How to find an approach to people with different temperaments? Why is it important to know your temperament Why is it important to know your temperament type.
One day the moment comes when you need to seriously think about your own “place in the sun” and decide on the choice of your future profession. A mother wants her child to become a lawyer, a father wants to send his son to medical school, and a friend wants to study to become a surveyor. Maybe after school I should go to study with a friend at the same institution? Or become a famous director, actor, as you yourself wanted? It is absolutely certain that one of the proposed professions is really yours. But how to make the right choice?
Naturally, each specialty requires a person to have certain character traits, inclinations, innate habits, and a mindset. Somewhere we need “creatives”, and somewhere we need analysts. Psychologists believe that temperament plays an important role in choosing a future profession. As you know, there are four types of temperament: choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic and melancholic. Let's try to figure out what type of professions they are, how they are related to each other, and what professions to relate to based on their character traits.
Choleric
loves to overcome difficulties;
I like to create something new;
loves independence;
easily gets involved in the process and brilliantly completes what he starts;
sometimes he overestimates himself;
a leader who does not like to obey;
There is pressure, but not persistent.
A choleric person can easily build his career in a company that needs personnel who can concentrate their attention, be stress-resistant, and energetic. Choleric people need to express their energy. He is not able to do monotonous work. Accountant, florist and librarian - this choice is not for him. Choleric people are inherent in the professions of a reporter, journalist, diplomat, surgeon, entrepreneur, director, investigator, geologist and artist.
Sanguine
innate abilities of an ideal leader;
calculating;
knows how to persuade and win over;
cannot stand monotonous work;
has technical obstacles;
experiencing difficulties in conveyor activities.
A sanguine person is an excellent strategist and sincere boss. However, professions such as clerk, accountant, radio installer, archivist, and restorer are not at all suitable for him.
The best recommendations are the work of a psychologist, director of an enterprise, middle or senior manager, teacher, or event organizer.
Phlegmatic person
leisurely and meticulous;
always achieves results through iron perseverance;
does not tolerate haste;
uninitiative;
does not like fuss and changing places;
pays attention to every little detail;
brings any task to perfection, if time allows him.
At first glance, it seems that a slow person is not a plus for a future profession. However, the lack of haste for a phlegmatic person is his strong point. Only a phlegmatic person is capable of analyzing the situation without panicking and finding solutions to complex issues. Due to such character traits, a phlegmatic person can become an excellent therapist, chief accountant, researcher or economist without unnecessary fuss. It is also easy for him to achieve a career as a professor of physics or mathematics, but he absolutely hates being a show host, conductor or businessman. Professions that require emotional overload, physical activity, speed of decision-making, and phlegmatic people will be burdensome.
Melancholic
constant mood swings;
daily changes in energy poles;
gets tired quickly and does not adapt well to a new team;
requires constant support and rest;
has incredible powers of observation;
prone to detail and detail.
A melancholic person should not work with people. He can't stand constant communication. It is more pleasant for him to spend time with such silent objects as a computer. It is dangerous for a melancholic person’s life (his own and those around him) to be a bus or crane driver. A melancholic person can think at any moment, lose concentration, which will lead to terrible accidents. Surgeon, rescuer, pilot, dispatcher - this can also be safely ruled out, because nervous and physical overload can seriously undermine the health of a melancholic person. It is most recommended that he work as a teacher, artist, artist, composer, writer, veterinarian, and agronomist.
Pure choleric people or true phlegmatic people are quite rare. Psychologists are sure that all types of temperament are present in a person, but one predominates. It is impossible to choose your own temperament type. Just like there is no good and bad. Simply having a certain psychotype, you can do one job better, but at another job everything will fall out of hand. It is a pity that many graduates do not take into account the characteristics of their temperament, comparing it with their future choice of profession. And then, all their working time becomes a real torment for them, and not a dream come true.
For a long time, man, in addition to the world around him, was interested in himself. It was from the desire to understand and generalize, to organize different characters, personality types that astrology, the Chinese horoscope, scientific and esoteric teachings were created. Types of temperament in their current understanding began to be studied and analyzed back in Ancient Greece. First Hippocrates and then Galen developed their classifications. The 4 types of temperament were named, as scientists assumed, by the fluids predominant in the human body. Thus, the sanguine character, in their opinion, reveals the advantage of blood, the phlegmatic - mucus (phlegm), the choleric - bile, and the melancholic - black bile. Later, types of temperament were studied by Kretschmer, Pavlov, Teplov, and Strelyau. Other classifications have been proposed (for example, picnic - athletic - leptosomatic - dysplastic according to Kretschmer) and typologies. However, in modern psychology, the types of human temperament, called after ancient scientists, are one of the main concepts that describe personality.
Why and who needs to know about temperament
Let's start with the fact that, perhaps, for most people this is just a curious and entertaining test. It is interesting to know yourself, your differences from others. But since man is a social being and is constantly in one group or another, knowledge about what types of temperament exist turns out to be useful and necessary in many situations. The fact is that, according to Pavlov, each of us (with greater or lesser severity) has a certain type of nervous system. People differ in the strength and speed of reactions to the same stimuli. Thus, there are strong types of temperament (sanguine, choleric, phlegmatic) and weak (melancholic). The duration and speed of response also varies. Melancholic and phlegmatic people react slowly, while sanguine and choleric people react quickly. Consequently, in people, the speed of assimilation of new information, adaptability to unusual situations, and the pace of work are simply determined by physiological characteristics. And any leader of any team simply needs basic knowledge of psychology. At school, this will help to take a differentiated approach to the types of tasks for different students, their compatibility and the ability to combine them into groups. In a work team, it is important to take into account the characteristics and speed of work of different employees in order to competently plan and distribute responsibilities.
What is the best thing for representatives of each temperament type to do?
A phlegmatic person will cope well with monotonous paperwork, but where the power of persuasion is needed, a sanguine or choleric person will be more suitable. Tasks that require great diligence, painstakingness, and thoroughness can be performed well by a melancholic person. Just remember that he gets tired quickly and should not be overloaded. But a choleric person can cope with emergency work and pioneering projects, often taking the initiative and being able to work intensively and quickly. A melancholic person will most likely not be able to successfully negotiate; it is better to entrust such a task to a sanguine person, who is not easy to unbalance and confuse. Types of temperament are also important in determining professional suitability. It is no coincidence that many specialists are required to undergo both qualification and periodic psychological testing (for example, for employees of emergency services, police). It is worth considering that pronounced types of temperament are rare. As a rule, a person has traits of at least two. Moreover, at different periods of life, one type or another may manifest itself more clearly. In a family, it is also important to know and understand that a person simply has some character traits from birth and to accept him as he is.
Great article. Competently and easily written. Check your child, and, most importantly, yourself - in childhood and now. I think this will help you understand your strength, allow yourself to be yourself.
Why do you need to know the characteristics of a child’s temperament?
According to the dictionary, temperament is a characteristic of an individual in terms of his dynamic characteristics: intensity, speed, tempo, rhythm of mental processes and states. Let me add - an innate characteristic. That is, there is no need to try to change temperament; it is determined by the “structure” of our nervous system and, as a rule, does not change throughout life. Temperament is neither good nor bad, it is advisable to simply know it in order to use its strengths and take into account its weaknesses.
There are different theories of temperament, but one has gained the most popularity - according to which there are only four types of temperament (the “father” of medicine, Hippocrates, was the first to speak about them): sanguine people, choleric people, phlegmatic people and melancholic people.
Teachers say:
The sanguine people among us are the soul of the group.
Cholerics are the driving force.
Phlegmatic people are our conscience.
Melancholic people are the brain center.
This is what V.N. Kostyaev writes about temperaments (http://adalin.mospsy.ru/l_03_00/l0301102.shtml).
How angry we sometimes get with these hoarders who are ready to tie their shoes for an hour, thinking about the incomprehensible nature of the relationship between the lace and the holes for the ties! How many times have we grabbed our son by the sleeve as he rushed to the door, not listening to even half of what we so wanted to tell him! And tears over mere trifles! And the impenetrable silence for all our hysterics?
The difference in temperament between parents and children can lead to deep conflicts if the problem is not recognized in time. It will be much easier for you to understand your child, guide him, calculate his workload, interest him, develop his best qualities, forgive him, in the end, if you determine which type he is closest to.
What is temperament? It defines character, but is rare in its pure form. Typically, a person’s character is dominated by signs of one of the types of temperament, they are combined with manifestations of others and create their own, individual style of behavior, determine the reaction to the surrounding reality.
Watch your children. Carefully read everything written below and determine which traits are most characteristic of you and your child. Do all this without fail, because temperament determines your child’s behavior in a group, as well as how he learns and plays, worries and rejoices.
Just remember that you should not blame bad manners, rudeness, irresponsibility and other shortcomings of upbringing on temperament. Temperament characterizes only innate character traits: emotionality, sensitivity, activity, energy. A person’s hobbies, views, upbringing and social orientation do not depend on him. The type of temperament determines a person’s behavior and way of acting in the environment.
Detailed characteristics of temperament types
Choleric
General characteristics:
He is quick-tempered, self-confident and impetuous, makes decisions instantly, so his ideas are often not thought out, but very interesting. Choleric people are very active, cannot stand long periods of waiting, and are subject to sudden mood swings. It is difficult to predict how he will behave in a new environment - the reaction can be very different. A choleric child is a terrible fidget and arguer. He is decisive, persistent and fearless, he can change his decision at the last minute exactly the opposite, he loves risk and adventure. A kind of Mr. Fix - you don’t know what to expect from him in the next minute, and he himself doesn’t know it due to his impulsiveness.
Everyday problems:
- often he is so carried away by his next idea that he simply does not hear your instructions;
- rushes to complete tasks without listening to the end, does everything quickly but carelessly, not noticing inaccuracies and mistakes;
- finds it difficult to compromise, is quick-tempered and excessively aggressive;
- excessive independence, love of risk and a tendency to rash actions can lead to unpleasant adventures;
- The choleric person is very sociable, but can easily quarrel with the whole team at once and with each individual. In elementary school, when the authority of adults is strong, a choleric person who constantly receives comments from teachers can easily become an outcast in the children's group;
- Problems with communication in adolescence often lead to hysterical reactions and threats of suicide. Fortunately, these threats are rarely carried out.
Parents' mistakes:
Tight control, restriction of activity, angry demands to take care of oneself only lead to nervousness and loss of contact with the child.
Activities and hobbies. The main thing is to turn this frantic energy in the right direction. Cholerics are especially recommended to engage in active sports - this will give an outlet to the desire for leadership, training will teach them to control their movements and calculate their strength. A choleric person needs a lot of living space, spend more time with him in nature and do not forget that, left to his own devices, a fearless choleric person can easily get into an unpleasant adventure. It's better to explore unfamiliar places with him.
To compensate for excessive haste and inattention, help him realize that quality is often much more important than speed. Your motto is less is more! To strengthen the inhibitory processes, engage in designing, drawing, manual labor, and needlework with him. Remember that you will have to constantly ensure that he checks his work and completes it to the end. Try not to get irritated if he is distracted, and encourage any display of diligence and patience in every possible way. Teach him to first pronounce out loud, then to himself, the stages of work and follow his plan.
Communication. It is especially important to teach him to establish relationships in a team - you cannot be with him all the time. Encourage your child to analyze his behavior, sort out conflict situations with him, discuss books and films, talk through options for correct behavior.
Self-control will be helped by simple counting to yourself and breathing exercises. Show him a way to release accumulated emotions - let him hit a punching bag, throw a pillow into a corner: anything is better than taking out his anger in public.
His desire to be first can also be used for peaceful purposes. Give him the role of an explainer, a teacher, and you will have a good chance, playing on the leader’s pride, to teach him to be more patient and attentive. Just don’t let it happen - constantly emphasize that an adult, experienced person knows how to control his emotions and take into account the interests of other people.
A choleric child loves to read about heroic deeds and adventures - admire the endurance, patience and foresight of his favorite characters, buy books where heroes win precisely through willpower and the ability to get along with people around them.
Under no circumstances should you shame him in front of everyone, don’t use “good boy Vasya” as an example, this will only cause anger.
Do you recognize your child in this description? Then be patient and try to understand that the choleric person himself would be glad to learn to control himself - help him.
Famous choleric people: A. V. Suvorov, Peter I, A. S. Pushkin.
Sanguine
General characteristics:
A lively, cheerful, strong and balanced person. In childhood, this child is the “sun” - usually in a good mood, inquisitive, active, and able to control his emotions. Growing up, he gives the impression of being a determined, optimistic, self-confident person. He easily gets along with people, adapts to new surroundings, and in difficult situations does not lose his sense of humor, remaining collected and businesslike.
Sanguine people are empaths, that is, they easily understand other people, are not particularly demanding of others and tend to accept people as they are. They do not fight for power, but often occupy a leading position in the company. Sanguine children answer the question: “Who are you friends with?” - They usually answer: “With everyone.”
But sanguine people often do not finish the work they have started if they get bored with it. Uninteresting work bores them, and they try to get rid of it as quickly as possible.
Everyday problems:
- if you entrust him with boring and monotonous work, he will easily “forget” about it and do something more interesting;
- if he nevertheless takes up your assignment, he will quit as soon as he is offered something even more attractive;
- not all of his many friends will correspond to the circle of people familiar to you.
Parents' mistakes:
A sanguine person communicates easily, is cheerful and quickly grasps educational material, and parents often do not pay attention to the fact that the child is superficial and cease to control him and take a closer look at his inner world. The usual friendly and cheerful tone of a teenager can hide his inner feelings and problems from loved ones. Carelessness in studying, inability to complete a task, inattention to detail have a strong impact on academic performance, and in the future - on success in work.
Activities and hobbies. Sanguine people also need an active lifestyle, but in sports they will not strongly strive for results. They are interested in the process itself, find him a good, friendly coach and don’t try to make him a professional athlete against his wishes.
Parents should place the main emphasis in classes on the ability to focus on the work being done and bring it to the end. Construction sets, puzzles, crafts, model building and other games that require attention and care will help develop composure and accuracy. You can be demanding with sanguine people and, of course, you shouldn’t go too far. You may well ask him to redo the work and evaluate the result yourself.
You should not support a sanguine person in his desire to frequently change activities. Help him explore more deeply the subject he has taken up. Usually, it is important to help such children overcome the threshold of the next difficulties, and they will get to work with renewed vigor. If this is not done, the child will continue to give up his next hobby as soon as it requires unusual efforts from him.
It is very important to encourage the perseverance of such children, diligence and determination and gradually raise the bar of requirements, achieving sustainability and effectiveness.
Don’t let him miss classes too often if he attends a club, make sure that he doesn’t forget about the “little things” in the work, point out to him how sloppy and unreliable his product looks if it is made without observing the “unnecessary”, in your opinion child, rules, patiently teach him to complete his homework or drawing. And, of course, praise him, rejoice at his successes, be surprised at the results and tell him how interesting it will be later, when he makes even more progress in his studies.
Communication. Discuss with your child his relationships with peers and loved ones, encourage him to think about what in his behavior can offend or please others. Try to interest him in the theater club.
Is your child just that “sunshine”? Then forgive him for his inconstancy - this is not a vice, but a feature of his temperament. Help him correct his character, and he will grow up to be a reliable, stress-resistant, sociable and successful person.
Famous sanguine people: M. Yu. Lermontov, Winnie the Pooh, W. A. Mozart.
Phlegmatic person
General characteristics:
A slow, diligent and outwardly calm child. He is consistent and thorough in his studies. In preschool age, he plays with several of his favorite toys, does not like running around and noise, but loves to eat and sleep, and is not picky about food. He cannot be called a dreamer and an inventor. Usually, since childhood, he neatly folds toys and clothes. It is the phlegmatic child who is capable of carefully and conscientiously tearing off pieces of wallpaper in the living room for hours, without interfering with adults going about their business. But he is also capable of causing a scandal if he is given a cup or spoon that is not his, and in general he is dissatisfied if something violates the usual daily routine.
When playing with children, he prefers familiar and quiet entertainment. He remembers the rules of the game for a long time, but then rarely makes mistakes. Does not strive for leadership, does not like to make decisions, easily giving this right to others. He rarely gets offended, but if he quarrels, he can break off relations with the offender forever.
He may well grow up to be a very enterprising person. A phlegmatic person can work smoothly and productively even in unfavorable conditions, and failures do not make him angry.
The phlegmatic person strives to create an orderly system for organizing his entire life and relationships with people around him and the world. The desire to observe traditions, economy and calculation, strategy and laconicism of a phlegmatic person often lead to success. But hesitation and long thoughts where a quick and clear reaction is necessary often reduce his achievements to zero.
Everyday problems:
- While he is washing his face, having breakfast and carefully tying his scarf, the bell for class will have long since rung;
- if he still makes it to the beginning, the bell for recess will ring before he beautifully writes “Cool work” in his notebook;
- try to replace your usual breakfast with something new without approval, and you risk running into a big scandal;
- a little phlegmatic person can force you to read the same bedtime story for a week, not allowing you to change a single word in it;
- a cunning sloth can deliberately move even slower so that the parent, tormented by waiting, loses his temper and quickly does everything himself;
- When asking your son or daughter to choose a new pen for school, prepare for the fact that he will review the entire assortment, and you will still make the choice for him.
Parents' mistakes:
- Do not try to speed up the process of getting ready or completing a task by shouting and scandals. It's much easier to just start earlier;
- you should not try hard to impose an activity that is useful from your point of view if he resists;
- do not be sarcastic, do not call him a lazy person, a mattress and other “affectionate” nicknames;
- Be patient and don’t rush to do everything for him. Otherwise, he will stop doing anything himself.
Important! If you are constantly irritated and punish him for slowness and uncertainty, the child may develop a fear of action and develop a feeling of inferiority.
Activities and hobbies. Don’t be afraid to trust your child; he is responsible and thorough enough to complete the assigned task. Your motto should be the well-known folk saying - the quieter you drive, the further you will go. True, from time to time you disturb the excessively slow phlegmatic person so that he does not completely fall asleep. Tell him interesting news from the world around him, develop creative thinking with drawing, music, and chess. He may be interested in those sports that do not require quick reactions.
Communication. It is extremely important to teach him to understand the feelings and emotions of other people. Discuss with him the motives for the actions of his peers, relatives or favorite heroes. When discussing, try to let him talk more, and not you, help him form his opinion and defend it, otherwise he will behave stereotypically, adapting to the behavior of others and borrowing their point of view.
On the other hand, if you don’t show a phlegmatic person in time that there are people with different views on life, he will try to ensure that those around him methodically follow all the rules that he has set for himself. A stubborn bore is what you risk raising if you don't teach him tolerance. Such a “black sheep” may not be upset if most of his peers do not communicate with him. The phlegmatic will calmly classify those who do not want to live as he does into the category of “wrong” people, and will not worry about the lack of attention to his person. Therefore, other people often have more problems with a phlegmatic person than the phlegmatic person has with them. Help him learn to understand and accept views that differ from his own.
Famous phlegmatic people: M. I. Kutuzov, I. A. Krylov.
Melancholic
General characteristics:
Melancholic children especially need the support and approval of loved ones. They are very sensitive, touchy, wary of everything new. A melancholic person is unsure of himself, it is difficult for him to make a choice on his own.
Melancholic people get lost in unfamiliar surroundings and are completely unable to stand up for themselves. The slightest trouble can throw them off balance. They speak quietly, rarely argue, and more often obey the opinions of stronger people. People with this type of temperament quickly get tired, get lost if they encounter difficulties, and quickly give up.
All of the above does not mean that melancholic people are unfortunate losers. Many of them are strong in literature, art, and in professions that require a lot of attention and spiritual subtlety.
The inner world of a melancholic person is incredibly rich; he is characterized by depth and stability of feelings. He is prone to self-examination and is constantly unsure of himself. As a child, he behaves like a “little adult” - he is very reasonable, loves to find an explanation for everything, loves solitude. In bed he dreams and thinks for a long time.
He often gives the impression of being a reserved person; usually he chooses one among his loved ones with whom he is completely frank; soft and kind, shares his experiences with him. For others it leaves the phrase: “Everything is fine with me.” Disclosure of his secrets can be a great trauma and will make him withdraw even more into himself.
People close to this type have a quiet speech, in conversation they adapt to the interlocutor; strive to evoke the sympathy of others.
Melancholic people make high demands on themselves and others and tolerate loneliness quite easily.
Everyday problems:
- making a completely innocent remark, you receive a stream of tears and a desperate: “Nothing ever works out for me, I’m not good for anything”;
- During the first three weeks of a children's summer camp, this sensitive creature is sad and looks at the world around him with mistrust. When the world finally seems quite acceptable and there are nice acquaintances, the shift will end;
- Having sent your child to do his homework, you find him over an untouched assignment in sorrowful thoughts on the topic: “I won’t succeed anyway”;
- you regularly receive a portion of complaints about rude and ill-mannered boys, sarcastic girls and boring teachers.
Parents' mistakes:
Reassured by the quiet appearance of a withdrawn melancholic person, adults often do not notice his experiences and problems.
Important! Constantly reproaching him for laziness, passivity and inability, educators only further aggravate his self-doubt and develop an inferiority complex.
Activities and hobbies. A melancholic person has difficulty joining in group games, but, having managed to overcome himself, he enjoys having fun with everyone. Help him get involved in the game, teach him how to get acquainted, rehearse the first phrases with which he will approach unfamiliar peers. Reassure him that failure does not make him worse than others. Your motto when communicating with a melancholic person is “People tend to make mistakes.”
For a melancholic person, it is important to constantly receive support from loved ones. Praise, praise and praise again, look for positive moments even in failures. For example, if something failed, praise him for even deciding to do this business. Switch his attention to the result of the activity, and not to the assessment. Ask to demonstrate his achievements to you, admire and be happy for him. Emphasize that you are confident in his abilities and know that he can cope with the task. Tell him about it, remind him of past successes.
Teach him to perceive the mistake as a hint to future successes, calmly analyze without negative assessments what the failure was, and discuss how to act next time. Entrust him with tasks that he can certainly handle and the results of which can be appreciated by as many people around him as possible. If he draws, make a funny wall newspaper with him for a school holiday, if he plays, learn a popular song with him; ask the teacher to read his best essay in front of the whole class if he is a good writer... This will help him gain confidence to solve more difficult problems.
Communication. Such children most often feel like a “black sheep” in a team and suffer from this, despite the fact that they do not feel a great need for communication. It is difficult for a melancholic person who lacks self-confidence to enter a new class, participate in common activities and entertainment. Try to become for him the closest person he can trust. Don't reveal his secrets, don't criticize him too much. Philosophize with him, discuss situations that you observed, demonstrate that you are very interested in listening to his stories about himself, his thoughts about the world around him. Teach him to find a way out of conflict situations, to defend his opinion, but under no circumstances put pressure on him.
If a melancholic person feels comfortable in a group, he can play the role of a think tank, a kind of grise eminence, and be respected for his invention and ingenuity.
Famous melancholic people: P. I. Tchaikovsky, N. V. Gogol.
Try to determine which temperament prevails in your child. Remember that “pure” temperaments are extremely rare. Most often, each of us is dominated by a “mixture” of traits of two or three temperaments. (The test was prepared by educational psychologist Olga Anisimovich, especially for the children's portal "Solnyshko".)
TEST
“What type of temperament predominates in your child?”
Choose the answers that best suit your child. The result will be more reliable if not only mother, but also father, grandmother, and grandfather answer the questions; then compare all the answers and draw appropriate conclusions.
1. What character traits predominate in a child?
a) Love of life, optimism, compromise, sociability, risk-taking.
b) Calmness, slowness, thoroughness, restraint, peacefulness.
c) Energy, restlessness, playfulness, ardor, cockiness.
d) Timidity, shyness, touchiness, impressionability, indecisiveness.
2. What emotions are the most frequent and strong?
a) Positive emotions.
b) There are no violent reactions, gravitates towards positive emotions.
c) Violent emotions, anger.
d) Shyness, fear.
3. Reaction to punishment:
a) calm;
b) without emotions;
c) to verbal ones - calm, to the rest - with violent reactions of protest;
d) resentment, negative emotions.
4. How does the child behave in unexpected situations?
a) Curious (positive attitude predominates).
b) Little emotional.
c) Tries to resist (need to overcome).
d) Tries to avoid this event (need of self-preservation).
5. What games does the child prefer?
a) Any, but so that life is in full swing in them.
b) Calm, quiet, secluded.
c) Noisy, reckless, active, often aggressive.
d) Quiet, secluded; noisy, active - only with loved ones.
6. Is your child sociable?
a) Loves the company of children and adults, gets to know each other quickly.
b) Prefers solitude.
c) Companions and spectators are always needed.
d) Prefers loneliness, is sociable only with close people.
7. How is the child like among his peers, is he prone to leadership?
a) The soul of the company, the leader in children's choice.
c) Peers treat him differently; he offers himself as a leader.
8. How does one learn new things?
a) Easy and fast.
b) Thoroughly, but slowly.
c) He grasps everything on the fly and forgets just as quickly.
d) Masters quickly or slowly depending on the circumstances.
9. Features of memory. How quickly does a child remember a fairy tale? Captures the whole or the details? How long does he remember?
a) Easily and quickly grasps the whole and remembers for a long time (good short-term and long-term memory).
b) Slow, but remembers the whole thing, almost never forgets (good long-term memory).
c) Very quickly, remembers mostly details, but also quickly forgets (only short-term memory is well developed).
d) In different ways, delves into little things (high distractibility interferes with short-term memory, and self-doubt interferes with long-term memory).
10. Fatigue after any activity:
a) average (gets tired according to activity);
b) low (practically does not get tired);
c) average, sometimes high (depending on the outburst of your emotions);
d) high (gets tired from the slightest activity).
11. Is it easy for the child to learn age-related skills?
a) Easy and without difficulty.
b) With difficulty (skills take a long time to form, but also for a long time).
c) According to age (does only what is interesting).
d) Fast, but unstable (there may be regression under stress).
12. What movements predominate in the child?
a) Confident, precise, rhythmic.
b) Slow, unhurried, respectable.
c) Impetuous, sharp.
d) Uncertain, inaccurate, fussy.
13. Features of speech.
a) Speech is expressive, lively, with facial expressions and gestures.
b) Speech is slow, inexpressive, without gestures.
c) Speech is fast, abrupt, emotional, and often breaks into a scream. He chatters, swallowing syllables and words.
d) Speech is expressive, but quiet and uncertain.
14. Sleep characteristics.
a) Usually falls asleep quickly, sleeps well, wakes up with a smile.
b) Falls asleep immediately, sleeps peacefully, after sleep he walks around lethargic and sleepy.
c) Falls asleep for a long time and with difficulty, sleeps restlessly, wakes up in different moods: from the best to the worst.
d) It takes a long time to go to bed, but falls asleep quickly and wakes up cheerful.
15. How did the child get used to kindergarten and school?
a) Adapted easily and quickly.
b) I was afraid of the new, didn’t want changes, took a long time to adapt.
c) Easily got used to the new environment, had difficulty fulfilling the demands of adults.
d) I couldn’t get used to it; I had difficulty adapting.
Result:
A), then the child has a predominant strong, balanced, mobile type - sanguine.
If the options are more common b), then the child has a strong, balanced, inert temperament phlegmatic.
If the options are more common V), then the child has a strong, unbalanced, inert character - choleric.
If the options are more common G), then temperament prevails melancholic.
Remembering your childhood, you can choose the answers that are suitable for you, then you will be able to compare the child’s temperament and your own and draw conclusions. Perhaps, with your strong temperament, you are “crushing” the weaker temperament of the child. Do not “improve” or “decorate” your child’s temperament! He will pay for this with illness, and you will pay with problems in the upbringing and development of the child.
Original article: http://demo.sinergi-school.ru/cms/index.php/specialist/pstchologist/29560-2009-03-03-00-52-32
The choice of profession does not lose its relevance over the years. The range of professions is very wide and, therefore, today young people often face the problem of choosing a profession.
Choosing a profession is a social process during which individuals consistently become aware of the presence in society of a professional division of labor and specific types of work activity - professions and specialties, ways and means of acquiring the knowledge and skills necessary for this activity, and real opportunities for their use. The choice of profession includes professional orientation, as well as the choice of social status associated with the profession.
As we know, a person is an emotional being and he experiences various feelings every day. But our experiences can differ in four main areas: pleasure and displeasure, excitement and calm. And these directions are not represented equally in each of us. Each person has individual characteristics and there are very significant differences between people. There are both optimists and pessimists among us. People with an optimistic attitude experience positive emotions more easily than people with a pessimistic attitude. Thus, optimists have predominant feelings of pleasure, while pessimists have predominant feelings of displeasure. Such emotional predominance is called temperament in modern psychology. Temperament serves as the natural basis of the character inherent in people and that is why
Experts attach great importance to temperament as one of the most important criteria for choosing a profession.
Everyone wants to have good income and a job that will always be to their liking and joy. However, a situation often arises when the job brings good earnings, the working conditions are excellent, and the team has only friendly employees. But such work does not bring pleasure. What's the matter? It turns out that the whole problem is in the natural character of a person, his individual characteristics, which affect the course of various mental processes - we are talking about temperament.
Temperament (lat. temperamentum - proper ratio of parts) is a stable combination of individual personality characteristics associated with dynamic, rather than meaningful aspects of activity. Temperament is the basis of character development; In general, from a physiological point of view, temperament is a type of higher nervous activity in a person.
According to I.P. Pavlov distinguishes four types of temperament: choleric, melancholic, sanguine and phlegmatic. Let's look at them in more detail and take into account professions that are similar in temperament.
A “pure” sanguine person quickly adapts to new conditions, quickly gets along with people, and is sociable. Feelings arise and change easily, emotional experiences are usually shallow. Facial expressions are rich, mobile, expressive. He is somewhat restless, needs new impressions, does not sufficiently regulate his impulses, and does not know how to strictly adhere to the established routine, life, or work system. In this regard, he cannot successfully carry out work that requires an equal expenditure of effort, prolonged and methodical tension, perseverance, stability of attention, and patience. In the absence of serious goals, deep thoughts, and creative activity, superficiality and inconstancy are developed.
A sanguine person is born to occupy leadership positions. They often make the most pleasant and sincere bosses. A sanguine person is a very calculating person; he knows how to persuade and win over a person. The only thing that sanguine people see as a difficulty are technical issues in which this type of temperament is not entirely strong.
As for professions, sanguine people are suited to lively, vibrant professions that require significant communication with other people. Sanguine people love to expand their horizons, discover something new and be creative in their work. A sanguine person is primarily a teacher, administrator, journalist, economist, technologist, lawyer and personnel manager. Also, a sanguine person will be able to achieve significant success in the role of a waiter or seller.
Monotonous work that will require constant attention is definitely not for sanguine people. This type of temperament does not like detailed, painstaking work with constant concentration. Therefore, professions such as accountant, archivist, jeweler, dispatcher and restorer can be immediately excluded from the list of professions suitable for a sanguine person. Choleric is characterized by increased excitability, his actions are intermittent. He is characterized by sharpness and swiftness of movements, strength, impulsiveness, and vivid expression of emotional experiences. Due to imbalance, carried away by a task, he tends to act with all his might and become more exhausted than he should. Having public interests, his temperament shows initiative, energy, and integrity. In the absence of spiritual life, choleric temperament often manifests itself in irritability, efficiency, lack of restraint, hot temper, and inability to self-control under emotional circumstances.
In terms of work, choleric people have great advantages over other types of temperament. Choleric workers are distinguished by the fact that they are least susceptible to stress. Even if the work environment is tense, there are a large number of problems - choleric people quickly regain their strength and are ready to work hard again. In most cases, choleric people are excellent leaders, so they are the easiest to lead. Cholerics, although strict, are the highest quality bosses.
Boredom is the main enemy of a choleric person; a choleric person is practically unable to force himself to study and work through boredom. Cholerics achieve great success in those professions where the human factor is significant, where it is important to be able to establish contacts and win over. A choleric person easily gets involved in new activities and quickly adapts to changes.
Cholerics are suitable for those professions that require a lot of energy and high concentration: artist, diplomat, journalist, PR specialist, designer. In addition, choleric people make excellent entrepreneurs and businessmen. Among successful teachers there are also many choleric people. People with a choleric type of temperament will love professions such as trainer, geologist, investigator and even pilot.
Speaking about professions that are close to choleric people, it is worth mentioning those that are not at all suitable for them. An occupation that requires monotonous and assembly line work will ruin an energetic choleric person. These people will never be able to monotonously sort through papers in the library or accounting department.
A phlegmatic person is characterized by a relatively low level of behavioral activity, new forms of which are developed slowly, but are persistent. Possesses slowness and calmness in actions, facial expressions and speech, evenness, constancy, depth of feelings and moods. A persistent and persistent “worker of life”, he rarely loses his temper, is not prone to emotions, having calculated his strength, gets things done to the end, is even in relationships, moderately sociable, and does not like to chat in vain. Saves energy and doesn’t waste it. Depending on the conditions, in some cases a phlegmatic person may be characterized by “positive” traits - endurance, depth of thoughts, constancy, thoroughness, etc., in others - lethargy, indifference to the environment, laziness and lack of will, poverty and weakness of emotions, a tendency to perform just habitual actions.
As it has already turned out, the main feature of phlegmatic people is slowness. In the event of a stressful situation at work, only phlegmatic people are able to analyze the current unpleasant situation with absolute calm and make the most correct decision. Although phlegmatic people “sway” for quite a long time, the task assigned to them will be completed perfectly, without complaints. However, this type of temperament will not perform work that was not included in the assignment.
As for monotonous and monotonous work, phlegmatic people are the most productive in it. The phlegmatic type of temperament is very strong in the exact sciences. A phlegmatic person makes an excellent mechanic and engineer, physicist or mathematician, botanist or astronomer, jeweler, dispatcher.
Work that requires a public and energetic life exhausts the quiet and slow phlegmatic person. Professions that are definitely not suitable for a phlegmatic person: secretary, show host, conductor, businessman, surgeon or manager.
However, many of the phlegmatic people achieved great success and became famous with their regularity and slowness. For example, M.I. Kutuzov had continuity in his activities, and having started serving in the army from childhood, he devoted his whole life to it. They said about him that he “hurried, without haste,” that is, he did everything without undue haste, he did not work quickly, but was very productive.
In a melancholic person, the reaction often does not correspond to the strength of the stimulus; there is depth and stability of feelings with weak expression. It is difficult for him to concentrate on something for a long time. Strong influences often cause a prolonged inhibitory reaction in a melancholic person (give up). He is characterized by restraint and subdued motor skills and speech, shyness, timidity, and indecisiveness. Under normal conditions, a melancholic person is a deep, meaningful person who can be a good worker and successfully cope with life’s tasks. Under unfavorable conditions, he can turn into a closed, fearful, anxious, vulnerable person, prone to difficult internal experiences of life circumstances that do not deserve it at all.
Melancholic people are successful in activities that require attention to detail and observation, but not associated with a lot of communication. The subject of work of a melancholic person can be technology, information, artistic images.
Melancholic people love to work alone. People with a melancholic type of temperament are very emotional and sensitive, they notice every subtlety in the behavior of the people around them. Melancholic people have a great appreciation for art, music, and literature. Melancholic people are capable of becoming depressed at the slightest failure; they often feel sad and sad for no reason, and are often anxious.
A melancholic person can succeed as a writer, artist or film critic, and as a programmer, accountant or architect. There are many melancholic people among talented scientists. Melancholic people do not easily tolerate activities where force majeure and various changes are frequent; the slightest stress can greatly damage their performance.
A melancholic temperament and choosing a profession that requires constant communication with people will not be the best option. The delicate nervous organization of melancholic people will not withstand the stress of such professions as: doctor (especially surgeon), rescuer, pilot, dispatcher.
At the moment, there are many methods for determining the type of temperament. We used Eysenck's personality questionnaire and conducted a survey among students of Penza State University in the pedagogical specialty. The study involved 20 people who chose the profession of foreign language teacher.
First of all, a teacher is a hardworking, efficient, disciplined, responsible, organized, persistent worker who knows how to set a goal and find ways to achieve it. Following all these qualities, we made a certain conclusion: the best teachers are, first of all, sanguine and choleric people. However, if the teacher is a pronounced choleric person, he should have a very important quality: the ability to control himself and his emotions. This is perhaps the most important point in choosing a teaching profession for a choleric person. In our opinion, the teaching profession is not suitable for phlegmatic and melancholic people, since they are introverted. A melancholic person will not be able to withstand tension, and a phlegmatic person will be hampered by his slowness.
Eysenck’s method revealed that among the students surveyed there were 6 sanguine people, 5 melancholic people, 8 choleric people, 2 phlegmatic people. Consequently, we can conclude that choleric and sanguine people still prevail among students of teaching professions. However, there are also types of temperament for whom it will be difficult to work at school.
Our research shows that the type of temperament does in most cases influence the choice of profession.
So you shouldn’t ignore psychologists who advise choosing a profession according to your temperament type. This will provide you with job satisfaction, a good mood every day, and pleasant relationships with your superiors and the team as a whole. A profession chosen by temperament will help you achieve much more success in career growth than a job chosen depending on salary or proximity to home.
Every person is unique. Our psyche is multifaceted; we perceive the world around us in different ways. The perception of what is happening around depends on many factors, for example, upbringing, type of temperament, social experience. Let's look at what temperament is and its 4 main types.
Temperament: 4 types of human temperament
A person’s temperament can be called a kind of biological foundation on the basis of which the personality itself is formed. These are social properties of the psyche that determine the dynamics of mental activity, behavior and social adaptation of people.
Hippocrates is considered to be the founder of the doctrine of types of temperament. He argued that people are divided depending on the ratio of the four main substances of the body: black bile, yellow bile, phlegm and blood. Claudius Galen supported the idea of Hippocrates and wrote an entire scientific treatise called “Right Measure”. Claudius Galen identified four main types of human temperament. These are sanguine (blood), choleric (bile), phlegmatic (phlegm), melancholic (black bile).
Properties of temperament in psychology
Human temperament is based on a number of specific properties, such as:
Sensitivity. This is the degree of force of external influence necessary for a reaction to occur on the part of the psyche. Some people react calmly to external stimuli, others react violently;
Reactivity. The property of reactivity is determined by the level of involuntary reaction to internal or external influence (sharp sound, tone of voice);
Activity, relationship between activity and reactivity. These properties indicate how a person reacts to life's difficulties. Is he ready to overcome various obstacles in life, to be focused, persistent, attentive;
Rigidity and plasticity. These properties of temperament can indicate how skillfully a person can adapt to external influences of the social environment;
Reactive Activity Rate. They characterize the speed of mental processes and reactions to external stimuli;
Introversion and extroversion. These properties depend on the speed of human reactions and the speed of solutions applied;
Emotional excitability. Characterizes the degree of external influence on a person in the form of manifestations of signs of emotional arousal;
Choleric - characteristics of temperament: pros and cons
Cholerics have a strong-willed character.
Type of nervous system: unbalanced, unrestrained, overly mobile.
A choleric person takes on any difficult task, no matter how difficult it is. Such people are excellent speakers, they are eloquent and convincing in almost any dispute.
Choleric people are not vindictive, they quickly forget grievances and cannot hold within themselves for a long time a feeling of anger towards the offender.
Cholerics are excellent leaders; they can organize people and make difficult decisions for them. In a critical situation, a choleric person is able to group, repel the enemy, and protect a weak person.
The choleric person is not restrained in his statements in relation to current events, and can sometimes become rude.
Cholerics have a certain tendency to dominate other people. Often people with such temperaments are prone to rapid mood changes and excessive gesticulation.
In the love sphere, the choleric person is quite jealous, and for him the loved one becomes a kind of property. People with this type of temperament quickly fall in love and become attached to another person. Sometimes choleric people in relationships are prone to anger and scandals.
Choleric children are quite capricious and are often the center of attention in the family. A child can use his emotions to achieve the desired result. Such children are often capricious, show hyperactivity in adolescence, and may become interested in sports or music, but they quickly become bored with their hobbies.
Disadvantages of a choleric person
The main disadvantages of a choleric person include:
- Excessive haste in your actions and actions;
- Cholerics are not patient;
- Excessive impulsiveness and imbalance;
- Excessive straightforwardness and harshness when communicating with other people;
- Aggression that occurs periodically;
Psychologists recommend that choleric people learn to work on themselves. This work should include the ability to control oneself in any conflict situations. Often choleric people make rash decisions and literally throw themselves into the pool headlong. The ten-second tactic suits them, which consists of mentally counting to ten before making an important decision or expressing an opinion.
Sanguine person - characteristics: pros and cons of sanguine person
Sanguine people are cheerful and incorrigible optimists. These people cannot sit still, they need constant movement.
Sanguine people are very active, and this activity manifests itself in literally all areas of a sanguine person’s life. They love to be the center of attention, but unlike choleric people, they do not have the habits of dictators.
The peculiarity of the psychological behavior of sanguine people is characterized by a high degree of excitability.
Sanguine people know how to get along with people and find a compromise in any difficult life situations. They are resourceful and enterprising. A sanguine person can literally lead a crowd, because these people are excellent speakers who know how to convince others that they are right.
Hyperactivity does not give a sanguine person the right to sit still. He tries to make his life brighter and more interesting. Such people love to travel, discovering more and more new facets of the world around them. Many artists, musicians, and actors are sanguine.
Psychological feature of a sanguine person
If we talk about the psychological component of sanguine people, then in these people the degree of excitement in the central nervous system is quite high. On the contrary, the inhibition threshold is low, and therefore sanguine people perceive the world in a somewhat illusory way. But at the same time, memory functions are remarkably developed. Often sanguine people focus their memory only on what arouses their interest. They can remember funny incidents, but at the same time forget the birthdays of their friends. Sanguine people pay attention to noticeable details, such as bright clothes or the unusual hairstyle of their interlocutor.
The emotional background of sanguine people is quite diverse. These people are emotional and are not afraid to show their experiences to others. They often gesture when talking, and may hug or kiss when meeting. These emotions are completely sincere; a sanguine person wants to please people and receive the same reaction from them in return. Sanguine people are distinguished by unconventional thinking; they are constantly trying to learn something new, change their image or type of activity. Monotonous work and loneliness lead them to severe depression.
People with this type of temperament have a lot of friends. A sanguine person knows how to make friends, and always comes to a person’s aid in a difficult situation. In personal relationships, sanguine people are sometimes flighty. An excessive thirst for communication prevents them from building a strong family.
The main disadvantages of sanguine people:
- Inconsistency in actions and deeds. A sanguine person often gets down to business, but rarely completes it; such people cannot work in monotonous work;
- Sanguine people often overestimate themselves and their capabilities;
- People with a similar temperament have mood swings, it is difficult for them to develop strong-willed qualities;
Phlegmatic - characteristics: pros and cons
A phlegmatic person is a balanced person who carefully thinks through his every step. Usually such people have an analytical mind and look at life around them soberly.
Phlegmatic people are quite lazy, often prefer not to be active and go with the flow. They are always calm and unperturbed. Even if they have experienced stress or an unpleasant life situation, they do not always show their temper.
It is difficult to anger a phlegmatic person; his nervous system is like a scale keeping balance. If it is difficult to bring him to simple emotions, then making him show activity or joy is even more difficult.
In other words, the phlegmatic type of human temperament is recognized as the most balanced and emotionally stable.
Phlegmatic people do not immediately make contact with people; they need time to assess the situation. A sudden change in the environment is like a tragedy for them and it is very difficult to bear. These people do not like active entertainment, they like a cozy home environment, and often prefer to spend time alone with themselves.
Phlegmatic people are painstaking and diligent in their work, they have a good memory and can remember large amounts of information.
Phlegmatic people are rather closed and hidden; they are reluctant to show sympathy for another person. But if a phlegmatic person likes a representative of the opposite sex, then he will do everything to achieve his favor.
It is quite difficult to find friends with a phlegmatic person; he does not make contact well. But if a person with this type of temperament finds a friend, then this friendship can last a lifetime. For phlegmatic people, family is a kind of fortress in which they feel comfortable. Such people get married late and may spend a long time searching for a partner.
The main disadvantages of phlegmatic people:
- They are often not receptive, do not take initiatives, and react poorly to external stimuli;
- They may be stingy with emotions, slow to get involved in work, and have poor contact with people around them;
- Difficulty adapting when changing living conditions;
Melancholic - characteristics: pros and cons of melancholic
Melancholic people are prone to attacks of despair and depression. The temperament of such people is sluggish and pessimistic. Any event, even a minor one, makes a melancholic person worry. He does not know how to enjoy life, and sees it exclusively in a negative tone. Sadness and melancholy can cover such a person for no reason; melancholic people often experience a feeling of self-pity.
People with this type of temperament have to resort to secrecy and suppression of emotions. They experience everything within themselves, which is why depressive mental states appear. Psychologists note that a huge number of people who commit suicide are melancholic.
A melancholic person reacts slowly to external stimuli, does not remember information well, and often suffers from a lot of complexes and an excessively low level of personal self-esteem. Motor activity is sluggish and inexpressive.
Melancholic people cannot work intensively and monotonously, as they necessarily need rest or short breaks to stabilize their psychological state. In a social environment, such people are lethargic, uncommunicative, and it is difficult for them to find a soul mate or a close friend. It is difficult for them to be active and cheerful. They choose sanguine or choleric people as people, since this choice is explained by the melancholic’s subconscious desire to be taken care of.
It can be difficult for melancholic people to arrange their personal life. Often a big role in the fiasco of love relationships is played by their indecision and cowardice. They choose a strong person as their life partner. There are also advantages to this type of temperament.
Melancholic people are kind, vulnerable, and will always share the last thing they have. They subconsciously want to help a person in need.
Disadvantages of melancholic people:
- Emotional instability, indecisiveness, lack of self-confidence and strength;
- Difficulty with the perception of the surrounding world, vulnerability, pessimism;
- Tendency to depressive mental states;
Psychologists strongly recommend that melancholic people not close themselves off. Try to explore the world, travel, communicate with new people. You can try mentoring to improve your personal self-esteem. Engage in active sports, dancing, any creativity. A melancholic person needs to be close to loved ones and friends, and not withdraw into himself and his feelings.
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