The first artificial earth satellite 1957 presentation. Presentation "Artificial Earth Satellites"
Artificial Earth satellites
Performed:
physics teacher Ilyicheva O.A.
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In 1957, under the leadership of S.P. Korolev created the world's first intercontinental ballistic missile R-7, which in the same year was used to launch the world's first artificial Earth satellite .
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Artificial Earth satellite (satellite) is a spacecraft revolving around the Earth in a geocentric orbit. Geocentric orbit- the trajectory of a celestial body along an elliptical path around the Earth. One of the two foci of the ellipse along which the celestial body moves coincides with the Earth. In order for the spacecraft to be in this orbit, it must be given a speed that is less than the second escape velocity, but not less than the first escape velocity. AES flights are carried out at altitudes of up to several hundred thousand kilometers. The lower limit of the satellite's flight altitude is determined by the need to avoid the process of rapid braking in the atmosphere. The orbital period of a satellite, depending on the average flight altitude, can range from one and a half hours to several days.
Geocentric orbit
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Movement of an artificial Earth satellite in geostationary orbit
Of particular importance are satellites in geostationary orbit, whose orbital period is strictly equal to a day and therefore for a ground observer they “hang” motionless in the sky, which makes it possible to get rid of rotating devices in antennas. Geostationary orbit(GSO) - a circular orbit located above the Earth’s equator (0° latitude), while in which an artificial satellite orbits the planet with an angular velocity equal to the angular velocity of the Earth’s rotation around its axis.
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Sputnik-1- the first artificial Earth satellite, the first spacecraft, launched into orbit in the USSR on October 4, 1957.
Satellite code designation - PS-1(The simplest Sputnik-1). The launch was carried out from the 5th research site of the USSR Ministry of Defense "Tyura-Tam" (later this place was named the Baikonur Cosmodrome) on a Sputnik (R-7) launch vehicle.
Scientists M.V. Keldysh, M.K. Tikhonravov, N.S. Lidorenko, V.I. Lapko, B.S. Chekunov, A. worked on the creation of an artificial Earth satellite, led by the founder of practical cosmonautics S.P. Korolev. V. Bukhtiyarov and many others.
The date of the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite is considered the beginning of the space age of mankind, and in Russia it is celebrated as a memorable day of the Space Forces.
Sputnik-1
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The satellite's body consisted of two hemispheres with a diameter of 58 cm made of aluminum alloy with docking frames connected to each other by 36 bolts. The tightness of the joint was ensured by a rubber gasket. In the upper half-shell there were two antennas, each of two rods 2.4 m and 2.9 m long. Since the satellite was unoriented, the four-antenna system gave uniform radiation in all directions.
A block of electrochemical sources was placed inside the sealed housing; radio transmitting device; fan; thermal relay and air duct of the thermal control system; switching device for on-board electrical automation; temperature and pressure sensors; onboard cable network. Mass of the first satellite: 83.6 kg.
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Sergey Pavlovich Korolev
The name of Sergei Korolev is known throughout the world. He is the designer of the first artificial Earth satellites and the first space rocket, the opener of a new era in the history of mankind.
Artificial earth satellites
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Goals:
1.Give the concept of an artificial earth satellite. 2.Tell about the types of satellites. 3. Enter the formulas for the first cosmic, second cosmic, orbital speed.
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An artificial Earth satellite (AES) is a spacecraft revolving around the Earth in a geocentric orbit.
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Movement of an artificial Earth satellite in orbit
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The Soviet Union has always prepared for various anniversaries with special zeal. Therefore, it was originally planned to launch an artificial earth satellite on September 14, 1957, on the centenary of Tsiolkovsky’s birth. However, for technical reasons, the launch of the modified R-7 rocket was postponed until October 4. This anniversary now belongs not only to Russia, but to the whole world. This day can rightfully be considered the true beginning of the space age.
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The first artificial satellite of the Earth
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Types of satellites: Astronomical satellites are satellites designed to study planets, galaxies and other space objects. Biosatellites are satellites designed to conduct scientific experiments on living organisms in space. Spacecraft - manned spacecraft Space stations - long-duration spacecraft Meteorological satellites - these are satellites designed to transmit data for the purpose of weather forecasting, as well as for observing the Earth's climate Small satellites - satellites of small weight (less than 1 or 0.5 tons) and size. Includes minisatellites (more than 100 kg), microsatellites (more than 10 kg) and nanosatellites (lighter than 10 kg) Reconnaissance satellites Navigation satellites Communications satellites Experimental satellites
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straight line
circle
ellipse
hyperbola
parabola
Trajectories of bodies
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Slide captions:
THE FIRST SATELLITE OF THE EARTH Satellite, satellite... below the Earth... receiving its signals, it circles, praying to the heavens, into orbit so as not to be driven away...
Sputnik-1 - the first artificial satellite of the Earth On Friday, October 4, at 22 hours 28 minutes 34 seconds Moscow time (19 hours 28 minutes 34 seconds GMT), a successful launch was made.
The code designation of the satellite is PS-1 (Simple Sputnik-1). The launch was carried out from the 5th research site of the USSR Ministry of Defense "Tyura-Tam" (which later received the open name Baikonur Cosmodrome)
Scientists M.V. Keldysh, M.K. Tikhonravov, N.S. Lidorenko, V.I. Lapko, B.S. Chekunov, worked on the creation of an artificial Earth satellite, led by the founder of practical cosmonautics S.P. Korolev, A.V. Bukhtiyarov and many others. Chief designer of rocket and space systems S. P. Korolev (1907-1966)
Flight parameters Start of flight - October 4, 1957 at 19:28:34 GMT End of flight - January 4, 1958 Vehicle mass - 83.6 kg; Maximum diameter - 0.58 m. Orbital inclination - 65.1°. Circulation period - 96.7 minutes. Perigee - 228 km. Apogee - 947 km. Vitkov - 1440
Device The satellite's body consisted of two hemispheres with a diameter of 58 cm made of aluminum alloy with docking frames connected to each other by 36 bolts. The tightness of the joint was ensured by a rubber gasket. In the upper half-shell there were two antennas, each of two rods 2.4 m and 2.9 m long. Since the satellite was unoriented, the four-antenna system gave uniform radiation in all directions.
device Inside the sealed housing were placed: a block of electrochemical sources; radio transmitting device; fan; thermal relay and air duct of the thermal control system; switching device for on-board electrical automation; temperature and pressure sensors; onboard cable network.
Great things have happened! At 314.5 seconds after launch, Sputnik separated and it cast its vote. “Beep! Beep! - that was his call sign. They were caught at the training ground for 2 minutes, then the Sputnik went beyond the horizon.
Ray Bradbury. “The first glimpse of immortality...” (American science fiction writer) That night, when Sputnik first traced the sky, I (...) looked up and thought about the predetermination of the future. After all, that little light, rapidly moving from one end to the other of the sky, was the future of all humanity. That light in the sky made humanity immortal.
Scientific results of the PS-1 flight Objectives of the launch: verification of calculations and basic technical decisions taken for the launch; ionospheric studies of the passage of radio waves emitted by satellite transmitters; experimental determination of the density of the upper layers of the atmosphere by satellite deceleration; study of equipment operating conditions. Despite the fact that the satellite was completely devoid of any scientific equipment, studying the nature of the radio signal and optical observations of the orbit made it possible to obtain important scientific data.
Interesting facts Calculations of the trajectory of launching Sputnik-1 into orbit were first carried out on electromechanical calculating machines, similar in design to adding machines. The day of the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite coincided with the opening of the next international astronautics congress in Barcelona.
Interesting facts Observers from the Space Research Laboratory of Uzhgorod National University were the first to be able to map the flight path of Sputnik 1 on a map of the starry sky - which was the reason for the creation of this organization on October 6, 1957.
Monument to the “Conquerors of Space” In honor of the launch of the first satellite in 1964 in Moscow on Mira Avenue, near the VDNKh metro station, a 99-meter obelisk to the “Conquerors of Space” was built in the form of a rocket taking off, leaving a trail of fire behind it.
“To the creators of the first Earth satellite” This is the square of power engineers in Moscow. Monument to the creators of the first satellite in 1957.
“To the First Earth Satellite” On October 4, 2007, on the day of the 50th anniversary of the launch of PS-1, a monument to the first artificial Earth satellite was unveiled in the city of Korolev.
Thank you for your attention! The presentation was prepared by: physics teacher GBOU special school No. 8 Klimkina I.A.
On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes
CLASS TEACHER'S COMPANION: TECHNOLOGY FOR PLANNING EXTRA-CLASS EDUCATIONAL WORK
A CLASS TEACHER'S COMPANY: TECHNOLOGY FOR PLANNING EXTRA-CLASS EDUCATIONAL WORK. Author-compiler: Tikhonova N.A. Class teacher Recommendations will be of interest not only for classroom teachers...
CLASS TEACHER'S COMPANION TECHNOLOGY FOR PLANNING EXTRA-CLASS EDUCATIONAL WORK
The first artificial Earth satellite The launch of the first artificial Earth satellite took place on October 4, 1957. The whole world admired the feat of our people. The date October 4, 1957 went down in the history of the planet as the beginning of the space age. Since then, dozens of artificial satellites fly around the Earth every year.
Artificial Earth satellites are widely used for scientific research and applied tasks. The following types of satellites are distinguished: Astronomical satellites are satellites designed to study planets, galaxies and other space objects. Biosatellites are satellites designed to conduct scientific experiments on living organisms in space. Meteorological satellites are satellites designed to transmit data for weather forecasting and to monitor the Earth's climate. Navigation satellites Reconnaissance satellites Communications satellites Telecommunications satellites Weather satellite GOES-8GOES-8 “Navstar-GPS”, second generation satellite
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