Scientific and practical work on German language topics. Material on the scientific and practical conference project on the German language on the topic
Phraseologisms make our speech more vivid and expressive and therefore are widely used in literary language.
Familiarity with some common features that are inherent in all set phrases will make it easier to understand German speech.
That is why in this work I would like to consider some phraseological units of the German language and compare them with their Russian equivalents.
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Municipal budgetary educational institution
"Bardym secondary school No. 2"
Research work on the German language on the topic:
"Phraseological features of the German language"
Head: Arzyeva V.V. German language teacher.
1. Introduction …………………………………….. 2-3
2. Main part................................................ 4-5
2.1 Human appearance…………………….. 5
2.1.1 height (tall/short)……………….. 5-7
2.1.2 torso volume (thin/full)…….. 7-8
2.1.3 appearance and internal qualities……. 8-9
3. Conclusion ………………………………… 10
4. Bibliography……………….. 11
5. Application ………………………………... 12
1. Introduction
They are called pearls of speech because
That they add poignancy to the statement,
Expressiveness, unique national flavor,
Since in phraseological units especially
National specificity is clearly visible,
Inherent in a particular language.
Wilhelm Humboldt
Topic of our research:
“Phraseological features of the German language”
The purpose of our research:
comparison of phraseological units of the German language with their Russian equivalents.
Object of study:
phraseological units presented in German and Russian languages that characterize a person.
Methods:
theoretical (analysis, comparison, generalization, systematization)
practical (working with dictionaries, reference books)
Hypothesis: phraseological units of the German and Russian languages coincide in meaning and figurative basis; you can always find suitable equivalents to German phraseological units.
Tasks:
1. Study the literature on this topic.
2. Obtain information about phraseological units in dictionaries and reference books.
3. Conduct a comparative analysis of phraseological units in both languages.
4.Draw intelligent conclusions.
Relevance of the topicdue to the need to study the phraseological fund of the German language.
Novelty: an attempt to compare stable expressions of German and Russian languages.
2. Main part.
Both Russian and German languages have many short, apt, witty and figurative expressions. Such expressions are called phraseological units, and the branch of linguistics that studies them is phraseology.
Phraseology comes from the Greek word Phrasis, which means expression and logic.
A phraseological unit is a linguistic unit consisting of two or more significant words, holistic in its meaning and stable in its structure.
Phraseologisms are reflections of folk wisdom, many of them have existed in the language for tens and hundreds of years, since people love apt figurative expressions, with the help of which they can convey both cheerful music and evil ridicule.
Phraseological units are different in their origin. Many of them passed into the literary language from the speech of representatives of various professions. For example,der Zeitungskopf schreiben – write a hat, from printing. Some phraseological units are based on legends and facts of ancient history. For example,Frau Holle schüttelt ihre Вetten aus-heavy snow.Frau Holle is a character from German mythology. When it snows, they say: Frau Holle fluffs up her downy bed or plucks her geese or spreads out her white dress. According to ancient beliefs, in the days between Christmas and Three Kings Day, Frau Holle comes to children and punishes careless children. Some phraseological units came from religious books.Der Judaskuss – kiss of Judas (dastardly deed).Kissing Christ, he pointed at the teacher and thereby doomed him to death. Phraseology also includes folk proverbs and sayings.
Phraseologisms make our speech more vivid and expressive and therefore are widely used in literary language.
Familiarity with some common features that are inherent in all set phrases will make it easier to understand German speech.
That is why in this work I would like to consider some phraseological units of the German language and compare them with their Russian equivalents.
For comparison and comparison, I chose phraseological units that are used only to characterize people. A person can be characterized by a variety of characteristics. But in this work I decided to focus on the person’s appearance.
2.1. A person's appearance.
I want to consider phraseological units of the German and Russian languages that are used to evaluate particularly tall, or, conversely, very short stature, extreme thinness, or, conversely, excessive fullness, clumsiness, and sluggishness in movements. Such phraseological units are built on jokes, irony, sometimes they are even somewhat similar to nicknames, sometimes funny, sometimes offensive.
2.1.1. In German villages, hops (der Hopfen) and beans (die Bohnen) have been grown for a long time. These are climbing plants. In order for the shoots to rise upward, supports (dieStangen) were placed. It's common to talk about tall and skinny people here.eine lange (dürre) Hopfenstange or eine lange (dürre) Bohnenstange.The words lang-long and dürr-dry, skinny enhance the image of the entire expression, evoking the idea of something exorbitantly elongated in length. Other phraseological units used by Germans to mean “very tall” ein langer Stock (long stick), eine lange Latte (long rail). The word lang in all expressions is a necessary component, since without it the image is destroyed. You cannot compare a tall person to just a stick or a rod, since both the stick and the rod can be short. How can all these German phraseological units be translated into Russian? For speeds like einelangeHopfenstange or eine lange Bohnenstange The Russian word “pole” in its figurative meaning is suitable.
Is it es dein Bruder?
This is your brother?
Na, eine lange Bohnenstange!
What a pole!
In the Russian language there are two phraseological units for playfully describing people of very tall stature:fire tower and Kolomna verst.The word long corresponding to the German lang is not included in any of these phraseological units. Why? Here we need to consider the origin of these phraseological units. How were the provincial towns of Tsarist Russia previously depicted? Low houses, and a fire tower rises above them. Therefore, the phrase “fire tower” has a new figurative meaning: “a very tall, lanky person who towers a head or two above the rest of the people.” The word long turned out to be unnecessary for this phraseological unit: the name “fire tower” already includes such features as elongated upward, tall.
The history of the origin of the Kolomna verst goes back to pre-Petrine times. A verst is not only an ancient measure of length, but also a milepost placed near the road to calculate the distance. Alexei Mikhailovich, the father of Peter I, lived in Moscow in the winter, and in the summer he went to the village of Kolomenskoye, the royal summer residence. Apparently, out of special respect for the Tsar, especially high milestones (versts) were placed along the road from Moscow to Kolomenskoye. Therefore, they began to say about the tall man “Kolomenskaya verst.”He is already fifteen years old, stretching out a mile from Kolomna. (A.N. Tolstoy. Peter the Great).The word long would also be superfluous in this phraseological unit.
Are Russian phraseological units"Fire Tower" And "Verst Kolomenskaya"equivalents for phraseological units of the German language? No, because eine lange Bohnenstange and eine lange Hopfenstange indicate not one, but two signs in a person’s appearance: tall stature and extreme thinness. Both phraseological units can also be used with the word dürr - dry, skinny. Russian phraseological units do not indicate the second sign, thinness. Russian phraseological units are used to describe tall and awkward people.
And now I want to turn to phraseological units that characterize short people. A positive assessment of a short person is expressed by phraseological units“klein, aber fein!”, “klein, aber oho!”.And in Russian -small spool but precious. However, both Germans and Russians also have funny and not always harmless jokes towards short people. We are talking about short people:two inches from the pot. This is the same pot in which cabbage soup and porridge were cooked in the old days. In itself it is small, but people say:The pot is small, but it cooks the meat; the pot is small, but the saint; let the pot be small, but the pot itself is big.The pot is small, and the top is even smaller (4.4 cm). However, people use this expression to describe a short person. Well, what if you put three heads of cheese on top of each other? Is it higher or lower than two inches from the pot? About the same. The Germans talk about little people not without ridicule.“Kaum drei Käse hoch.” The word der Käse is used here to mean “head of cheese.” Both in meaning and in emotional coloring, both phraseological units - German and Russian - correspond to each other.
2.1.2. There are also phraseological units in the Russian and German languages that indicate excessive thinness and, conversely, fullness. Do such phraseological units coincide in meaning and image? Let's compare offers.
Weil er nur Haut und Knochen war, sah sein Fuchsgesicht noch spitziger aus.
The officer was long, thin, skin and bones.
Das Mädchen sah wie Blut und Milch aus.
Blood and milk is your son.
In the first pair of sentences, the extreme thinness of a person is emphasized by phraseological units HautundKnochen , skin and bones. In the second pair of sentences, the idea that a person has good health is expressed using phraseological units in a figurative form: a blush as bright as blood plays on a face as white as milk(Blut und Milch).
In both the Russian and German languages, the figurative basis of these phraseological units is the same. Phraseologisms denoting extremely exhausted people, deprived of all vitality, are also close in meaning and figurative basis:eine wandelnde Leiche - living corpse, ein wandelndes Gerippe - living skeleton.
Wandeln means to walk, wander, stroll. Literally these phraseological units can be translated: walking corpse, walking skeleton. The figurative basis of these phraseological units in the German and Russian languages is close, but not quite. German phraseological unit einewandelndeLeiche characterizes a person by appearance.
Er sieht wie eine wandelnde Leiche aus! (He looks like a living corpse!)
Russian phraseology"living Dead" It also has another meaning: “a degraded person, morally devastated.”
2.1.3. There are also phraseological units that characterize both a person’s appearance and his internal qualities. In the German language there is, for example, the phraseological unit “ wieeinbegossenerPudel" . Literally: a poodle that was doused.
This image, hinting at the randomness, the unexpectedness of what happened, is associated with the external appearance of a person: he has found himself in an absurd position and looks pitiful and funny, like a poodle that has been doused with water, or like one that has been beaten.
There is a phraseological turn in the Russian language"wet chicken"To some extent it corresponds to German„wieeinbegossenerPudel“ , because both phraseological units are united by the meaning “funny, ridiculous, pathetic person.” However, Russian phraseology"wet chicken" also indicates the character of a person: weak-willed, spineless, a weakling.
A man is ashamed to be a wet chicken.
Similar to Russian turnover"wet chicken" , German phraseological units:eine lahme Ente, ein leimer Sack- denote a person who is sluggish, lacking initiative, a mattress.
Phraseologisms “ein frecher Spatz” and “scheu wie ein Reh” are used only to characterize very young girls. Both phraseological units simultaneously characterize both the external appearance and internal qualities of a person. Ein frecher Spatz – small, but daring and brave, resourceful girl (like a lively sparrow). Ein schuees Reh – a fragile and shy girl (like a timid and graceful roe deer).
There are no phraseological units in Russian that correspond to these German ones.
Conclusion.
Considering phraseological units that are used to characterize people, I came to the conclusion that the figurative basis of German and Russian phraseological units does not always coincide. But you can find equivalents in Russian and German. This is due, in my opinion, to the fact that any nation gives approximately the same assessment to a person, characterizing his certain qualities. The only exceptions are those phraseological units that arose as a result of some local characteristics of the people.
In conclusion, I want to say that knowing phraseological units of both Russian and German languages, using them, we can only decorate our speech and give it expressiveness.
Bibliography.
1. Edlichko E. G., Rubinshtein A.I. Collection of phraseological expressions in the German language. M., 1959
2. Raikhshtein A.D. German set phrases. L., 1971
3. Dal V.I. Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language. M.: Education, 2008.
4. Mokienko V.M. Mysteries of Russian phraseology. M.: Higher School,
1990
5. Duden-Redewendungen und sprichwörtliche Redensarten. Wörterbuch der
Deutschen Idiomatik. Dudenverlag, 1992
6. Chernysheva I.I. Phraseology of modern German language.
M.: Higher School, 1970.
Application.
Phraseologisms of German and Russian languages.
Man soll den Tag nicht vor dem Abend loben. Erst abwarten, dann Tee trinken. Mit Ach und Krach. Aus dem Augen, aus dem Sinn. Wie der Ochs vorm Berge stehen. Blank sein. Durch dick und dünn gehen. Es faustdick hinter den Ohren haben. Die flügel hängen lassen. Ins Garn gehen. Von allen guten Geistern verlassen sein. Gift und Galle spucken. Wie Gott in Frankreich leben. Ein Ritter ohne Furcht und Tadel. Von der Hand in den Mund leben. Auf den Hund kommen. Der kennt seine Pappenheimer. Alle Hände voll zu tun. Die Felle fort schwimmen sehen. Das Gras wachsen hören. Ein wandelndes Lexikon. Ein alter Hase. Die Eierschalen hinter den Ohren haben. Der Grünschnabel. Den Schwanz zwischen den Beinen nehmen. Ein Wolf im Schafspelz. Kein Wässerchen trüben. Er ist nicht auf den Mund gefallen. Kann nicht bis fünf zählen. Berge versetzen. Das Pulver nicht erfunden haben. | Do not count your chickens before they are hatched. Wait and see. With half a sin. Out of sight, out of mind. Stare like a sheep at the new gate. There is not a penny to my name. Go through fire and water. Be on your own. Give up, become despondent. Take the bait. Go crazy, lose your mind. Tear and throw. Live like a lord. A knight without fear or reproach. Barely making ends meet. To go down, to become impoverished. He knows very well who he is dealing with. My mouth is full of trouble. Lose your last hope. Seven spans in the forehead. Walking encyclopedia. Shot sparrow. Wet behind the ears. Yellow-throated chick. Tuck your tail. Wolf in sheep's clothing. It won't muddy the waters. He won’t reach into his pocket for a word. Can't put two words together. Move mountains. Don't grab stars from the sky. |
Dear students, graduate students, colleagues,
April 17, 2020 The HSE University will host the “Welt und Wissenschaft” conference in German for the sixth time.
We invite you to present the results of your own scientific research at our conference.
At the conference you will have the opportunity to:
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Participants pay all expenses (travel and accommodation in Moscow) themselves.
We are waiting for your applications.
Law in theory and practice: global challenges and new impulses
Moderator: Alexander Dreit (VTP)
The adoption of new laws is often the basis for many issues to arise. Depending on their application and proper implementation, some laws can create the foundation for interesting initiatives, while others can create insurmountable obstacles. A fresh look at legislative developments, forecasts or existing experience with their implementation usually brings clarity and confidence and helps ensure that laws do what they are intended to do. Also, analogies from other legal areas, from abroad based on the experience available there, as well as examples from the past can not only serve as a subject for discussion, but also become the basis for new ideas and initiatives in the field of law. At the same time, works of German and Russian legal orientation can be used to compile competent analyzes on current topics. Also of interest may be questions about existing differences in legal terminology, opinions about their correlation or the advisability of their introduction from another relevant legal system. Whether it is the growing influence of judicial practice on court decisions in Russia, Germany and other countries, issues of personal data protection, issues of conflict of laws or the peculiarities of enforcement of decisions of foreign courts - we will be glad to see your work on a variety of topics in the legal field.
Literature, culture, translation
The same world, perhaps, looks different depending on whether we look at it from Moscow or from Berlin. A change of perspective is not only useful practically, but also productive for the development of theory: it is good when researchers analyze a variety of topics from both the “Russian” and at the same time from the “German” point of view. It doesn’t matter whether we are talking about the phenomenon of exophony in literature (in German texts by Natasha Vodin, Katya Petrovskaya or Olga Gryaznova), about memorable dates common to Russia and Germany, such as the 8th / 9th of May 1945, or about the translator Svetlana Geier - the German “voice” of Dostoevsky - it is important to take into account both views, both Russian and German. In this section we expect reports from Russian and German scholars from the field of literary studies, cultural studies, as well as related disciplines, in particular comparative studies and translation studies.
Past and present
“The past is not dead. It’s not even the past.” These famous words of the American writer William Faulkner emphasize that the past constantly influences the present. In essence, the past and present are two sides of the same coin. If the past constantly poses questions to modernity, then the present also constantly gains confidence in the past. The organizers of this section invite participation from speakers who see in history not only a collection of people and events of the past, and who do not limit themselves to a dry listing of names and dates, but consider the past as part of modern processes. The section can present reports on any chronological period and historical topic. However, presenters are expected to consider their topics in the context of contemporary scholarly debates and demonstrate familiarity with the methodology of historical scholarship. Applications must contain a clearly stated main research question, as well as information about the sources studied and the scientific relevance of the work.
Politics and Governance
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General theme: “Modern challenges”
Weatherization, social inequality, rent control are just some of the hotly debated political and governance topics in Germany. Many take to the streets to show their dissatisfaction with the inaction of politicians or their wrong decisions. At the same time, more and more people are becoming economically dependent, for example due to low wages or literal self-exploitation in companies such as Uber or Lieferando. In Russia, meanwhile, there are protests against littering of nature. Each state has its own problems. How can the field of politics and governance address them?
We invite you to take part in the section “Management and Politics” as part of the conference at the Higher School of Economics (Moscow) on April 17, 2020 and present your work. This could be your bachelor's or master's thesis, or a dissertation.
Some examples of possible topics:
- Comparative Politics: Russia wants to recycle more waste than before. What economic practices in recycling and waste management are best suited for this?
- International relations: Russia has successfully performed in the international political arena during the Syrian conflict. What will happen next? What might a stable security system look like?
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Of course, you can suggest your own topic. We are waiting for your applications!
Sociology
The section will discuss current issues of social change and related challenges to society. Particularly interesting in this context are studies that focus on the mutual influence of different areas of sociology, especially - but not only - against the backdrop of a globalized world in which unification processes are becoming increasingly powerful. We will welcome, first of all, empirical research from various fields of sociology, for example, works on the image of Oneself and the Other, collective identity, civil society and social movements, processes of interpretation and behavior patterns in the field of work and education in an institutional or organizational aspect. Research into norms and values, their susceptibility or non-susceptibility to change in various areas of life is also welcome. What role do national, ethnic, religious and political identities play, and how do they relate to understanding social change? And what significant conclusions that can influence anything can be drawn from this? When selecting applications, we will pay particular attention to both comparative research and empirical work with a sound theoretical basis.
Sociology Economics and society
We cordially invite students of the faculties of political science and economics, as well as young political scientists and economists who would like to present and discuss their research in German, to the section “Economy and Society”. Our focus will be on the relationship between politics, economics and society, and possible topics for presentations could be the influence of political organizations on economic development and the implications of changes in the economy for politics and society. However, we will also welcome other works from the field of political science and economics.
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Introduction
Borrowing words from other languages is a powerful factor in the development of a language, one of the most important ways to replenish its lexical composition.
S.K.Bulich
The development of almost every natural language is characterized by the process of borrowing words from other languages. This is a natural and inevitable process caused by trade, scientific, and cultural contacts between peoples. Any closed national culture usually loses in its development.
Our native language is Russian. From the fifth grade we began to study German. The German language seemed to us somewhat similar to the Russian language, perhaps due to a certain similarity in the conjugation and declension of the corresponding parts of speech, the number of tenses of verbs, and the sound of some words. And later we gradually began to compare the German and Russian languages. It was very interesting.
This kind of “searching” for German words in the Russian language is a very useful thing. Firstly, it relieves stress when learning German, and, secondly, it deepens knowledge of the Russian language.
Relevance of the work: issues of interaction between the Russian and German languages turn out to be insufficiently familiar to modern youth. (Annex 1). Since the German influence on the Russian language is obvious and occupies a leading position in relation to the penetration of vocabulary into the Russian language system, the study of the diverse aspects of the problem of Russian-German language contact is objectively very relevant. Object of study: the process of the entry of borrowed German words into the Russian language, their use by young people.
Subject of study: lexical borrowings from the German language in Russian graphic design.
The purpose of my work: based on the study, identify the significance of German borrowings for the Russian language. Tasks:
Study the literature on the research topic.
To study the cultural, economic, historical prerequisites that contribute to the penetration of foreign vocabulary into the Russian language.
Find out the reasons for borrowing words in modern Russian.
Classify vocabulary of German origin according to areas of human activity.
To identify students’ attitudes to the problem of borrowing and determine the extent to which borrowed words are used by young people.
Practical value of my work is that borrowing research contributes to:
correct use of “foreign” words in the language;
development of linguistic culture;
increasing the vocabulary of native speakers.
As research methods presented:
systematization and study of literature;
comparative-contrastive (to establish similarities and differences between lexical borrowings);
empirical: survey.
Hypothesis: the borrowing of words occurs as a result of established socio-historical and cultural connections and is a natural process of language enrichment. Scientific novelty The research work is as follows: 1. a classification of vocabulary of German origin in the Russian language is proposed; 2. changes and phonetic transformation of German borrowings in Russian have been studied
3. the attitude of young people to the problem of borrowing words was revealed. Project plan
Week 1: Introduction to the topic of the project. Formation of goals and objectives.
Weeks 2 and 3: Searching for answers to the questions posed, collecting and systematizing the information received.
Week 4: Formation of performance results using telecommunication technologies.
Week 5: Defense and evaluation of the project.
Work structure. The work consists of two parts: theoretical and practical. The theoretical part includes questions: “From Germany to Russia and back”, “Ways and reasons for borrowings”, “Types of borrowings”, “Germanisms in the Russian language”. The practical part consists of Appendix No. 1 “Questioning of students in grades 7-11 about borrowings.” Appendix No. 2 “Historical figures and historical places associated with borrowing words.”
Appendix No. 3 “Diagram. Areas of use of borrowed vocabulary from the German language.” Appendix No. 6 “German borrowing words in fiction.” Appendix No. 4 “Dictionary of words borrowed from the German language.”
Appendix No. 5 “Results of a survey on the use of borrowed words by students.”
In the footsteps of the German language.
From Germany to Russia and back.
When a Russian person gets acquainted with Germany today, he discovers certain similarities between our countries. Particularly striking is the large number of linguistic similarities (in the form of identical words or expressions, or in the form of speech expressions and proverbs). Why are they so similar in both languages? After conducting research, we found out that this is a long story that is connected with the Germans in Russia, and not least, with the tsars of German origin who ruled Russia.
Germans and Russians are not very similar. They don't even look alike at all. There is a Russian proverb: “What is good for a Russian is death for a German.” That's how different we are. But our peoples are very closely connected with each other. A long time ago, in the lands where Germany is now, the Slavs lived - the ancestors of many peoples, including the Russians. They had their own cities, but the Germans did not yet have them. But peoples moved, mixed, displaced and conquered each other. Thus, on the site of the Slavic city of Lipsk, German Leipzig grew. The Slavic settlement of Radogoshch (named after the god Radogost) became the German city of Radegast. The settlement of Poddubami became Potsdam. Dresden became the city of the Slavic Drevlyan tribe Drazhdyan (“residents of the swampy forest”). Only one small area remained with the Slavs - Lusatia (in German - Lausitz). Slavs still live there - the Lusatians (Sorbs of Lusatia). This is the smallest Slavic people. There are no more than 100 thousand people living in Lusatia, and life is not easy for them. After all, everyone around them speaks German, and they try to ensure that their children do not forget their native language, go to national schools and theaters, and read books in the Lusatian language. After all, if language and culture disappear, there will be no people. (Appendix 2)
Princess Sophia Frederica Augusta of Anhalt - Zerbska - the future Russian Empress Catherine II - was born in these parts. (Appendix 2) In general, Russian princes took wives from Germany. Because there were many princesses in Germany, albeit poor ones. German princesses took root well in cold but rich Russia. And some became empresses and ruled the country well, like Catherine the Great, for example.
During the reign of Peter I, the Germans formed a significant stratum of the Russian ruling elite. The Germans brought new arts, sciences and technologies to Russia. German specialists who lived in the German settlement near Moscow had a beneficial influence on the formation of the views and personality of the young Peter I. Subsequently, he actively invited German engineers, doctors, and officers to serve in Russia. In 1764 Catherine II issued a Manifesto, according to which settlers (as they were then called - colonists) from European countries could come to Russia to develop the Volga region. The colonists were distinguished by a high culture of life and agricultural production. The Russians who lived in the neighborhood adopted a lot from them, including words related to their way of life and production activities. Before the 1917 revolution, Germans made up the largest percentage of residents of St. Petersburg. Russian Finance Minister Sergei Witte, navigator Ivan Krusenstern were Germans; writer Denis Fonvizin and Decembrist Pavel Pestel had German roots. Great-grandmother A.S. Pushkina was German. And the mother of the creator of the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Dictionary”, V.I. Dahl, is also German. And many other famous and ordinary people in Russia are the descendants of teachers, doctors, engineers, merchants, architects, scientists from Germany, whom the Russian tsars invited to serve. (Appendix 2)
The Russians not only invited the Germans to visit them, but also traveled to Germany themselves. Students from Russia went to study at German universities. One of the first was Mikhail Lomonosov. He studied at the University of Marburg. At the time of Lomonosov, there were only 122 students at the university, three of them were Russian. In Germany, the scientist married the daughter of a church warden, Elisabeth Zilch. (Appendix 2) Russian poets and writers went to Germany on vacation. The poet Zhukovsky liked Baden-Baden so much that he stayed in Germany forever. Gogol wrote the first chapters of Dead Souls in the same city. Goncharov, Turgenev, Dostoevsky, Chekhov, Tolstoy and many other famous Russian writers lived for a long time in hospitable Saxony. (Appendix 2) The later lexical influence of European languages on the Russian language began to be felt in the 16th - 17th centuries. and especially intensified in the Petrine era, in the 18th century. The transformation of all aspects of Russian life under Peter I, his administrative and military reforms, the successes of education, the development of science - all this contributed to the enrichment of Russian vocabulary with foreign words. These were numerous names of then new household items, military and naval terms, words from the field of science and art. The following words were borrowed from the German language: sandwich, tie, decanter, hat, office, package, price list, interest, accountant, bill, share, agent, camp, headquarters, commander, cadet, corporal, gun carriage, cartridge belt, workbench, jointer, nickel, quartz, saltpeter, tungsten, potatoes, onions.
2. Reasons for borrowing words in modern Russian language
The main reasons for borrowing, according to researchers of this problem, are the following:
historical contacts of peoples;
the need to nominate new items and concepts;
innovation of the nation in any particular field of activity;
historically determined increase in certain social strata accepting the new word.
All these are extralinguistic reasons.
Internal linguistic reasons include:
absence in the native language of an equivalent word for a new object or concept: player, impeachment, etc.). In our opinion, this reason is the main reason for borrowing;
tendency to use one borrowed word instead of a descriptive phrase, for example: hotel for autotourists - motel, short press conference for journalists - briefing, figure skiing - freestyle or sniper instead of a marksman, tour instead of traveling on a circular route, sprint instead of sprinting, etc.
Depending on the degree of assimilation of borrowed vocabulary into the Russian language, it can be divided into several groups that differ significantly stylistically.
Words that have lost any signs of non-Russian origin: picture, bed, chair, notebook, school.
Words that retain some external signs of foreign language origin: consonances not characteristic of the Russian language (veil, jury, jazz); non-Russian suffixes (technical school, student, director); non-Russian prefixes ( broadcast, antibiotics); some of these words are not declined ( cinema, coat, coffee).
Common words from the field of science, politics, culture, art, known not only in Russian, but also in other European languages. Such words are called Europeanisms, or internationalisms: telegraph, telephone. A sign of the times is their stylistic neutralization. The borrowed words of the considered groups do not have Russian synonyms and belong to interstyle, neutral in emotional and expressive terms vocabulary. They are used in speech without any restrictions.
The development of Russian military terminology is largely determined by centuries-old German-Russian cooperation in the field of military affairs, starting from the first contacts of Germanic and Slavic tribes and further, especially during the reigns of Ivan III, Peter I, Catherine II and Alexander I in Russia. Part of German lexical borrowings remains relevant in our time ( flank, headquarters), some of them became historicisms and archaisms ( recruit, ramrod, aiguillettes).
Some German borrowings have clearly preserved traces of their origin and are perceived by Russian speakers as obvious borrowings ( paramedic). Other words have undergone significant transformations both phonetically and morphologically ( howitzer, helmet). Also of interest are semantic shifts when words are transferred from one language system to another. So, the word " guardhouse"means in Russian a room for holding military personnel under arrest. The original meaning of this word, which came from the German language, was associated with the designation of a guardhouse.
Enriching the vocabulary of a language by borrowing words from other languages is a process that accompanies the cultural, economic, political, scientific and technical development of the native people of a given language. It is the nature, degree of intensity, and duration of lexical borrowings that often serve as a starting point, an indicator in historical research. In turn, in solving purely linguistic problems of studying borrowings it is impossible to do without historical data.
3.Types of borrowings.
In the process of working on the distribution of Germanisms according to the principle of their use in various fields of activity, it became obvious to me that they “took root” in the Russian language in different ways. Some of them are almost in no way different from Russian words, others are still very reminiscent of German ones. Turning to a textbook on the stylistics of the Russian language, I learned that there is a classification of borrowed words according to the degree of their mastery by the Russian language, and I tried to consider Germanisms from this point of view.
Borrowed vocabulary that has an unlimited scope of use in the modern Russian language. According to the degree of assimilation into the language, these borrowings can be divided into three groups:
1. Words that have lost any signs of non-Russian origin: lawyer, bandage, bolt, bay, gnome, gloss, group, concert, compass, clover, avalanche, manganese, waste paper, minute, poster, satchel, plywood. Such words do not stand out against the background of Russian vocabulary, their “foreign language” does not have any impact on their use in speech.
2. Words that retain some external signs of foreign language origin:
Suffixes [er] - hairdresser, klopfer, cadet; [spruce] - stack, schnitzel, stamp; [et] - picket, package, faculty.
Sound combinations unusual for the Russian language: “shp” - spatula, hairpin, veneer, espionage; “piece” - stack, headquarters, stamp, plug; “schn” - schnitzel, auger, schnitt, snorkel; “ah” - watch, mine, collapse; “au” - barrier, Mauser, workshop; “her” - time trouble, shift master, foreman.
Words without connecting vowels: choreographer, sideburns, dial, cabinet of curiosities, Bundesbank, stockwork.
Internationalisms are commonly used words, known not only in Russian, but also in other European languages: subscriber, auction, parliament, banker, lawyer.
3. Borrowed vocabulary of limited use.
Exoticisms are borrowed words that characterize specific national characteristics of the life of different peoples and are used to describe non-Russian reality. These include words such as: Reichstag, Bundeswehr, Wehrmacht, Bundestag, Bundeschancellor, Bundesbank, Bundesgericht, Bundesrat.
Foreign language inclusions are words and phrases that are a kind of cliches and idiomatic expressions. They do not belong to the system of the language that used them, and do not function as units associated with the lexical and grammatical structure of this language.
The most common and famous here are: danke, bitte, frau, auffidersein. Among the new additions we can name: Dasistfantastish!, Dasistthomas!
4. Germanisms in the Russian language.
While studying the dictionary of borrowed words, I wrote down many Germanisms when the word passed through a number of languages before it entered our Russian language. Words such as: “pheasant” came to us through German from Greek; "faculty", "university" through German from Latin; "apron" via Polish from German.
There is a distinction between direct and indirect borrowing. For example, in the German language the words tie (Halstuch - neckerchief), accountant (Buchhalter - literally “book holder”) were created. These words were borrowed from German by the Russian language at the beginning of the 18th century.
People say: “You don’t go to someone else’s monastery with your own rules.” It’s the same with words: if you find yourself in a foreign language, adapt to it. The system of a foreign language puts pressure on the word, it can change its sound appearance, meaning, gender, for example: the German letter “N” is pronounced in Russian as “g”: Hepzog - duke, Hetmann - hetman, Nofmarschall - noble marshal, Naspel - hashpil, Nantel - dumbbells. The diphthong “ei” in Russian is pronounced like “ey”: Reiber - reiber. The German “eu” is pronounced in Russian as “ey” or “yu”: Kreuzer - cruiser, Feuerwerk - fireworks, Schleuse - gateway. The German “S” is pronounced like “s” and is reduced to “e”: Reise - flight, Subkultur - subculture.
Softening of consonants in Russian: backpack - Rucksack, kluft - Kluft, form - Formular.
Stunning of voiced consonants at the end of words: Kulturbund, Glanzgold, Вundestag, Вord, Аnschlag.
Replacement of consonants or their loss from German words: Flügel - weather vane, Pfand - fant, Kunststück - kunstük.
The stress does not match (in German the stress falls on the first syllable, and in Russian on the second): Abriß - outline, Аnschlag - full house, Kronstein - bracket.
Many Germanisms do not have the same gender of nouns in Russian: Die Landschaft - landscape, die Rolle - role, das Diktat - dictate, das Horn - forge, die Reise - flight.
Some Russian words are used only in the plural, and German words in the singular: dunes - die Düne, slots - der Schlitz, buoys - die Buhne, sideburns - der Backenbart.
German words ending in “e” in Russian take “a” or have no endings at all: Rakete - rocket, Linze - lens, Marke - brand, Tabelle - report card, Тusche - mascara, Strafe - fine. And vice versa, a German word that does not have endings acquires it in Russian: Der Schirm - screen, der Schacht - mine, der Jahrmarkt - fair.
The German “ch” turns into “f”, and “in” turns into “in”: Kachel - tile, Kerbel - chervil.
Sometimes, by analogy with Russian words, a suffix from the Russian language is added to borrowed words: doll - Pyrre, meatball - Frikadelle, rabatka - Rabatte.
Borrowed words are usually devoid of imagery; they do not recognize the internal meaning or, as linguists say, the internal form. This gives rise to fantasy. Children - young linguists strive to get to the bottom of the meaning in incomprehensible words, and the following gems are obtained: vertilator, hammer, semi-clinic, etc. K. I. Chukovsky gives many examples of such creativity in his book “from two to five.” This phenomenon can also be observed in the German language, for example: easel (Malbrett), case (Futterall).
The names of plants in Russian usually end in - and: begonia, abelia, acacia; according to this principle, German words also end in - ia: fuchsia - Füchsie, kochia - Koshie, funkia - Funkie, as well as neuter nouns in German: gymnasium — Gymnasium harmonium — Fisharmonium, anniversary — Jubileum, museum — Мuseum, lyceum — Lizeum.
So, words are borrowed from the German language for various reasons: to name borrowed objects, concepts; to clarify the names of similar objects, tools, machines. When borrowing German words into Russian, they undergo phonetic, semantic, morphological changes, as well as changes in the composition of the word.
The borrowing of German words by the Russian language reflects the history of our people. Economic, political and cultural ties, military relations left their mark on the development of the language. We are convinced that contacts between Russia and Germany have existed since ancient times. They can be traced back to the 10th - 12th centuries, when Russian and German merchants had active trade relations. When moving from a foreign language to Russian, a process of mastering takes place: graphic, phonetic, grammatical, lexical. Rarely was a word absorbed into the Russian language in the form in which it existed in the source language. Many borrowed words from the German language have become so firmly established in everyday Russian speech that it seems they have always been Russian.
This can be seen from examples of the use of German borrowings in Russian fiction. (Appendix No. 6)
We conclude that the process of borrowing in the language is continuous, since the Russian people continue to live in economic, political, cultural, scientific and technical contact with the peoples of other countries. And, if you use a borrowed word appropriately and wisely, then it enriches our speech, makes it precise and expressive. As we see, over the course of several centuries, German-language words penetrated the Russian language. What place do they occupy in the language now, how have they changed, how have they taken root, where are they used?
To find answers to these questions, I analyzed the vocabulary in the “Newest Dictionary of Foreign Words and Expressions,” which includes over 60,000 foreign words and expressions, in order to identify Germanisms. I was able to find about 395 words of German origin, which is about 1% of the total number of foreign words collected in this dictionary. I think that's not too much.
I have distributed all the words according to the areas of human activity in which they are used. The most numerous area was “Military Affairs” (59 words): blitzkrieg, Bundeswehr, soldier, rocket, guardhouse, outpost. Next, in descending order, comes “Mining” (49 words): slag, cement, zinc, coke, mine surveyor; “Music, recreation, sports” (49 words): “Equipment, tools” (46 words): drill, crane, clamp, grab, scooter; “History” (33 words): mast, hose, cabin, storm, bay; “Typography” (27 words): paragraph, font, flyleaf, fold, edge; “Architecture” (11 words): outbuilding, spire, plywood, paneling, warehouse; “Finance” (14 words): accountant, bill, broker, stamp, gesheft; “Nature” (26 words): landscape, dunes, reef, north-west, south-west; “Food” (19 words): sandwich, marzipan, icing, brawn, chocolate. As well as borrowings on the topics “Medicine” (3 words), “Measure of weight and counting” (13 words), “Mythology” (5 words). (Appendix 4)
Having carried out this classification, I was able to make sure that the scope of application of Germanisms is quite wide.
Let's try to replace some borrowed words from German with synonyms from Russian and find out which words are used more and whether we can do without foreign words.
To do this, let's create a table of calculations (Appendix 5).
From the calculations it is clear that such borrowed words as auction, scale, choreographer, pretzel, hacker, hit, curtain, prodigy, sandwich exceed the use of their synonyms from the Russian language. Our research has shown that students very often use borrowed words from the German language in their speech, without knowing it.
Attitudes towards borrowed words in society are changing. There are times when they are treated quite tolerantly, but in other eras they are assessed negatively. Nevertheless, despite this or that reaction of society, one part of the borrowed words enters the language, while the other is rejected by it.
Conclusion
As a result of research work, I found out that the historical destinies of the German and Russian people are very closely intertwined. The borrowing of German words by the Russian language reflects the history of our people. Economic, political and cultural ties, military relations left their mark on the development of the language. The popularity and importance of the German language is steadily increasing from year to year. More than 120 million people speak German. Knowledge of the German language will allow you to study, work, communicate with colleagues and business partners, and travel to European countries such as Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein. You will be understood in Belgium, Holland, Northern Italy, Eastern France.
A foreign language is a new source of information and new knowledge. A foreign language teaches you to respect other peoples, their customs, traditions, and fosters a tolerant attitude towards representatives of other peoples. Studying a foreign language develops many human abilities: improves memory, develops logical thinking, increases reaction speed, enriches the native language, develops imagination, develops the habit of creative mental work. As the great Goethe said, “He who does not know a foreign language does not know his own.”
The German language is very rich and expressive, perfectly characterizing the culture of society and the mentality of the nation. And since the culture of the German-speaking society is also very widely represented in literature, music, theater, cinema, sports, architecture, painting, as well as other types of modern and not only art, everyone who is somehow interested in the deeper aspects of everything happening in Germany, it is simply necessary to study the German language, because it is with its help that there is a real opportunity to study and analyze in detail this rich European culture.
As we have seen, in the Russian language, along with original words, there are a large number of borrowings from German. The areas of application of borrowing words are very diverse. In this work we note 16 of them, which include 395 words. Many borrowed words from the German language have become so firmly established in everyday Russian speech that it seems they have always been Russian.
What I read helps me in learning German. Research work helped develop linguistic observation and linguistic sense.
Thus, I believe that knowing languages means being open to the world. I want to learn to be proud of my culture and at the same time be literate in all respects. Studying the German language and all its facets helps me with this. With the help of the German language I can show the possibilities of adaptation in the complex world of human relationships.
We can conclude that the process of borrowing in the language is continuous, since the Russian people continue to live in economic, political, cultural, scientific and technical contact with the peoples of other countries. And, if you use a borrowed word appropriately and wisely, then it enriches our speech, makes it precise and expressive.
List of used literature
- Turgenev I.S. - Collected works in 15 volumes, Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences M-L, 1960.
Arsiriy A. T. “Entertaining materials on the Russian language”, M. “Prosveshchenie”, 1995.
Aleksandrovich N. F. “Entertaining grammar”, 1965
Volina V. “Where the words came from,” M. AST-PRESS, 1996.
Vartanyan E.V. “Journey into the Word”, M. “Enlightenment”, 1987.
Gorky M. Collected works: In 10 volumes. M., 1961.
Grigoryan L. T. “My language is my friend”, M. “Enlightenment”, 1976.
Kaverin V. Collected works. in 8 volumes, Publisher: Khudozhestvennaya literatura, 1980.
Komlev N.G. "Foreign words and expressions." - M. Sovremennik, 1999 (Schoolchild's dictionaries)
Kuprin A.I. Sobr.soch., M., Publisher: Pravda, 1964
Lebedeva G.A. Dictionary of foreign words for schoolchildren. M. "Slavic House of Books", 2001.
Leontiev A. A. “What is language?”, M. “Pedagogy”
Lekhin I.V., Lokshina S.M. "Dictionary of foreign words." 6th edition, from “Soviet Encyclopedia”, 1964.
Leping A.A. and Strakhov N.P. "German - Russian dictionary." Edition. 7th, stereotype, M., “Russian language”, 1976.
Ivanov V.V. “School Dictionary of Foreign Words”, M., “Enlightenment” 1990.
Lyustrova Z. N., Skvortsov L. I. “Friends of the Russian language”, M. “Knowledge” 1982.
Miloslavsky I. G. “How to disassemble and assemble a word”, M. “Enlightenment” 1993.
Maksimov V.I. “To the secrets of word formation” M. “Enlightenment”, 1980.
Otkupshchikov Yu. V. “To the origins of the word”, M. “Enlightenment”, 1973.
Pashkov B. G. “Rus, Russia, Russian Empire,” M. 1999.
Petrov F. M. “Dictionary of foreign words”, M. Gosizdat, 1995.
Podgaetskaya I. M. “The Immense World of the Word”, M. “Enlightenment”, 1973.
Pushkin A.S. Collected works in 10 volumes. M.: GIHL, 1959—1962.
Reformatsky A. A. “Introduction to Linguistics”, M. “Prosveshchenie”, 1967.
Sergeev V.N. “New meanings of old words”, M. “Prosveshchenie”, 1979.
Tolstoy A.N. Collected works: B10 vol. M., 1961.
Uspensky L.V. “On the roads and paths of language”, M. “Children’s Literature”, 1980.
Uspensky L.V. “Why not otherwise? Etymological dictionary of a schoolchild”, L. 1967.
Vasmer M. “Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language”
Chervinskaya M. A. “Explanatory dictionary of foreign words”, Rostov, 1995.
Shansky N. M. “In the world of words”, M. “Enlightenment”, 1985.
Shansky N.M., “Russian language. Vocabulary. Word formation" M. 1975
Shansky N. M., Shanskaya T. V. “A short etymological dictionary of the Russian language”, M. “Prosveshchenie”, 1971.
Shkatova L. A. “How the word will respond”, “South Ural Publishing House”, 1986.
Yurganov A. L., Katsva L. A. “History of Russia in the XVI-XVIII centuries.
Yakovlev K. “How we are spoiling the Russian language”, “Young Guard”, 1976.
Annex 1.
62 students of grades 7-11 of the municipal educational institution “Shutikhinskaya Secondary School” took part in the survey. The results are visible in the diagrams.
Do you know what borrowing words are?
What words borrowed from German do you know? List.
sandwich |
|
Do you use words borrowed from German?
Should the use of borrowed words be avoided in speech?
Appendix No. 2
Leipzig - Leipzig
Dresden - Dresden
Princess Sophia Frederico Augusto of Anhalt-Zerb, abbreviated as Fike -
Prinzessin Sophie Friederike August von Anhalt-Tserbskaya abgekürzt Fike
Russian Empress Catherine II - Russische Zarin Katharina II
Ivan Fedorovich (Johann Anton)
Krusenstern
Ivan Fedorov (Johann Anton) Krusenstern
Sergei Yulievich Witte
Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay
Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly
Denis Ivanovich Fonvizin
M. Lomonosov and E. Tsilhe
M. Lomonosov and E. Zielke
The house where Lomonosov lived in Marburg - Das Haus, in dem er in Marburg Lomonosov gelebt
Saxony - Sachsen
Baden-Baden- Baden Baden
Appendix No. 3
Areas of application of borrowed words
Der Umfang der Lehnwörter
Appendix 4
Dictionary of words borrowed from the German language.
Font, typography.
Paragraph (der Absatz) - indentation in the initial line of text
Ablaut - (der Ablaut) - vowel alternation
Apperception - (Die Apperzeption) - dependence of perception on experience
Gelerter (der Gelehrte) - a person with book learning
Deckel (der Deckel) - a metal frame in a manual printing press
Point size (der Kegel) - size of printed font
Korn (das Korn) - metal
Kornpapier (das Kornpapier) - paper with a grainy surface structure
Leitmotiv (das Leitmotiv) - motive, thought
Slogan (die Losung) - call
Mittel (das Mittel) - font
Ost (der Ost) - east
Squeegee (die Rakel) - steel plate
Real (das Real) - table - cabinet
Reiber (der Reiber) - an impression from a printing plate onto paper
Roll (die Rolle) - a machine for grinding paper pulp
Tangier (die Tangier) - printing gelatin film
Tenakl (der Tenakel) - stand for strengthening pages
Crucible (der Tiegel) - typewriter
Tifdruck (der Tiefdruck) - intaglio printing
Umlaut (der Umlaut) - reversal
Fold (der Falz) - printing fold
Fapzbein (das Falzbein) - ironer
Fold (falzen) - bend paper
Endpaper (der Vorsatz) - double sheet of paper, endpaper of a book
Font (die Schrift) - lettering
Ersatz (der Ersatz) - an inferior substitute
Warfare.
Aiguillettes (der Achselband) - shoulder cords
Bereiter (der Bereiter) - a specialist who teaches horse riding
Blitzkrieg - lightning war
Blockhouse (das Blockhaus) - defensive building
Bruderschaft (die Bruderschaft) - drink, strengthen friendship
Parapet (die Brustwehr) - earthen embankment
Bund (der Bund) - General Jewish Workers' Union in Lithuania, Poland and
Bundeswehr (die Bundeswehr) - armed forces of Germany
Bundesrat - Upper house of parliament in Germany
Bundestag (der Bundestag) - Lower house of parliament in Germany
Wehrmacht (die Wehrmacht) - the armed forces of Nazi Germany
Howitzer (die Haubitze) - a type of artillery weapon
Guardhouse (die Hauptwache) - premises for holding military personnel
under arrest
Heraldry (die Heraldik) - armorial studies
Gestapo (die Gestapo) - one of the main terrorist institutions
Grenade (die Granate) - artillery shell
Diktat (das Diktat) - an unequal international treaty
Dunst: (der Dunst) - the smallest shot caliber
Jaeger (der Jäger) - soldier of special rifle units
Quartermaster (der Quartiermeister) - the person who hands over the deployment of troops
by apartment
Apartment dwellers (der Quartierherr) - military personnel looking for apartments
Uniform jacket (der Kittel) - military-style jacket
necessity
Carriage (die Lafette) - combat machine
Nazi (die Nazi) - nickname of the National Socialists
Nazism (der Nazismus) - German fascism
Ober (der Ober) - chief, senior
Parade (der Platz) - area for military training, parades, shows
Rocket (die Rakete) - a projectile moving under the influence of reactive force
jets of hot gases
Reichswehr (die Reichswehr) - the armed forces of Germany after the first
world war
Reichskanzler (der Reichskanzler) - state chancellor, head of law - va
Germany before 1945
Reichsrat (der Reichsrat) - the Federal Council of Germany
Table of ranks (die Tabelle)
Route (die Trase) - a smoky trail left by a bullet
Mourning (der Trauer) - sadness
Non-commissioned officer (der Unteroffizier) - junior command rank
Field Marshal (der Feldmarschall) - the highest military rank in some armies
Feldwebel (der Feldwebel) - non-commissioned officer - officer rank in some armies
Courier (der Feldjäger) - a military courier delivering secret
Flag (die Flagge) - a piece of cloth attached to a cord, often with emblems
putsch (der Putsch) - a coup d'état carried out by a group
conspirators
Outpost (der Vorposten) - forward position
Fuhrer (der Führer) - leader
Zeughaus (das Zeughaus) - a warehouse of weapons or uniforms
Schanze (die Schanze) - earthen trench
Schwermer (der Schwärmer) - a fireworks rocket that leaves a fiery
Schneller (der Schneller) - a device for the trigger mechanism in
about carrying a gun
Spy (der Spion) - one who engages in espionage
Espionage (die Spionage) is a criminal activity consisting of secret
collecting information
Headquarters (der Stab) - troop command and control authority
State (der Staat) is a self-governing state. territorial unit
Stadtholder (der Staathalter) - governor, ruler of a region, province
A fine (die Strafe) is an administrative or judicial punishment in the form of
monetary recovery
Strikebreaker (der Streikbrecher) - traitor, traitor to class interests
Assault (der Sturm) - a decisive attack on a fortification or strong point
enemy
Storm (der Sturm) - take by storm, decisively take possession of something
Hilt (das Gefäß) - handle of a bladed weapon
Architecture.
Outline (der Abriß) - plan, drawing
Arcatur (die Arkatur) - a series of small arches used for decoration
Firewall (die Brandmauer) - fire-resistant blank wall
Hip (die Walm) - triangular slope
Warehouse (das Packhaus) - a closed warehouse for storage
cargo at customs
Panel (das Panel) - a large element of the wall
Rabatka (die Rabatte) - ornamental plant
Plywood (das Furnier) - thin sheet of wood
Outbuilding (der Flügel) - side extension to the house
Spire (der Spill) - the pointed end of a building
Bay window (der Erker) - lantern - semicircular protrusion in the wall
Minerals, rocks, mine.
Anschliff (der Anschliff) - a preparation of a mineral or mineral aggregate
Abzug (der Abzug) - slag obtained by separating gold and silver Aluminizing (alitieren) - saturation of the surface layer of steel and cast iron products with aluminum
Bandwagen (der Bandwagen) - conveyor belt
Bleiweiss (das Bleiweiß) - white lead
Blend (die Blende) - a lantern for illuminating a mine
Yoke (der Bügel) - ring made of strip steel
Wandrute (die Wandrute) - a purlin in the form of a beam in a shaft
Waschherd (der Waschherd) - the simplest apparatus for washing ores or
gold sand
Werkblei (das Werkblei) - an intermediate product obtained during smelting
lead ores
Bismuthin (die Wismutin) - bismuth sulphide
Hartblei (das Hartblei) - lit. solid lead or lead-antimony alloy
Gesenk (das Gesenk) - vertical underground mine
Goethite (das Goethit) is a mineral, needle-shaped iron ore (named after the German.
poet Goethe)
Lite (die Glätte) is the technical name for lead oxide.
Gneiss (der Gneis) - rock
Glyantsgoll (das Glanzgold) - “liquid gold”, viscous brown liquid,
Glanzsilber (das Glanzsilber) - “liquid silver”, a liquid containing
Grat (der Grat) - excess metal, burr
Greisen (der Greisen) is a rock consisting of quartz and light micas
Silberglätte - yellow lead litharge
Sumpf (der Sumpf) - a box for collecting slag when washing ores
Kylo (der Keil) - a hand-held mining tool for chipping away brittle rocks
Core (der Körner) - rock sample
Kluft (die Kluft) - a mountain void between the vein and the side rock
Coke (der Koks) - solid purebred carbonaceous mass
Kupferstein (der Kupferstein) - an alloy of iron sulfide and copper sulfide
Loess (das Löß) - porous, fine-grained loose rock
Mine surveyor (der Markscheider) - mining engineer
Mine surveying (die Markscheiderei) - branch of mining science
Marl (der Mergel) - rock
Mortar (der Mörtel) - a mixture of sand and slaked lime
Nickel silver (das Neusilber) - nickel brass - an alloy of copper, nickel and zinc
Neutraltinte (die Neutraltinte) - black mineral paint
Opt (der Ort) - place
Mother of pearl (die Perlmutter) is the inner layer of mollusk shells,
pearl oysters
Perlweiss (das Perlweiß) - lead white tinted with blue
Planherd (der Planherd) - a table with a moving surface for
enrichment of ore material
Tras (der Traß) is a rock from the group of volcanic tuffs
Tripel (der Tripel) - after the name of the city of Tripoli, a rock for
thermal insulation, oil and petroleum purification
Roshtein (der Rohstein) - raw stone
Feldspatids (der Feldspat) are a group of rock-forming minerals with
a small amount of silica
Forshacht (der Vorschacht) - expanded mine mouth
Cement (das Zement) - broken stone
Zinc it (das Zinkit) - mineral, red zinc ore (zinc oxide)
Zircon (das Zirkon) - mineral, zirconium silicate
Slag (die Schlacke) - coal ash
Sludge (der Schlamm) is finely ground ore containing valuable
Stuff (die Stufe) - a piece of rock intended for research or
for collections
Earth, nature, phenomena.
Allod (der Allod) - full ownership of land
Brander (der Brander) - a ship loaded with flammable substances
West (der West) - west, west wind
Glacier (der Gletscher) - natural accumulations of ice masses on the earth's surface
surfaces flowing down
Horst (der Horst) - a raised section of the earth's crust
Graben (der Graben) - ditch, ditch
Dunes (die Düne) are sand hills or ridges that arise under the influence of
Outwash (der Sander) - sandy - pebble plains
Inzucht (die Inzucht) - closely related crossing of plants by
self-pollination
Kar (das Kar) - natural cup-shaped depression
Crown (die Krone) - the upper part of a tree or shrub
Avalanche (die Lawine) - a mass of snow falling from the mountains with destructive force.
Foehn (der Föhn) - warm dry wind
Landkarte (die Landkarte) - geographical map
Landscape (die Landschaft) - a painting depicting nature
Maars (das Maar) - a funnel-shaped depression on the earth's surface
Scale (der Maßstab) - the ratio of the length of a line on a plan, map
Passatwind - northeast wind
Orange (der Pomeranze) is an evergreen tree of the Rutaceae family.
Rabatka (die Rabatte) - a bed with ornamental plants along the paths
Reef (der Riff) - underwater rocks
Thalweg (der Talweg) - valley bottom
Peat (der Torf) - a dense mass of the remains of marsh plants
Route (die Trase) - roads, canals, power lines
Firn (der Firn) - dense compacted snow (eternal snow)
Calm (die Stille) - calm
Music, relaxation, sports.
Alpenstock (der Alpenstock) - a long stick with a pointed iron
tip
Full house (der Anschlag) - an announcement in a theater or circus that all tickets
Balletmaster (der Ballettmeister) - director and choreographer of dances and
facial movements in ballet
Baedeker (der Bedecker) - a guide for travelers, tourists (on
German name publisher)
Blitz tournament (das Blitzturnier) is a sports competition held in
in a short time
Horn (das Waldhorn) - brass musical instrument
Waltz (der Walzer) - dance
Hanswurst (die Hanswurst) - jester in German folk theater
Dumbbell (die Hantel) - a special weight for muscle development
Tour (die Gastrolle) - performance by a visiting actor; theater performance from
another city or country
Horn (das Horn) - brass signal wind instrument
Tuning fork (der Kammerton) - a steel instrument that produces a sound when struck
set height, used when tuning musical
tools
Kapelldiener (der Kapelldiener) - one who checks visitors' tickets and
indicating places
Bowling alley (die Kegelbahn) - a platform for setting pins and rolling balls and
bowling room
Skittles (der Kegel) - a game of knocking down figures arranged in a known pattern with a ball.
Resort (der Kurort) - an area with natural healing properties
means
Kellner (der Kellner) - waiter in a beer hall
Counterpoint (der Kontrapunkt) - several voices forming one
harmonic whole
Kursaal (der Kursaal) - a venue for concerts at resorts
The Kunstkammer (die Kunstkammer) is a haphazard collection of rarities, as well as
premises for such a meeting
Kunststück (das Kunststück) - trick, clever thing, trick
Easel (das Malbrett) - a stand for the artist’s work
Overtones (die Obertöne) - a series of tones that arise when the main sound
Reservation card (die Platzkarte) - a railway receipt for a specific place in the carriage
Pupsik (die Puppe) - doll (children's toy)
Voyage (die Reise) - a one-way journey, route of a ship, steamship, boat
Backpack (der Rucksack) - a backpack bag for things
Subculture (die Subkultur) - culture of small groups
Dance class (die Tanzklasse) - dance school, dance lesson
Troupe (die Truppe) - a group of artists working in a theater or circus
Touche (die Tusche) - a short musical greeting in honor of a person or event
Untertones (die Untertöne) - an additional series of tones sounding simultaneously,
but below the fundamental tone
Triolet (die Triole) - rhythmic musical figure
Fis (die Fis) - musical syllabic designation F-Diez
Harmonium (das Fisharmonium) is a keyboard instrument resembling
sound organ
Rummelplatz (der Rummelplatz) - fairground for festivities and
entertainment
Focus (der Hokus-Pokus) - trick, dexterous technique
Vorschlag (der Vorschlag) - a type of melisma, melodic decoration
Hacker (der Hacker) - computer swindler
Zither (die Zither) - a musical instrument with metal stems
Puck (die Scheibe) - a rubber disc for playing hockey
Barbell (die Stange) - sports equipment in weightlifting
Schlager (der Schlager) - popular pop song
Humoreske (die Humoreske) - a little thin. a work imbued with
Middlegame (das Mittelspiel) - the middle of the game of chess
Time trouble (die Zeitnot) is a situation in a chess game when a player lacks
time to think about the next move
Zugzwang (der Zugzwang) - a position when there is a need to make a move
leads to unfavorable consequences
Endgame (das Endspiel) - the final stage in a chess game
Equipment, tools,
Bildapparat (der Bildapparat) - a device for transmitting stationary
images by telegraph
Bohr (der Bohr) - a steel drill used in denture practice
Drill (die Bohrmaschine) - drilling machine
Rollers (die Walze) - shaft, cylinder, roller
Valve (das Ventil) - valve
Winkel (der Winkel) - carpenter's square for an angle of 90 degrees
Hashpil (die Haspel) - a wooden or concrete tank for washing skin
Grabstichel (der Grabstichel) - a type of shtikhel
Grab (der Greifer) - lifting device
mechanism
Dorn (der Dorn) - a cylinder on which rubber products are glued
Drill (der Drell) - a mechanism for rotating a drill in wood, metal
Throttle (die Throssel) - electromagnetic coil made of copper wire Dowel (der Dübel) - nail, spike
Düse (die Düse) - nozzle, device for spraying liquid
Zenzubel (der Simshobel) - a plane for planing shaped surfaces
Countersink (der Senker) - metal-cutting tool
Kapsel (die Kapsel) - fireproof box for firing ceramic products
Trowel (die Kelle) - a hand tool in the form of a spatula with a curved handle
Valve (die Klappe) - a device in a machine for closing holes Terminal | (die Klemme) - a clamp for securing electrical wires
Crane (der Kran) - lifting and transport machine
Bracket (der Kragstein) - support for the shaft, in the form of a square attached to the wall
Lancet (die Lanzette) - a small knife with a sharp blade
Lens (die Linse) - transparent optical glass
Motor scooter (der Motorroller) - vehicle
Muschkeule (die Muschkeule)
wooden hammer
Needle file (die Nadelfeile) - file for heavy work
Rasp (die Raspel) - a file with a large notch
Thicknesser (das Reißmuß) - a tool for drawing lines parallel to the edge of the product
Drawing tool (die Reißfeder)
Reisschiene (die Reißschiene) - a large drawing ruler
Roller conveyor (der Rollgang) - a transporting device made of rollers
Turbine (die Turbine) - rotary motion engine
Washer (die Scheibe) - a ring-shaped part placed under the nut
Channel (der Schweller) - rolled steel beam
Tire (die Schiene) - a hoop placed on the rim of a wheel; honey. device Spatel (der Spatel) - spatula
Spindle (die Spindel) - transfer shaft; spindle
Key (der Span) - part between the shaft and gears
Syringe (die Spritze) - a device for injecting medicine under the skin or into muscles
Corkscrew (der Stopper) - a screw rod for uncorking bottles
Fitting (der Stutzer) - a short piece of pipe with threads at the ends
Buzzer (der Summer) - electromagnetic breaker for automatically closing the current
Coupling (die Muffe) - a device for connecting two shafts
Nagel (der Nagel) - nail - connecting element
Hose (die Schlange) - a pipe made of waterproof fabric
Slots (der Schlitz) - slot, cut
Stichel (der Stichel) - steel tool for engraving, cutter
Food.
Bachstein (der Backstein) - a type of cheese
Bastre (der Baster) - sugar
Sandwich (das Butterbrot) - a slice of bread with butter
Glaze (die Glasur) - a layer of frozen transparent sugar on fruit
Mulled wine (der Glühwein) - hot wine with sugar and spices
Dunst (der Dunst) - a product between cereals and flour
Grunkohl (der Grünkohl) - a variety of cabbage with a green color
Wurst (die Wurst) - sausage
Pate (die Pastete) - a pasty dish made from meat and fish products
Schnaps (der Schnaps) - vodka
Spinach (der Spinat) - leaf vegetable
Truffle (die Trüffel) - a variety of sweets, mushrooms
Kohlrabi (der Kohlrabi) - a variety of cabbage
Watercress (die Kresse) - leaf lettuce
Marzipan (der/das Marzipan) is a dough-like mass of grated almonds with
sugar syrup and confectionery products made from it
Fennel (der Fenchel) - Voloshsky dill
Meatball (die Frikadelle) - a ball of minced meat or fish,
boiled in broth
Wurst (die Wurst) - sausage, sausage
Schnittlauch (der Schnittlauch) - a low-growing perennial type of onion
Chemistry.
Beize - substances used to clean surfaces
metals
Bismuth (das Wismut) - chemical element
Flask (der Kolben) - a glass vessel with a round or flat bottom
Kron (das Kron) - yellow paint consisting of chromic lead salt
Brass (das Latun) - chemical. element
Manganese (das Mangan) - chemical. element
Nickel (das Nickel) - chemical. element
Rhenium (das Rhein) - chemical. element
Flintglas (das Flintglas) - optical glass
Finance.
Accountant (der Buchhalter) - a person in charge of accounting and financial activities of an enterprise
A bill of exchange (der Wechsel) is a document requiring payment from another person.
the specified amount
Gesheft (das Geschäft) - business, trade deal
Ledger (das Großbuch) - accounting book
Gastarbeiter (der Gastarbeiter) - foreign hired worker
Gründer (der Gründer) - founder, founder
Collapse (der Krach) - ruin, bankruptcy, failure
Decor (der Dekort) - discount from the price of goods for payment
Broker (der Makler) - an intermediary in concluding transactions
Gofmakler (der Hofmakler) - chief stockbroker
Pricelist (die Preisliste) - directory of prices and products
Rack (die Rack) - conditional exchange transaction
Stamp (die Stampfe) - a stamp with the name of the institution
Krone (die Krone) is the monetary unit of a number of countries
Sea.
Bodmerei (die Bodmerei) - a cash loan secured by a ship
Board (der Bord) - side wall, side of the ship
Bone (die Buhne) - semi-dams, transverse dams
Bay (die Bucht) - a cable laid in circles
Dock (die Decke) - plywood cover
Corals (die Koralle) are marine animals, polyps attached to
Klinket (die Klinke) - wedge crane on ships
Mast (der Mast) - a vertical log on a ship
Snorkel (der Schnorchel) - a device for supplying air
Storm (der Sturm) - a strong storm
Dinghy boat (das Schwerboot) - a sailing yacht with a centerboard
Gateway (die Schleuse) - a structure for transferring ships from one waterway
space to another
Lock (schleusen) - guide ships through a lock
Spire (das Spill) - a drum-shaped gate for raising an anchor
Rod (der Stock) - transverse rod of the upper part of the anchor
Schlag (der Schlag) - sea. tackle turnover
Junge (der Junge) - young sailor
Clothing, appearance.
Sideburns (der Backenbart) - beard
Lapel (das Lätzchen) - lapel on the chest of a jacket, coat
Lederin (die Leder) - fabric imitating leather
Muff (die Muffe) - an accessory for a woman's toilet made of fur for
warming hands
Perlon (das Perlon) - synthetic fiber fabric
Plush (der Plüsch) - silk, paper fabric
Raventuch (das Raventuch) - thick linen fabric
Satchel (der Ranzen) - a student's bag worn on the back
Leggings (die Reithosen) - narrow trousers that tightly fit the legs for
horse riding; long knitted pantaloons
Philister (der Philister) - a person with sanctimonious behavior
Weather vane (der Flügel) - a fickle person
dressing gown (der Schlafrock) - housecoat
Train (die Schleife) - a long hem of a dress that trails behind
Schlitz (der Schlitz) - cut on the dress
Damask (der Stoff) - thick woolen fabric with streaks
Story.
Burgomaster (der Bürgermeister) - head of city government
burgher - (der Bürger) city dweller, inhabitant, tradesman
Duke (der Herzog) - a major feudal lord, the highest noble title in Western Europe
Hetman (der Hetmann) - commander-in-chief of the armed forces of the Polish-Lithuanian state
Guild (die Gilde) union of merchants, artisans
Count (der Graf) - royal official
Chamberlain (der Kammerherr) - one of the court titles in Tsarist Russia and other monarchical states
Valet (der Kammerdiener) - a servant in a noble house
Grif (der Griff) - saber handle, checker
Kamep - (der Kammerlakai) senior court footman
Chancellor (der Kanzler) - head of the royal chancellery and archives
Knecht (der Knecht) - servant, farmhand in Germany, Austria
Elector (der Kurfürst) - German sovereign prince
Slogan (die Losung) - a call, a clearly expressed idea; in the old days, a conditional secret word, password
Landgrave (der Landgraf) - the title of a prince in Germany in the Middle Ages Landsknecht (der Landsknecht) - a mercenary soldier in the Middle Ages
Landtag (der Landtag) - representative assembly
Life Guards (die Leibgarde) - especially privileged guard troops
Flax (das Lehen) - land holdings; tax collected from fief estate
Marke (die Marke) - a peasant community in medieval Germany Meistersinger (die Meistersinger) - medieval German poets and singers from among the artisans
Minnesingers (die Minnesinger) - court knightly poets and singers
Reichsbank (die Reichsbank) - a state bank in Germany until 1945
Reichstag (der Reichstag) - German parliament
Police (die Polizei) - authorities that maintain order
Pedell (der Pedell) - a servant at the court in the Middle Ages
Princess (die Prinzessin) - the title of the daughter of a king or the wife of a prince
Knight (der Ritter) - a person belonging to the noble class;
noble selfless man
State Secretary (der Staatssekretär) - the title of the highest officials in
cap. countries
Fireworker (der Feuerwerker) - junior command rank
artillery
Workshop (die Zeche) - an organization of artisans engaged in one
craft
Spielmann (der Spielmann) - wandering singer and musician cf. century
Germany
Schutzbund (der Schutzbund) - defense union
Schutzmann (der Schutzmann) - police officer in Germany
Measure of weight, counting.
Korn (das Korn) - the weight of pure metal in a coin
Doppelzentner (das Doppelzentner) - 100 kilograms
Silbergroschen (der Silbergroschen) - an old Prussian silver coin
Joch (der Joch) - old land measure unit
Carat (das Karat) - a measure of the weight of precious stones
Kreuzer (der Kreuzer) - small change coin until the 19th century
Gross (das Groß) - a measure of counting equal to 12 dozen
Mark (die Marke) - the monetary unit of the GDR
Morgen (der Morgen) - land measure 0.26-0.36 hectares
Reiter (der Reiter) - a piece of wire 0.01 g
Thaler (der Taler) is a German silver coin equal to three marks to
Pfennig (der Pfennig) - German small coin
Report card (die Tabelle) - progress record sheet
Diseases.
Schütte (die Schütte) is a fungal disease of pine seedlings
Skorbut (der Skorbut) - scurvy, vitamin deficiency
Tripper is a contagious venereal disease.
Mythology.
Valkyries (die Walküre) - warlike maiden goddesses
Gnome (der Gnom) - an underground spirit in the form of an ugly dwarf,
guarding underground treasures
Nixen (die Nixen) - water spirits
Poltergeist (der Poltergeist) - gnome brownie
Elves (die Elfen) are spirits of nature who gather in the moonlight to
dances and round dances
Appendix 5
Survey on the use of borrowed words by students
Die Studieüber die Verwendung vonLehnwörternStudenten
Loan words |
I use in my speech |
Possible synonyms |
I use in my speech |
Heading |
|||
2. Auction |
|||
3. Choreographer |
Choreographer |
||
Security guard |
|||
6. Curtain |
Curtain |
||
9. Pretzel |
|||
10. Scale |
|||
Burglar |
|||
12. Subculture |
Culture |
||
13. Hit |
|||
14. Sandwich |
Bread and butter |
||
15. Fireworks |
|||
16. Prodigy |
Gifted child |
62 students of grades 7-11 of the Shutikhinskaya Secondary School took part in the survey.
From the survey results it is clear that such borrowed words as auction, scale, choreographer, pretzel, hacker, hit, curtain, prodigy, sandwich exceed the use of their synonyms from the Russian language. Our research has shown that students very often use borrowed words from the German language in their speech, without knowing it.
Die Umfrage wurde bei 62 Schülergrade 7-11 "Shutihinskaya Oberschule." Aus den Ergebnissen der Umfrage ist es klar, dass eine solche Lehnwörter: Auktion, Maßstab, Choreograph, Brezel, Hacker, Hit, Vorhänge, Wunderkind, Sandwich ihre Synonyme in der russischen Sprache verwendet überschreiten. Unsere Forschung hat gezeigt, dass die Schüler in seiner Rede sehr oft Wörter aus der deutschen Sprache, ohne es zu wissen.
APPENDIX No. 6
GERMAN LOANWORDS IN FICTION LAWYER- (German: Advokat) - If this petition does not work out, then we will submit it to the highest name. We'll do everything we can. “If only the lawyer had been a good one before...” she interrupted him. (Tolstoy.)BANKRUPT- (German: Bankrott) - My debtors do not pay me, and God grant that they are not bankrupt at all. (Pushkin.)EXCHANGE- (German: Börse) - A merchant gets up, a peddler comes, a cab driver pulls to the stock exchange. (Pushkin.)RECRUIT(recruiter) - (German werben) - Isn’t it so that an experienced hussar, recruiting a recruit, presents him with a cheerful gift of Bacchus? (Pushkin.)DOCUMENT- (German Document) - “Notes of Brigadier Moreau” as an important historical document that should not be confused with the absurd narratives of foreigners about our fatherland. (Pushkin.)JAGER- (German Jäger) - And you will be a huntsman. Understand? You will guard the game, you will organize raids, and train dogs. (Mamin-Sibiryak.)FIREPLACE- (German: Kamin) - How he looked like a poet when he sat alone in the corner and the fireplace was blazing in front of him. (Pushkin.)SLOGAN- (German Losung) - Our slogans are simple - down with private property, all means of production to the people, all power to the people, labor is obligatory for everyone. (Bitter.)ROUTE- (German Marschrute) - As a rule, I never delayed my route until dusk and stopped at a bivouac so that before dark I could set up tents. (Arsenyev.)EASEL- (German: Malbrett) - In his studio, on an easel, there was a canvas with only a charcoal sketch of the scene of Peter I with Tsarevich Alexei. (Repin.)PASTOR- (German Pastor) - The baron in the sad monastery was, however, pleased with his fate, the pastor with funeral flattery, the coat of arms of the feudal tomb and the bad epitaph. (Pushkin.)POLICE MESTER- (German Polizeimeister) - Told the police chief[Chichikov] something very flattering about city security guards. (Gogol.)TRUFFLE- (German: Trüffel) - Polozov stuffed a piece of fried egg with truffles into his mouth. (Turgenev.)FALSE- (German: Falsh) - ^ An error is not considered false. (Proverb.) No blush, no whitewash... no falsehood on a fresh, clean face. (Turgenev.)FIREWORKS- (German Feuerwerk) - At ten o'clock in the morning they set off fireworks. (Kuprin.)VANE- (German: Flügel) - High masts do not bend, weather vanes on them do not make noise. (Lermontov.)FOCUS- (German Hokuspokus) - Having finished the trick with coins, Harry-Lokhov made various things disappear from the table. (Bitter.)ERSATZ- (German Ersatz) - In six captured[fascist] The trucks contained rifles, ammunition, food and ersatz blankets.
LAWYER- (German Jurust) - I asked if he had been to the district prosecutor, and Mitya replied that no, because he decided to consult with a lawyer first. (Kaverin.)
A model of a medieval castle made of cardboard is presented. The work was carried out with the aim of immersing in the atmosphere of a medieval castle, for a more imaginative perception by students of the life of its inhabitants.
Superstitions (comparative analysis of English, Russian and Vietnamese superstitions)
Superstitions came to us from ancient times and are relics of the pagan worldview. In the age of scientific discoveries, people around us are superstitious to varying degrees. The purpose of this study is to determine the main causes of superstition and measures to prevent them. The work reveals the similarities and differences between English, Russian and Vietnamese superstitions, presents their classification into groups, and develops recommendations for those who are superstitious.
Dame Vivienne Westwood
Damit die Welt auch morgen noch lebenswert ist, müssen wir heute anfangen, etwas zu tun
The form of work on the project is group. When forming a group, the level of educational success of students and the nature of interpersonal relationships were taken into account. This project is an integrated combination of two subjects: the German language and the surrounding world. The project examines environmental problems and human influence on the laws of nature.
Dandelion: Well-known and Mysterious
The main hypothesis of the work is to identify the possibility of using paints based on vegetable dyes, obtained experimentally, instead of the paints used based on chemical dyes. These dyes are hypoallergenic and could be used in art schools by children prone to allergies, but industrial production of paints based on vegetable dyes is impossible, because can lead to the complete disappearance of used plants.
Dangers in Our Life
The project is made in the form of a presentation and can be used in English lessons when studying the topic “Environmental Protection”.
Daphnia magna Straus as a food item and an object for biotesting
Based on literature sources, the biology of Dafnia magna is described. Based on laboratory experiments, the influence of water temperature and stocking density on the biology of daphnia reproduction was studied: maturation time, number of generations, time interval between litters, number of juveniles in a litter. During the experiments, a positive effect of increasing water temperature from 18 to 23°C on the fertility of daphnia was noted.
Das Freilichtmuseum Alte Sarepta
The gymnasium where we study is located near the Old Sarepta Museum-Reserve, a unique historical and architectural complex. The presentation will expand students’ understanding of the role of the Germans in the history of Russia and Russian-German relations.
Das problem des naturschutzes
The work talks about environmental issues; about measures taken by the government and various organizations to eliminate these problems. The work is written in German.
Das Projekt "Deutsche Gerichte"
The work introduces the results of students' research activities under the "Deutsche Gerichte" project. The content of the project consists of rare recipes taken from German classical literature; songs and poems composed by students are presented.
Das schoene Land
The work is a presentation about Germany, in which you can find information about the geographical location of Germany, the political system, some facts from the history of the country, as well as the work of poets, writers and musicians.
Death Valley
The project is completed in English in the form of a presentation and is an introduction to the geographical realities of the United States.
Deklination der Substantiven
The presented work is a grammatical reference book and a collection of exercises on the topic “Declination of nouns” (German). The work can be used both directly in the lesson and for organizing students’ independent work.
Den Tschujskij Trakt entlang
Memories of the past summer holidays turned into a real guide to the Chuysky tract and the beautiful Katun.
Der Futball Deutschlands (German Football)
If you look at the history of German football, it becomes clear that it acquired its highest authority only in the post-war years. At the beginning of the last century, few people took the German national team seriously, because they could not compete with other teams with anything significant and very often lost. Currently, the German national team is the most successful team in the world.
Der Kaukasus
A holiday scenario in which students talk in English and German about the sights of the Caucasus region of the Russian Federation and read poems by A. S. Pushkin and M. Yu. Lermontov in German.
Der Klimawandel
The theme of the work “Der Klimawandel” is explored deeply. The student completed a specific goal and assigned tasks: the most important issues of climate protection and climate change throughout the world were studied; issues of cooperation on this issue with other countries, such as China, Egypt and Morocco, Indonesia, Nepal, Kenya, were considered; the relevance of the chosen topic has been proven. The author showed deep knowledge on this topic, skillfully using additional literature, expressing his point of view and his attitude to this topic.
Der Liedblingserholungsort in Deutschland - der Spreewald
Before the holiday begins, everyone asks the question: where to spend it? One of the excellent holiday destinations in Germany, according to the author, is Spreewald. This material is offered as additional information on the topic: "Travel", where the sights of Germany are described in a colorful form with many illustrations.
Der Rhein
The work is a presentation that introduces the great German river Rhine. This work will be of interest to anyone interested in the German language. It is intended for school students and teachers. You can take an exciting journey along the Rhine.
Der Sommer ist die schonste Zeit
The work tells about how the children in our village spend their summer holidays, what they do in their free time and what interests the children have.
"Der Wolf und das Eichhorn" (das Maerchen fuer Kinder)
This work presents a translation of a fairy tale in poetic form into German by the Chuvash writer Lydia Sarine. The material can be used in extracurricular activities.
Describing Myself and my Interests
The author describes in English his family, his hobbies, friends, his hometown and the capital of his Motherland, Moscow. One of his hobbies is his love of travel. He describes places he would like to visit.
Municipal budgetary educational institution
"Komsomolsk secondary school No. 2"
Research
The relevance of learning the German language.
Performed: Grablina Angelina,
10th grade student
Supervisor: Annikova Yana
Alexandrovna, teacher
German language
Komsomolsky village, 2015
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………….……...….. 3
Chapter 1. The role and significance of the German language in modern society….………..…… 5
1.1 History of the development of the German language…………………………………….…..….….…. 5
1.2 Germany and the German language: place in the world and Russian society…………..… 6
Chapter 2. The relevance of learning German in your native village…..………...….... 12
2.1 Learning German in our village………..……………...….…..…… 13
2.2 Results of a sociological survey……………………………………………..15
2.3 Results of the study……….…………………………………….……...... 18
Conclusion …………..…………………………………………………….…...…………. 20
List of used literature……………………………………………….…….21
Appendix………………………………………………………………………………22
Introduction
Everyone knows that learning a foreign language is prestigious. Any of us thinks before we start learning a language: « Which language is the most necessary and important at the moment? » , “How will learning this particular language help me in the future?”
Today, knowledge of a foreign language opens up many perspectives for us; it serves as a passport to the world of financial success. International companies agree to pay a lot of money to a person who understands not only his field of direct activity, but also speaks a foreign language. You need to think carefully when choosing a language. Without a doubt, the most important and relevant language remains English. This is the language most people speak . This is an international language.
I myself am studying German and decided to find out what knowledge of German will give me in my future life? What place does the German language occupy in modern society? Is he in demand? This problem is relevant, but not sufficiently studied. In this regard, I would like to understand the importance of learning German in the world in general and in my native village in particular.
Hypothesis: Is the German language relevant in Russian society and is it necessary to further study it?
Object of study: German.
Subject of study: the relevance of learning the German language.
Goal of the work: Determine the relevance of the German language in the modern world and Russian society.
Research objectives:
Analyze theoretical materials related to the history of language.
Study materials about the place of the German language in the modern world.
Determine the significance and relevance of the German language in Russian society.
Conduct a survey at school and identify students’ opinions about the German language.
Explore the opportunities and prospects that learning German provides.
To explore the popularity of studying German as a subject among students in the village of Komsomolsky.
Research methods:
1) analysis of the literature on the issue;
2) searching for information in books, magazines and the Internet
3) descriptive method with observation techniques
4) analysis of statistical data
5) sociological survey
6) generalization
Theoretical significance is that its factual material, conclusions and generalizations deepen our understanding of the role of foreign languages (in particular the German language) in the modern world, and the popularity of learning this language in the village of Komsomolsky. Practical value is to use the research results to attract attention to the German language, as well as to stimulate the study of this language.
Chapter “The role and significance of the German language in modern society.”
Languages are influenced by geographic proximity and trade relationships. But if we take into account the fact that Russia’s trade relations are developed with many countries, then these relations require knowledge of the languages of almost all countries of the world. Germany plays a big role in the life of Russia. The German language is the “language” of high technology. But despite the fact that the German language is valued, the number of people learning it is growing only slightly. If you know German, you can be sure that you will find a job in a major city. After all, our relations with Germany are strengthening every year.
In addition, German is much easier to pronounce than English. It is easy and simple to read, especially facilitating the learning of a foreign language, if it is German, for students in compensatory and remedial education classes. This creates a favorable condition for students with poor health, although grammar has its own characteristics and even some difficulties.
1.1 History of the development of the German language.
The word Deutsch is derived from the Old German thioda, thiodisk and means "speaking the language of the people", "folk", in contrast to Latin speakers. The Latin theodisce, derived from it and first appearing in the report of Nuncio Gregor to the Synod in 768 AD. e, described peoples who did not speak Latin, in particular Germanic ones.
Unlike its Romance and Slavic neighbors, the German linguistic arsenal maintained territorially fragmented political structures throughout the Middle Ages. This led to the formation and parallel development of a large number of different dialects of German. Significant regional features of language use complicated the process of creating cultural integrity and prompted poets of the early 13th century to avoid dialectal forms in order to expand the circle of potential readers, which is considered the first attempt to create a common German language. However, only the spread of literacy among the general population during the late Middle Ages marked the beginning of the development of a new written and oral literary German language.
In 1521, Martin Luther translated the New Testament into the then unsettled standard New German written language (Neuhochdeutsch), and in 1534 - the Old Testament, which influenced the development of the language of entire generations, since already from the 14th century the gradual development of a regional written language was noticeable German, also called Early Modern German (Fruehneuhochdeutsch). The formation of literary written German was largely completed in the 17th century.
Unlike most European countries, whose standard language is based on the dialect of the capital, the German standard language is a cross between the Middle and High German dialects and is considered local only in Hannover. In the northern part
In Germany, this language spread into the areas of government and school education during the Reformation. During the heyday of the Hansa, Low German dialects and the Dutch language reigned throughout northern Germany. Over time, literary German in the northern regions of Germany practically replaced the local dialects, which have only partially survived to this day. In the center and south of Germany, where the language was originally similar to the literary one, the population retained its dialects.
Periods in the history of the German language:
750 - 1050: Old High German (Althochdeutsch)
1050 - 1350: Middle High German (Mittelhochdeutsch)
1350 - 1650: Early Modern High German (Fruehneuhochdeutsch)
from 1650: New High German, modern German (Neuhochdeutsch)
1.2 Germany and the German language: place in the world and Russian society.
This language is spoken in almost half of the European Union: in Austria, Luxembourg, Switzerland, northern Italy, eastern Belgium and France. How difficult is it to learn the second most popular European language? German is the native language of 100 million people around the world. Mozart, Nietzsche, Kafka, Beethoven, Bach, Goethe spoke in this language... In terms of popularity and demand, the German language is second only to English, that is, it is a generally accepted international means of communication, used at all conferences on a global scale.
The financial benefits of learning German are also beyond doubt: Germany and all of the above countries are the leading industrial powers of Europe, whose companies open their representative offices around the world and strive to establish relationships with foreign business partners.
Trade relations with German companies are a guarantee of long-term and stable cooperation with European entrepreneurs, and Russian companies are aware of this fact. Therefore, knowledge of German will always be an additional advantage for a business person.
Growing popularity German language , which has emerged from the shadow of the English craze, is explained by its great demand in business and education. It is Germany and Austria that occupy first place in terms of trade turnover with Russia, as a result of which an increasing number of branches of German and Austrian companies require specialists who speak German language. Germany, as the most developed and financially powerful country, is the leader of the European Union, which other European countries look up to. German is the commonly spoken language in the European Union.
Germany is the world's largest exporting country. By speaking German, you can make it much easier to establish and maintain business relationships with your German partners, since you will not have to negotiate in a third language. The residences of many international companies are located in Germany, Austria and Switzerland.
Gazprom's largest foreign partners are: German companies E.ON, Wintershall Holding, Verbundnetz Gas, Siemens, RWE; French GDF SUEZ, EDF and Total; Italian ENI. For example, back in 1993, Gazprom and the German company Wintershall created the joint venture WINGAS. It is the owner of pipelines in Germany with a length of about two thousand kilometers and Europe's largest underground gas storage facility in Rehden with a volume of over 4 billion cubic meters. m. Today, Gazprom's share in the authorized capital of this joint venture is 50% minus one share. By participating in WINGAS, Gazprom is a co-owner of German gas transmission networks.
Chancellor Angela Merkel spoke about cooperation with the Russian company. She called contracts with Gazprom the key to reliable gas supplies throughout Germany. Alexey Miller, Chairman of the Board of OJSC Gazprom, said: “Germany has always been our major partner. Germany is the number one market for Russia and for Gazprom. We have developed very good, close and friendly relations with our German colleagues.
The Federal Republic of Germany is one of the most important countries for investors from all over the world and, with a population of 82 million, the largest market in the eurozone. More than 81% of all German citizens have secondary or higher education or have undergone vocational training. Based on this potential of a well-trained workforce, the German economy develops its high innovative strength.
Germany's innovative achievements are great. Scientific and technical professions are well represented on the labor market in the country, and industrial exports with a high or medium technological component have been experiencing strong development dynamics for several years. Germany occupies one of the leading positions in Europe when it comes to creating new businesses.
German cars are considered the best and most beautiful in quality throughout Europe.
Concept cars produced by German companies are the most original and creative in the opinion of the entire German population.
Thus, about 50,000 readers of one of the most popular automobile magazines in Germany, Auto Bild, every year choose the most sophisticated and beautiful car in the world from the latest brands that enter the European markets. Products from the German automobile industry constantly win this ranking.
German scientists made a huge number of important discoveries in the fields of chemistry, physics, and medicine. Most Russians go to Germany for treatment, because the best clinics are located in Germany.
One of our country’s traditional and most interested partners in the field of science is Germany, which in scientific and technological terms, on the one hand, is one of the leading powers in the world, and on the other, has an urgent need for an influx of new ideas, innovations and high technologies.
Among the research structures in Germany that actively cooperate with Russia, the following organizations stand out: German Research Society; Working community of industrial research associations “Otto von Gürecke”; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; Fraunhofer Society; Community of German Research Centers. Hermann von Helmholtz; Society named after Max Planck for the Promotion of Sciences; Robert Bosch Foundation; Scientific community named after. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.
Cooperation with the German Academic Exchange Service ( DAAD). The German Academic Exchange Service is the largest organization in Germany promoting international cooperation in the field of higher education. It runs numerous programs, ranging from short-term faculty exchanges to multi-year incentive fellowships.
Another important part of DAAD’s activities in the field of Russian-German cooperation, financed from the federal budget, is the improvement of the qualifications of Russian management personnel and the personnel reserve in the field of science and technology, which are designed to contribute to the intensification of cooperation between Russia and Germany.
Thus, Russia and Germany currently have favorable opportunities for a qualitative expansion of scientific and technical cooperation, including in the field of high technology and innovation.
The popularity of the German language is constantly growing. German is one of the main languages of interethnic communication in Europe, so listeners are increasingly choosing it to study. Knowing the German language, you will be able to better learn and understand the history and culture of European countries, and learn about their modern scientific achievements in the original.
Learning and speaking German is no more difficult than speaking English, French or Spanish. Thanks to modern communicative teaching methods, it is possible to achieve a high level of communication abilities in a short time. Visitors from Germany, Austria and Sweden are the most important tourist groups in many countries. Therefore, knowledge of German in this area is very necessary. Many German companies abroad, many foreign companies in Germany are looking for employees with knowledge of the German language. In the countries of the European Union, Germany owns a large number of companies. English is truly the language of international communication, you can’t argue with that, but it so happens that in terms of the number of people who can speak this language, German is still ahead of English. The reasons for this are the most populous country in Europe, Germany, and Austria and Switzerland, as well as many other northern European countries whose languages are similar to German (for example, Holland), which makes it much easier for their residents to learn German. But that's not all. It so happens that in some countries of eastern and southern Europe the main foreign language in schools is German, not English. English in Germany is not that good. As sad as it may sound, it is true. If you move a little away from Berlin and other big cities, traditionally filled with tourists and an “international flair,” you find yourself in the “real Germany,” where the question “Do you speak English?” At best they will answer you: “Nein”
The language of Schiller and Goethe in modern Russia is gradually regaining its position. “More people in Russia learn German than in any other country in the world,” says the website of the German Embassy in the Russian Federation.
In terms of popularity among Russians, the German language today ranks firmly second after English. Although the interest in the language of Schiller and Goethe in Russia was not always the same. A noticeable decline occurred in the mid-1990s. However, gradually the number of people wishing to master the German language began to grow. Thus, according to the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation, in the 2000-2001 academic year, about 3.5 million schoolchildren began studying German, and in 2007-2008 - already more than 4.5 million students.
Experts partly attribute this to the rise to power of German-speaking Vladimir Putin. Not only Putin’s personal example played a role, but also the overall emergence of Russia’s relations with Germany to a new level. Since interest in the English language neither rises nor falls, the growing interest of modern young people in the central part of Russia in the German language becomes obvious.
It was not only big politics that helped popularize the German language. Many parents today send their children to learn German for pragmatic reasons. Parents understand perfectly well that there are significantly more companies from German-speaking countries in Moscow than from English-speaking countries, and in addition, German companies offer significantly more jobs than the same British or American companies. Fashion has its influence on the European lifestyle, in which knowledge of several foreign languages is the norm, and simple human interest in German culture.
At the same time, it is impossible to speak unequivocally about the increased interest of Russians in learning the German language. For most, it is not a language of cultural communication. German cinema in Russia can only be seen during festivals, musicians from Germany singing in their native language are even less common, books by German authors in German are becoming fewer and fewer and no tendency for improvement is visible.
There is also an acute lack of information about Germany obtained from primary sources in the scientific community. Young scientists prefer to rely on the works of Russian authors or translated articles, while most topics cannot be revealed without studying the original text.
There is a rather old expression that says: “English is for business, German is for war, Italian is for art, and French is for love.” But times change, and German is no longer just the language of the military. Today it is in demand in a variety of fields - in science, art, politics. German belongs to the Indo-European family of languages, which includes Russian. Therefore, quite often an analogy can be drawn between their grammars, which greatly facilitates the learning process.
The German language can be useful, firstly, for students. Many schools and higher education institutions today have partner exchange programs (Au-Pairs). Trips last from two weeks to a whole semester. Particularly diligent students will receive various incentives in the form of grants for studying in Germany and other German-speaking countries. It is worth noting that the level of education (especially in the field of economics, management and technical specialties) there is quite high, and lectures are given in both German and English. Diplomas from German universities are recognized all over the world, while Russian ones abroad often have to be confirmed.
Secondly, the language will be useful to those who work or are planning to get a job in a representative office of a German company in Russia. Often, such corporations invite people who speak not only English, but also German. By the way, the ability to communicate in two common foreign languages gives a significant advantage when applying to any company.
Chapter “The relevance of learning the German language in your native village.”
Learning German in our village
Among the population of the village of Komsomolsky, the German language is not so popular. Many children and their parents do not want to learn this language, considering it an extinct language and not as necessary a foreign language as English.
The German language as an academic subject is taught in three schools in our village, MBOU "Komsomolsk Secondary School No. 1", MBOU "Komsomolsk Secondary School No. 2" and MBOU "Komsomolsk Secondary School No. 3". Students of these schools participate in olympiads at various levels, competitions and scientific and practical conferences in the German language. When I started learning German 5 years ago, I would never have believed that after some time I would be imbued with such love and respect for this language. Unlike many of my friends, I never considered German to be rude and ugly, but to me it always seemed something ordinary, quite neutral. Now the German language is not only the subject of my adoration, but also an undeniable advantage that opens up many new opportunities for me. This is my personal opinion, but what do parents and children who choose the German language think, is it popular at the present time? Now the German language is studied from the second grade. And I decided to find out what percentage of students study German in relation to English. To do this, I collected information about German language groups at the primary stage of education in schools in the village. At Komsomolskaya Secondary School No. 1 , learn German in all 3 grades of primary school, respectively 2nd grade – 15 people, 3rd grade – 14 people, 4th grade – 19 people. Total – 48 people. The total number of students in the three parallel elementary schools is …….. Human. At Komsomolskaya Secondary School No. 2, They also study German in all three parallels: 2nd grade – 21 people, 3rd grade – 24 people, 4th grade – 13 people. Total – 58 people. Total number of students - 185 people. At Komsomolskaya Secondary School No. 3, learn German only in two parallels and this 2nd grade - 14 people and 4th grade - 12 people. Total – 26 people. Total number of students - 124 people. Based on statistical data, we can conclude that the total number of students studying German on average is only 25%, and this is ¼ of the total number of students studying a foreign language at the primary level in three schools in our village.
Data analysis shows that the number of people wishing to master the English language is much higher. It is not possible to make a forecast for the future because from year to year the indicators of German language learners are either rising or rising. But in any case, it is clear that the popularity of the German language in the schools of our village is not great. And as I already said, this situation is developing across most of our country. Even Vladimir Putin’s German background did not affect the popularity of the German language in our country. Year after year, German is losing ground in schools and universities. At many public universities, students who studied German at school are often forced to switch to English. And this does not please teachers, as in the end young specialists cannot adequately communicate in any of the languages.
English today is actively squeezing out German. Since knowledge of several languages is cultivated in Europe, German colleagues come to us with English. International business is left to English. And we choose a universal language.
But the importance of German cannot be underestimated; for example, Gazprom OJSC cooperates directly with German partners. All technological innovations are made in Germany and Italy. Not to mention the fact that joint ventures for the sale and service of German cars and branches of German banks have appeared in Russia. However, the need for language knowledge has not increased. Our companies rarely communicate directly with Germany, conceding this opportunity to their Moscow partners; they have a translator on staff to work with papers. But closer ties with Germany will certainly make business more successful.
A striking example of this is the largest plant in our village, Magma LLC, known far beyond the borders of our republic and country. The enterprise for the production of dry building mixtures produces a wide range of high-quality building and finishing materials - dry building mixtures, tongue-and-groove gypsum boards for walls and partitions, plasterboard sheets, building and molding gypsum. The processing of gypsum stone and the production of gypsum binders is carried out at the GVI Plant of Magma LLC using modern equipment from Grenzebach (Germany). Almost all equipment was assembled, installed and put into operation by German engineers and craftsmen. Communication with German colleagues took place with the help of a translator (a third party), which had its drawbacks during the construction of the plant, first of all, the difficulty of understanding each other in the process of work itself and spending a lot of time using the help of a third party. Perhaps the knowledge of the German language by the employees at least at an elementary level made this cooperation and production more successful and saved time. After all, as you know, saving busy time and increasing free time are components of social progress. And the management of Magma LLC continues to work closely with German scientists, adopting new technologies and best practices in working with ultra-precision equipment for the production of building materials based on gypsum stone.
Recently, Germany has become one of Russia's most reliable partners. Our relations with Germany are developing much faster and more fruitfully than with America or England. And if today they don’t want to teach German in school, it means that they don’t understand its role in the future. Komsomolsk and Russia need large events to support the language: both festivals and TV programs. However, not everything is hopeless; in many cities there is a Center for National Culture, where many Russian Germans and others take part in many German festivals. They learn a language because it interests them, they connect their future with it. Such centers allow Russian Germans to study the German language and German culture for free. But, unfortunately, in our republic there are no such institutions where one could study the German language, their roots, culture and conduct various events.
The German language was once highly politicized; after the war it was called the “language of fascism.” However, today everything fell into place. German is the language of great culture and international communication. A language that is ready to open up many opportunities and riches for us.
2.2 Results of a sociological survey
To find out the attitudes and motivation of students towards such a subject as the German language, I conducted a study - a sociological survey. At the first stage of the sociological survey, a questionnaire was developed for students in grades 5-11 of the MBOU “Komsomolsk Secondary School No. 2” (Appendix). At the second stage, a study was conducted, the results of which are reflected in diagrams.
After conducting a survey among 30 students in grades 5, 8, 10, I received the following data:
From what grade have you been learning German?
30% - students answered that they have been studying German since 2nd grade.
70% - students answered that they have been studying German since the 5th grade.
Why did you choose German?
30% - students, out of the total number of respondents, answered that they chose to study German due to the fact that their parents studied this language.
40% - students chose to study German because it is more relevant.
13% - students believe that German is easier to learn, so they chose it.
17%
Do you like or dislike learning German?
67% - students like to learn German because its lessons are interesting.
2% - students don't like learning German because the lessons are boring.
8% - students are indifferent to learning German.
Is it difficult for you to learn German?
23% - students have difficulty learning German.
27% - students do not experience difficulties in learning German.
50% - students experience difficulty learning German only occasionally.
Do you think it is necessary to learn German?
77% - students believe that German is in demand, so it needs to be studied.
17% - the students responded that there is no need to study German because it is not popular.
6% - students chose the “other” answer option.
What can you achieve by knowing German?
Students noted that knowing German you can:
find a prestigious job in a German company (company) and be successful in your career;
continue your education in German-speaking countries;
watch films and listen to songs in German, understanding their meaning;
communicate without a language barrier with people whose native language is German;
travel to German-speaking countries;
change country of residence;
work om, transcriber, lexicographer, literary critic, editor, type designer, tour guide, diplomat and teacher, etc.
2.3 Research results
As a result of the research, I came to the following conclusions:
German is the official language of Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, one of the official languages of Switzerland, Luxembourg and Belgium; the majority of EU residents speak German at a high level.
Germany and all of the above countries are the leading industrial powers of Europe, whose companies open their representative offices around the world and strive to establish relationships with foreign business partners.
As a result of the analysis of documents, it was possible to find out that in the European Union, German is one of the twenty-three official languages through which communication is carried out between EU member states.
Germany is the center of industry, high technology, cultural heritage, and medicine.
Based on absolute financial indicators, Russia is an important trading partner for Germany.
Germany's education policy is particularly attractive. Germany is a country where young people can receive free education.
In terms of popularity among Russians, the German language today ranks firmly second after English.
German belongs to the Indo-European family of languages, which includes Russian. Therefore, quite often an analogy can be drawn between their grammars, which greatly facilitates the learning process.
German is studied in all three schools in our village
Students consider the German language to be relevant and in demand, because knowledge of it gives a person many opportunities, so currently the trend of studying German in our school is increasing.
Students enjoy learning German. Interesting and educational video materials and presentations are used in the lessons. Although not everyone is good at learning German, many experience difficulty learning German only occasionally, and some do not have difficulty learning German at all within the school curriculum.
Our village actively maintains contact with Germany. Many German goods, technologies and equipment are used in domestic production.
It is worth summing up my research work: Perhaps the German language in modern societynot particularly popular, but definitely relevant. German technology is valued quite highly and it is advisable for all self-respecting companies dealing with it to know all the technical characteristics in German. German is the language of a country with a developed economy. Even if it is generally accepted that English is the leader in all areas (which is true), German is no less bypassed. Another thing is that society is “obsessed” with English for many reasons: advances in the field of computer technology, economics, the unlimited influence of Americans and their free lifestyle, and also the fact that the language is one of the easiest to learn, and so on. and also for reasons imposed artificially.
For the whole world and modern Russian society, Germany remains one of the leading developed countries, with its rich culture, history and powerful scientific base! In addition, Russia and Germany currently have favorable opportunities for a qualitative expansion of scientific and technical cooperation, including in the field of high technology and innovation. And in this process, qualified personnel with a high level of knowledge of the German language are simply needed. The study proved that these people have a great chance of finding a prestigious job and will always be in demand.
Conclusion
During the research work, it was found out how relevant the German language is in the world and in Russian society and, in general, whether it is relevant.
Studying educational and popular science literature, as well as Internet sources, I found answers to the questions posed and studied the history of the German language in more detail. While working on the topic, we analyzed the current state of the German language on the world stage, Russian-German relations, thereby improving our knowledge in this area. The sociological survey we conducted among the students of our school helped us understand the attitude of modern society towards learning the German language. And the analysis of statistical data helped determine the popularity of the German language. And although most students want to learn English. The German language continues to occupy the undisputed second place. Studying the German language, rightfully considered the most expressive and perfect, is a fascinating process of discovering one of the richest European cultures, which has given the world many outstanding writers and philosophers, scientists and political figures. The relevance of studying the German language is confirmed by a number of undeniable arguments.
It is assumed that this material can be used as additional material in German language lessons (regional studies), in history and linguistics lessons. It will be of interest to a wide range of readers.
Learn German!
Learning German is cool!
You will be loved like Naruto.
It will bring a lot of benefits
He will take you to Europe!
During the study, the tasks were completed, the goal was achieved.