The problem of the Russian genre is to live well. Who can live well in Rus' is a problem
Many questions arise before the disputants in the work of N.A. Nekrasov. The main one is who lives happily?
The problem of happiness in the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” goes beyond the usual understanding of the philosophical concept of “happiness”. But this is understandable. Men of the lowest class are trying to solve the problem. It seems to them that the free, the rich, and the cheerful can be happy.
Components of happiness
Literary scholars are trying to explain to the reader who the author ultimately wanted to present as truly happy. Their opinions differ. This confirms the genius of the poet. He managed to make people think, search, think. The text leaves no one indifferent. The poem does not have an exact answer. The reader has the right to remain unconvinced. He, like one of the wanderers, is looking for an answer, going far beyond the scope of the poem.
The opinion of individual studies is interesting. They suggest that men who are looking for an answer to a question should be considered happy. The Wanderers are representatives of the peasantry. They are from different villages, but with “speaking” names that characterize the life of the country’s population. Shoeless, hungry, in clothes with holes, after lean years, survivors of illness, fires, walkers receive a self-assembled tablecloth as a gift. Her image is expanded in the poem. Here she not only feeds and waters. The tablecloth protects shoes and clothes. Walk around the country, man, all the problems of everyday life remain aside. Wanderers meet different people, listen to stories, sympathize and empathize. Such a journey during the harvest and usual work activities is real happiness. Find yourself far from a poor family, a poor village. It is clear that not all of them realize how happy they were in their search. The man became free, but this did not bring him wealth and the opportunity to live according to his desires. Happiness stands opposite to serfdom. Slavery becomes the antonym of the desired concept. It is impossible to collect all the components of national happiness into a single whole.
Each class has its own goals:
- Men - a good harvest;
- The priests are a rich and large parish;
- Soldier - maintaining health;
- Women are kind relatives and healthy children;
- Landowners - a large number of servants.
A man and a gentleman cannot be happy at the same time. The abolition of slavery led to the loss of the foundations of both classes. Truth-seekers walked many roads and conducted a survey of the population. Stories about happiness make some people want to roar at the top of their lungs. Vodka makes people happy. That's why there are so many drinkers in Rus'. The man, the priest, and the gentleman want to drown the grief.
Components of true happiness
In the poem, the characters try to imagine good life. The author tells the reader that everyone’s perception of the environment is different. What does not please some is the highest pleasure for others. The beauty of Russian landscapes captivates the reader. People with feelings of nobility remained in Rus'. They are not changed by poverty, rudeness, illness and adversity of fate. There are few of them in the poem, but they are in every village.
Yakim Nagoy. Hunger and the hard life of the peasant did not kill the desire for beauty in his soul. During a fire, he saves paintings. Yakima's wife saves icons. This means that in a woman’s soul there lives a belief in the spiritual transformation of people. Money remains in the background. But they saved them for many years. The amount is amazing - 35 rubles. Our Motherland was so poor in the past! Love for beauty makes a man stand out and inspires faith: wine will not flood the “bloody rain” of the peasant’s soul.
Ermil Girin. The selfless man managed to win the lawsuit against the merchant with the help of the people. They lent him their last pennies, without fear of deception. Honesty did not find its happy ending in the fate of the hero. He ends up in prison. Yermil experiences mental anguish when he replaces his brother at the recruiting office. The author believes in the peasant, but understands that a sense of justice does not always lead to the desired result.
Grigory Dobrosklonov. The defender of the people is the prototype of the revolutionary-minded part of the inhabitants, a new emerging movement in Rus'. They try to change their native place, abandon their own well-being, and do not seek peace for themselves. The poet warns that the hero will become famous and glorious in Rus', the author sees them walking ahead and singing hymns.
Nekrasov believes: the wrestlers will be happy. But who will know and believe in their happiness? History tells the opposite: hard labor, exile, consumption, death - this is not all that awaits them in the future. Not everyone will be able to convey their ideas to the people; many will remain outcasts, unrecognized geniuses.
The answer to the question “Who can live well in Rus'?” may not be found. Doubts penetrate the souls of readers. Happiness is a strange category. It can come for a moment from the joy of ordinary life, lead to a state of bliss from wine, barely perceptible in moments of love and affection. What needs to be done to make everyone happy in understanding common man? Changes must affect the structure and structure of the country. Who is capable of carrying out such reforms? Will freedom give this feeling to a person? Even more questions appear than at the beginning of reading the poem. This is the task of literature: to make you think, evaluate, and plan actions.
The problem of happiness in N.A. Nekrasov’s poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'”
The poem by N.A. Nekrasov “Who Lives Well in Rus'” is a work that embodies the original, “eternal” features of the Russian national character, touches on acute social problems that arose in Russia [before] after the abolition of serfdom. It is not by chance that the poet turns to this topic; he is very concerned about the fate of the country.
The problem of happiness is central to the poem. The author is extremely concerned about the following philosophical question: “The people are free, but are the people happy?” The heroes of the work, seven men, are trying to find the answer: “Who lives happily and freely in Rus'?” To understand who is truly happy, one should turn to the criteria of happiness, which are stated almost at the very beginning in the chapter “Pop”: “Peace, wealth, honor.” However, by analyzing the poem, you can add to their list and approve main idea that true happiness lies in serving the people. This idea is embodied in the image of Grigory Dobrosklonov.
Thus, the problem of well-being criteria is solved in the episode of the meeting of the men with the priest. However, Luke's opinion, which is that the most happy man- this is a worshiper, is refuted, since the priest has no peace, no honor, no wealth.
The priest claims that there used to be profit from the landowners, but now he can only live on the funds of the poor peasants. There is also no honor for him. At the same time, the hero cannot live in peace, since the “arrival” of the priests is “big”: “sick, dying, born into the world.” [It is important to say that] It is hard for the hero to see the suffering of the people; he cannot be happy when other people around him are unhappy.
In addition, [from the point of view of ideological content] the characters assumed that the landowner was also happy, but turning to his image, one can note that he lacks honor. The reform of 1861 made life more difficult for Obolt-Obolduev. Now he has no power over the peasants, who were the main component of his well-being and a means of lordly tyranny (“Whoever I want, I will have mercy, whoever I want, I will execute”). From all this it follows that the landowner is unhappy, since he has no one to manage, he has to do everything himself, while he cannot even distinguish a “rye ear” from a “barley one.”
At the same time, wanderers are interested in finding a happy person from the common people. At the village fair they offer food and vodka to those who are truly happy. However, there were no such people. Not a single person fits the criteria provided by the men earlier: either their happiness is fleeting, or according to the principle “it could be worse.” So, the old woman considers herself happy because of a good turnip harvest, to which the wanderers tell her: “Drink at home, old woman, eat that turnip!” Also the hunter, who is glad that his comrades were killed by bears, but only his cheekbone was broken. All this, on the contrary, confirms the bad life of the Russian people, for whom any luck or everyday pettiness is already happiness.
Among other things, the heroes learn about Yermil Girin, who is famous for respect among the peasants. He represents the type of “people's defender”, as a result of which at first he is considered one of the lucky ones. However, afterwards the characters learn that Yermila is in prison, which destroys the idea of him as a lucky man.
Meanwhile, the men meet a woman, Matryona Timofeevna Korchagina, whom the people themselves also consider happy. The heroine has both “honor”, “wealth”, and “honor”:
Not a woman! Kinder
And smoother - there is no woman.
However, she herself Matryona Timofeevna recognizes only one moment of happiness in her life, when her future husband persuaded her to marry him:
While we were haggling,
It must be so I think
Then there was happiness...
And hardly ever again!
It follows from this that a woman’s joy is associated with the anticipation of love, because after marriage her life turns into endless reproaches from her mother-in-law and father-in-law, and hard work. She, like all other serf women, suffers humiliation and neglect from her husband’s family, which is considered typical among peasants, and the heroine also faces many difficulties in life. It is no coincidence that Matryona sums up her entire story, which is general in nature:
The keys to women's happiness,
From our free will
Abandoned, lost
From God himself!
Thus, it turns out that respect, prosperity and peace are not enough to be happy.
Then let's look at another character who belongs to the type of a truly happy person, Grigory Dobrosklonov. The hero represents the people's interests; in his song he raises the topic of the future of Russia:
The army rises -
Uncountable,
The strength in her will affect
Indestructible!
The character represents the spiritual line of happiness, the essence of which is completely different from the ideas of men. The “great truth” expressed in Grisha Dobrosklonov’s song gives him such joy that he runs home, feeling “immense strength” within himself. The hero chooses the path of serving the people. His path will not be easy, but this constitutes happiness for the soul of the “people's defender,” which lies not in his own well-being, but in unity with the entire people. From the point of view of composition and ideological content, it is this idea that is key in the work.
Thus, in N.A. Nekrasov’s poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” there is no clear answer to the question of who is happy in the country, however, the author shows [, ] how men move from earthly ideas about happiness to the understanding that happiness - a spiritual category and to achieve it, changes are necessary not only in the social, but also in the spiritual structure of every peasant.
School essay
Nekrasov conceived the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” as a “people's book.” He began writing it in 1863 and ended up terminally ill in 1877. The poet dreamed that his book would be close to the peasantry.
At the center of the poem is a collective image of the Russian peasantry, the image of a guardian native land. The poem reflects a man's joys and sorrows, doubts and hopes, thirst for freedom and happiness. All the most important events in the life of a peasant were contained in this work. The plot of the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” is close to the folk tale about the search for happiness and truth. But the peasants who set out on the journey are not pilgrim pilgrims. They are a symbol of awakening Russia.
Among the peasants depicted by Nekrasov, we see many persistent seekers of truth. First of all, these are seven men. Their main goal is to find “peasant happiness.” And until they find him, the men decided
Don't toss and turn in the houses,
Don't see your wives
Not with the little guys...
But besides them, in the poem there are seekers of national happiness. One of them is shown by Nekrasov in the chapter “Drunken Night”. This is Yakim Nagoy. In his appearance and speech one can feel his inner dignity, unbroken by any hard work, nor a powerless situation. Yakim argues with the “smart master” Pavlusha Veretennikov. He defends men from the reproach that they “drink until they stupefy.” Yakim is smart, he understands perfectly why life is so difficult for peasants. His rebellious spirit does not resign himself to such a life. A formidable warning sounds in the mouth of Yakim Nagoy:
Every peasant
Soul, like a black cloud,
Angry, menacing - and it should be
Thunder will roar from there...
The chapter “Happy” tells about another man - Ermil Girin. He became famous throughout the region for his intelligence and selfless devotion to the interests of the peasants. The story about Ermil Girin begins with a description of the hero's litigation with the merchant Altynnikov over the orphan mill. Ermila turns to the people for help.
And a miracle happened
Throughout the market square
Every peasant has
Like the wind, half left
Suddenly it turned upside down!
Yermil is endowed with a sense of justice. Only once did he stumble when he excluded “his younger brother Mitri from recruiting.” But this act cost him severe torment; in a fit of repentance, he almost committed suicide. At a critical moment, Ermila Girin sacrifices her happiness for the sake of the truth and ends up in prison.
We see that the heroes of the poem understand happiness differently. differently. From the point of view of the priest, this is “peace, wealth, honor.” According to the landowner, happiness is an idle, well-fed, cheerful life, unlimited power over the peasants. In search of wealth and power, “a huge, greedy crowd is heading towards temptation,” writes Nekrasov.
In the poem "Who Lives Well in Rus'" Nekrasov also touches on the problem of women's happiness. It is revealed through the image of Matryona Timofeevna. This is a typical peasant woman of the Central Russian strip, endowed with restrained beauty, filled with self-esteem. On her shoulders fell not only the entire burden of peasant labor, but also responsibility for the fate of the family, for raising children. The image of Matryona Timofeevna is collective. She experienced everything that can befall a Russian woman. The difficult fate of Matryona Timofeevna gives her the right to say to wanderers on behalf of all Russian women:
The keys to women's happiness,
From our free will,
Abandoned, lost
From God himself!
Nekrasov reveals the problem of people's happiness in the poem also with the help of the image of the people's intercessor Grisha Dobrosklonov. He is the son of a sexton who lived “poorer than the last shabby peasant” and “an unrequited farmhand.” A hard life gives rise to protest in this person. From childhood he decides that he will devote his life to the search for national happiness.
About fifteen years old
Gregory already knew for sure
What will live for happiness
Wretched and dark
Native corner
Grisha Dobrosklonov does not need wealth and personal well-being. His happiness lies in the triumph of the cause to which he devoted his entire life. Nekrasov writes what fate had in store for him
The path is glorious, the name is loud
People's Defender,
Consumption and Siberia.
But he does not back down from the challenges ahead. Grisha Dobrosklonov sees that millions of people are already awakening:
Ratp rises innumerable,
The strength in her will be indestructible!
And this fills his soul with joy. He believes in a happy future for his native land and this is precisely the happiness of Gregory himself. To the question of the poem, Nekrasov himself answers that fighters for people’s happiness live well in Rus':
If only our wanderers could be under their own roof,
If only they could know what was happening to Grisha.
He heard the immense strength in his chest,
The sounds of grace delighted his ears,
The radiant sounds of the noble hymn -
He sang the embodiment of people's happiness.
N.A.’s work continued for about fourteen years, from 1863 to 1876. Nekrasov on the most significant work in his work - the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'”. Despite the fact that, unfortunately, the poem was never completed and only individual chapters of it have reached us, later arranged by textual critics in chronological order, Nekrasov’s work can rightfully be called “an encyclopedia of Russian life.” In terms of the breadth of coverage of events, the detailed depiction of characters, and amazing artistic accuracy, it is not inferior to “Eugene Onegin” by A.S. Pushkin.
Parallel to the image folk life The poem raises questions of morality, touches on the ethical problems of the Russian peasantry and the entire Russian society of that time, since it is the people who always act as the bearer of moral norms and universal ethics in general.
The main idea of the poem follows directly from its title: who in Rus' can be considered a truly happy person?
One of the main categories of morality underlying the concept of national happiness, according to the author. Loyalty to duty to the Motherland, service to one’s people. According to Nekrasov, those who fight for justice and “happiness of their native corner” live well in Rus'.
The peasant heroes of the poem, looking for “happy”, do not find it either among the landowners, or among the priests, or among the peasants themselves. The poem depicts the only happy person - Grisha Dobrosklonov, who devoted his life to the struggle for people's happiness. Here the author expresses, in my opinion, an absolutely indisputable idea that it is impossible to be true citizen of his country, doing nothing to improve the situation of the people who constitute the strength and pride of the Fatherland.
True, Nekrasov’s happiness is very relative: “ people's defender“For Grisha, “fate was preparing... consumption and Siberia.” However, it is difficult to argue with the fact that fidelity to duty and a clear conscience are necessary conditions for real happiness.
The poem also acutely addresses the problem of the moral decline of Russian people, who, due to their horrific economic situation, are placed in conditions in which people lose their human dignity, turning into lackeys and drunkards. Thus, the stories of the footman, the “beloved slave” of Prince Peremetyev, or the yard man of Prince Utyatin, the song “About the exemplary slave, the faithful Yakov” are a kind of parables, instructive examples of what kind of spiritual servility and moral degradation the serfdom of the peasants led to, and before of all - servants, corrupted by personal dependence on the landowner. This is Nekrasov’s reproach to a great people, powerful in their inner strength, who have resigned themselves to the position of a slave.
Nekrasov’s lyrical hero actively protests against this slave psychology, calls the peasantry to self-awareness, calls on the entire Russian people to free themselves from centuries-old oppression and feel like citizens. The poet perceives the peasantry not as a faceless mass, but as a creative people; he considered the people the real creator of human history.
However, the most terrible consequence of centuries of slavery, according to the author of the poem, is that many peasants are satisfied with their humiliated position, because they cannot imagine another life for themselves, they cannot imagine how they can exist in any other way. For example, the footman Ipat, subservient to his master, talks with reverence and almost with pride about how the master dipped him into an ice hole in winter and forced him to play the violin while standing in a flying sleigh. Prince Peremetyev’s lackey is proud of his “lordly” illness and the fact that “he licked the plates with the best French truffle.”
Considering the perverted psychology of the peasants as a direct consequence of the autocratic serfdom system, Nekrasov also points to another product of serfdom - incessant drunkenness, which has become a real disaster in the Russian countryside.
For many men in the poem, the idea of happiness comes down to vodka. Even in the fairy tale about the warbler, seven truth-seekers, when asked what they would like, answer: “If only we had some bread... and a bucket of vodka.” In the chapter “Rural Fair”, wine flows like a river, people are getting drunk en masse. The men return home drunk, where they become a real disaster for their family. We see one such man, Vavilushka, who drank to the last penny, and who laments that he cannot even buy goatskin boots for his granddaughter.
Another moral problem that Nekrasov touches on is the problem of sin. The poet sees the path to the salvation of a person’s soul in the atonement of sin. This is what Girin, Savely, Kudeyar do; Elder Gleb is not like that. Burmister Ermil Girin, having sent the son of a lonely widow as a recruit, thereby saving his own brother from soldiering, atones for his guilt by serving the people, remaining faithful to them even in a moment of mortal danger.
However, the most serious crime against the people is described in one of Grisha’s songs: the village headman Gleb withholds the news of emancipation from his peasants, thus leaving eight thousand people in the bondage of slavery. According to Nekrasov, nothing can atone for such a crime.
The reader of Nekrasov's poem has a feeling of acute bitterness and resentment for the ancestors who hoped for better times, but forced to live in “empty volosts” and “tightened up provinces” more than a hundred years after the abolition of serfdom.
Revealing the essence of the concept of “people's happiness,” the poet points out that the only true way to achieve it is a peasant revolution. The idea of retribution for the people's suffering is most clearly formulated in the ballad "About Two Great Sinners", which is a kind of ideological key to the whole poem. The robber Kudeyar throws off the “burden of sins” only when he kills Pan Glukhovsky, known for his atrocities. Killing a villain, according to the author, is not a crime, but a feat worthy of a reward. Here Nekrasov’s idea comes into conflict with Christian ethics. The poet conducts a hidden polemic with F.M. Dostoevsky, who asserted the inadmissibility and impossibility of building a just society on blood, who believed that the very thought of murder is already a crime. And I can’t help but agree with these statements! One of the most important Christian commandments reads: “Thou shalt not kill!” After all, a person who takes the life of someone like himself, thereby kills the person in himself, commits a grave crime before life itself, before God.
Therefore, justifying violence from the position of revolutionary democracy, Nekrasov’s lyrical hero calls Russia “to the axe” (in Herzen’s words), which, as we know, led to a revolution that turned into the most terrible sin for its perpetrators and the greatest disaster for our people.
The problem of happiness is indeed stated in the poem. But there they also expand it, asking about fun and freedom. Yes, these are important parts of happiness.
All the characters have a hard time in the poem. It is especially difficult with will. For example, a priest (he is wealthy and respected), but someone dies in a distant village - you need to go there off-road. What is the will here?
And for a woman, even if she is happy for all her children, then there is always one thing and another. One child needs food, another needs new sandals. In general, there is no rest for a woman.
It is clear that the poet suggests that happiness is not in the usual peace and will, but in peace, that you are doing the right and good thing, for which you are even ready to give up your freedom. Don’t be selfish... Work for the good of the people, that same people’s happiness.
Just what is this? Before the abolition of serfdom, everyone said that this was the problem. They called for the abolition of slavery. And this is what happened after the cancellation! Everyone is unhappy: both men and gentlemen.
Perhaps misfortune comes from being forced. Now, if only men served their masters only because they love and respect them and want to help, and not because they don’t have a passport. And masters must take care of their subordinates sincerely and with love. Then there will be harmony! But this, probably, teachers and priests could only explain to everyone.
And the “happy” hero is a revolutionary, what will he achieve in the end? We went through history. And about the revolution, and about civil war... How many misfortunes there were! Where is the people's happiness? Again, not that.
And in my opinion, the walkers themselves are also happy in the poem. They obviously don't think so. In general, they associate happiness with prosperity. And they themselves are fire victims and tramps from villages with “telling” names. And then they had a goal! And a magical tablecloth from a bird appeared. No everyday life - no cooking, no washing... And they meet different people, see different landscapes. And they became friends with each other, although at first they were ready to fight! This is also happiness, although they have not understood it yet. But when they return to their poor villages, they will tell everyone, they will remember this great adventure... And they will understand how happy they were!
I would also be interested in walking around Russia with friends and conducting such a “opinion survey.” And do not worry about everyday life, but seek the truth for the benefit of everyone. Class!
By the way, happiness is such a complex concept. So we wrote an essay on it. And everyone still has their own happiness. And here we are talking about the whole people's happiness. It's very difficult to put everything together. There, for the peasant there is one happiness (the harvest), and for the priest it is another (the parish). What if the happiness of one and the other contradicts? The peasant gets more freedom, and the master gets more servants. And how to connect it all?
The search for happiness, I believe, is also happiness. How preparing for a holiday is sometimes more enjoyable than the holiday.
The problem of national happiness in Nekrasov’s poem Who Lives Well in Rus' Essay 10th Grade
Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov, one of the most talented writers of the nineteenth century, began the poem in 1863 and composed it until the end of his life, until 1877. The writer devoted his life to poems about the tyranny of the Russian people. Even in deep childhood, he was not indifferent to the topic ill-treatment his father with the peasants. The poem was a continuation of the poem “Elegy”, where the question was posed:
"The people are liberated,
But are the people happy?
The poem was the result of Nekrasov’s reflection on the theme of poverty, tyranny of peasants by landowners, drunkenness in Rus', and the inability of peasants to stand up for themselves. After the abolition of serfdom, much in the life of the peasants had to change, because, it would seem, this is freedom, but the peasants are so accustomed to their life that they do not even know the meaning of the word “freedom.” And for them, little has changed in life: “Now, instead of the master, the volost will do the fighting,” writes the author.
The composition of the poem consists of separate chapters connected by the motives of the main characters' roads. It also contains fairy-tale elements and songs. Seven wanderers with names that already speak to us from the villages of Zaplatovo, Dyryaevo, Razutovo, Znobishino, Gorelovo, Neelovo and Neurozhaiko - become truth-seekers of the world of a happy person. One claims that the happiest is the priest, another says that the boyar, the third that the king.
To dispel their dispute, the wanderers decide to conduct a survey of residents. They offer vodka for free in exchange for a story about their happiness. There were a lot of people willing. By this, the author also shows the problem of drunkenness in Rus'. And this is not surprising, because such a difficult life makes it hard not to fall asleep. However, they claim to be happy. The sexton put it this way: for him, happiness is drunkenness, for which he is simply kicked out. The next soldier comes up, he says that he is happy as he served, but did not die. Then the grandmother is pleased with the harvest. The line continues to grow, but the travelers realize that they wasted their time.
Soon, researchers of human happiness go to Matryona Kochergina, she says that for her happiness is her children. With this, the writer paints the image of a Russian woman, describing her difficult fate. “It’s not a matter of looking for a happy woman among women,” declares Matryona.
Grisha can be considered a truly happy person. From his song you can understand that he is truly the happiest person. Grisha is the main character in the poem. He is honest, he loves the people and understands them. Grisha connects his happiness with the fate of the people; he is happy when others are happy. In the image of Dobrosklonov, the author sees hope for the future of Russia. And yet there are happy people in Rus', it’s a pity that the wanderers never knew this.
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