English pronouns table with translation. Pronouns in English
As we have already said, a pronoun is a part of speech that indicates an object or its belonging, but does not name the object itself. English pronouns are divided into personal, possessive, indefinite, interrogative, reflexive, . In today's post we will look at personal and possessive pronouns.
Personal pronouns in English
In English, the following personal pronouns are distinguished:
As a rule, we need personal pronouns to designate persons or objects depending on their relationship to the speaker. Thus, the pronoun I is used to designate the speaker himself; we – to designate other persons along with the speaker himself; they – someone else other than the speaker and his interlocutors.
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English personal pronouns can be modified depending on person, case (only nominative and objective cases are distinguished), number, gender (only pronouns in the third person singular indicate the gender of the speaker).
Here are the English personal pronouns you need to remember
If the personal pronoun is in the nominative case, then in the sentence it will serve as the subject:
- He is hungry - he is hungry
- We did not go to school yesterday – Yesterday we did not go to school
And if we have a pronoun in the objective case, then in the sentence it will be an addition:
- He brought those beautiful roses for me - he brought these beautiful roses for me
- Our teacher told us about a famous hero - The teacher told us about the famous hero
Sometimes, when we need to talk about ourselves, we use the objective case form of the pronoun “I” - Me.
- Who opened the box without permission? – Me – Who opened the box without permission? - I
- Look, this is me in the picture - Look, this is me in the photograph.
The pronoun I should always be capitalized, even if it is in the middle of a sentence, and the pronoun you is used for both the second person singular (you) and the plural (you). The pronoun it is used to replace nouns denoting an inanimate object.
Possessive pronouns in English
Possessive pronouns are used in cases where it is necessary to indicate that an object belongs to a person. They differ in numbers and persons, and always come before the noun as a modifier; ь is not used with them.
The English pronoun “your” is also translated into one of the possessive pronouns, depending on the context:
- He thanked and went his way - he thanked and went his way
- Don’t leave your things here – Don’t leave your things here
If there is no noun after the personal pronoun, the so-called is used.
- A friend of mine gave me your telephone number – One of my friends gave me your phone number.
A pronoun or pronoun is a part of speech that indicates objects, quantities or characteristics without naming them. As in Russian, pronouns in English can act as the subject, predicate, or one of the minor members of a sentence.
The problem with using pronouns is that without some context, the meaning of pronoun sentences can be lost. That is why, in most cases, pronouns are used to replace previously mentioned objects, persons, characteristics.
As you can see from the example above, pronouns help break up the text by avoiding repeated repetitions of the same words. Thanks to them, sentences do not sound monotonous and primitive.
But let's dwell on the types of pronouns and study in more detail the features of each in order to avoid mistakes or confusion when communicating.
According to their structure, English pronouns are divided into 3 groups:
Group | Difference | Example | ||
1 | Simplepronouns or Simple pronouns | Consist of one root | I- I he- He they- They |
us- us same- same whose- whose |
2 | Compoundpronouns or Compound pronouns | Consist of two or more roots | somebody(some + body) = someone myself(my + self) = yourself / yourself nothing(no + thing) = nothing |
|
3 | Compositepronouns or Compound pronouns | Consist of several words | each other- each other one another- each other |
Pronouns in English: types
The types of English pronouns are a more varied list, consisting of 9 sub-items. Let's look at each in more detail:
Personal Pronouns or Personal Pronouns
Personal Pronouns or Personal Pronouns are one of the most widely used groups. This is the only type of pronoun in English that has a declension. Declension of pronouns in English is much simpler, since the number of cases is limited to only two:
Cases | Nominative | Objective case | |
Difference | Used instead of nouns | Used instead of a supplement | |
Declension | |||
person and number | |||
1 l., units | I- I | me- me / me / by me | |
1 l., plural | we- We | us[ʌs] – us / to us / by us | |
2 l., units | you- You | you- to you / by you | |
2 l., plural | you- You | you– you / to you / by you | |
3 l., units | he- He she[ʃi:] - she it- this is it |
him– his/him/them her– her/her it- This |
|
3 l., plural | they[ðei] - they | them[ðem] – their / them / by them |
It is important to note that:
- The pronoun I (I) in English is always written with a capital letter.
- In English you don’t speak with “you” or “you”; in both cases the pronoun you must be used, which makes it easier to start a conversation with a stranger.
- The pronoun it in English, in turn, is used when referring to inanimate objects, animals and birds. However, very often pet owners talk about them using the pronouns he and she, so such a replacement would not be considered an error.
Examples of using:
I had no idea that she is so talented. | I had no idea that she so talented. |
I want to warn you that she has a very complicated character. | I I want to warn you you, What she has very complex character. |
He is really proud of them. | He really proud of them. |
Could you translate me the exercises into English? | Could you You translate to me Are these exercises in English? |
It is such a pleasure to be surrounded by all these intelligent people. | (This) It's such a pleasure to be surrounded by all these smart people. |
Whatever happens they will always love you. | No matter what happens, They there will always be you be in love. |
I love my puppy; he (it) is such a lovely boy. | I I love my puppy He such a wonderful boy. |
It has an indirect relationship to the case. | This is indirectly related to the matter. |
Possessive Pronouns or Possessive Pronouns
Possessive Pronouns or Possessive Pronouns are a type of English pronouns that show ownership and answer the question “whose?” There are 2 forms of possessive pronouns:
Attachable form | Absolute form |
my- my | mine- my |
your- is yours | yours- is yours |
his- his | his- his |
her- her | hers- her |
its- his | its- his |
your- yours | yours- yours |
our- our | ours- our |
their[ðeə(r)] - their | theirs[ðeəz] - them |
This form of the possessive pronoun comes before the person/thing. It shows ownership and replaces articles. Sometimes these pronouns can be omitted when translated into Russian. | Replaces a noun that has already been discussed to minimize repetition. |
Examples of using English pronouns of this type in tables:
Attachable form | |
Her life was full of ups and downs. | Her life was full of ups and downs. |
Our relationship with Ann is not your business. | Our relationship with Ann is not yours case. |
My goal in life is to make a contribution to the world prosperity. | My purpose in life is to contribute to the prosperity of the world. |
I intend to keep my word. | I intend to hold back (yours) word. |
All members of my family study English. | All members my families are learning English. |
Absolute form | |
Don’t even look at her; this girl is mine. | Don't even look at her; this girl my. |
It’s not my guilty but yours. | It's not my fault, but yours. |
The idea was his, not ours. | The idea was his, but not our. |
Reflexive Pronouns or Reflexive Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns or Reflexive Pronouns are pronouns that are equivalent to the Russian pronouns “sam” and “self” or the particle -sya in verbs.
myself | I cut myself while shaving. (I cut Xia while shaving.) |
yourself | Can you tell us a little about yourself?
(Can you tell me a little about to myself?) |
himself | You shouldn't come because George will do everything himself.
(You don't have to come because George will do everything myself.) |
herself | She can't write a coursework herself.
(She can't write her term paper on my own (by myself).) |
itself | The plan itself was a failure. (Plan on my own was a failure.) |
yourselves | My God, look at yourselves!
(Oh my God, look onmyself!) |
ourselves | We must take care of ourselves.
(We have to themselves take care of yourself.) |
themselves[ðəm’selvz] | They identify themselves as heroes. (They think myself heroes.) |
This type of pronoun cannot be used with verbs that denote self-directed action. These include words such as: feel (feel), bath (take a shower), wash (wash), hide (hide).
Reciprocal Pronouns or Reciprocal Pronouns
Reciprocal Pronouns or Reciprocal Pronouns are one of the smallest groups, consisting of two compound pronouns that are used independently or after prepositions.
Interrogative Pronouns or Interrogative Pronouns
Interrogative Pronouns or Interrogative Pronouns are pronouns with which special questions begin. These include:
what- what/what | What are you going to do next? |
who- who will win | Who told you that nonsense? (Who told you this nonsense?) |
which- which / which | Which of these cars do you like more? (Which of these cars do you like better?) |
whom- whom / to whom | To whom do you wish to speak? (With whom Do you want to talk?) |
whose- whose | Whose order it was? (Whose was this an order?) |
how- How | How much does this dress cost? (How many is this dress worth it?) |
why- Why | Why did you act like an idiot yesterday? (Why did you act like an idiot yesterday?) |
when- When | When do you have time to do Spanish exercises with me? (When Do you have time to do Spanish exercises with me?) |
where– where/where | Where do you usually spend time in the evening? (Where do you usually hang out in the evening?) |
Note that the pronoun who does not require an auxiliary verb. It can also be used instead of the pronoun whose. The problem of choosing between the pronouns which and what in the meaning of “which” often arises. Which is used when the choice is limited, what when the choice is unlimited.
Relative and Conjunctive Pronouns or Relative and Conjunctive Pronouns
Relative and Conjunctive Pronouns or Relative and Conjunctive Pronouns are groups of pronouns whose use in English is necessary in a complex sentence, or rather in its subordinate clause. Relative pronouns in English have words similar to interrogative pronouns in their list, but their translation and functions are different.
that[ðæt] - which (for animate and inanimate objects) |
Do you know the girl that is standing over there? (You know the girl, which is it over there?) |
which- which (for inanimate objects) |
The costume that I saw in this store will suit you. (Costume, which I saw it in this store, it will suit you.) |
who- which (for animate objects) |
The boy who broke the window ran away. (Boy, which broke the window and ran away.) |
whose- which (in the sense of belonging) |
Give me the details of the person whose number it is! (Give me details about the person, to whom this number belongs!) |
whom- which | The doctor whom I know very well will help you. (Doctor, whom I know very well it will help you.) |
what- what/what | That wasn't what he expected to see. (That's not what What he expected to see.) Sports exercises are what makes people healthy. (Sports exercises - here What makes people healthy.) |
Demonstrative Pronouns or Demonstrative Pronouns
Demonstrative Pronouns or Demonstrative Pronouns are pronouns that in English indicate a person or thing, distinguishing them from the mass. In addition to the noun determiner, sentences also serve as subject and object.
Examples of using:
That game was fantastic! | (Ta) The game was fantastic! |
This is that man I talked about. | This is the one the person I was talking about. |
You deserve to be happy, don’t forget about this. | You deserve to be happy, don't forget about this. |
Have you done these exercises? | You did these exercises? |
Those were the most challenging days of my life. | This were the most difficult days of my life. |
It is such an honor to be here with you today. | For me like this It's an honor to be here with you today. |
He repeated me the same thing, trying to convince me not to do it. | He repeated same, trying to convince me not to do it. |
I met him in the same place. | I met him at same place. |
I will never forget those words she told me. | I will never forget (those) the words she said to me. |
I fell down the stairs while she was looking at me; that was such an awkward situation. | I fell down the stairs while she was looking at me. It was like this awkward situation. |
Quantitative pronouns or Quantitative pronouns
Quantitative pronouns or Quantitative pronouns are pronouns that are responsible for expressing the number or quantity of objects and persons.
much- a lot (with uncountable nouns) | There is no much information provided about his last years. (There is information about his last years of life few (A little) information.) |
many- a lot (with countable nouns) | I don't have many friends. (I have few (A little) friends.) |
little- few (with uncountable nouns) |
Little has been found out about the organization. (About the organization few what is known.) |
alittle- a little (with uncountable nouns) | We have a little water left. (We have left A little water.) |
few- few (with countable nouns | There were few people in the cinema. (At the cinema it was few of people.) |
afew- several (with countable nouns) | I have a few questions to ask. (I want to ask some questions.) |
several- some | Several men appeared in front of me. (Appeared in front of me some Human.) |
As you may have noticed, quantitative pronouns in English when translated into Russian turn into adverbs. In addition, although many quantitative pronouns are translated the same way, in English you need to be able to distinguish between them in order to correctly express your thoughts with certain pronouns in certain situations.
Indefinite Pronouns and Negative Pronouns or Indefinite Pronouns and Negative Pronouns
Indefinite Pronouns and Negative Pronouns or Indefinite pronouns and negative pronouns are the largest group of pronouns.
This group includes the pronouns some, any, no and every, as well as their derivatives, with the help of which you can make both a definite and a negative pronoun.
Basic pronouns | Derivatives | |||
thing | one | body | where | |
some | something - something | someone - someone | somebody - someone | somewhere - somewhere |
any | anything - anything | anyone - someone | anybody - someone | anywhere - somewhere |
no | nothing - nothing | no one - no one | nobody - no one | nowhere - nowhere |
every | everything - everything | everyone - everyone | everybody - everyone | everywhere - everywhere |
Another pair of indefinite pronouns is other and another. Both words are translated as “other”, but there is no need to confuse the cases of their use. The pronoun other is used with certain nouns. It can also be used with plural nouns. While the pronoun another is used exclusively in the singular with indefinite nouns.
Let's look at some examples:
I have something to tell you. | I need you something say. |
When I needed help, no one picked up the phone. | When I needed help nobody didn't pick up the phone. |
Nobody deserves your tears. | Nobody doesn't deserve your tears. |
Each of them should be aware of the great potential of this business. | Every of them should know about the great potential of this business. |
His shadow follows her everywhere she goes. | His shadow haunts her wherever she didn't go. |
Emily is a recluse, and she wants to see nobody. | Emily is a recluse and she no one doesn't want to see. |
Did anyone see my English notebook? | Anyone Have you seen my English notebook? |
Why should I choose one bag if I can buy both? | Why should I choose one bag when I can buy both? |
Actually, that's all. These were all kinds of pronouns in English. Once you understand the structure and study all the categories of pronouns, you will not have any difficulties in using them in practice. If confusion arises, refer to the tables above, do the exercises, study these examples and come up with your own.
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A pronoun is a part of speech that is used instead of a noun.
Pushkin is the greatest Russian poet. He was born in 1799
Pushkin is the greatest Russian poet. He was born in 1799.
Pronouns in English can be used in a sentence as a function:
Not a doctor.
He is a doctor.
The red pencil is mine.
My red pencil.
I have not seen him.
I didn't see him.
I cannot find my pencil.
I can't find my pencil.
Simple form Possessive pronouns are always required after a noun and, being its definition, exclude the use of an article before this noun:
My pencil is on the table.
My pencil is on the table.
Absolute form Possessive pronouns are used independently - nouns are never placed after them.
This pencil is mine.
This pencil is mine.
Refundable pronouns come after many verbs and correspond in Russian to the particle - "Xia" ("s"), which is attached to verbs, showing that the action passes to the actor himself:
Not defended himself.
He defended himself.
Don't cut yourself.
Don't cut yourself.
Pronouns in English: table with translation and examples
1. Personal (Personal Pronouns) |
Nominative case (Nominative Case) |
objective case (Objective Case) |
I- I you- you you he- He she- she it- he she it we- We you- You they- They |
me- me, me you- you, you, you, you him- him, him her- her, her it- his, her, him, her us- us, us you- you, you them- them, them |
|
2. Possessives (Possessive Pronouns) |
I form | II form |
mу- my (I, -e, -i) your- yours (-i, -e, -i), yours (a, -e, -i) his- his her- her its- his her our- our (a, -e, -i) your- your (-a, -e, -i) their- their all these pronouns can also be translated by the word your |
mine- my (I, -e, -i) yours- yours (i, -e, -i), yours (a, -e, -i) his- his hers- her its- his her ours- our (-a, -e, -i) yours- your (-a, -e, -i) theirs- their |
|
3. Return and amplifier (Reflexive and Emphatic Pronouns) |
myself- (I) myself, myself (-a) yourself- (you, you) yourself, yourself (s) himself- (he) himself, himself herself- (she) herself, herself itself- (it) itself, itself ourselves- (we) ourselves, ourselves yourselves- (you) yourself, yourself themselves- (they) themselves, themselves |
|
4. Mutual (Reciprocal Pronouns) |
each other- each other one another- one another |
|
5. Index fingers (Demonstrative Pronouns) |
this (these) - this, this, this, (these) that (those) - that, that, that, (those) such- such the same- the same, the same |
|
6. Interrogative (Interrogative Pronouns) |
who (whom) - who will win) whose- whose what- what, what, which, who which- which, which, who, what |
|
7. Relative and connecting (Relative and Conjunctive Pronouns) |
who (whom) - who (whom), which (whom) whose- whose, whom what- what, which which- which, which, who, what that- which |
|
8. Undefined (Indefinite Pronouns) |
some- some, some, a little (approved sentence) any- some, some (in questions and negative sentences), any one- someone, some all- everything, everything, everything, everything each- every every- everyone, everyone other- other(s) another- another both- both many- many, many much- a lot of few- few, few little- few either- any (of two) no- none, none, no none- no one, nothing neither- neither one nor the other, no one, nothing |
|
Use | ||
1. Personal | subject I shall speak to him. - I'll talk to him. addition I shall speak to him. - I'll talk to him. part of the predicate That was he. - That was him. |
|
2. Possessives | definition Her paper was interesting. - Her article was interesting. subject My room is large, yours is larger. - My room is big, yours is bigger. part of the predicate This paper is his. - This article is his. addition We haven’t seen your paper, we have seen only theirs. We didn't see your article, we only saw theirs. |
|
3. Return and amplifier | addition I wash myself. - I wash my face. Not himself saw it. - He saw it himself. Didn't saw it himself. - He saw it himself. |
|
4. Mutual | addition They greeted each other.- They greeted each other. |
|
5. Index fingers | subject This was pleasant. - It was nice. addition He likes this. - He likes it. part of the predicate It was that. - That was (just) that. definition I know these songs. - I know these songs. |
|
6. Interrogative | subject Who knows this story? - Who knows this story? addition What did you see there? - What did you see there? part of the predicate What has she become? - Who has she become? definition Which month is the warmest? - Which month is the warmest? |
|
7. Relative and connecting | subject The man who is sitting there is my friend. - The man who sits there is my friend. addition I don't know whom he sent there. - I don't know who he sent there. part of the predicate The question is who will go there. - The question is who will go there. definition I don't know whose paper this is. - I don’t know whose article this is. |
|
8. Undefined | subject One must do it. - We need to do this. addition He told us something. - He told us something. definition Any student can do it. - Any student can do this. part of the predicate It is too much for me. - This is too much for me. |
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Translation: pronouns |
Personal pronouns. in English they have two cases: nominative (usually in the role subject) And object (in a sentence in the role additions).
Face |
Nominative |
Objective case |
Singular |
||
I [ aI] I |
me [ mJ] me, me |
|
you [ jH] You |
you [ jH] you, you |
|
he [ hJ] He she [ S.J.] she it [ It] he she it |
him [ hIm] him, him her [ hW] her, her it [ It] his, her, him, her |
|
Plural |
||
we [ wJ] We |
us [ As] us, us |
|
you [ jH] You |
you [ jH] you, you |
|
they [ DeI] They |
them [ Dem] them, them |
I [ aI] - I |
Pronoun I is always written with a capital letter, regardless of the place it occupies in the sentence. If it is in the same sentence with other personal pronouns (or nouns), then it is placed after them:
you [ jH] - you you |
In English there is no distinction between polite forms of address You and more familiar - You , similar to the Russian language. Pronoun you has the same form for singular and plural, and the predicate after it is always placed in the plural.
Note: When they want to ensure understanding of a pronoun you How plural numbers, then in British English they say: you two / three ..., you lot, you people, and in American - you folks, you all 's, you guys (regardless of the gender of the interlocutors).
he [ hJ] - He she [ S.J.] - she |
Pronoun he replaces a noun denoting males. Pronoun she replaces a noun denoting female persons. When talking about animals, pronouns he or she They are used only when they want to emphasize their gender, as well as in various fairy tales, fables, or in descriptions of the habits and character of their pets, thus distinguishing them from the general mass.
Exception: In England, when talking about a ship (of any size and purpose) or a car, they use the pronoun she(but speaking, for example, about an airplane - it). The names of most countries are also considered feminine nouns: England, Russia, etc.
it [ It] - he she it |
Pronoun it replaces a noun denoting an inanimate object, abstract concept, animal or plant, and also replaces a noun baby, child – child, if they do not focus on the gender of the child. Translated into Russian by words he she it depending on the gender of the corresponding noun in Russian.
I looked at the window. It was closed. |
I looked at window. It was closed. |
Where is your cat? – It is on the sofa. It is sleeping. |
Where is your cat(yours cat)? – He (she) on the couch. He (she) is sleeping. |
they [ DeI] - They |
Pronoun they replaces both animate and inanimate plural nouns:
Personal pronouns in the nominative case perform the function subject And nominal part of a compound predicate.
1 As subject:
2 As nominal part of a compound predicate It is possible to use personal pronouns as in nominative, and in objective cases. At the same time, the forms of the nominative case are considered bookish-official, and the forms of the objective case are considered colloquial.
Who is there? – It is I. = It is me . (colloquial form) Who's there? - This I.
Objective case. |
Pronouns without a preposition.
Typical model: indirect object without preposition+ direct object .
Personal pronouns in the objective case perform the following function:
1 direct object(accusative case, answer the question whom? What?)
He saw me in the street. |
He saw me on the street. |
I love you. |
I love you. |
Do you know him? |
You know his? |
Take it! |
Take it her/it! (for example, a notebook) |
2 or non-prepositional indirect object(dative case answering the question to whom?):
In the last example, "book" is a direct object. A pronoun without a preposition that answers a question whom? - to whom?, is a non-prepositional indirect object and always comes before a direct object (unlike a prepositional pronoun).
3 and also used in short remarks:
Who broke the vase? – Not me! / Me. Who broke the vase? - Not I! / I .
I am feeling tired. – Me too.I'm (very) tired/(feeling tired). – I Same.
Pronouns with a preposition.
Typical model: direct object + indirect object with preposition .
Combination of a pronoun in the objective case with a preposition is a prepositional indirect object and always comes after a direct object.
1 Pronoun combination with a pretextto corresponds dative case in Russian ( to whom?):
2 Pronoun combination with prepositionsby Andwith corresponds to Russian creative case( by whom? how?):
3 Pronouns in the objective case, used with any prepositions, are translated into Russian by pronouns in various indirect cases (gen. who?, what?; date to whom; to what?; creates. by whom?, by what? and prepositional About who about what?) depending on the preposition followed by the pronoun:
This letter is for you. |
This letter for you. |
Tell me everything about them. |
Tell me everything about them. |
She looked at us in silence. |
She looked silently on us. |
After any preposition, you should use a pronoun in the objective case, for example: From whom? From whom?-From me. From me .; To whom? To whom?-To me. Co. to me .; With whom? With whom?- With me. Co me .
The ambiguity of the pronoun it. |
Pronoun it May be personal, index And impersonal:
1 Personal pronoun. Translated: he she it or his her and so on.
A) If the pronoun it comes first in a sentence, replacing what was previously mentioned inanimate noun, then it is translated nominative case - he she it , For example:
b) If the pronoun it follows the predicate, taking the place of the direct object, then it is transl. objective case pronouns, namely - his her, to him and so on.
2 Index pronoun. Translated as " This ".
What is it ? - It is a tree. |
WhatThis ? - This - tree. |
Can be used instead of previously mentioned words:
Instead of the previously mentioned concepts and descriptions:
3 Impersonal service word. Does not translate.
A) If the pronoun it stands first in a sentence, but does not replace a previously mentioned noun, it is formal subject of an impersonal sentence Typical for sentences that talk about weather, time, distance, various measurements, etc.
It is cold. It is dark. It is raining. It is snowing.Cold. Dark. It's raining. Snowing.
It was winter. It was winter.
Time, distances and various measurements:
What day of the week is it ? What day of the week is it today?
It 's Saturday. It 's the 12th of February. = It 's February 12th.It's Saturday. 12th of February.
It 's 10 o'clock. Ten o'clock.
It is two miles to the station.The station is two miles away.
And other impersonal suggestions:
It 's too late. Too late.
b) Pronoun it may be a formal subject in cases where the present subject is expressed infinitive, gerund (-ing form) or subordinate clause and is located at the end of the sentence: In Russian, in these cases they do without a formal subject:
It is dark to read. |
|
It was useless trying to see him. |
It was no use try to see him. |
It 's hard to know what he is really thinking. |
It's hard to know what does he really think. |
V) In passive designs. With some verbs in the passive voice as the formal subject:
It is known… |
Known… |
It is reported that the plane landed. |
They reportthat the plane has landed. |
4 Included in composition of the intensifying turn it is (was)…who/that(does not translate). Here it refers to a predicate (part of a compound predicate), which becomes the informational focus of the sentence.
It was he who did it. |
Exactly Hedid it. |
It is here that we meet every Sunday. |
Exactly Herewe meet every sunday. |
Used in fixed expressions:
It 's wonderful! |
Fabulous! |
It 's great! It 's super! |
Great! Super! |
It 's no use. It 's no good. |
Useless. |
It doesn't matter. |
Doesn't matter. It does not matter. |
Pronouns (Pronoun)
A pronoun is a part of speech that replaces or describes other parts of speech. There are a huge number of pronouns in the English language. They can be divided into the following groups:
Now let's look at each group of pronouns:
- Personal pronouns. This is the most common group of pronouns and appears in almost every sentence of the English language, so try to learn them so that they come to mind. Personal pronouns are divided into two cases: nominative and objective.
A pronoun in the nominative case replaces the subject in a sentence, and in the objective case it replaces the object. Let's look at the personal pronouns in the table:
them [ðem] - to them, theirs |
Where is l. - face; units h. - singular; pl. h. - plural.
I must go to you.- I have to go to you.We should sleep every night.- We must sleep every night.
Did you see them?-Have you seen them?
You were there.- You were there.
He can work with her.- He can work with her.
She is having breakfast.- She is having a breakfast.
It is the gold coin.- This is a gold coin.
They left us.- They left us.
Personal pronouns in English have a number of features:
- Personal pronoun I always begins with a capital letter, regardless of place in the sentence: May I come in?- May I come in?
Personal pronoun you used in singular and plural. In this case, the verb to be is always used in the plural, even if you stands in the singular in a sentence:
If there are several personal pronouns in a sentence, then their order is as follows - 2 l. and 3 l. placed before 1 l., 2 l. placed before 3 l. in any cases (remember that pronouns always replace other parts of speech, so if instead of a pronoun there is a noun, then the word order is determined by the same rule):
He asked father and me.- He asked his father and me.
The objective case of personal pronouns can be in the genitive (whom?, what?), dative (to whom?, what?), instrumental (by whom?, what?) and prepositional (about whom, about what) cases, examples:
She gave me an apple.- She gave me an apple. (to whom?)
It was bought by us.- It was bought by us. (by whom?)
The bird cared about them.- The bird took care of them. (about whom?)
A peculiarity of the English language is that the division by gender in speech is expressed only with people. In other cases the personal pronoun is used It. It is placed in place of inanimate objects, animals or children. This greatly simplifies the process of learning a language, since we do not need to learn what kind of this or that noun in order to replace it with the corresponding pronoun, as we do in Russian. However, if we want to emphasize the gender of some phenomenon, animal, it is allowed to use pronouns he And she. Also pronoun It can be used as a formal subject (when there is no subject in the Russian translation - see general information about the sentence), examples:
It is hot now.- It is hot now.
Possessive pronouns. They indicate that a noun belongs to an object or subject. Typically corresponds to the personal pronoun in a sentence. There are basic and absolute forms.
Basic form A possessive pronoun stands in a sentence together with a noun and characterizes its belonging.
Absolute form replaces a noun in a sentence, but it is implied that the noun has been previously spoken about. This allows you to get rid of unnecessary repetition of the same word in the text.
Please note that the possessive pronoun is used much more often in English than in Russian. In English, if we talk about parts of the body, items of clothing, personal belongings, then a possessive pronoun is required, although in Russian it is usually omitted:
Let's look at possessive pronouns:
mine |
your |
yours |
his |
his |
her |
hers |
its |
its |
your |
yours |
our |
ours |
their [ðeə(r)] |
theirs [ðeəz] |
Basic form examples:
I gave you my pen.- I gave you my pen.You can go with your friend.- You can go with your friend.
It was his phone.- It was his phone.
We came to her mother.- We came to her mother.
The dog gives me its paw.- The dog gives me his paw.
They can't do our work.- They can't do our job.
They left me their child.- They left me their child.
Examples of absolute form:
This is her car. Mine is broken.- This is her car. Mine is broken.Your table is dirty. Ours is cleaner.- Your table is dirty. Our table is cleaner.
I forgot my pencil. Can you give me yours?- I forgot my pencil. Can you give me yours?
Sentences with other possessive pronouns are constructed similarly. And also, if there is an adjective before the noun, then the possessive pronoun is placed before the adjective:
Possessive pronoun its often confused with the combination it "s - the short form it is (I am). Its surface was damaged.- Its surface was damaged.
It is its hair.- this is her hair.
You need to look at the place in the sentence and the words nearby.
Also, reflexive pronouns act as determiners of nouns, so the use of articles with them is not allowed.
Reflexive pronouns. They show that the subject directs the action towards itself and is translated into Russian as an addition to the ending of the verb -sya (-s) or the pronoun itself, sebe, sam... . Each reflexive pronoun has a corresponding personal pronoun. All of them are shown in the table:
- You hit yourself.
- It happened on its own.
- They will introduce themselves tomorrow.
However, when using reflexive pronouns you need to remember a number of rules:
Instead of a personal pronoun, there can be a corresponding noun:
Reflexive pronouns are not used with verbs, which themselves imply that the action is directed towards oneself, or towards each other. These include wash, bath, feel, shave, dress, undress, change, relax, hide:
They kissed at street.- They kissed on the street.
Reflexive pronouns cannot be used with prepositions of place. Since the personal pronoun in the objective case can also be translated itself, to itself, confusion may arise. In order not to be confused about which pronoun to put (reflexive or personal pronoun in the objective case), use the rule: if in the Russian translation of a sentence you can put “sam”, then the reflexive pronoun is used, otherwise the personal pronoun in the objective case is used:
She put an ambrella in front of her.- She put the umbrella in front of her (you can’t tell in front).
Interrogative pronouns (words). Also a very common type of pronouns that is used in interrogative sentences. Let's look at the main ones:
how - how |
In general, English question words correspond to Russian ones, but there are a number of features:
Interrogative pronoun who acts as a subject, and is used when asking questions to people.
Although the interrogative pronoun who has an objective case whom - whom, but increasingly fulfills this role itself in a sentence:
Pronoun which used in interrogative sentences when a choice from a limited number of items is offered:
But if we were talking about an unlimited number of locks of all types, the pronoun would be used what:
What lock do you prefer? - Which castle of these three do you prefer?Relative pronouns. These pronouns are used in complex sentences and belong to subordinate clauses. Most of them also apply to interrogative pronouns. Unlike conjunctions, they act in a subordinate clause as a member of the sentence (usually the subject). Let's look at the basic relative pronouns:
Who- who, which. Used in sentences with animate objects - people: I saw the gardener who planted this tree. - I saw the gardener who planted this tree.
Whose- which (whose)
Indicates that an item belongs to some object:
We know a man whose spoon you took.- We know the person whose spoon you took.Which- which. Applies to inanimate objects or animals:
That[ðæt] - which
Replaces previous pronouns who And which, and can refer to both animate and inanimate objects:
This was the writer that can"t finish his last book.- This was a writer who could not finish his last book.Mother bought the new knives that were very sharp.- Mom bought new knives, which were very sharp.
Demonstrative pronouns. Point to an object or person. Basic demonstrative pronouns:
those [ðəʊz] - those |
Demonstrative pronouns denote remoteness not only in distance, but also in time. In a sentence they can be as the following members of the sentence:
Subject:
Those were their friends.- These were their friends (Although this is translated, it means that the friends are in a different place).
Noun determiner:
These cars are very beautiful.- These cars are very beautiful.I like that place.- I like that place.
Addition:
Remember this!- Remember this!A doctor chose these. - The doctor chose these.
Please note that if the noun is preceded by a demonstrative pronoun in the form of a determiner, then there is no need to use the article, since the pronoun itself acts as an article.
Two more pronouns can be classified as demonstrative pronouns:
such - such |
|
the same - the same |
For example:
It happened at the same time.- It happened at the same time.
Quantitative pronouns.
The most famous of this group are two quantitative pronouns, which can come before any noun in almost any situation: some
AND any["eni]. Therefore, if it is difficult to choose a determiner for a noun, you can always use one of these pronouns. They denote the quality or quantity of an object. Moreover, the pronoun some usually used in affirmative sentences, and the pronoun any in negative or interrogative sentences:
I have some question.- I have a question (some question).
I don't have any questions.- I don't have any questions.
Do you have any questions?- Do you have any questions?
Some boy calls you.- Some guy is calling you (quality).
Often when translated into Russian they are omitted as articles:
Some stranger asked you.- The stranger asked you.There are a number of features with these pronouns:
In questions of requests, the pronoun is used some:
If the pronoun some stands before the numeral, then it is translated about, approximately:
Pronouns some And any before the preposition of is translated as some, any:
Did you see any of us there?- Did you see any of us there?
Pronoun any translated in affirmative sentences - any:
The remaining quantitative pronouns have similar qualities, so let’s summarize them in one table:
Pronoun | Condition of use | Examples |
a lot of [ə lɒt ɒv] - a lot | In affirmative sentences before countable and uncountable nouns |
She has a lot of problems.- She has a lot of problems. Workers brought a lot of coal.- The workers brought a lot of coal. |
many ["meni] - a lot | In interrogative and negative sentences before countable nouns |
Do you have many pairs of shoes?- Do you have a lot of shoes? There weren't many trees in the park.- There weren't many trees in the park. |
much - a lot | In interrogative and negative sentences before uncountable nouns |
Does he have much water?- Does he have a lot of water? They don't have much time.- They don't have much time. |
few - few | In sentences before countable nouns |
He gives few coins.- He gives few coins. |
little ["litl] - little | In sentences before uncountable nouns |
A plane has little fuel.- The plane has little fuel. |
a little [ə "litl] - a little |
There is a little tea in the cup.- There is some tea in the mug. |
|
a few [ə fju:] - a little |
I want a few new t-shirt.- I want some new T-shirts. |
Often these pronouns are classified as adverbs, since they are translated into Russian by adverbs, and one cannot say that this would be a mistake (look at the formation of degrees of comparison of adverbs).
And there is another quantitative pronoun that determines nouns: several["sevrəl] - several
: Several new students took wrong books.- Several new students took the wrong books.Indefinite and negative pronouns. This is the largest group of pronouns in the English language.
Look at the negative pronoun first no
Which is involved in the formation of other negative pronouns. It comes before a noun and denotes the absence of something categorically (that is, this issue is not discussed further):
I saw no children.- I haven’t seen any children.A cat has no toys.- The cat has no toys.
Pronoun both- both, both
: I like both colors.- I like both colors.
They are both twenty years old.- They are both 20 years old.Reciprocal pronouns. This group includes two pronouns:
each other each other, one to another one another each other, one to another These pronouns mean the same thing, and in principle they can be interchangeable in a sentence:
We love each other.- We love each other. Parents didn't see one another for a long time.- The parents did not see each other for a long time.
To form indefinite and negative pronouns, they are used some, any And no. We must remember that in English there cannot be a double negative, that is, if in Russian we can say: Nobody can help me in English this sentence will contain only one negation: Nobody can help me or Anybody can"t help me. Also derivatives formed from particles -one And -body, mean the same thing. For clarity, let's look at these pronouns in one table:
I cooked something for you. -
I have prepared something for you.
Did the professor ask you anything? -
Did the professor ask you anything?
Somebody will come here. -
Someone will come here.
I don't see anyone. -
I don't see anyone.
He is somewhere over there. -
He's out there somewhere.
Did we meet anywhere else? -
Have we met somewhere else?
Pronouns each- every
AND every["evri] - although each has a similar meaning, they still differ in meaning:
Pronoun each selects an object from a group (therefore only used with countable nouns):
Pronoun every in general whole value (all):
Derivatives from every- (every):
everything["evriθiŋ] - everything
For better remembering, let's break the pronoun into two words: every - every and thing - thing. And if you add up both parts of the Russian translation: each + thing = everything, example:
I know everything about him.- I know everything about him. Everything will start here.- It all starts here.everybody["evribɒdi] - everything
To remember, we will resort to the same method: every - each and body - body. And if you add up both parts of the Russian translation: each + body = everything, example:
Our teacher said to do this exercise to everyone.- Our teacher told everyone to do this exercise. Everybody likes ice-cream.- Everyone loves ice cream.everywhere["evriweə(r)] - everywhere
: There were pencils everywhere.- There were pencils everywhere. It was dangerous everywhere.- It was dangerous everywhere.Please note that all these pronouns correspond to 3l. units h. (from the word each), so the verb after them takes the appropriate form.
Pronoun one applies:
As an indefinite personal pronoun and usually not translated into Russian:
One never can go faster this area.- No one can go faster in this area.
As a substitute word, to avoid unnecessary repetition of a word in a sentence:
Pronouns other["ʌðə(r)] - another, one more
, another[ə"nʌðə(r)] - different.Other comes before a noun and indicates that the noun is definite, but not the one mentioned earlier in the sentence:
That is, the pronoun other used if selected from a certain number of specific items. If the other item is unknown, then before other the indefinite article an is placed and the pronoun takes the form another:
This means any other glass. But if the noun is plural, then the pronoun is always used other:
In the case when the pronoun stands without a noun, the noun itself is put in the plural: