Research work-fairy tale on the theme "magic clay". The riches of the grandmother of clay Research work is all about clay
Material overview
“Nature is eternal nothing irreplaceable source of beauty,
the source of the most beautiful on Earth "K. D. Ushinsky
Relevance. To study the properties of red clay in the valley of the Fifth Riverand determine empirically whether clay is a building material.This topic is relevant today, feasible, interesting.
Subject of study– plasticity of clay
Object of study- clay deposits in the valley of the Fifth River, Mezhdurechye
Hypothesis - if the clay is suitable for modeling, then it is indeed a building material for making bricks.
Research method:
Target works:
Tasks:
To find out : sources and literature on this topic of work.
Visit at a geological site in the valley of the Fifth River in the Mezhdurechye village in the area of clay deposits to collect clay samples for processing and analysis.
Define: type of clay, its composition, properties, structure, origin and application.
Describe: the wealth of clay and whether this clay is suitable for modeling.
Create: multimedia presentation.
Formulate: conclusion about the results of the study and make a generalization of their observations.
Stages of research work
Stage 1- preparatory.
Acquaintance with the literature on geology and independent choice of the topic of research work.
Drawing up a work plan and discussing it with the head of the honored worker of education of the Omsk region, geography teacher Mikheeva Lidia Alexandrovna.
Selection of illustrative material
The choice of research methods and the formation of a research hypothesis.
Stage 2– pilot - empirical study
Stage 3- basic
Writing the theoretical part.
Conduct empirical research
Writing a practical part of the work based on the results of an empirical study.
Stage 4- final - presentation of results.
Preliminary discussion of the work with the leader of the work, honored worker of education of the Omsk region, geography teacher Mikheeva Lidia Alexandrovna
Checking the correctness of the research hypothesis.
Final design of the work.
Protection of the work: approbation of the work - performance with this work at the geological circle "Young Geologist";
school conference NOU "Search" BEI "Mezhdurechenskaya secondary school".
Job Description
"The Wealth of Grandmother Clay"
The work is done with the help of theoretical and practical material. It presents: information on the geological history of the Omsk region and the village of Mesopotamia and the history of the formation of the relief of the Omsk Irtysh region and the village of Mesopotamia, minerals - clay. Clay is a sedimentary rock. Clay is a natural building material. Practical research activity by the method of empirical research is described. We wanted to know why the brick factories stopped working on the territory of Mezhdurechye? But the inhabitants of the village continue to use clay in the household to strengthen the stoves. We are interested to know whether clay is suitable for modeling, and whether it is really a building material for making bricks. We conducted several experiments that confirmed our hypothesis that the red brick clay in our object has good plasticity. This is the main property for making bricks. During the experiments, we made a donut, a ball, an appliqué from clay dough. Products dried for a long time near the battery and did not crack. The result obtained by us confirmed that clay has plasticity, and it can be used as a building material in the household: for the manufacture of bricks and laying oven luggage. Sources helped in the work: 1. Sputnik of a young geologist (Collection of materials to help participants in the geological movement of the Omsk region) author F.I. Novikov, N.P. Antonyuk. Ed. house "Science". Field research practice of describing clay and laying experiments. 2.Internet - resources: How to prepare clay for molding? Clay dough was prepared and experiments were carried out. 3.Geography of the Omsk region. I.M. Ablov. Omsk: Ministry of Education of the Omsk Region, 2008 information on geological history.
Chapter 1.
Geological record of the object of study
Pages of the geological record by the origin of the object of study
There is an old folk parable, who does not know his native lands, he does not know himself. Therefore, before conducting research on this topic, I decided to study this issue theoretically, but under the guidance of the honored educator of the Omsk region, geography teacher Lidia Alexandrovna Mikheeva, who provided me with literature. Analyzing the tectonic map of the Omsk region (Appendix 1), we conclude that our object of study is the clay deposits of the valley of the Fifth River in the territory of the village of Mezhdurechye of the Tara district of the Omsk region is located in the morphostructure is characterized by a gently sloping relief. A gently sloping relief is characteristic of the parts of the Tobolsk continent adjacent to the Irtysh.
Mesozoic era. Jurassic period (55 million years) - there was a slow lowering of the earth's crust and the onset of the sea. The territory of the study area was a low-lying plain with lakes and plains.
In the Late Jurassic, the entire territory of the district, like the region, was occupied
sea that existed for 25 million years. Clays were deposited in the sea, which contained a large amount of organic matter.
Cenozoic era. Paleogene period - almost 42 million years the sea again existed. It became the last vast sea basin. But geologists believe that the area and temperature of the sea have changed. Thus, in the Paleocene, the sea occupied the northern part of the region and had an average annual temperature of +15° - +20°С. Clays with sand interlayers accumulated at the bottom of the sea. The rocks are represented by alternating packs of gray and brown-gray clays.
Thus, having analyzed the geochronological table on the geography of the Omsk region pp. 20-23, edited by L.V. Azarova, G.I. Sarenko. Ed. Omsk: The Ministry of the Omsk Region, we learned that the territory of the village of Mezhdurechye was flooded three times with the sea.
Clays began to accumulate with an abundance of organic matter in the Mesozoic era in the Jurassic period 55 million years ago, and a powerful accumulation of clays continued in the Cretaceous period 70 million years ago. And also there is a continuation of the accumulation of clays in the Cenozoic era of the Paleogene period - 42 million years. Platform stage of development. Most of the period - a long decline, at the end of the period - the rise. The marine regime of sedimentation is replaced by the continental one. The accumulation of a thick layer of various Mesozoic-Cenozoic deposits over a period of 167 million years predetermined the flatness of the territory of our region.
/ I.M. Ablova “Geography of the Omsk region. Nature. Population. Economy". Publisher - Omsk: Ministry of Education of the Omsk Region, 2008. pp. 20-23./
Clay is a sedimentary rock
Fig.1. Clay deposits. (Photo by Mikheeva L.A.)
Sedimentary rocks often contain remains and imprints of plants and animals. And as a result of the destruction and weathering of rocks, clastic and clayey rocks are formed. Clay rocks contain very fine particles, which form dust when dry. However, if the clay rocks are wetted with water, the particles strongly adhere to each other and turn into a wet plastic mass. Some clays can be molded into a variety of products that are fired to make them hard.
Clay is a sedimentary rock, which is classified as non-metallic minerals in the group of building materials: brick, expanded clay, pottery. / A companion of a young geologist. Author F.I.Novikov, N.P.Antonyuk. Ed. house "Science", 2006 - p.216 / Clay is a secondary product of the earth's crust, formed as a result of the destruction of rocks in the process of weathering. So, in the lake and river conditions of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic deposits, clays accumulated. (Fig. 1.) Clays appeared on the Earth many thousands of years ago and since ancient times it has been the most important natural material of the Omsk Irtysh region. And above all - in construction. On the watersheds and high floodplain terraces of most of the territory, Upper Quaternary cover deposits lie in a continuous cover, represented by clays and loams with a thickness of 2 to 8 m. They are the main raw material for the production of bricks. / V.N. Rusakov. "The Land We Live On" Ed. "Manifesto" Omsk - 2006 p. 575 /
Clay consists of very small particles (less than 0.01 mm) of various minerals: kaolin, quartz, micas, iron oxides and others. Their mineralogical composition is unstable. When studying clays, the following are noted: color, content of impurities, inclusions, fossil organic residues, plasticity, soakability, etc. Clays contain impurities that change their color. So, organic substances give black, brown color; iron oxides - yellow, brown and red. By content silica(sand) in clays, they belong to the group: medium or brick clays - from 12 to 30% SiO2. The presence of sand in clay is easily detected by rubbing it between the fingers. The amount of sand in clays can be determined by settling. To do this, grind a piece of clay and mix thoroughly in a glass of water. Oily clays form a cloudy liquid that is difficult to settle. Clays are also divided into groups:
Lean - a well-defended liquid in which sand quickly settles to the bottom;
clay with medium fat content refers to brick clay;
Oily clays can be identified by their degree of air shrinkage, since they absorb a large amount of water and therefore they dry out a lot.
/ Literature: Rusakov V.N. The land on which we live. Ed. "Manifesto", Omsk-2006/
There are several types of clay. The main source of clay is feldspar, which decays under the influence of atmospheric phenomena to form kaolinite and other aluminum silicate hydrates. are formed in the process of local accumulation of the mentioned minerals, but most of them are deposits of water flows that have fallen to the bottom of lakes and seas. Most of the clays are gray, but there are also clays of white, red, yellow, brown, pink, blue, green, purple and even black. And the most common in nature are: red clay - regular building clay, which is rich in the Omsk region. Sedimentary rocks mainly composed of clay minerals. They have plasticity - when mixed with water, they form sticky clay dough, which at keeps its shape when dry. Plastic is the most typical physical property of clays. It lies in the ability of clays to easily take any shape under pressure and retain it after the pressure is released. The degree of plasticity of clays is determined in a fairly simple way - the manufacture of a ball, flagellum, donut, clay application. They are used for the production of ceramics, refractories, as well as for the manufacture of masonry furnace mortars. / I.M. Ablova “Geography of the Omsk region. Nature. Population. Economy". Publisher - Omsk: Ministry of Education of the Omsk Region, 2008./
Clay rocks are the most common among sedimentary transformations and lie in a continuous cover located under the plant-soil layer. We see this in (Fig. 2.) The processes of sedimentation and the formation of relief were influenced by vertical tectonic movements, which continue today.
Clay is a natural building material
Rice. 3. Image of the plasticity of clay (Photo by Mikheeva L.A.)
Clay is the most important natural material of the Omsk Irtysh region. The Omsk region is rich in clays (Appendix 2). There are many varieties of clay, but in Mesopotamia, red brick clay used in construction is most common. Clay - red plastic and suitable for the production of bricks and for the manufacture of masonry oven mortars.
Thus, in the course of our study, we concluded that clay is a sedimentary rock, which consists of several clay minerals and has plasticity.
In 1931 - the Chulpan promartel was formed in the village of Rechapovo. Along the Fifth
there was a lot of clay in the river, so a brick factory operated at the artel in the village, and the brick was of very good quality. Few knew the secret of making bricks.
A brick factory in 1979 construction, which failed. A new brick factory in the eighties of the last century. Produced products for local importance. Having existed for only 2 years, the plant was closed due to the fall in economic production. Today, this brick factory is not in this area.
Only the name of the place “Brick Factory” remains, where the inhabitants of the village still take red clay for laying out stoves and other household needs.
Chapter 2
Analysis of empirical (practical) research
I became very interested to know. Is it possible to use the clay of our region in Mesopotamia for modeling or not? Does clay have plasticity? The work was carried out under the guidance of the honored worker of education of the Omsk region, geography teacher Lidia Aleksandrovna Mikheeva.
We have learned from geological history that clay is a sedimentary rock of the Paleogene, Neogene and Quaternary periods of the Cenozoic deposits. This means that clay appeared on Earth many thousands of years ago, as a secondary product of the earth's crust, formed as a result of the destruction of rocks in the process of weathering.
Clay has been the most important natural material of the Omsk Irtysh region since ancient times. Over a long period of development of the region, clay has found a variety of uses. And above all in construction.
/ Rusakov V.N. "The Land We Live On" Ed. "Manifesto" Omsk - 2006 p. 575. /
With members of the geological circle “Young Geologist”, we visited a geological site in the valley of the Fifth River in the village of Mezhdurechye in the area of clay deposits to collect clay samples for processing and analysis, determining its type and properties, structure.
When studying clay deposits (Fig. 6), we saw a layered structure. A thick sedimentary cover of this object was formed over many millions of years during the period of Mesozoic-Cenozoic deposits.
The valley of the Fifth River is accumulative in structure. We learned by experience that clay consists of small clay particles (less than 0.01 mm) of various minerals: clay hardens, which means that there is a sufficient amount of kaolin. There is mica in the rock, and there is an admixture of iron oxide, which gives the clay a red and brown color. There are remains of plants (twigs and leaves, grass, roots, pebbles).
Research methodology:
How to prepare clay for molding?
The clay is very soft and pliable, but as soon as you add a drop of water to it, it becomes extremely sticky again. This is the aspect of good clay dryness. From such plastic clay, it is best to form and sculpt a variety of products that can be fired to make the product hard. But we do not have the conditions for firing, because. no pottery. In the Omsk region, pottery production is only in the Bolsherechensky district.
Clay that is suitable for modeling - it has the healing power of nature. It is widely used in folk medicine.
And when the hands dried up, they became smooth, elastic. This means that clay has a cleansing effect on the human body, as a healing agent.
Conducted experiments:
In this way, Based on the research, I make a generalization: under the pressure of plasticity, we saw the ability of clay to easily take any shape and maintain it after the cessation of physical pressure. And we determined the degree of plasticity by the method of making a ball, a flagellum, a donut, a clay application. This means that the clay of our region is plastic for modeling, which means that it is really suitable for making masonry oven mortars. It dries out a little, and when dried, it retains the given shape. Due to its plasticity, clay mud is well retained on the body.
Clay has the following properties: 1. Plasticity;
2.Soakability;
3.Color change;
4. Strength, hardness;
5.Water permeability.
Chapter 3. Results of the study
Briefly summarizing the results of the research carried out, we can state:
1. We studied the geological history of the development of the earth's crust on the territory of the native land of the village of Mezhdurechye in the area of the Fifth River. At the same time, she paid great attention to the inspection of outcrops, the collection and analysis of clay.
2. Learned from Internet resources the methodology " How to prepare clay for sculpting?
3. Plastic is the most typical physical property of clays. And we determined the degree of plasticity of our clay in a fairly simple way - by making a donut, a ball, a flagellum, a clay application. The clay did not crack when dried, which means that it is of high quality, plastic, which can be used by a person as a building material.
4. Conducted experiments:
Checking clay for plasticity: for this, they kneaded it and rolled up a flagellum, bent it into a “steering wheel”. Clay is quite plastic, no large cracks appeared on the “steering wheel”, it did not break.
We prepared clay dough and molded an appliqué of the head of a bear cub, the thickness of which was 1.5 cm, laid out on oilcloth to dry in the classroom near the battery. It must be turned over to dry, so as not to dry out. The application does not dry for a long time, which means that the clay is oily. Then, after drying, they painted with gouache, ground on egg yolk. As a decoration, they used the decoration with reliefs-circles. Experiments have shown that indeed the union of clay and man gives amazing results in its use in the economy, and convinced of its practical significance and relevance. We believe that the goals and objectives set by us have been achieved and the hypothesis has been confirmed.
Conclusion
And in the course of the research work “The Wealth of Grandmother Clay”, we collected clay samples from the Fifth River. We determined the type of clay, structure, its properties, origin, application. We found out whether this clay is suitable and how to properly prepare clay for modeling, and made a generalization of our observations:
Pages of the geological history of the native land. We learned that clay appeared on Earth many thousands of years ago and has been the most important natural building material of the Omsk Irtysh region since ancient times.
Determined the type of clay, structure, properties and its application in the economy. Red clay belongs to the group of brick clays. Its main property plastic. Over a long period of development, the edges of clay have found a wide variety of uses. And above all - in construction.
The degree of plasticity of clay was determined in the manufacture of a flagellum, donut, appliqué. Sedimentary rock is mainly composed of clay minerals. It has plasticity - when kneaded with water, a viscous clay dough is formed, which, when dried, retains the given shape.
Therefore, on the basis of the conducted studies, it can be concluded that a thick sedimentary cover was formed over tens of millions of years. Over the entire geological history, a sedimentary cover of clays, loams and sands has formed. Outcrops of these rocks were found on the Fifth River.
The most common in nature is: red clay or brick clay, which since ancient times has been the most important building material of the Omsk Irtysh region. Since time immemorial, people have been using clay to make dishes.
Thus, in the course of the research, we analyzed and summarized the collected material, created a multimedia presentation, and concluded that clay indeed has plasticity and can be used in construction.
Etcpredict: a change in the natural complex as a result of human economic activity, since human activity negatively affects the state of this object, namely: there are cases of garbage dumping.
We believe that the goals and objectives set by us have been achieved and the hypothesis has been confirmed.
Research results
The theme of the research work is "The Wealth of Grandmother Clay"
Hypothesis - if clay is suitable for modeling, then it really is a building material for making bricks.
Research method: We have based our empirical descriptive research on real reliable facts. The data was obtained by collecting and analyzing facts, which contain our methodological part.
Target and job tasks:
To expand and deepen knowledge about the properties, structure, origin and application of red clay.
Empirically find out if this clay is suitable for modeling.
The work was carried out under the guidance of the honored educator of the Omsk region, geography teacher Lidia Alexandrovna Mikheeva, who provided me with literature on this topic and helped me to carry out the practical part of the work.
Today, the geological additional study of mineral deposits and the identification of compliance with modern standards are relevant. / F.I. Novikov. "Companion of a young geologist". Omsk: Ed. House "Science", 2006 /
And we, in the course of the research work “The Wealth of Grandmother Clay”, found out and generalized our results and we can safely state:
1. We studied the geological chronicle of the Mezhdurechensky Irtysh region and got acquainted with the geological events that took place here millions of years ago. Clay outcrops of the valley of the Fifth River were studied. At the same time, much attention was paid to the inspection of outcrops, the collection and analysis of clay. Clays of sedimentary origin are formed in the process of local accumulation of minerals, but most of them are sediments of water flows that have fallen to the bottom of the sea. There is a wide variety of clays in nature, but in Mesopotamia, red brick clay is most common. Its main property is plasticity. Over a long period of development, the edges of clay have found a wide variety of uses. And above all - in construction.
2. Analyzing the tectonic map of the Omsk region (Appendix 1), we conclude that our object of study - clay deposits are located in the valley of the Fifth River in the territory of the Mezhdurechye village of the Tara district of the Omsk region.
3.Research methodology:
How to prepare clay for molding? We used the Internet - resources and prepared clay dough from the clay of our region of the Fifth River
Having collected samples of clay in September, and having selected the main mass from small pieces, they put it in a glass container, filling it with water 4-5 cm. During the day, the mixture was periodically stirred by adding water.
1-2 days settles until it thickens. Further, in the process of soaking the aging, the clay was left to “ripen”. So in the process of aging, the clay is exposed to microbes that make it more plastic.
Again, on December 25, we fill the clay in a glass container with water and leave it for 3 days.
We stir, but it is difficult to sculpt, the clay sticks to the hands, we add more water and we get a single plastic mass, a viscous clay dough that is well behind the hands and does not have air bubbles. There is a small percentage of sand in the clay, felt when rubbing it between the fingers. Also, with careful stirring of pieces of crushed clay in a glass of water, the amount of sand was determined by settling. Grains of sand settle quickly, and the formed cloudy liquid settles for a long time.
We spread the clay dough on the table, which was covered with oilcloth.
The clay is very soft and pliable, but as soon as you add a drop of water to it, it becomes extremely sticky again. This is the aspect of good clay dryness. From such plastic clay, it is best to form and sculpt a variety of products that can be fired to make the product hard. But we do not have the conditions for firing, because. no pottery.
When we washed our hands from the clay after working with it, we noticed that our hands were greasy, as if washed with soap. So, we can conclude that the clay has a fat content, and will not dry out much, clay with an average fat content belongs to the group of brick clays.
And when the hands dried up, they became smooth, elastic.
Conducted experiments:
They checked for fat content: they dropped hydrochloric acid on the clay, but the clay did not “boil”, but crackled.
Checking clay for plasticity: for this, they kneaded it and rolled up a flagellum, bent it into a “steering wheel”. Clay is quite plastic, no large cracks appeared on the “steering wheel”, it did not break.
We prepared clay dough and molded an appliqué of the head of a bear cub, the thickness of which was 1.5 cm, laid out on oilcloth to dry in the classroom near the battery. It must be turned over to dry, so as not to dry out. The application does not dry for a long time, which means that the clay is oily. Then, after drying, they painted with gouache, ground on egg yolk. As a decoration, they used the decoration with reliefs-circles.
Experiments have shown its practical significance and relevance, that indeed the union of clay and man gives amazing results in its use in the economy.
In this way, Based on the research, I make a generalization: that a thick sedimentary cover was formed over tens of millions of years. Since time immemorial, people have used clay not only for making dishes or as a building material. Under the pressure of plasticity, we saw the ability of clay to easily take any shape and keep it after the cessation of physical pressure. And we determined the degree of plasticity by the method of making a ball, a flagellum, a donut, a clay application. This means that the clay of our region is plastic for modeling, and it is really suitable for making masonry oven mortars. It dries out a little, and when dried, it retains its given shape, which means that it is high-quality, plastic, which can be used by a person as a building material. Due to its plasticity, clay mud is well retained on the body. Clay has the following properties: 1. Plasticity; 2.Soakability; 3. Strength, 4. Hardness;
Download materialMunicipal educational institution
secondary school with. b-roy
Urzhumsky district of the Kirov region
Nomination "Natural local history"
Work completed
11th grade student
Lozhkina Irina
Supervisor:
Semyonova Olga Yurievna,
geography teacher
Introduction (relevance of the topic, goals and objectives)
Main part:
2.1. anthropogenic relief of the Kirov region
2.2. anthropogenic relief of the Urzhum region
2.3. quarry - as an example of anthropogenic impact on nature in our area:
a) the geographic location of the quarry;
b) the nature of the area where the quarry is located;
c) the size of the quarry;
d) the nature of the outcrop (cliff, quarry, scree);
e) description of the layers (from bottom to top).
3. Conclusion
4. References
5. Applications
Introduction
From the first steps of his rational activity, man began to change the relief, first in connection with the construction of dwellings, economic structures and fortifications, then in connection with the creation of fields, dams, roads. But the most tangible impact comes from mining. In the places of their extraction, whole mountains arise from waste rock dumps, pits of quarries from worked out rocks. There are so many of these man-made landforms today that in terms of their number, and even in size, they can be compared with some natural landforms.
It is unlikely that there will be a person in our country who would not hear about quarries, would not see them and would not know how they change the landscape. People know about careers from the school bench - teachers told them about it at the lessons of geography and local history.
Articles and volumes of scientific papers have not been written about careers. But this topic is relevant today, because we are all directly connected with the surface of the earth and our daily life is connected with the life of the nature around us.
And hardly anyone thought about what will happen to the surface of the Earth if we create more and more new careers? Will the surface of our planet turn into a lunar landscape?
While working on the research topic, I faced a contradiction between the available information about the expedition, organized by the teacher of the Kirov State Pedagogical Institute, Lavrov D.D., in the mid-60s of the 20th century. for the study and description of erosional landforms on the territory of our administrative district (in particular, Yablonevoy log), and the lack of published results of this study in the press.
That's why, goal this work - to study the quarry - as an example of anthropogenic impact on the surface and the nature of the occurrence of rocks on the slopes of the quarry.
Research objectives:
Study the literature on the topic.
Make a map of the location of the quarry in the vicinity of the village. Big Roy.
Conduct a survey and describe the quarry as an example of anthropogenic impact on nature in our area.
Take rock samples and sketch a geological outcrop and compile a geological column.
Hypothesis: Is it possible, by studying a quarry, to look into the distant past of the Earth?
Object of study: career.
Subject of study: rocks that make up the quarry and their main parameters (the thickness of each layer, the nature of the boundaries, the color of the rock, the structure and mineralogical composition of each sample).
Research methods: observation, cartographic, mathematical, modeling, analysis, synthesis.
Main part
Anthropogenic relief of the Kirov region
Less and less nature
more and more environment.
A. Voznesensky
Anthropogenic relief is created by man in the process of economic activity. These are purposefully created forms - road embankments, quarries and waste rock dumps during mining, which arose as a result of increased economic activity. By origin, the anthropogenic relief is conditionally divided into two groups:technogenic, created by industrial activity, andagrogenic, arising as a result of agricultural activity.
technogenic relief arises during the development of minerals, the creation of hydraulic structures, and urban planning. The nature and intensity of surface changes in this case depend on the type of minerals and the method of their development. Deposits of building materials are developed in an open way to a depth of 25 m. As a result, quarries are created.
A quarry is an industrial development of rocks by opening large areas of the earth's surface.
On the territory of the Kirov region, the technogenic relief is presented in the northeast and southwest of the territory. In the northeast, there is the Vyatsko-Kama deposit of phosphorites, which are mined in an open way from a depth of up to 20 m. Therefore, quarries formed after their development reach such a depth. The total area of land in need of reclamation exceeds 1,000 hectares. With an open method of exploitation of deposits, drilling and blasting are often used. From explosions, a system of open cracks up to 10 m deep arises, which increases the permeability of soils and leads to the development of block screes and landslides.
The development of peat disturbs the surface to a depth of 1.5-4 m, but over large areas. Thus, over half of the disturbed lands are peat extraction.
In the south-west of the region there are Soviet stone mining. There are five limestone quarries in this area: Suvodsky, Chimbulatsky, Popovtsevsky, Kremeshkovsky and Beresnyatsky. During the construction of roads, artificial forms of relief are formed -road embankments and cuts, which further disturb the surface runoff and activate the processes of erosion and subsidence. Relief changes mainly occur within a narrow strip - 200-300 m and extend to depths of 10 m over many hundreds of kilometers of roads.
Dredging, channel straightening and bottom cleaning works are widely carried out to improve the navigable properties of the river. Vyatka and its major tributaries. In the channels and floodplains of the rivers, sand and sand-gravel mixtures are being mined, the total volume of which has more than tripled over the past 20 years. Contrary to environmental legislation, the Vyatka River in the vicinity of the city of Kirov has been turned into a sand and gravel pit. The removal of significant volumes of solid sediments from the channel led to a change in the flow regime and sediment movement in significant areas and caused a number of undesirable phenomena in the area of the Korchemkino water intake, worsened navigation conditions.
The relief is also changing during engineering and constructionbots when createdsurfaces of anthropogenic leveling nia, irregularities are filled up - hollows, beams, depressions, high marks are cut off.agrogenic relief is created to improve the conditions of agricultural production (leveling fields for machine processing). In general, economic activity enhances modern erosion processes.
On flat watersheds, precipitation and melt water seep deep into the soil, while from the slopes they flow into depressions, where excessive moisture is created. The stock of moisture in the soil is less on the slopes of southern exposures, where the snow melts faster and the moisture evaporates more intensively. Already on slopes steeper than 2°, planar washout and erosion are noticeable. As the steepness increases, the intensity of erosion processes increases, and the plowing of slopes steeper than 8-10° becomes impractical because of the strong erosion of the soils. Ravines destroy agricultural lands, roads, territories of settlements.
Anthropogenic relief of the Urzhum region
Both types of anthropogenic landscape are represented on the territory of the Urzhum region. The most widely represented grogenic a relief that is created to improve the conditions of agricultural production: fields are leveled for machine processing, backfilling of gullies, planting ravines with trees to stop their growth.
technogenic the terrain is represented by small sand and limestone quarries intended for the repair of roads, dams, embankments and bridges created in the area. Limestone quarries are located on the right bank of the river. Vyatka in the area with. R-Timkino. The largest quarry for the extraction of clay for the needs of the population is located at the entrance to the city of Urzhum from V-Polyan on Otryasovskaya Gora. And also there are small excavations for the extraction of clay and sand near each settlement of the region.
Quarry - as an example of anthropogenic impact on nature in our area
On the territory of the Bolshe-Roya rural administrative district, in almost every settlement there are small quarries for the extraction of sand and clay for laying and repairing stoves, and limestone for building the foundation of houses is mined along river banks or in ravines. Quarries are small. The depth and width of the quarry, most often does not exceed two meters.
The geographical position of the quarry
To study the quarry - as an example of anthropogenic impact on the nature of our area, a quarry located outside our village was chosen. It is located on the left bank of the river. Royki south of the street. Central, at a distance of 2 km from the village. To get to this quarry, we had to go to the end of Central Street to the south, along the old highway, to the very bridge over the Roika River. The quarry appeared in the late 80s, when the Roads program began to operate in the region. This program was developed due to the fact that for a long time our region was a "blank spot" on the road map between the Center and the Urals. Most of the Kirov-Vyatskiye Polyany road did not have a hard surface and was blocked during the off-road period in the spring. Therefore, in the mid-1980s, A special Decree of the Russian government on the construction of roads in the Kirov region was adopted. The construction of a section of the road in the Urzhum region towards V-Polyany began in 1986 and ended in 1991. During this period, sand was needed to build an embankment to the bridge across the river. Roika, which they began to take nearby, creating a quarry.
The nature of the area where the quarry is located;
The quarry is located on the steep left bank of the Roika River at a height of 8 m from the water's edge.
Quarry dimensions
The quarry has an oval shape with steep steep slopes on the southern, western and northern sides. There is no sheer wall on the eastern side; a passage to the quarry is laid on this side of the road. The quarry has a width of 39 m, its length is 40 m, and the height of the sheer wall is 7.2 m.
The nature of the outcrop (cliff, quarry, scree)
To describe the outcrop, the western steep slope of the quarry, which has scree, was chosen. The total height of the outcrop is 6.2 m, including a steep slope 5 m high, and a scree of rocks - 1.7 m. The length of the outcrop is 12.5 m
Description of reservoirs (from bottom to top)
As a result of the study, it was found that the rocks in our area lie horizontally. By the depth of their occurrence, one can determine the absolute age: those rocks that lie below were formed earlier than those that lie above.
The lower part of the outcrop is occupied by a scree of rocks with a total height of 1.7 m. It is composed of loam.
Seam No. 1. The thickness of the seam is 1.2 m. The boundaries are clear. The rock is sand. Brown color. The structure is crumbly.
Seam No. 2. The thickness of the seam is 0.46 m. The boundaries are clear. The rock is sand. Color - dark brown. The structure is crumbly.
Seam No. 3. The thickness of the seam is 0.7 m. The boundaries are clear. Breed - sandstone. Color grey. The structure is dense.
Seam No. 4. Thickness 0.25 m. Clear boundaries. The rock is sand. Color grey. The structure is crumbly.
Seam No. 5. Thickness 0.37 m. Clear boundaries. Breed - sandstone. Color grey. The structure is dense.
Seam No. 6. Thickness 0.49 m. Clear boundaries. Rock - argillite - petrified clay, which is very rare. Color red-brown. The structure is dense.
Seam No. 7. Thickness 0.27 m. Clear boundaries. The rock is sandstone interspersed with red clay. Color - variegated. The structure is dense.
Seam No. 8. Thickness 0.7 m. Clear boundaries. The breed is loam. Brown color. The structure is dense.
Seam No. 9. Thickness 0.7 m. Clear boundaries. The rock is dusty sand. Color light grey. The structure is crumbly.
Seam No. 10. Thickness 0.3 m. Clear boundaries. Breed - dusty sand (podzol). Color light grey. The structure is crumbly.
Seam No. 11. Thickness 0.05 m. Clear boundaries. Meadow felt. The color is dark brown. The structure is crumbly.
As a result of studying the rocks of the geological column, we can conclude: the alternation of rocks indicates that ancient deserts existed on the territory of our area for a long time, as evidenced by the presence of sand and sandstone. The presence of clay and argillite of shale suggests that in some periods there were extensive water basins.
Conclusion
Thus, the tasks set before the start of work were completed. As a result of working on the topic, I studied the literature on quarries, made a map of the location of the quarry in the vicinity of the village. B. Roy.
She described the quarry as an example of the anthropogenic impact of man on the nature of our area.
As a result of the research, I came to the following conclusion:
1. The quarry is still widely used by the population for household needs, since not all villagers removed stoves in their houses when switching to gas supply, which means that both sand and clay will be needed to repair the stoves.
2. The quarry was used last year due to the fact that the road was badly damaged during the construction of distributing gas networks, and after the completion of the construction of the gas pipeline through the village, under an agreement with the administration, the repair of the road began, the sand for which was taken from the quarry.
3. As a result of the work carried out in the quarry, the quarry began to increase in size.
4. It is necessary to continue the work of schoolchildren on the study of anthropogenic landforms, begun this year, and the local administration and villagers to ensure that the quarry does not turn into a dump.
Work on this topic will be continued, because. The impact of quarries on the nature of vegetation and on the development of plants located on the steep slopes of a quarry has not been sufficiently studied.
Literature
- Alekseev, A.I. Geography of Russia: nature and population. - Moscow: Bustard, 2001. - 320 p.: ill., maps.
- Isupova, E.M. Anthropogenic relief [Text] / E.M. Isupova. // Encyclopedia of the Vyatka land: nature. Kirov, vol. 7. 1997, / comp. A.N. Soloviev. - Kirov, 1998. - S. 135 - 137.
- Skinner, M., Redfern, D., Farmer, D. Geography: A-Z. - Moscow: Fair-Press, 1999. - 528 p.: ill.
Applications
Application No. 1
The map of the location of the quarry in the vicinity of the village. Big Roy.
Scale: in 1 cm - 250 m.
1: 25 000
Application No. 2
Quarry map
Scale: 1:300
in 1 cm - 3 m.
Application No. 3
Geological column of rock occurrence in a quarry.
A o A 1 - meadow felt
A 2 - washout horizon, podzol
άQ4 - dusty sand
άQ3 - loam
άQ2 - sandstone interspersed with red clay
D3 - mudstone
άQ2 - sandstone
άQ4 - sand
άQ2 - sandstone
άQ4 - sand
άQ4 - sand
άQ3 - loam
Application No. 4
View of the quarry from the road
View of the road from the quarry
Application No. 5
Exposure in a quarry. General form
Application No. 6
Scree Height Measurement
Application No. 7
Measuring the height of an outcrop with a tape measure
Application No. 8
Taking rock samples
Application No. 9
On a ledge of sandstone
Application No. 10
View of the quarry from a steep cliff
Introduction
The concept of "Clay" unites a fairly wide class of rocks of sedimentary origin. It consists of the smallest particles of rocks formed as a result of wind and water erosion. The chemical composition of clay is largely determined by the composition of these rocks, which are different in different areas. Therefore, the clays mined in different areas are different /2/.
Since clay is formed from compounds of the earth's crust, their chemical composition is similar: aluminum silicates, potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium cations, etc.
The formation of clay is a rather slow process: fine dust particles, settling on the soil surface, penetrate gravel, sand and gradually stick together during filtration, forming at first a thin layer that does not allow water to pass through and therefore begins to slow down the movement of the same particles. Thus, the formation of a clay layer begins (for 3 years - 1 mm.).
To date, blue clay is used in cosmetology and health practice, because. According to the mineral composition, it has amazing healing properties. It contains almost all the elements of the table of D.I. Mendeleev. From literary sources and Internet resources, we learned that blue clay is used to treat a wide variety of diseases: oncology, joint diseases, chronic diseases of the female genital area, diseases of the digestive system, etc.
Blue clay contains all the mineral salts and trace elements that we need: silica, phosphate, iron, calcium, magnesium, potassium, etc., and in a very well absorbed form for the human body /5/.
Relevance: In the village of Troitskoye, Tselinny district, we discovered blue clay. Having learned that this type of clay is used as a medicinal or cosmetic product, we decided to find out whether it is healing in composition. If the results obtained are positive, then we would very much like the residents of our village to be able to use clay for medicinal purposes in the future.
Objective - to study the physico-chemical and medicinal properties of local samples of blue clay.
To achieve this goal, we had the following tasks:
To study literary sources about the origin and healing properties of blue clay;
Conduct a sociological survey of students and teachers of our school in order to find out their level of knowledge about the chemical composition of blue clay and the benefits of its healing properties on the human body;
To study the physical properties of clay:
The purity of the clay (the absence of impurities);
The ability to dissolve in water;
Plastic;
Conduct chemical analysis of blue clay samples:
Acidity;
adsorption capacity;
Determining the presence of ions in clay:
SiO 3 2- ;
Cl - ;
SO 4 2- ;
Fe 3+ ;
Pb 2+ ;
To reveal as a result of the study the presence of medicinal properties of blue clay;
Object of study:
sample No. 1 - The spring is located in the north-east direction, 200 meters from the village of Troitskoye, Tselinny district of the Republic of Kalmykia. The water source is located at the depth of the beam;
Location research work - MOBU "Trinity secondary school named after. G.K. Zhukov.
Research methods:
questioning;
study of the physical properties of blue clay;
study of chemical indicators;
photographing.
The history of the origin of clays
Blue clay appeared at the bottom of the Cambrian seas more than 500 million years ago. Under the influence of weather conditions, it was formed from the minerals kaolinite, spar, some varieties of mica, limestone and marble.
With temperature drops, microcracks appear in minerals. Water gets into them and, freezing, destroys stones to the smallest dust. Over time, rock particles accumulate, soak with water, forming blue clay.
In ancient times, the warlike Amazons living on the island of Lesbos, in northern Greece, in the Aegean archipelago, used blue clay as war paint. When the Greeks managed to capture the rebellious beauties and wash the clay off their faces, they were amazed at the beauty of their captives. So the whole world learned about the secret of the beauty of indomitable warriors. Even Cleopatra herself made masks for hair, face and body from blue clay /3/.
Today, blue clay is mined in the Crimea (Sapun - Gora), from Sevastopol to Simferopol and in Altai in quarries with a depth of at least 20-25m. Then the clay is washed and cleaned of impurities, dried and packaged.
The role of clay in cosmetology and medicine
Clay is one of the four primary elements (fire, water, air) necessary for life. Since time immemorial, people have been using clay not only as a building material and for making dishes, but also as a unique and versatile cosmetic and therapeutic agent. In folk medicine, it is used for the prevention and treatment of many diseases. Already the Egyptians, at that time, knew that clay had strong antibacterial properties, so they used it for embalming, because clay contains radium, which removes all harmful substances from our body. And during the war, a little clay was added to the soldiers’ food to prevent dysentery and, in the absence of dressings and disinfectants, they were applied to wounds.
Clay therapy was scientifically substantiated by the famous professor Botkin S.P., who studied the effects of cold clay compresses on the body in diseases of the cardiovascular system and thyroid gland /2/.
Our grandfathers and grandmothers treated sciatica with hot bricks, and by adding onion skins to hot bricks, they used it for inhalation for colds.
Cambrian blue clay is widely used in the treatment of cellulite - the formation of subcutaneous fat deposits, due to metabolic disorders and lymph stagnation, helps to restore metabolism at the cellular level, as it contains silicon compounds and silica. So, it is an effective tool to combat cellulite.
The chemical composition of blue clay and its significance in cosmetology
Blue clay is an excellent cleanser, disinfectant, anti-inflammatory, regenerating agent. Masks, compresses for face and hair, anti-cellulite wraps are made from it. Blue clay solutions are drunk to cleanse the body. It has such healing properties due to its composition /9/:
Silicon - strengthens nails, hair, promotes rapid healing of wounds;
Calcium - regulates the metabolism in the skin;
Aluminum - promotes scarring of seams, reduction of pores, cleanses the skin of acne and blackheads;
Manganese - anti-allergen, resolves bruises and swelling;
Iron - will provide a beautiful blush;
Sodium - narrows enlarged pores, mattifies the skin;
Zinc - controls the saturation of the skin with amino acids, strengthens nails and hair;
Magnesium - reduces manifestations of allergies and stress, strengthens hair and nails;
Potassium - controls the amount of fluid in the skin;
Nitrogen - tones the walls of capillaries and blood vessels, gives a healthy color to the face;
Chromium - removes excess fluid, prevents the development of cellulite;
Phosphorus - increases the body's resistance, makes the skin elastic;
Molybdenum - stimulates skin regeneration;
Nickel - normalizes the secretion of subcutaneous fat;
Silver - cleanses, activates the protective functions of the skin;
Cobalt - promotes the absorption of calcium and phosphorus;
Radium - as an alternative prevention of skin and breast cancer.
The impact of blue clay on the human body
Cambrian blue clay is a therapeutic and health-improving agent with a wide spectrum of action, which normalizes the functions of both individual organs and tissues, and the whole body - cleansing and healing the whole body as a whole.
The action of blue clay on the body has a self-regulating effect, which eliminates overdose. So, for example, if soda is used to neutralize acid during an attack of heartburn, then an increase in the secretion of gastric juice is observed and the attack resumes again. With regular use of soda, the disease progresses.
Unlike soda, blue clay does not neutralize excess acid, but adsorbs (absorbs) it, and as its concentration decreases, the rate and volume of its absorption by clay particles decrease. This process is much milder and does not cause an increase in the secretion of gastric juice. In addition, clay particles envelop the walls of the stomach, absorb decay products, slags, toxins, bacteria, removing them from the body and at the same time stimulating the activity of the cells of the gastrointestinal tract, and enriching the body with the necessary micro and macro elements. Thus, the medicinal effects of blue clay lie in the fact that it not only eliminates specific pathogenic factors, but also normalizes the functions of diseased organs and tissues of the body /6/.
Indications and contraindications for clay therapy
Clay treatment is shown to all people: both children and adults, the only contraindication is individual intolerance to clay.
The therapeutic effect lasts from one to three years.
II . Main part.
2.1. Working methods.
2.1.1. Questioning.
Have you used clay therapy at least once?
What diseases were treated?
How did you get cured?
2.1.2. Determination of physical properties of blue clay/5,6,7,8,9/
2.1.2.1. Clay Purity Determination
To do this, it is enough to moisten the clay with water and wash it with your hands. If hands feel pebbles, grains of sand -clay is bad;
place a small amount of the clay sample on a glass slide, and examine the clay through a magnifying glass for the presence of sand and foreign matter.
Weigh a clay sample weighing 25 g on the scales and place the sample in a 500 ml beaker.
2.1.2.2. Ability to dissolve in water
Dissolve and mix the clay sample in a glass of water so that the particles move and the water becomes cloudy, and watch how the clay settles.
If she does this slowly, then the clay is oily (fat particles do not allow the clay to sink, because they are not wetted by water), and it settles in flakes, reluctantly - thisgood clay.And if the clay immediately went to the bottom and after five minutes two layers are observed in the glass - from clay and water - thisbad clay
Weigh a sample of clay weighing 25 g on a balance.
Place the sample in a 500 ml beaker, add water up to the 400 ml mark and stir well with a glass rod.
Observe the process of sedimentation of clay particles. (Usually, clay is poorly wetted by water and does not settle to the bottom for a long time, which indicates its hydrophobic properties.)
For a qualitative assessment of the "fat content" it is necessary to compare the processes of deposition of different types of clay. "Fat" clays settle slowly, "skinny" - quickly.
2.1.2.3. Plastic
goodclay (not by composition, but by viscosity) can be determined without laboratory tests, just by eye. There is a very simple way to check.
Take a lump of clay, moisten it with plenty of water and make a donut shape out of it. Even when sculpting, pay attention to how plastic the clay is. Even if it crumbles raw, then such clay will be a poor ally in treatment.
Good clay is rumpled by hands, taking any shape. But the main indicator is the quality of the product after drying. Put the bagel in the sun and wait.
If the surface of the product is cracked or incomprehensible stains appear -clay is bad. It shouldn't be used. If the "donut" remained smooth and strong -clay is good. Real clay is slightly oily to the touch, viscous.
2.1.2.4. Clay Density Determination
Determine on the scales the mass of a glass beaker for 200 - 250 ml (m1) in grams.
Pour a sample of unrubbed wet clay into a glass, compacting it as the glass is filled (by tapping the bottom of the glass with the palm of your hand), up to the mark of 50 or 100 ml (cm³).
Determine the mass of the glass with clay (m2) in grams.
Calculate the mass of clay using the formulam = m2 – m1.
Calculate clay density (d) according to the formulad = m/ V(g/cm³), whereV- volume of clay, cm³ (50 or 100).
2.1.3. Chemical analysis of blue clay samples
2.1.3.1. Determination of acidity
This determination was carried out using universal indicator paper, lowering it into a sample moistened with distilled water.
Place a 25 g clay sample in a 200-250 ml beaker.
Add 100 ml of distilled water to a glass and stir well.
Place a strip of a universal indicator (litmus indicator) into the resulting suspension.
Compare the color of the wet strip with the color test on the indicator package and determine the pH in an aqueous clay solution. Record the result in a table.
2.1.3.2. Adsorption capacity
The adsorption capacity of blue clay can be tested with potassium permanganate solution (pink color) and iodine solution (light brown color).
2.1.3.3. Determination of the presence of ions in clay
2.1.3.3.1. SiO 3 2-
Weigh 200 mg portions (5 samples), add to each 10 ml of alkali solution - 0.4% sodium hydroxide. For quantitative analysis, measure out 5 ml of the obtained solutions. Then, to each sample, drop by drop a solution of hydrochloric acid 1n until a change in the solutions. The hydrochloric acid solution used is tinted with methyl orange. Continue adding hydrochloric acid until changes appear in the solution: staining, turbidity, suspension formation.
2.1.3.3.2. Cl -
Reagents: 5% solutionAgNO 3 ; nitric acid (1 N).
Analysis: add 3-4 drops of nitric acid to 10 ml of a clay solution sample and add 0.5 ml of silver nitrate solution. A white precipitate precipitates at a chloride ion concentration of more than 100 mg / l:
Cl - + Ag + = AgCl↓
White
2.1.3.3.3. SO 4 2-
Reagents: 10%BaCl 2 ; 8 % HCl ( ρ =1.19 g/cm 3 ).
Analysis: add 2-3 drops of hydrochloric acid to 10 ml of clay solution sample and add 0.5 ml of barium chloride solution. At a concentration of sulfate - ions more than 100 mg / l, a precipitate occurs:
SO 4 2- + Ba 2+ = BaSO 4 ↓
White
2.1.3.3.4. Fe 3+
Reagents: 20% KCNS; nitric acid (conc.); five %H 2 O 2 .
Reaction conditions:H 2 O 2 needed for oxidationFe ( II) beforeFe ( III).
Performing the analysis: add 1 drop of nitric acid to 10 ml of a clay solution sample, then 2-3 drops of hydrogen peroxide and add 0.5 mlKCNS. At a concentration of iron ions of more than 2.0 mg/l, a pink color appears, at a concentration of more than 10 mg/l, the color becomes red:
Fe 2+ + 3 CNS - = Fe ( CNS ) 3 ↓
Red
2.1.3.3.5. Pb 2+
Reagent: potassium chromate (10 g K 2 CrO 4 dissolve in 90 ml H 2 ABOUT).
Perform analysis. Place 10 ml of a clay sample in a test tube, add 1 ml of the reagent solution. If a yellow precipitate falls, then the content of lead cations is more than 100 mg/l:
Pb 2+ + CrO 4 2- = PbCrO 4 ↓
yellow
If cloudiness of the solution is observed, then the concentration of lead cations is more than 20 ml/l, and opalescence is 0.1 mg/l.
2.1.3.3.6. Study of the antimicrobial properties of clay
1. Pour fresh milk (unsterilized) into 2 beakers (500 ml) up to the 300 ml mark. Put a sample of wet clay weighing 5-10 g on the bottom of one of them and leave both glasses in the shade, controlling the state of the milk several times a day for several days.
Determine when the first signs of souring appear in each of the samples. Assess the quality of the antimicrobial properties of the clay.
2.2. Research results
2.2.1. Questionnaire
The survey included 250 respondents.
To the question:« Do you know about the healing properties of blue clay? », we got answers:
Yes - 90%;
No - 10%.
To the question:« Have you used clay treatment at least once? we got answers:
Yes - 87%;
No - 13%.
To the question:What illnesses have you been treated for? we got answers:
Lumbago - 11%;
Rheumatism - 22%;
Cosmetology - 34%;
Gastrointestinal tract - 11%;
Umbilical hernia - 11%;
Migraine - 11%.
To the question:"How did you get cured?" we got answers:
Cured - 22%;
Pain receded - 33%;
Prevention - 45%
As a result of the survey, we can say that the students of our school are aware of the healing properties of blue clay and even used it for recreational purposes.
2.2.2. Clay Purity Determination
Table 1.
The degree of purity of the respective clay samples
Sample Purity
Sample No. 1
The presence of impurities in the form of river sand is less than 10%.
Sample No. 2
Clean
Clay samples are of good quality, do not contain impurities and can be used for medicinal and cosmetic purposes.
2.2.2.3. Ability to dissolve in water
Table 2.
Sedimentation and exfoliation of clay particles
Degree of settling and exfoliation of clay particles
Sample No. 1
Slowly sink to the bottom, clay exfoliates into sand and clay
Sample No. 2
Slowly sink to the bottom, the clay does not exfoliate
Sample No. 2 - In an aqueous solution, clay particles settle slowly and the clay does not delaminate. This means that this sample is oily (fat particles do not allow the clay to sink, since they are not wetted by water), and it settles in flakes, reluctantly - this is good clay.
Sample No. 1 - According to physical properties, it refers to "skinny", because it contains sand.
2.2.2.4. Plastic
Table 3
Plasticity of the corresponding samples
The degree of plasticity of clay
Sample No. 1
Sample No. 2
The sample is plastic, without lumps, easily wrinkled and folded into a “donut”
Both samples are well crumpled by hands, taking any shape, after drying, the “donut” remained even and durable - this is good clay, it is oily and viscous to the touch.
2.2.2.5. Density determination
Table number 4.
Weight of the empty cup, g.
Mass of a glass with clay, g.
Weight difference, g
Clay density, g/cm 3
Result
2,4
257,8
255,4
1,27
"skinny"
2,4
313,5
311,1
1,5
"fatty"
2.2.3. Chemical analysis of blue clay samples
2.2.3.1. Determination of acidity
This determination was carried out using an indicator - litmus. It was found that the pH of the clay is from 8-9, i.e. both samples have slightly alkaline properties.
2.2.3.2. Adsorption capacity
Table number 5.
Mortar color
The time during which the discoloration of the solution took place, hours.
Potassium permanganate
Iodine solution
KMnO 4
I 2
Pink
light brown
Pink
light brown
All clay samples have the same adsorption properties.
2.2.3.3. Determination of the presence of ions in clay
Table number 6.
SiO 3 2-
№ samples
Appearance of pink color (number of drops)
The results of the experiment on the content of silicate ion showed that all samples contain approximately the same amount of it.
Table number 7.
Presence of ions
№ samples
Result
1
2
Cl -
+
+
Weak clouding.
SO 4 2-
+
+
Precipitation, opalescence
Fe 3+
+
+
Pink staining
Pb 2+
-
+
Cloudy solution, yellow
Cl -
Slight turbidity of the solutions of all samples, as a result, indicates that chloride - ions are more than 1 mg/l.
SO 4 2-
Opalescence is observed, which means the concentration of sulfate ions is more than 1 mg / l
Fe 3+
A pink color appears, indicating that the concentration of iron ions is more than 2.0 mg/l
Pb 2+
Lead cations were found in sample No. 2 - no more than 20 mg/l, and opalescences - 0.1 mg/l.
In sample No. 1, no lead cations: pollutants were found, which confirms the healing properties of this clay sample.
Conclusion:
Having studied the properties of blue clay, we learned that it has miraculous healing properties /8/.
Our research suggests that blue clay does indeed have healing properties:
Both samples are of good quality (oily to the touch, plastic, do not contain impurities and can be used for medicinal and cosmetic purposes);
They have pH = 8-9, slightly alkaline environment, therefore, both samples are able to normalize the acid-base balance in the body.
Blue clay is a good adsorbent, so it can be used for intoxication of the body and diseases of the gastrointestinal tract;
All the ions that the human body needs have been found in our samples. In the second sample, lead ions were found in acceptable levels (0.1 mg/l), which also confirms the healing properties of the blue clay of the studied samples;
A very relevant feature of the use of clay is its availability to almost all segments of the population. Today, when the pharmaceutical market is saturated with expensive drugs, many people began to get involved in clay treatment, revealing its positive effect on themselves.
The ecological cleanliness of the clay used for treatment is of great importance. Therefore, it is best to purchase clay in pharmacies. When extracting clay on your own, we recommend: take clay as far as possible from the borders of settlements, do not use clay from chemically contaminated river cliffs, do not use surface clay, remember that, despite the good qualities of deep clay, it must be checked for the risk of radioactive contamination .
Man is a part of nature, so the connection between natural conditions and our health is obvious. people realized this and learned to use nature, its riches to maintain and improve their health. Perhaps we are at the origins of the discovery of a unique deposit of blue clay and we hope that in the near future clay from the studied areas will be widely used.
Bibliography:
Bogolyubov A.S., Vasyukova O.V., Zhdanova O.V., Kravchenko M.V., Lazareva N.S., Determinant of plants., Moscow, "Ecosystem", 2004
Vasiliev V.P. Analytical chemistry. Moscow: Bustard, 2005
Popov V.A., Semenov A.S. How to organize geological and chemical research. // Chemistry at school. - 1900. - No. 1. - from 63-64
Romanyutin A. A., Nazarevich R. R. Healing clay // Medicine of Ukraine.200 5. № 2.
Ryzhov I.N. Soil study.// Biology at school. - 2006. - No. 1 p. 76 - 77
Suchkova A.P., Pitolina T.P. First steps in geology: Edition 2, supplemented, Rosnedra, RosGeo, Ecost, Moscow, 2005. 116 p.
Semyonova N.A. (A.P. Kholopov, V.A. Shashel, N.A. Chaplygina, N.G. Morozov) Silicon is the element of life. Ecology and medicine. - St. Petersburg: "Publishing house" DILYA ", 2008. - 448 p. Series "Hope will heal you!".
Kharitonov Yu.Ya., Grigoryeva V.Yu. Analytical chemistry. Workshop. Qualitative analysis. M .: Publishing group "GEOTAR" - "Media", 2007
Internet resources:
9. Clay and its healing properties:
10. Zlobina T. Healing powers of Altai:
11.Healthy lifestyle, health and beauty:
APPS
Objects under study
sample No. 1 - The spring is located in the north-east direction, 200 meters from the village of Troitskoye, Tselinny district of the Republic of Kalmykia. The water source is located at the depth of the beam
sample No. 2 - the section of the beam is located on the eastern outskirts of Mukabenov Street in the village of Troitskoye, Tselinny District, Republic of Kalmykia.
Exploring Blue Clay
Determination of physical properties of blue clay
Clay Purity Determination
Ability to dissolve in water
Result
The study of plasticity
Clay Density Determination
Chemical analysis of blue clay samples
Determination of acidity
Result
Adsorption capacity
Addition of iodine
Addendum KMnO 4
Result
Definition SiO 3 2-
Result
Cl -
Result
SO 4 2-
Fe 3+
Result
Pb 2+
Abdiryaeva Olga, 10th grade
In this work, we are talking about the healing properties of clay and its use in medicine.
Download:
Preview:
"Municipal budgetary educational institution
Secondary school №80 with in-depth study
individual items"
Amazing Clays
Research
Completed by: Abdiryaeva Olga Vadimovna
Head: Chernya Klara Mikhailovna
Khabarovsk, 2013
Plan
1. Introduction
1.1 Healing properties of natural stones and minerals
1.2 Relevance of the problem
2. Main body
2.1 These amazing clays
2.2 Study of the healing properties of clay
3. Results and conclusions
4. Literature
1. Introduction
Already prehistoric man showed interest in rocks, in the earth, which is a support for his feet, in minerals, surprising him with their color, beauty and light. The stones served him as materials for the manufacture of various tools (flint tools and knives, obsidian cutting tools, etc.). Beautiful colored stones were crushed to make paints with which primitive man wrote his entire history. In many ancient cultures, life-giving power was attributed to stones and rocks, which allegedly strengthened the one who carried them with him and on himself.
As people moved from a nomadic lifestyle to a more sedentary one, the extraction of minerals and precious stones began to develop. Moreover, jewelry was made for various parts of the body: necklaces, ankle rings, rings, bracelets, head hoops, etc.
Later, gems and various stones began to be used for medical purposes. In the future, this accumulated experience turned into a whole science. India, a treasury of precious stones, until the middle of the twentieth century remained the only country in the world where precious stones, in particular diamonds, were used for medicinal purposes.
The vast and rich experience in the use of minerals for medicinal purposes should be adapted to modern conditions and scientifically substantiated.
Treatment with precious stones is known to all peoples living on the planet: the peoples of Africa, the indigenous population of America, the inhabitants of the Slavic countries, in the vast expanses from South America to China and Europe. In addition, the age of the texts, which provide methods of treatment with minerals, reaches a thousand years.
1.2 Relevance of the problem
At present, when the drug market is saturated with expensive counterfeit drugs, people are turning to folk remedies. Natural stones, crystals and minerals are used to treat various diseases.
Now biomineral therapy is expanding significantly and interest in it is steadily growing. This topical issue is the subject of my work. Having studied the special literature, I realized that stones and clays influence the subtle energy supply systems of the body, eliminate possible manifestations of pathology in the physical body.
As a result of the study of the healing properties of various clays, I drew the appropriate conclusions.
The information presented in the work is interesting in that it expands our knowledge of nature, gives an idea of vibrational medicine, which is undoubtedly becoming popular in our time.
These amazing clays
Clay therapy is not as popular today as it was in ancient times. Meanwhile, the first recipes for clay healing were found in ancient papyri. Clay was highly valued by Hippocrates, Avicenna, Galen, Pliny, Aristotle, Marco Polo and others. The founders of modern medicine S.P. Botkin, M.I. Sokolov, A.N. Pokrovsky, G.A. Gelman, I.F. Gorbachev used clay for cardiovascular diseases, hysteria, Graves' disease, diseases of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.
Literary sources of traditional medicine indicate that clay is a fairly versatile and harmless remedy. It has a rich mineral content, has antitoxic, antiseptic, bactericidal properties, and promotes tissue regeneration. Clay has adsorbing qualities that allow it to remove pathogenic substances from the human body, improving its energy exchange. Clay also has preservative properties. It is known that clay concentrates electromagnetic radiation. There is also an opinion that it is able to level the weakened human biofield. Traditional healers use clay in the form of ointments, pastes, face masks, lotions, rubbing, therapeutic baths, aqueous solutions, powders, applications on sore spots, etc.
Modern scientific medicine is ambiguous about clay treatment. For example, Art. n. from. Scientific Center for Restorative Medicine and Balneology M.Z. M.P. RF O.B. Davydova believes that the main clay treatment is MSTOD of heat treatment, similar to the old mud resorts, and it is indicated for the same spectrum of diseases - first of all, it is joint pain. According to her, no "miraculous" trace elements were found in the chemical composition of the clay, so they do not practice cleansing the intestines from toxins with the help of clay or cold clay applications.
As a result of research conducted at the Institute of Human Ecology under the guidance of Professor, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences N.V. Chicken, it was found that white clay has a wavelength of a vibrational field such as radio waves of about 8 m, which corresponds to the wavelength of healthy cells of the human body. The vibratory field of white clay affects diseased cells (due to diseases, they have a shorter wavelength), resonating them at a wavelength close to 8 meters. It is noted that the change in the wave characteristics of the body from 7.7 to 7.8-7.9 occurs within 50-75 minutes from the moment the clay is applied or taken.
In an information leaflet approved by M.Z. Ukrainian SSR 1990 The following indications for the use of clay therapy are given:
- inside is used for chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, with sluggish intoxications;
- external use to achieve thermal effects in the chronic stages of diseases (arthritis, polyarthritis, rheumatic, infectious nature, Bakhterov's disease);
- externally, as a coolant at the site of injury, to relieve reflex pain in the heart;
- gynecological practice in accordance with the indications of mud therapy.
Today, clays are especially widely used in cosmetic practice. Scientists have created a special technology that allows cosmetologists to supply clay in powder without violating its healing properties. Blue, pink, white, black clays give a rejuvenating effect due to deep skin cleansing, saturate the skin with oxygen, and slow down its aging. The color of clay is determined by the large amount of salts present in it:
- red color - a large amount of potassium, iron;
- greenish - copper, ferrous iron;
- blue - cobalt, cadmium;
- dark brown and black - carbon, iron.
A very relevant feature of the use of clay is its availability to almost all segments of the population. Today, when the pharmaceutical market is saturated with expensive drugs, many people have become interested in clay treatment. At the same time, most of the population, as a rule, extracts clay on their own from quarries located in the vicinity, thinking little about the ecological purity of clay.
Clays are widespread sedimentary rocks composed primarily of clay minerals. The latter include kaolinite Al2(Si205)(OH)4 and structurally related dickite and nacrite; halloysite (H2O)4[Al2(Si205)(0H)4]; hydromuscovite (illite) Kx(H2O)x[A12(AlSi3010)(0H)2-x(H20)x]; montmorillonite, etc. All these minerals have a layered structure.
Structure of clay minerals
The minerals from which clays are formed contain two different types of layered structures:
- layers composed of silicate tetrahedra with different content of Al (lll), replacing Si (IV);
- layers composed mainly of octahedra, in which Al3+ ions or Mg2+ ions are surrounded by six oxide or hydroxide ions.
Octahedrons are united due to the socialization of oxygen atoms. Ribbons are organized into layers in various ways. Clay minerals are classified according to the types of organization of ribbon structures into layers. The simplest arrangement of tetrahedral and octahedral networks are 1:1 layers. Kaolinite is a typical representative of 1:1 type clay minerals. Each layer of kaolinite is formed by one ribbon of tetrahedra and one ribbon of octahedrons. The layers are held tightly together by hydrogen bonds between hydroxide ions on the surface of the octahedral ribbon of one layer and oxide ions on the surface of the tetrahedral ribbon of the other (adjacent) layer. Another important structural arrangement is the 2:1 structure. In clay minerals of the 2:1 type, an octahedral ribbon is located between two ribbons of tetrahedra; a "sandwich" is formed. Clay minerals with this type of structure - montmorillonite and vermiculite - are common components of soils. Only weak attractive forces act between the oxygen atoms on the bottom surface of one layer and the oxygen atoms on the top side of the other layer. Water and cations can easily penetrate into the space between the 2:1 mineral layers. Thus, the connection between the packages 2:1 is carried out using a layer of hydrated cations. These weak bonds freely hold cations in the interpacket space, allowing them to be replaced by other cations. As a result, smectites have a high cation exchange capacity.
2.2 Research
When doing this work, I decided to explore the properties of clays.
The purpose of the work: the study of the healing properties of clays.
Research objectives:
- Checking clay samples for environmental cleanliness
- Determination of acid-base properties of clays.
- Determination of fat content of clays.
- Qualitative determination of ions that make up clays
In the work, 4 clay samples were analyzed, of which three were bought in a pharmacy, and one was taken from the Khabarovsk art ceramics factory. She was delivered there from the quarry.
- Sample No. 1-Blue clay.
- Sample number 2-Green clay.
- Sample No. 3-Black clay.
- Sample No. 4 - Clay from a quarry.
The first stage of the work was to determine the ecological purity of the studied clay samples. Having a large specific surface, clays have the ability to adsorb a significant amount of gases, liquid vapors and various ions from the environment. As a result, they are a good adsorbent of anthropogenic lead. Lead is a poison that affects all living things. Symptoms of lead poisoning are blood changes, nervous system disorders, paralysis of the limbs.
For this, 10 clay was poured 50 ml. nitric acid. A day later, the mixture was filtered and the filtrate was evaporated to 3 ml. Potassium iodide was added to the resulting solution. A yellow precipitate indicates the presence of lead ions (this result is obtained with clay sample 4)
Рb 2+ + 2I - = PbI 2 ↓ (yellow precipitate)
Before adding potassium iodide
After adding potassium iodide
Determination of the acid-base characteristics of clays was carried out using universal indicator paper, dipping it into aqueous infusions of clays, on distilled will. It has been established that clays have a pH of 8 to 9; have slightly alkaline properties.
According to traditional healers, “fat”, “oily” clay is most suitable for internal treatment. The "fat content" of clay can be determined in a very simple way. To do this, a small portion of clay is mixed with water: good "fat" clay sinks to the bottom slowly, and "skinny" - quickly. The results of the clay testing showed that the “fattest” clay is sample No. 1. The clay is poorly wetted by water and the fraction does not settle to the bottom, which indicates its hydrophobic properties. The second place in terms of "fat content" is occupied by sample No. 3, then No. 4. Black clay can be classified as "skinny".
The last stage of the work was the qualitative determination of the ions that make up the clays. To transfer the analyzed ions into solution, clay samples were poured with a solution of H 2 SO 4. The detection of ions in the resulting solution was carried out by the fractional method using specific reactions. The presence of the following ions in clays has been established: Fe 2+ , Fe 3+ , NH 4 + , Ca 2+ , CO 3 2- , PO 4 3- .
- Fe 3+ ions
Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 + 6KCNS ⇄ 2Fe (CNS) 3 (red solution)+ K2SO4
- Ca 2+ ions (Na 2 CO 3 solution)
Ca 2+ + CO 3 \u003d CaCO 3 ↓ (white precipitate)
- NH 4 + ions (NaOH solution at t 0 )
NH 4 + OH = NH 3 (smell of ammonia)+ H2O
- Mg 2+ ions (NaOH solution)
Mg 2+ + 2OH = (white precipitate) ↓ Mg (OH) 2
- Ions PO 4 3- (AgNO 3 solution)
3Ag + + PO 4 3- = Ag 3 PO 4 ↓ (yellow precipitate)
- Ag + ions (NaCl solution)
Ag + Cl = AgCl↓ (white, cheesy sediment)
Detection of iron ions in clays
As a result of the work done, the following conclusions were drawn:
- The ecological cleanliness of the clay used for treatment is of great importance. Therefore, it is best to purchase clay in pharmacies. When extracting clay on your own, we recommend: take clay as far as possible from the city limits, do not use clay from chemically contaminated river cliffs, do not use surface clay, remember that despite the good qualities of deep clay, it must be checked for the risk of radioactive contamination.
- Clays have a pH of 7 to 9; have slightly alkaline properties.
- Clay minerals contain many elements that the human body needs - Ca, Mg, P, N, Fe.
Bibliography
- Andruz J., Brimblecumb P., Jickels T., Liss P. "Introduction to Environmental Chemistry"
- Bereginya N. “Clay. Natural healer"
- Bugrova S.A. "Cornelian. Health is easy!”
- Vostokov V.F. "Secrets of Tibetan Medicine"
- Gonikman E.I. "Crystals of Love and Light"
- Putikina I.A. "Lithotherapy: Stone Treatment"
- Travinka V.M. "Blue Healer Clay"
- Shuvalova O. P. "Treatment with clay and healing mud"
- www.ezo.drzp.org
- www.himia.ru
- www.kamni.ru
- www.dragotsennye-kamni.ru
- www.liveinternet.ru
- www.wikipedia.org
- www.magicstone.net
- www.2002.vernadsky.info
transcript
1 Research work Investigation and application of the properties of clay Completed by: Kochegura Darya Danilovna, 5th grade student of MBOU "Secondary School 8 of Vyborg" Head: Egorova Tatyana Yuryevna teacher of chemistry of MBOU "Secondary School 8 of Vyborg"
2 Table of contents Page Introduction 3 1. Theoretical part. Basic information about clay Rock - clay Properties of clay Meaning and application of clay 8 2. Practical part Practical experiments and making clay crafts 10 Conclusion 13 References 14 Applications 15 2
3 Introduction Many people consider ordinary clay. In fact, the material familiar to everyone is very interesting. Interesting to know: what is clay? Clay is a widespread rock and a secondary product of the earth's crust, a sedimentary rock formed as a result of the destruction of rocks in the process of weathering. The main source of argillaceous rocks is feldspar, which decays under the influence of atmospheric phenomena to form kaolinite and which, under the influence of atmospheric phenomena, form kaolinite and other aluminum silicate hydrates. Some clays of sedimentary origin are formed in the process of local accumulation of the mentioned minerals, but most of them are deposits of water flows that have fallen to the bottom of lakes and seas. Previously, clay was mined along the banks of rivers and lakes. Or dug a hole specifically for it. Then it turned out to be possible not to dig clay on your own, but to buy it from a potter, for example. During our childhood, ordinary, red clay was dug out by ourselves, and noble white clay was bought in shops for artists or, especially clean, in a pharmacy. Depending on what rock clay is formed from and how it is formed, it acquires different colors. The most common are yellow, red, white, blue, green, dark brown and black clays. Clays are widely used in industry (in the production of ceramic tiles, refractories, fine ceramics, porcelain and faience and sanitary wares), construction (production of bricks, expanded clay and other building materials), for domestic needs, in cosmetics and as a material for artwork ( modeling). We decided to study the composition and properties of clay and conduct experiments with it. 3
4 Relevance of the work: the spread of clay in nature. Hypothesis: Different clay properties can be used for different applications. The purpose of the work: the study and application of the properties of clay to create decorative crafts Tasks: To study general information about clay using literary sources. To study and conduct observations of the physical properties of clay, to analyze the results of research. Carry out practical experiments with clay. Craft a decorative pottery item. Research methods: Work with information sources. Theoretical research. Experimental methods. Observation and photography. Analysis of the obtained results. 4
5 1. Theoretical part. Basic information about clay Rock clay Clays and clayey rocks make up about half of all sedimentary rocks of the earth's crust. Gli is a fine-grained sedimentary rock, pulverulent in a dry state, plastic when moistened. Clay consists of one or more minerals of the kaolinite group (derived from the name of the locality Kaolin in China), the rock-forming mineral in clay is kaolinite, its composition: 47% (wt) silicon oxide (iv) (SiO 2), 39% alumina (al 2 O 3) and 14% water (H 2 O). Aluminum oxides and silicon oxides make up a significant part of the chemical composition of yellow, brown, blue, green, purple and even black clays. Clay is everywhere. Which, in general, is not surprising - clay, sedimentary rock, is a stone worn by time and external influence to the state of powder. The last stage of stone evolution. (Stone-sand-clay.) Clay appeared on earth many thousands of years ago. Its "parents" are rock-forming minerals known in geology - kaolinites, spars, some varieties of mica, limestones and marbles. Under certain conditions, even some types of sand are transformed into clay. All known rocks that have geological outcrops on the surface of the earth are subject to the influence of the elements of rain, whirlwind, snow and flood waters. Temperature fluctuations day and night, heating of the rock by sunlight contribute to the appearance of microcracks. Water gets into the formed cracks and, freezing, breaks the surface of the stone, forming a large amount of the smallest dust on it. The cyclone crushes and grinds the dust into even finer dust. Where the cyclone changes its direction or simply subsides, huge accumulations of rock particles form over time. They are compressed, soaked in water, and the result is clay Properties of clay 5
6 Properties of clays: plasticity, fire and air shrinkage, fire resistance, sintering properties, color of a ceramic shard, viscosity, shrinkage, porosity, swelling, dispersion. Clay is the most stable waterproofing agent; water impermeability is one of its qualities. Due to this, clay soil is the most stable type of soil developed in wastelands and wastelands. The impermeability of clay is useful for maintaining the quality of groundwater - a significant part of high-quality artesian sources lie between clay layers. Clay is colored by the stone-creator and salts of iron, aluminum and similar minerals that are nearby. Various organisms multiply, live and die in clay. This is how red, yellow, blue, green, pink and other colored clays are obtained. Dry clay absorbs water well, but when wet it becomes waterproof. After kneading and mixing, it acquires the ability to take on various forms and retain them after drying. This property is called plasticity. In addition, clay has a binding ability: with powdery solids (sand) it gives a homogeneous "dough", which also has plasticity, but to a lesser extent. Obviously, the more sand or water impurities in the clay, the lower the plasticity of the mixture. By the nature of the clay are divided into "fat" and "skinny". Clays with high plasticity are called "oily" because they give a tactile sensation of a fatty substance when wet. "Fatty" clay is shiny and slippery to the touch (if you take such clay on your teeth, it slides), contains few impurities. The "dough" made from it is tender. A brick made of such clay cracks during drying and firing, and in order to avoid this, so-called "leaning" substances are added to the batch: sand, "lean" clay, burnt brick, pottery, sawdust, and so on. Clays with low plasticity or non-plasticity are called "skinny". An important property of clay is its relation to firing and, in general, to 6
7 elevated temperature: if clay soaked in air hardens, dries and is easily rubbed into powder without undergoing any internal changes, then at high temperature chemical processes occur and the composition of the substance changes. Clay melts at very high temperatures. The melting temperature (the beginning of melting) characterizes the fire resistance of clay. The color of clays is varied: light gray, bluish, yellow, white, reddish, brown with various shades. The quality of the manufactured brick does not depend on the color of the clay. The most important properties of clay are: 1) the ability to form thin "suspensions" (cloudy puddles) and viscous dough when mixed with water. 2) the ability to swell in water. 3) the plasticity of clay dough, i.e. the ability to take and maintain any form in its raw form. 4) the ability to retain this shape even after "drying with a decrease in volume." 5) stickiness. 6) binding ability. 7) water resistance, i.e. the ability, after saturation with a certain amount of water, not to let water through. clay dough is used to make various products - jugs, crocks, pots, bowls, etc., which, after firing, become completely solid and do not let water through. Not all clays and not to the same extent have the listed properties. 7
8 1.3. The value and use of clay Clay of a certain color helps with various diseases. With the help of white clay, intestinal diseases, obesity, hair loss are treated, and nails are strengthened. Red clay is used for diseases of the cardiovascular system, hypotension, varicose veins, nervous and endocrine diseases. Yellow clay is used for stroke, diseases of the stomach and intestines, migraine, headache, osteochondrosis. Black clay is used to reduce temperature, with various types of heartbeat, inflammation of the skin and internal organs, and helps to rejuvenate the body. Blue clay treats well obesity, hypofunction of the thyroid gland, relieves muscle weakness and provides joint mobility. Cosmetically, blue clay is used for oily skin. If there is no clay of the desired color, then any clay can be used. Practical use Expanded clay gravel and sand produced from expanded clay by annealing with swelling are widely used in the production of building materials (expanded clay concrete, expanded clay concrete blocks, wall panels, etc.) and as a heat and sound insulating material. This is a light porous building material obtained by firing fusible clay. Walls made of expanded clay concrete are durable, have high sanitary and hygienic characteristics, and structures made of expanded clay concrete, built more than 50 years ago, are still in operation today. The largest manufacturer of expanded clay is Russia. Many doctors recommend using blue clay in the form of powders, pastes, ointments for skin diseases (ulcers, burns, diaper rash). Inside, adults are recommended to take one g at a time and no more than 100 g per day for gastrointestinal diseases (colitis, enteritis, food poisoning). In folk medicine, blue clay is used to treat: stomach ulcers, diarrhea, bloating 8
9 stomach, jaundice, cirrhosis of the liver, asthma, pulmonary tuberculosis, anemia, metabolic disorders, atherosclerosis, paralysis, epilepsy and even alcoholism, cholelithiasis and urolithiasis. Take 20 g of clay, dilute in 150 ml of warm water, take minutes before meals. Clays are mineral raw materials of mass consumption. They are used in a wide variety of sectors of the economy, for a variety of purposes. Brick production For the production of building bricks, widely used low-melting sandy ("lean") clays of any color are used. Cement production Portland - cement is a finely ground powder of a mixture of clay and limestone. Art Plastic green, gray-green and gray clays are widely used in sculpture. Usually, all sculptors initially create their works from clay, followed by casting them from plaster or bronze. Industries These include, for example, soap, perfumery, textile, abrasive, pencil and a number of others. Life and agriculture. Clays, in addition, are widely used in everyday life, especially in agriculture: for laying furnaces, claying currents, whitewashing walls, and so on. The use of swelling clays of the bentonite type in the construction of dams, reservoirs and other similar structures has great prospects. Clay is an important and necessary mineral for many branches of the national economy. nine
10 2. Practical part 2.1. Selection and preparation of materials and equipment for work Equipment: chemical beaker, glass rod, glass slide, spatula, muffle furnace, stacks, oilcloth, foam rubber sponge. (Appendix 2, photo 5). Practical experience 1. Familiarization with a clay sample Work plan: familiarization with a clay sample. The goal is to study the appearance of clay. The result of familiarization with clay samples is presented in the form of a table. Table 1. Properties of clay Sample Color Transparency Clay ordinary Gray-green Absent (Appendix 1, photo 2). After carefully examining the sample, I wrote down my observations in the table Table 2. Description of the physical properties of clay Clay properties Observations Aggregate state Solid Color Gray-green Luster No smell Earthy Hardness (on the Mohs scale, handbook) Plasticity, brittleness, elasticity Solubility in water insoluble Melting point (reference book) Density (reference book) Thermal conductivity (reference book) Electrical conductivity (reference book) Conclusion: the properties of substances are signs by which some substances differ from others. Knowing the properties of substances, a person can use them with great benefit for himself. 10
11 Practical experience 2. Studying the solubility of clay Purpose: to study the process of dissolution of clay. Raw material: clay; water. Progress of work: A small amount of water was poured into a beaker and a small piece of clay the size of a pea was placed. The clay was mixed with water with a glass rod. Result: The water became cloudy, the clay settled to the bottom. Conclusion: Clay is poorly soluble in water, forming a two-component system of clay and water. (Appendix 2, photo 4). Practical experience 3. Studying the plasticity of clay Purpose: To investigate the plasticity of clay. Raw material: clay; water. Progress of work: Moisten a piece of clay with a damp foam sponge until it becomes soft and plastic. Result: when moistened, the clay became soft and easy to model. Conclusion: when moistened, clay acquires new properties of plasticity and softness. (Appendix 1, photo 3). Practical experience 4. Raw clay drying study Purpose: to study the process of drying raw clay. Raw Material: Clay Workflow: A piece of moistened raw clay was used to make decorative clay crafts. Clay is easy to mold, it is soft and plastic, so you can mold any product. In the course of practical work, a 10x10 cm figurine of a dog was molded. A dog figurine made of wet clay was left in a room to dry in the air. Drying time was one day. Result: after drying, the clay product changed its color. Raw clay is grey-green in color, while dry clay is light gray in color. Conclusion: when raw clay dries, the excess water slowly evaporates. A clay product acquires properties: color change, hardness. eleven
12 Practical Experience 5. Clay firing Purpose: to learn the process of clay firing. Raw material: dried clay craft. Progress of work: the dried clay craft was placed in a muffle furnace for firing. The firing process takes place at a temperature of C. The firing time is 8 hours. Result: after firing, the clay product acquired a different color and became harder. Dry clay is light gray in color, while fired clay is brownish-orange in color. Conclusion: during firing, clay loses almost all moisture and acquires new properties: strength and water resistance. (Appendix 1, photo 1). Practical experience 6. Coating with varnish and paints of clay crafts. Purpose: to create a painted creative clay craft. Raw materials: baked clay crafts, paints, varnish. Progress of work: we paint the burnt clay craft with paints and varnish it. Result: after painting with paints, we got a beautiful decorative craft. Conclusion: fired products can be coated with paints and varnishes, filled with glazes to give these products new properties: water resistance, hygiene, decorativeness. 12
13 Conclusion In the course of the work, I learned a lot of new interesting information about clay, its extraction, application and properties. Clay is a widespread rock and a secondary product of the earth's crust, a sedimentary rock formed as a result of the destruction of rocks in the process of weathering. It comes in different colors, it depends on the stone-creator. It is used for cosmetics, health and rejuvenation. Of great industrial importance is the production of building materials from clay: brick, cement, etc. In the work, the following properties of clay were studied and used in order to create decorative crafts: plasticity, water resistance, moisture evaporation, drying and firing. The hypothesis was confirmed: different properties of clay can be used for different applications. Knowing certain properties of clay, you can use it for various needs. Useful properties of clay: it is used for cosmetics, health and rejuvenation. Of great industrial importance is the production of building materials from clay: brick, cement, etc. Conclusions 1. Using literary sources, general information about clay, its properties, significance and application were studied. 2. In the practical part of the work, we studied and observed the physical properties of clay. 3. In the course of the work, experiments and observations were carried out with photographic fixation of the results obtained. The physical properties of clay were studied: softness, plasticity, brittleness, heat capacity, hardness, strength, color, water resistance. All of the above properties of clay have been studied and put into practice in the manufacture of clay crafts. 4. In the practical part of the work, a decorative clay product in the shape of a dog, 10x10 cm in size, was made. 13
14 References Gabrielyan O.S. Chemistry. Grade 8: textbook. for educational institutions M.: Bustard, p. Kritsman V.A. Reading book on inorganic chemistry. Student aid. M.: Enlightenment, p. Nachtigal V. Big series of knowledge. M .: LLC "TD" Publishing House "World of Books", p. Electronic resource: article Clay at 14
15 Appendixes Appendix 1 Author's photo. Photo 1. Photo by the author. Photo 2. Photo by the author. Photo 3. 15
CLASSIFICATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS Clay rocks are composed of particles 0.01-0.001 mm in size. Physical features of clays that distinguish them from other sedimentary rocks are strength, plasticity
The wonderful mineral mixture of clay is the basis of ceramic art. Clays widely distributed in nature also differ widely in their properties. Some of them are suitable for making
Lesson of the surrounding world in class 4a Name the shells of the Earth. What is the solid rocky shell of the Earth made of? The ATMOSPHERE closest to the Earth is the air space around the Earth. The atmosphere is made up of
silicate industry. Chemistry lesson in 9th grade. The silicate industry is the production of various building materials, glass and ceramics from various natural silicates. silicate products are
Municipal autonomous preschool educational institution of a combined type kindergarten 19 "Alyonushka" Research work on the topic: "Wonderful fossil" The work was completed by: Leontiev Kirill Group
Municipal budgetary institution of additional education "Ecological and biological station "Young Ecologists" of the municipality Bryukhovetsky district Research project on the topic: "Magic gift
Sheet 2 of 8 CONCRETE AND REINFORCED CONCRETE PRODUCTS 2 Heat-resistant concretes Lightweight concretes Lightweight concretes based on organic aggregates of plant origin Dense silicate concretes Heavy and fine-grained concretes
Nomination "Research" Section "Chemistry, biology, ecology" PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CLAYS Semyonov Maxim Andreevich, student of the 5th grade of the Municipal Educational Institution "Secondary School 36", Cheboksary Scientific
FEDERAL AGENCY OF RAILWAY TRANSPORT State educational institution of higher professional education "MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY OF COMMUNICATIONS" Russian open
Research work The use of natural dyes for coloring eggs Completed by: Gerasimova Yulia Yuryevna, a student of the 5th grade of the MKU DO "TsVR "Rainbow", Sim Head: Panteleeva Elena Vladimirovna
Lecture 10 Ceramic building materials Ceramics is the collective name for a wide group of artificial stone materials obtained by molding from clay mixtures with mineral and organic
The world. Grade 2 (EMC "Planet of Knowledge") Primary school teacher, secondary school 3, Lyskovo Tugova Tatyana Viktorovna Kremen In ancient times, fragments of flint were used to carve fire. ancient man
MUNICIPAL BUDGET GENERAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION DROKI SECONDARY EDUCATIONAL SCHOOL NAMED AFTER DECABRISTOR M.M. SPIRIDOV CONSIDERED: at a meeting of the teachers' council 1 August 30, 2018 ADAPTED
Interregional subject Olympiad of KFU in the subject "Geology" Full-time round 2017-2018 academic year Grade 9 1. This large river in the middle reaches cuts through a plateau composed of these rocks, acquiring a characteristic
Project activity with preschool children on the topic “What is clay, its properties and technology for manufacturing ceramic products” Buldakova Anastasia Andreevna, educator Purpose: To introduce children
Tests in the discipline "Perspective functional special inorganic materials" of the direction "Chemistry, physics and mechanics of materials" 1. Among structural materials, the following groups are distinguished: - functional
NEWS OF THE TOMSK ORDER OF POLYTECHNICAL RED BANNER OF LABOR Volume 71. INSTITUTE NAMED AFTER S. M. KIROV 1952
ALL-RUSSIAN OLYMPIAD FOR SCHOOLCHILDREN IN CHEMISTRY 2015 2016 d. SCHOOL STAGE Grade 8 Decisions and assessment criteria The final grade of six problems counts five solutions for which the participant scored
CONTENTS 1. PASSPORT OF THE WORKING PROGRAM OF THE EDUCATIONAL DISCIPLINE 4. STRUCTURE AND CONTENT OF THE EDUCATIONAL DISCIPLINE 5 3. CONDITIONS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROGRAM OF THE EDUCATIONAL DISCIPLINE 4. CONTROL AND EVALUATION OF THE RESULTS OF MASTERING
GOST 9169-75 INTERSTATE STANDARD RAW CLAY FOR CERAMIC INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION IPK PUBLISHING STANDARDS Moscow INTERSTATE STANDARD RAW CLAY FOR CERAMIC INDUSTRY
The materials for laying the furnace must be of high quality, regardless of the type and size of the furnace being built. The following materials are used for laying furnaces: red clay brick, refractory and refractory
PROGRAM FOR PREPARATION FOR ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONS FOR APPLICANTS FOR MASTER'S PROGRAMS IN THE DIRECTION: 270800.68 Construction Program Technology of production of building materials, structures
Synopsis of an open lesson in geography in grade 5 on the topic "Rocks and minerals" Type of lesson: discovery of new knowledge (activity method of teaching) Purpose: Teacher of biology and geography Amakova M.E. By
LIMESTONE JSC "STAGDOK" Construction works, road works, concrete production This is a magnificent material of natural origin and its popularity is evidenced by the fact
Natural history lesson Grade 5 Soil formation and diversity Mikhalchak Natalya Alexandrovna MAOU Moscow secondary school minerals are: rock salt brick sand cement asphalt clay oil
Artistic ceramics in the preschool educational institution WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF SOLVING THE ANNUAL TASK OF EDUCATIONAL WORK IN THE preschool educational institution Artistic creativity KULICHIKI We carry water from a puddle, we need three buckets of water. Here is the sand
Appendix B (mandatory) A set of assessment tools (control materials) for discipline A1 Current control of knowledge in discipline A1.1 List of questions for current control of knowledge Module 1 1.
Basic requirements for knowledge and skills of students Students should know: Grade 6 distinguishing features of solids, liquids and gases; distinguishing features of the main minerals, sandy and clayey
Minerals EMELYANOVA LV PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHER MOU "SOSH 30" Extraction and use of minerals. What materials do people use to build? Where are they taken? What types of fuel
October 26-29 World Day against Lead in Paints Paints in our life Prepared by: 10th grade student Diana Khamidosh Teacher: Oleinik Larisa Nikolaevna All children love to draw Paints are
Minerals of Russia. Ladina O.A. - teacher of individual education GBOU boarding school 113 g.o. Samara Russia occupies one of the first places in the world in terms of reserves of many minerals (and in terms of reserves
Department of Education of the Lida District Executive Committee Dymka Completed by: Evlanov Alexey Andreevich, grade 10 A Supervisor: Matyuk Anatoly Eduardovich, teacher of physics, State Educational Institution "Secondary School 1 in Lida" 2012 Table of contents
Vetonit Refractory solutions for furnaces, chimneys and furnaces 7-20 1.1. 2005 replaces brochure 3-11 www.maxit.ru Vetonit Refractory Mortars for Furnaces Vetonit Refractory Mortars
Current control of knowledge on the discipline List of questions for current control of knowledge Module 1 1 Elemental composition of materials. 2 Chemical composition of materials. 3 Mineralogical composition of materials. 4 Granulometric
The atmosphere is the air space around the Earth. The hydrosphere is the discontinuous water shell of the Earth. The lithosphere is the hard stone shell of the Earth. Lithosphere The lithosphere is the solid rocky shell of the Earth.
Test tasks for attestation of engineering and pedagogical workers of GBOU NiSPO Questions for attestation in the profession "Master of General Construction Works" (plasterer, painter) Name of TK Wording and content of TK 1
City exhibition-conference of schoolchildren “Young explorers of the future of the North. JUNIOR Natural Sciences and the Modern World: Chemistry Why does a pencil draw on paper?
Research work Topic: "Miracle clay and modeling from it" Completed by: Maria Sergeevna Kazarezova, student of the 3rd "B" class of the Municipal Budgetary Educational Institution "School 29" Head:
1. Basic concepts of architectural and building materials science Issues of modern materials science The purpose and objectives of the discipline Architectural and building materials science. History of Development Theory and Applications
Lesson topic: The internal structure of the Earth. Mountain. Author: biology teacher of the 1st category Koneva Marina Petrovna Municipal budgetary educational institution secondary school of the 1st city
MASTER CLASS THEME: "Decorative plaster" MASTER OF INDUSTRIAL TRAINING ZHELEZNOVA ELENA YURYEVNA MOSCOW 2014 Decorative plaster and its application technology Decorative plaster is the most
BIRSS 1M assembly and masonry mixtures It is a high-quality mixture consisting of an inorganic binder (Portland cement), fractionated filler, chemical additives that improve plasticity
1. What item is shown in the photo? How do people usually use this item? 2. A representative of what profession is shown in the photo? What kind of work do people in this profession do? What qualities of character
1. What is shown in the photo? How do people usually use these items? 2. A representative of what profession is shown in the photo? What kind of work do people in this profession do? What qualities of character
Pigments (dyes) for concrete Increasing trend in the use of road pavement and pastes. roofing, multi-colored ov facing concrete can be dissolved and used in everyday life Pigments (dyes) are dry
Association of independent consultants and experts in the field of mineral resources, metallurgy and chemical industry OVERVIEW OF THE BUILDING BRICK MARKET IN RUSSIA Demo version January 2006
Questions for the entrance test for postgraduate studies in the field of study 08.06.01 "Engineering and technology of construction", profile "Building materials and products". 1. Main directions of industrial development
Laboratory work 4 STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE QUALITY OF PIGMENTS ON THE STRENGTH AND PLASTICITY OF THE PAINT COATING Issues of admission to the performance of laboratory work 1. Appointment of paints and varnishes.
Highly fluid expanding cementitious binder for the preparation of injection mortars, mortars and concretes. FIELD OF APPLICATION Preparation of high-strength mortars with compensated
3. SOIL 3.1. WHAT IS SOIL COMPOSED OF? Remember! 1. What do plants need to grow? 2. Where and how do plants get the oxygen and carbon dioxide they need for growth? 3. Where and with what help
FAÀÑÀÛ ÈÇÄÅËÈß ÈÇ ÍÀÒÓÐÀËÍÎÃÎ WWW.KDMASTERA.RU We are glad to welcome you on the pages of our catalogue. Natural materials will never go out of style, their use will always be a sign
5 KGBOU "Barnaul boarding school 3" Calendar-thematic planning of biology lessons in the 6th grade 68 hours a year (2 hours a week) PROGRAM: Special (correctional) programs
Tests on the discipline "Fundamentals of technology of building materials and composites" Test ticket 1 Instructions: all tasks have 3 answers, of which only one is correct. The number of your chosen answer
PC 509 Z ACRYL Elastic acrylic injection resin with exceptional adhesive properties EN 1504-5 U(S1)W(1)(1/2/3/4)(5/30) TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION 1. Description PC 509 Z Acryl is a 4- component acrylic
SOIL SCIENCE LECTURE COURSE for students of the specialty: 1-51 01 01 Geology and exploration of mineral deposits Developed by Assoc. N.V. Kovalchik Lecture 9 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
QUALITATIVE TASKS Inorganic chemistry MAOU "Secondary School 40", Stary Oskol, teacher of chemistry Bashtrykov P.M. 1. Adding an excess of sodium carbonate solution to the solution obtained by the reaction of metal A
UDC 714.666 N.M. SARBAYEVA USE OF A MIXTURE OF CLAYS THE MOST PROMISING WAY TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY AND EXPAND THE RANGE OF THE FACE BRICK OF VOLUMETRIC COLORING