History of computer presentation. History of computer development
Background 1642 French scientist Blaise Pascal began to create an arithmetic machine of a mechanical device with gears, wheels, racks, etc. She knew how to “memorize” numbers and do basic 1642. French scientist Blaise Pascal began to create an arithmetic machine, a mechanical device with gears, wheels, racks, etc. She knew how to “memorize” numbers and perform basic arithmetic operations.
Background 1834 The English scientist Charles Babbage drew up a design for an “analytical” engine, which included: information input and output devices, a storage device for storing numbers, a device capable of performing arithmetic operations, and a device that controls the sequence of machine actions. Commands were entered using punched cards. The project was not implemented. The English scientist Charles Babbage drew up a project for an “analytical” machine, which included: information input and output devices, a storage device for storing numbers, a device capable of performing arithmetic operations, and a device that controls the sequence of machine actions. Commands were entered using punched cards. The project was not implemented.
Background 1876 English engineer Alexander Bell invented the telephone. English engineer Alexander Bell invented the telephone.
Background 1897 English physicist J. Thomson designed a cathode ray tube. English physicist J. Thomson designed a cathode ray tube. cathode ray tube cathode ray tube
The first computers 1939 An American of Bulgarian origin, John Atanasoff, created a prototype of a computer based on binary elements. An American of Bulgarian origin, John Atanasoff, created a prototype of a computer based on binary elements.
The first computers 1941 Konrad Zuse designed the first universal computer using electromechanical elements. He worked with binary numbers and used the floating point representation of numbers. Konrad Zuse designed the first universal computer using electromechanical elements. It worked with binary numbers and used floating point representation.
The first computers in 1944. Under the leadership of the American mathematician Howard Aiken, an automatic computer "Mark-1" with program control was created. It was built on electric power. Under the leadership of the American mathematician Howard Aiken, an automatic computer "Mark-1" with program control was created. It was built on electromechanical relays, and the data processing program was entered from punched tape.
The first computers in 1946. Americans J. Eckert and J. Mauchly designed the first electronic digital computer, Eniak (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer). The machine was built in 1946. Americans J. Eckert and J. Mauchly designed the first electronic digital computer "Eniak" (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer). The machine had 20 thousand vacuum tubes and 1.5 thousand relays. It worked a thousand times faster than the Mark 1, performing 300 multiplications or 5,000 additions in one second.
Second generation of computers 1948. At the American company Bell Laboratories, physicists William Shockley, Walter Brattain and John Bardeen created the transistor. For this achievement they were awarded the Nobel Prize. At the American company Bell Laboratories, physicists William Shockley, Walter Brattain and John Bardeen created the transistor. For this achievement they were awarded the Nobel Prize by the American company NCR in 1957. The American company NCR created the first transistor computer.
Second generation of computers 1952 Under the leadership of S.A. Lebedev in Moscow built the BESM-1 computer (large electronic calculating machine) at that time the most productive machine in Europe and one in 1952. Under the leadership of S.A. Lebedev in Moscow built the BESM-1 computer (large electronic calculating machine), at that time the most productive machine in Europe and one of the best in the world.
Third generation of computers 1958 Jack Kilby from Texas Instruments created the first integrated circuit Mr. Jack Kilby from Texas Instruments created the first integrated circuit.
Third generation of computers 1959 Under the leadership of S.A. Lebedev created the BESM-2 machine with a productivity of 10 thousand operations/s. Its use is associated with calculations of launches of space rockets and the world's first artificial Earth satellites. Under the leadership of S.A. Lebedev created the BESM-2 machine with a productivity of 10 thousand operations/s. Its use is associated with calculations of launches of space rockets and the world's first artificial Earth satellites.
Fourth generation of computers 1971 Intel developed the 4004 microprocessor, consisting of 2250 transistors placed in a crystal no larger than a nail head. Intel developed the 4004 microprocessor, consisting of 2250 transistors placed in a crystal no larger than a nail head. IBM (International Business Machines Corporation) designed the first hard drive of the Winchester type. IBM (International Business Machines Corporation) designed the first hard drive of the Winchester type.
Fourth generation of computers 1976 Students Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs, having set up a workshop in the garage, implemented the Apple-1 computer, marking the beginning of the Apple Corporation. Students Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs, having set up a workshop in the garage, implemented the Apple-1 computer, marking the beginning Apple Corporation.
Fourth generation of computers 1981 IBM released the first personal computer, the IBM PC, based on a microprocessor. IBM released the first personal computer, the IBM PC, based on the 8088 microprocessor.
New achievements 1984 Apple Computer Corporation released the Macintosh computer 1984 Apple Computer Corporation released the Macintosh computer 1993 Intel released the Pentium microprocessor Intel released the Pentium microprocessor Windows operating system was released Operating system was released Windows 95.Windows 95Windows 95
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What is a computer? V – VI centuries BC to XX century First generation computers Second generation computers Third generation computers Fourth generation computers Test for knowledge of the history of computer development Sources of information
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COMPUTER = Computer
Electronic computer (computer)
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Computer (English word) - calculate A computer is a device of interconnected technical devices that perform automated information processing.
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V – VI centuries BC Ancient Greek abacus The history of computing goes back centuries, just like the development of mankind. One of the first devices (V-VI centuries BC) that facilitated calculations was a special board for calculations, called the “abacus”.
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In Ancient Rus', when counting, a device similar to an abacus, called a “Russian shot,” was used. In the 17th century, this device already took on the appearance of the familiar Russian abacus. Abacus that appeared in the 15th century. are in a special place, because They use the decimal number system, not the quinary number system, like all other abaci. The main merit of the inventors of the abacus was the creation of a positional system for representing numbers. 15th century AD Russian abacus
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17th century
Blaise Pascal Blasé Paskal (06/19/1623 - 08/19/1662) Pascal's arithmetic machine At the beginning of the 17th century, when mathematics began to play a key role in science, the French mathematician and physicist Blaise Pascal created a “summation” machine called Pascalina, which, in addition to addition, also performed subtraction.
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Gottfried Wilhelm LEIBNITZ Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz (07/1/1646 – 11/14/1716) Leibniz's mechanical adding machine (1673) The first arithmetic machine that performs all four arithmetic operations was created in 1673 by the German mathematician Leibniz - a mechanical adding machine.
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19th century
Charles BABBAGE (12/26/1791 – 10/18/1871) Cardboard punched cards Babbage’s Analytical Engine In 1812, the English mathematician and economist Charles Babbage began work on creating a “difference” machine, which was supposed to not only perform arithmetic operations, but carry out calculations according to a program that specifies a certain function. For program control, punched cards were used - cardboard cards with holes punched in them (perforations).
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WAREHOUSE (MEMORY) INPUT BLOCK MILL (arith. device) OFFICE (control device) RESULT PRINTING BLOCK Babbage's Analytical Engine
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First generation computers 1948 - 1958 Element base - electron vacuum tubes. The dimensions were in the form of cabinets and occupied machine rooms. Performance – 10 – 100 thousand op./s. Operation is very difficult. Programming is a labor-intensive process. The structure of the computer is based on a rigid principle.
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XX century
John (Janos) von NEUMANN (12/28/1903 – 02/08/1957) The first ENIAC computer (digital integrator and computer, tube) was created in the USA after the Second World War in 1946. The group of creators of this computer included one of the most outstanding scientists of the 20th century. John von Neumann. According to Neumann's principles, the construction and operation of universal programmable computers A computer consists of three main components: an arithmetic device, an input-output device, and memory for storing data and programs.
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PROCESSOR CONTROL DEVICE ARITHMETIC-LOGICAL DEVICE OPERATIONAL-STORAGE DEVICE INPUT-OUTPUT DEVICE Computer architecture J. von Neumann
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"ENIAC"
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1950s
Under the leadership of B.I. Rameev, the first universal general-purpose computers in the USSR, Ural-1, Ural-2, Ural-3, Ural-4 (lamp-based), were developed. And in the 60s, the first family of software and structurally compatible universal general-purpose computers Ural-11, Ural-14, Ural-16 (semiconductor) was created in the USSR. B.I. Rameev, V.I. Burkov, A.S. Gorshkov took part in the project. Ural-1 Ural-16
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XX century
Sergei Alekseevich LEBEDEV (2.11.1902 - 3.07.1974) The development of computers in the USSR is associated with the name of academician Sergei Alekseevich Lebedev. In 1950, a digital computer department was organized at the Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Science (ITM and VT USSR Academy of Sciences) to develop and create a large computer. This work was headed by S. A. Lebedev, under whose leadership the MESM (small electronic calculating machine) was created in 1951 in Kyiv and BESM (large electronic calculating machine) in 1953 in Moscow.
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1951 Tube element of SESM (Specialized Electronic Calculating Machine) BESM (Large Electronic Calculating Machine) 1953
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MESM (Small Electronic Calculating Machine)
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Element base – active and passive elements. Dimensions – racks of the same type, requiring a machine room. Performance – hundreds of thousands – 1 million op./s. Operation has been simplified. Programming - algorithmic languages appeared. The structure of the computer is a microprogram control method. 1959 - 1967 Second generation computers
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1960
Creation of the first multi-purpose semiconductor control machine in the USSR, Dnepr, project leaders - V.M. Glushkov and B.N. Malinovsky. The computer included analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters. It was produced for 10 years. Development of the first machines in the USSR for engineering calculations Promin and Mir - predecessors of future personal computers, project leaders V.M. Glushkov and S.B. Pogrebinsky. 1959-1965
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Third generation computers 1968 - 1973 Element base - integrated circuits, large integrated circuits (IC, LSI). Dimensions – racks of the same type, requiring a machine room. Performance – hundreds of thousands – millions of op./s. Operation – repairs are carried out promptly. Programming – similar to the 2nd generation. The structure of a computer is the principle of modularity and connectivity. Displays and magnetic disks appeared.
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Fourth generation computers from 1974 to the present day In 1971, Intel (USA) created the first microprocessor - a programmable logical device made using VLSI technology. The element base is ultra-large-scale integrated circuits (VLSI). Creation of multiprocessor computing systems. Creation of cheap and compact microcomputers and personal computers and computer networks based on them.
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In 1981, IBM Corporation (International Business Machines) (USA) introduced the first personal computer model - the IBM 5150, which marked the beginning of the era of modern computers. The first personal computers
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1983 Apple Computers Corporation built the Lisa personal computer - the first office computer controlled by a mouse. 1984 Apple Computer Corporation released the Macintosh computer powered by the 32-bit Motorola 68000 processor
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Test for knowledge of the history of computer development
1. The first tube computer was called: a) Ural - 11; b) ENIAC; c) Dnieper. 2. Which of the following scientists is not associated with the history of the creation of computers: a) Charles Babbage; b) Isaac Newton; c) Blaise Pascal. 3. The first computers were created in the 20th century... a) in the 40s; b) in the 60s; c) in the 70s. 4. The main elemental base of fourth-generation computers are: a) electromechanical circuits; b) VLSI. c) electric vacuum lamps;
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Information sources
Museum of Domestic Computers http://www.bashedu.ru/konkurs/tarhov/russian/index_r.htm Computerworld magazine No. 22-2000 Just a little before the PC era (Soviet models of personal computers, 1986) No. 25-2000 The last of Mohicans (In 1989, work on the last two Soviet supercomputers was completed) No. 27-28-2000 From Elbrus-3 to Elbrus-2000 http://www.osp.ru http://www.computer-museum .ru http://cisc.narod.ru http://www.epos.kiev.ua/pubs/pr/et.htm http://book.kbsu.ru/theory/chapter3/1_3_3.html
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Computer Science Presentation - History of computer development
The first devices for calculations were probably the well-known counting sticks, which are still used today in the primary classes of many schools to teach counting.
When people got tired of counting by bending their fingers and moving sticks, they invented the abacus (account).
The number of items counted corresponded to the number of dominoes of this instrument moved
In 1623, Wilhelm Schickard invented the "Counting Clock" - the first mechanical calculator that could perform four arithmetic operations. The device was called a counting clock because, like in a real clock, the operation of the mechanism was based on the use of sprockets and gears. This invention found practical use in the hands of Schickard's friend, philosopher and astronomer Johannes Kepler.
This was followed by machines by Blaise Pascal (Pascalina, 1642) and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Around 1820, he created the first successful, mass-produced mechanical calculator - the Thomas Adding Machine, which could add, subtract, multiply and divide. It was mainly based on the work of Leibniz. Mechanical calculators that count decimal numbers were used until the 1970s.
In 1801, Joseph Marie Jacquard developed a loom in which the embroidered pattern was determined by punched cards. The series of cards could be replaced, and changing the pattern did not require changes in the mechanics of the machine. This was an important milestone in the history of programming.
In 1838, Charles Babbage moved from developing the Difference Engine to designing a more complex Analytical Engine, the programming principles of which directly traced back to Jaccard's punched cards.
In 1890, the US Census Bureau used punch cards and sorting mechanisms developed by Herman Hollerith to process the deluge of decennial census data.
Hollerith's company eventually became the core of IBM. This corporation developed punched card technology into a powerful tool for business data processing and produced an extensive line of specialized data recording equipment. By 1950, IBM technology had become ubiquitous in industry and government. The warning printed on most cards, “do not fold, twist or tear,” became the motto of the post-war era.
By 1900, early mechanical calculators, cash registers, and adding machines were redesigned using electric motors to represent the position of a variable as the position of a gear. Beginning in the 1930s, companies such as Friden, Marchant, and Monro began producing desktop mechanical calculators that could add, subtract, multiply, and divide. The word "computer" (literally - "calculator") was the name of the position - these were people who used calculators to perform mathematical calculations.
In 1948, Curta appeared, a small mechanical calculator that could be held in one hand.
In the 1950s and 1960s, several brands of similar devices appeared on the Western market. The first fully electronic desktop calculator was the British ANITA Mk. VII.
In 1936, while working in isolation in Nazi Germany, Konrad Zuse began work on his first Z-series computer, which had memory and (still limited) programmability. Created mainly on a mechanical basis, but based on binary logic, the Z1 model, completed in 1938, never worked reliably enough due to insufficient precision in the execution of its component parts.
Zuse's next car, the Z3, was completed in 1941. It was built on telephone relays and worked quite satisfactorily. Thus, the Z3 became the first working computer controlled by a program. In many ways, the Z3 was similar to modern cars
In 1939, John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry of Iowa State University developed the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC). It was the world's first electronic digital computer. The design consisted of more than 300 vacuum tubes, and a rotating drum was used as memory. Although the ABC machine was not programmable, it was the first to use vacuum tubes in the adder.
The American ENIAC, often called the first general-purpose electronic computer, publicly proved the applicability of electronics for large-scale computing. This became a key moment in the development of computing machines, primarily because of the enormous increase in computing speed, but also because of the possibilities for miniaturization that emerged. Created under the direction of John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, this machine was 1000 times faster than all other machines of the time. Development of ENIAC lasted from 1943 to 1945.
The ENIAC was able to perform several thousand operations per second for several hours before another failure due to a burnt-out lamp.
The first working machine with von Neumann architecture was the Manchester “Baby” - Small-Scale Experimental Machine, created at the University of Manchester in 1948; it was followed in 1949 by the Manchester Mark I computer
In 1955, Maurice Wilkes invented microprogramming, a principle that was later widely used in the microprocessors of a wide variety of computers. Microprogramming allows you to define or extend a basic set of instructions using built-in programs called firmware.
The next major step in the history of computer technology was the invention of the transistor in 1947. They have become a replacement for fragile and energy-intensive lamps. Transistorized computers are usually referred to as the "second generation" that dominated the 1950s and early 1960s. Thanks to transistors and printed circuit boards, a significant reduction in size and energy consumption, as well as increased reliability, was achieved. However, second generation computers were still quite expensive and were therefore only used by universities, governments, large corporations
Setun was the first ternary logic computer, developed in 1958 in the Soviet Union.
The rapid growth in the use of computers began with the so-called. "3rd generation" of computers. This began with the invention of integrated circuits, which were independently invented by Nobel Prize winner Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce. This later led to the invention of the microprocessor by Tad Hoff (Intel).
The advent of microprocessors led to the development of microcomputers, small, inexpensive computers that could be owned by small companies or individuals. Microcomputers, members of the fourth generation, first appeared in the 1970s, became ubiquitous in the 1980s and beyond. Steve Wozniak, one of the founders of Apple Computer, became known as the developer of the first mass-produced home computer, and later the first personal computer. Computers based on microcomputer architecture, with capabilities added from their larger cousins, now dominate most market segments.
In 1977, the first mass-produced personal computer, the Apple II, appeared, which was a harbinger of the boom in general computerization of the population.
Home computers became more convenient and required much less technical skills from their users. In August 1981, IBM released the IBM PC computer system, ushering in the era of the modern personal computer.
In January 1984, sales of the Apple Macintosh began, which became the first truly mass-produced PC with a GUI. On July 23, 1985, the world's first multimedia personal computer, Amiga (Amiga 1000), appeared. Amiga personal computers, along with Macintoshes, remained the most popular and best-selling machines for home use.
>> Computer science: Classification of peripheral devices. History of the development of computing technology.
History of computer development
Content:
1. What is a computer?
2. V – VI century BC to XX century
3. First generation computer
4. Second generation computer
5. Third generation computer
6. Fourth generation computer
7. Test for knowledge of the history of computer development
8. Sources of information
COMPUTER = Computer
Electronic computer (computer)
Computer (English word) – calculate
A computer is a device of interconnected technical devices that perform automated information processing.
5th – 6th century BC
The history of computing goes back centuries, just like the development of mankind.
One of the first devices (V-VI centuries BC) that facilitated calculations was a special board for calculations, called the “abacus”.
15th century AD
In Ancient Rus', when counting, a device similar to an abacus, called a “Russian shot,” was used. In the 17th century, this device already took on the appearance of the familiar Russian abacus.
Abacus that appeared in the 15th century. are in a special place, because They use the decimal number system, not the quinary number system, like all other abaci.
The main merit of the inventors of the abacus was the creation of a positional system for representing numbers.
17th century
Blaise PASCAL
Blasé Paskal
(19.06.1623 – 19.08.1662)
At the beginning of the 17th century, when mathematics began to play a key role in science, the French mathematician and physicist Blaise Pascal created a “summation” machine called Pascalina, which, in addition to addition, also performed subtraction.
17th century
Gottfried Wilhelm LEIBNITZ
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz
(1.07.1646 – 14.11.1716)
The first arithmetic machine that performed all four arithmetic operations was created in 1673 by the German mathematician Leibniz - a mechanical adding machine.
Charles Babbage
(26.12.1791 – 18.10.1871)
In 1812, the English mathematician and economist Charles Babbage began work on the creation of a “difference” machine, which was supposed not just to perform arithmetic operations, but to carry out calculations using a program that specified a specific function.
For program control, punched cards were used - cardboard cards with holes punched in them (perforations).
First generation computers 1948 - 1958
- Element base – electron vacuum tubes.
- Dimensions - in the form of cabinets and occupied machine rooms.
- Performance – 10 – 100 thousand op./s.
- Operation is very difficult.
- Programming is a labor-intensive process.
- The structure of the computer is based on a rigid principle.
XX century
John (Janos) von NEUMANN
(28.12.1903 – 8.02.1957)
The first computer "ENIAC" (digital integrator and computer, tube) was created in the USA after the Second World War in 1946. The group of creators of this computer included one of the most outstanding scientists of the 20th century. John von Neumann.
According to Neumann's principles, the construction and operation of universal programmable computers A computer consists of three main components: an arithmetic device, an input-output device, and memory for storing data and programs.
1950s
Under the leadership of B.I. Rameev, the first universal general-purpose computers in the USSR, Ural-1, Ural-2, Ural-3, Ural-4 (lamp-based), were developed. And in the 60s, the first family of software and structurally compatible universal general-purpose computers Ural-11, Ural-14, Ural-16 (semiconductor) was created in the USSR. B.I. Rameev, V.I. Burkov, A.S. Gorshkov took part in the project.
XX century
Sergey Alekseevich LEBEDEV
(2.11.1902 - 3.07.1974)
The development of computers in the USSR is associated with the name of Academician Sergei Alekseevich Lebedev. In 1950, a digital computer department was organized at the Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Science (ITM and VT USSR Academy of Sciences) to develop and create a large computer. This work was headed by S. A. Lebedev, under whose leadership the MESM (small electronic calculating machine) was created in 1951 in Kyiv and BESM (large electronic calculating machine) in 1953 in Moscow.
MESM (Small Electronic Calculating Machine)
Second generation computers 1959 - 1967
- Element base – active and passive elements.
- Performance – hundreds of thousands – 1 million op./s.
- Operation has been simplified.
- Programming – algorithmic languages appeared.
- Computer structure – microprogram control method.
1960
Creation of the first multi-purpose semiconductor control machine in the USSR, Dnepr, project leaders - V.M. Glushkov and B.N. Malinovsky. The computer included analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters. It was produced for 10 years.
1959-1965
Development of the first machines in the USSR for engineering calculations Promin and Mir - predecessors of future personal computers, project leaders V.M. Glushkov and S.B. Pogrebinsky.
Third generation computers 1968 - 1973
- Element base – integrated circuits, large integrated circuits (IC, LSI).
- Dimensions – racks of the same type, requiring a machine room.
- Performance – hundreds of thousands – millions of op./s.
- Operation – repairs are carried out promptly.
- Programming – similar to the 2nd generation.
- The structure of the computer is the principle of modularity and connectivity.
- Displays and magnetic disks appeared.
Fourth generation computers from 1974 to the present day
- Element base – ultra-large-scale integrated circuits (VLSI).
- Creation of multiprocessor computing systems.
- Creation of cheap and compact microcomputers and personal computers and computer networks based on them.
In 1971, Intel (USA) created the first microprocessor - a programmable logical device made using VLSI technology
The first personal computers
In 1981, IBM Corporation (International Business Machines) (USA) introduced the first personal computer model - the IBM 5150, which marked the beginning of the era of modern computers.
1983 Apple Computers Corporation built the Lisa personal computer - the first office computer controlled by a mouse.
1984 Apple Computer Corporation released the Macintosh computer powered by the 32-bit Motorola 68000 processor
Test for knowledge of the history of computer development
1. The first tube computer was called:
a) Ural - 11; b) ENIAC; c) Dnieper.
2. Which of the following scientists is not associated with the history of the creation of computers:
a) Charles Babbage; b) Isaac Newton; c) Blaise Pascal.
3. The first computers were created in the 20th century...
a) in the 40s; b) in the 60s; c) in the 70s.
4. The main element base of fourth generation computers are:
a) electromechanical circuits; b) VLSI. c) electric vacuum lamps;
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Written by the computer science teacher of the International Lyceum "Grand" Cheban L.I.
Slide 1
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History of the development of the abacus One of the first devices (V-IV centuries BC) that facilitated calculations was the abacus. Calculations on it were carried out by moving bones and pebbles in longitudinal depressions.Slide 3
History of development In ancient Rus', a device similar to an abacus was used and it was called “Russian scot”. In the 17th century, this device already looked like the usual Russian abacusSlide 4
History of development At the beginning of the 17th century, when mathematics began to play a key role in science, the young French mathematician and physicist Blaise Pascal created the first calculating machine, called Pascalina, which performed addition and subtraction.Slide 5
History of development In the years 1670-1680, the German mathematician Gottfried Leibniz designed a calculating machine that performed all four arithmetic operationsSlide 6
History of development In 1878, the Russian scientist P. Chebyshev designed a calculating machine that performed addition and subtraction of multi-digit numbersSlide 7
History of development An important event of the 19th century was the invention of the English mathematician Charles Babbage, who went down in history as the inventor of the first computer - the prototype of modern computers. By 1822, he had built a working model of a difference engine that executed a specific program, and calculated a table of squares on it. He could operate with 18-bit numbersSlide 8
History of development Improving the difference engine, Babbage built the Analytical Engine in 1833Slide 9
History of development The need to automate calculations for the US census prompted Heinrich Hollerith to create a device called a tabulator in 1888. In 1924, Hollerith founded IBM (International Business Machines Corporation) to mass produce tabulators.Slide 10
Before the advent of the first personal computers, purchasing and using computers was very expensive. Few ordinary people could afford to have such a miracle of technology at home! Computers were installed in large corporations, universities, research centers and government agencies. On August 12, 1981, the American company IBM Corporation (International Business Machines) introduced the first model of a personal computer - the IBM 5150, which marked the beginning of the era of modern computers. History of development