urethritis;
- Orchiepididymitis;
- Prostatitis;
- Infertility.
In a newborn child The following diseases appear:
- the likelihood of health problems in the premature baby;
- conjunctivitis, according to statistics, develops in every second newborn who was born to an infected woman;
- various infections of the nasopharynx;
- – an inflammatory process in the lungs, which is in the nature of an infection;
- otitis.
Is the disease curable?
Patients often ask whether chlamydia is curable or not and why is chlamydia incurable? The statement that the disease is incurable is erroneous, because it is possible to get rid of chlamydia.
Effective treatment of chlamydia trachomatis is possible if it is detected at an early stage.
Then you can get rid of it in one or three weeks. This is possible thanks to an effective course of special medications and consultation with an experienced specialist.
It is much more difficult to determine how to cure chlamydia in the case where the preliminary course of treatment was drawn up incorrectly.
If treated incorrectly, the disease progresses to the chronic stage.. This is due to the fact that with long-term drug treatment in an organism weakened by antibiotics, its immune-compensatory reserves are simply depleted.
When receiving results with a positive test for chlamydia, each patient asks the following questions: how and how to treat chlamydia and is it possible to cure chlamydia forever?
Effective therapy for chlamydia is quite possible with a properly selected treatment regimen and the use of drugs in combination.
Before starting therapy, it is imperative to visit a specialist to make a correct diagnosis. Without high-quality preliminary diagnosis, therapy is unacceptable.
Important! A course of treatment for chlamydia will be effective and bring results only if both sexual partners are examined and treated.
Symptoms of chlamydia and methods of its diagnosis
If chlamydia is present in the body, the following may occur:
If any symptoms of chlamydia appear, treatment should be started immediately to avoid possible complications.
The diagnosis of chlamydia is not made based on the results of a smear examination. Based on the results of this analysis, the specialist can only assume the presence or absence of chlamydia in the body.
To make an accurate diagnosis, you need to go through a number of other surveys:
- Cultural sowing, also known as inoculation on McSou medium, is a fundamental method that gives the most accurate picture of the presence of these bacteria in the body. The procedure is quite labor-intensive and time-consuming, but the results obtained in the end are the most accurate.
- ELISA And REEF methods - will allow not only to accurately diagnose, but also, if the result is positive, to determine the stage of chlamydia.
- DNA diagnostics (PCR) - this method allows you to completely identify chlamydia present in the body. The method is effective even when the number of bacteria in the body is minimal. The results determine not only the existing infection, but also a previous infection.
Important! In practice, chlamydia develops in the body with fairly normal results of a general smear examination in eight out of ten patients.
How to get rid of chlamydia
After the procedures to determine chlamydia in the body have been carried out, you need to get recommendations from an experienced specialist on how and how to treat chlamydia.
The doctor will determine how to treat chlamydia and prescribe the correct course of therapy.
Self-medication is unacceptable, because it can provoke dangerous complications.. This is due to the ability of bacteria to adapt to drug treatment. They also have the ability to hide from medications.
A medical professional develops a course of treatment for chlamydia. Treatment is selected individually in accordance with the characteristics of a particular organism.
During treatment, mixed therapy is always prescribed. It includes the following:
- a course of broad-spectrum antibiotics;
- certain food;
- various immunostimulants that support the immune system during the period of illness and thereby help to cope with it in a milder form;
- multivitamin complexes;
- refusal of sexual intercourse;
- a complete exception.
For local effects and elimination of symptoms, a specialist may prescribe antibacterial ointment from chlamydia.
How to treat: Drug regimen
Patients often ask the question: is it possible to cure chlamydia completely the first time? This is quite possible subject to timely diagnosis and initiation of treatment.
The main emphasis in treatment is on antibacterial drugs. Depending on the specific type of infection and its form (acute or chronic), the specialist determines the duration and single dose of their administration.
To determine a specific drug for treatment, an antibiogram must be done. This will allow you to determine the degree of influence of a particular drug on bacteria.
As a rule, a similar treatment regimen for chlamydia is used:
Group of drugs against bacteria | Drug name | Single dosage | How many times a day to take | Number of days of admission |
Tetracyclines | Doxycycline | 0,1 | 2 | 7 |
Solutab | ||||
Vibramycin | ||||
Macrolides | Erythromycin or Erythrocin | 500 mg | 4 | 7 |
Azithromycin or Hemomycin | 500 mg | 1 | 1 | |
Josamycin and Clarithromycin | 750 mg | 3 | 7 | |
Fluoroquinolones | Ofloxacin | 300 mg | 2 | 7 |
Levofloxacin | 500 mg | 1 | 10-14 | |
Lomefloxacin | 400 mg | 1 | 10 | |
Spiramycin | 3 million units | 3 | 7 | |
Sparfloxacin | 200 mg | on the first day 2, from the second 1 | 7 | |
Ciprofloxacin | 500 mg | 2 | 7 | |
Norfloxacin | 400 mg | 2 | 7-10 |
Carefully
You should not immediately start treatment with drugs from the fluoroquinol group. These are drugs of the reserve group and are prescribed only when all other antibiotics are ineffective or the form of chlamydia is chronic.
The persistence of chlamydia in the female body is not always accompanied by a clear clinical picture, however Infection can be suspected if the following symptoms are present:
- nagging, aching pain in the lower abdomen;
- non-physiological transparent discharge, regardless of the day of the cycle;
- painful sexual intercourse;
- disturbance of the urination process.
If the obstetric history is complicated (miscarriage, non-developing pregnancy or infertility) or an inflammatory process of the genitourinary system is recorded (adnexitis, cervicitis, endometritis, urethritis), you should also consult a specialist.
If you suspect a chlamydial infection, a woman should consult a gynecologist to prescribe a specific diagnostic method.
A standard smear for purity is not capable of sufficiently confirming or denying the presence of this pathogen.
A combination of PCR and bacteriological culture methods with determination of sensitivity to antibiotics is considered optimal.
If infection is confirmed The gynecologist prescribes appropriate treatment in the form of antibiotic therapy appropriate for the patient.
How to quickly cure - an effective scheme for getting rid of chlamydia trachomatis
To eliminate chlamydia, a course of a suitable antibiotic is prescribed to both sexual partners, where an important condition is protected sexual intercourse for the period until complete cure.
In parallel, an antimicrobial agent is taken to suppress the concomitant anaerobic infection, most often based on metronidazole or other nitroimidazoles with confirmed resistance to the first substance.
Women are advised to use vaginal suppositories rather than the oral form of the substance for 7 days. After treatment, courses of enzyme therapy and agents that restore the natural microflora of the intestines and vagina after extensive antibiotic therapy are necessary.
To treat chlamydia, antibiotics of the macrolide and tetracycline group are used, since they have the maximum ability to infect intracellular microorganisms and any form of protozoa - both in their active state and in the latent phase.
The decisive factor in choosing an antibiotic is not so much its properties as the individual sensitivity of a particular patient’s chlamydia to the active substance.
How to treat chlamydia trachomatis in women and what drugs are used to treat chlamydia? Watch the video on this topic:
Review of frequently prescribed drugs from all used groups
Among tetracyclines, doxycycline is considered the gold standard.- main active ingredient modern drug Unidox Solutab. Doxycycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is highly effective against a wide variety of infectious diseases.
The disadvantage of the drug is its ability to cause gastrointestinal disorders during administration, however, these side effects are quickly neutralized when enzymes and lactobacilli are prescribed.
It is used in a course of 10-14 days, 100 mg 2 times a day, based on the severity of the disease, the presence of concomitant infection and the condition of the patient’s liver and kidneys.
Among macrolides, azithromycin is most often used- a unique antibiotic with a minimum number of side effects.
The ease of use is that azithromycin for chlamydia can be taken once in a dosage of 1 gram and get rid of the pathogen with the same effectiveness if this drug were used in a course.
The nuance is that a dose of 1 gram is not always well tolerated by patients, which requires fractional use.
A relatively new, but no less effective macrolide is josamycin.— the active ingredient of the drug Vilprafen.
Suitable for those with resistance to doxycycline and azithromycin.
Used twice a day, 500 mg for one week. Safe for pregnant women, does not have a damaging effect on sperm.
Due to less effectiveness, but as an emergency measure when treatment with the above drugs has not been successful, The following antibiotics can be used:
- spiramycin or erythromycin from the macrolide group standard scheme: 250-800 mg 4 times daily for one to two weeks. Considered less effective among macrolides for the treatment of chlamydia;
- ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin from the group of fluoroquinolones: 300-500 mg 1-2 times a day for 7 days. Not used among pregnant women, can be combined with antibiotics from other groups according to indications;
- amoxicillin from the penicillin group: 500 mg 3-4 times a day for 7 days. Penicillins are poorly effective for the treatment of urogenital lesions, in particular due to the development of resistance to the active substance in microorganisms.
In a hospital setting, various antimicrobial and antibacterial drugs are often combined, as well as methods of their administration into the body - intramuscularly, intravenously or orally.
On an outpatient basis, treatment of chlamydia in women is preferable with antibiotics in the form of tablets and capsules.
Watch a video about drugs prescribed for the treatment of chlamydia:
Is Chlamydia Trachomatis curable and how long will it take?
Is chlamydia completely curable in women? Chlamydia is an absolutely curable disease in both women and men. Since macrolide antibiotics appeared on the pharmaceutical market, chlamydial infection can be quickly cured, regardless of what stage of activity it is at.
If, when choosing a drug, you are guided by the sensitivity of chlamydia to common antibiotics, then treatment takes from one to two weeks, depending on the chosen drug.
And within a month from the day of the last medication intake, a control study can be carried out, which will confirm the absence of pathogen DNA in the genital tract.
An important point is the exclusion of enzyme immunoassay for antibodies to chlamydia as a measure of determining the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy.
Antibodies produced by the body against chlamydia, even after treatment, can persist in the body for a long time, which does not indicate the failure of the treatment.
Stable immunity to chlamydia is not developed - re-infection is possible. Early diagnosis by PCR after treatment can also be false positive, since this method captures not only the DNA of living microorganisms, but also dead ones.
You should only rely on bacteriological culture - if it does not reveal chlamydia, then this pathogen is not in the body.
What to do if it doesn't help?
If the antibiotic was chosen correctly, the dosage regimen was correct and followed, sexual intercourse was either excluded or protected, then the treatment should definitely be effective. If the pathogen is detected some time after treatment, it is necessary to perform a repeat antibiogram to select an alternative antibacterial drug.
If laboratory criteria indicate the absence of chlamydia after treatment, but symptoms of infection remain, it is recommended to conduct additional examination to determine the presence of other infectious agents in the body.
Chlamydial infection is especially dangerous for women due to its asymptomatic - in the vast majority of cases - course, as it can negatively affect the ability to conceive and bear a child in the future.
However, modern medicine makes it possible to quickly get rid of an infectious agent when determining the sensitivity of a microorganism to existing antibacterial drugs.
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