Academy of Sciences, Russian Language Institute, Russian grammar. Particles in Russian - what are they? What particles are there in the Russian language? Reinforcing particles in Russian
Particle- one of the service parts of speech. It adds additional shades of meaning to the sentence.into words, phrases and sentences,and can also form word forms.The main role of particles (general grammatical meaning) is to introduce additional shades into the meanings of other words, groups of words or sentences. Particles clarify, highlight, and strengthen those words that are necessary for a more precise expression of the content: « Already the sky was breathing in autumn, Already the sun shone less often.» ( Pushkin A.S.) Already- a particle with an intensifying value.
Particles arose later than other parts of speech. By origin, particles are associated with different parts of speech: with adverbs ( only, only, barely, just, right and etc.); with verbs ( let, let, come on, let it be, it would be, after all, you see and etc.); with unions (oh, yes, and, well and etc.); with pronouns ( everything, it, what for, then, this, itself etc.), with interjections ( there, well and etc.). Some particles are not related to other parts of speech by origin: here you go and etc.
There are few particles in the Russian language. In terms of frequency of use, they are in the first hundred of the most used words (as well as prepositions, conjunctions and some pronouns). This hundred most frequent words includes 11 particles ( no, same, here, only, yet, already, well, neither, even, whether, after all ).
In their structure and functions, particles are similar to adverbs, conjunctions and interjections.
Particles differ from significant parts of speech in that they do not have lexical meanings, therefore particles are not members of a sentence, but can be part of sentences. Particles differ from prepositions and conjunctions in that they do not express grammatical relationships between words and sentences, i.e. the particle never connects anything.
When parsing the particle is highlighted together with the word it refers to or is not highlighted at all.
In the science of the Russian language there is no consensus on the classification of particles. Classifications may vary among different authors.
Particles are divided into 3 categories - semantic, negative And formative.
Form-forming particles include let's, yes, let's, let's, let's, let's, let's. Unlike semantic particles, formative particles are part of the verb form and the same part of the sentence as the verb: I wouldn’t know if he hadn’t told.
Particle- one of the service parts of speech. It adds additional shades of meaning to a sentence and can also form word forms.
Shaping particles: let, let, yes, let's - form together with the verb the form of the imperative mood, for example: let them run, let's make peace, let there be peace.
Particle would forms the conditional form of the verb: I would like, I would say, I would go.
Particles that introduce different shades of meaning are divided into
affirmative(yes, yes, exactly, yes),
negative(no, neither),
interrogative(really, really, really, really, really),
comparative(as, as if, as if, exactly, as if, as if, as if)
amplifiers(even, still, after all, already, everything, after all, simply, directly),
index fingers(there, this, here),
clarifying(exactly, just, truly, exactly)
excretory-restrictive(only, only, at least, entirely, exclusively),
exclamation marks(what the, that, how, well, after all),
expressing doubts(hardly, hardly).
Semantic and negative particles are presented below in table form
Particles | Shades of meaning | Usage examples |
not, nor, not at all, far from, by no means | negation | He not far as generous as it seemed |
really, really, really | question | Really don't you notice this? |
here, there it is | indication | Take it Here this book |
exactly, just, directly, exactly, exactly | clarification | He exactly the same like his grandfather |
only, only, exclusively, almost, solely | restriction, allocation | We only since you saw him |
what the, well and how | exclamation marks | Well you have a huge dog! |
even, neither, nor, after all, after all, well | gain | Even and don't think about it |
hardly, hardly. | doubt | Hardly you can do it |
Particles must be distinguished from interjections Oh, well, ah, oh etc., used to express an intensifying connotation, which (unlike interjections) are not separated by commas (and are not accented).
Particle- one of the service parts of speech. It adds additional shades of meaning to the sentence.into words, phrases and sentences,and can also form word forms.The main role of particles (general grammatical meaning) is to introduce additional shades into the meanings of other words, groups of words or sentences. Particles clarify, highlight, and strengthen those words that are necessary for a more precise expression of the content: « Already the sky was breathing in autumn, Already the sun shone less often.» ( Pushkin A.S.) Already- a particle with an intensifying value.
Particles arose later than other parts of speech. By origin, particles are associated with different parts of speech: with adverbs ( only, only, barely, just, right and etc.); with verbs ( let, let, come on, let it be, it would be, after all, you see and etc.); with unions (oh, yes, and, well and etc.); with pronouns ( everything, it, what for, then, this, itself etc.), with interjections ( there, well and etc.). Some particles are not related to other parts of speech by origin: here you go and etc.
There are few particles in the Russian language. In terms of frequency of use, they are in the first hundred of the most used words (as well as prepositions, conjunctions and some pronouns). This hundred most frequent words includes 11 particles ( no, same, here, only, yet, already, well, neither, even, whether, after all ).
In their structure and functions, particles are similar to adverbs, conjunctions and interjections.
Particles differ from significant parts of speech in that they do not have lexical meanings, therefore particles are not members of a sentence, but can be part of sentences. Particles differ from prepositions and conjunctions in that they do not express grammatical relationships between words and sentences, i.e. the particle never connects anything.
When parsing the particle is highlighted together with the word it refers to or is not highlighted at all.
In the science of the Russian language there is no consensus on the classification of particles. Classifications may vary among different authors.
Particles are divided into 3 categories - semantic, negative And formative.
Form-forming particles include let's, yes, let's, let's, let's, let's, let's. Unlike semantic particles, formative particles are part of the verb form and the same part of the sentence as the verb: I wouldn’t know if he hadn’t told.
Particle- one of the service parts of speech. It adds additional shades of meaning to a sentence and can also form word forms.
Shaping particles: let, let, yes, let's - form together with the verb the form of the imperative mood, for example: let them run, let's make peace, let there be peace.
Particle would forms the conditional form of the verb: I would like, I would say, I would go.
Particles that introduce different shades of meaning are divided into
affirmative(yes, yes, exactly, yes),
negative(no, neither),
interrogative(really, really, really, really, really),
comparative(as, as if, as if, exactly, as if, as if, as if)
amplifiers(even, still, after all, already, everything, after all, simply, directly),
index fingers(there, this, here),
clarifying(exactly, just, truly, exactly)
excretory-restrictive(only, only, at least, entirely, exclusively),
exclamation marks(what the, that, how, well, after all),
expressing doubts(hardly, hardly).
Semantic and negative particles are presented below in table form
Particles | Shades of meaning | Usage examples |
not, nor, not at all, far from, by no means | negation | He not far as generous as it seemed |
really, really, really | question | Really don't you notice this? |
here, there it is | indication | Take it Here this book |
exactly, just, directly, exactly, exactly | clarification | He exactly the same like his grandfather |
only, only, exclusively, almost, solely | restriction, allocation | We only since you saw him |
what the, well and how | exclamation marks | Well you have a huge dog! |
even, neither, nor, after all, after all, well | gain | Even and don't think about it |
hardly, hardly. | doubt | Hardly you can do it |
Particles must be distinguished from interjections Oh, well, ah, oh etc., used to express an intensifying connotation, which (unlike interjections) are not separated by commas (and are not accented).
The particles don't change. According to their meaning and role in a sentence, particles are divided into three categories:
- formative - serve to form the conditional and imperative mood of the verb (b, would, yes, come on, let others);
- negative - particles not and neither;
- modal - they introduce various semantic shades into the sentence and express the feelings and attitude of the speaker (unless, there are only others).
Do not confuse particles with other parts of speech.
- The particle would be (b) after the pronoun that and the conjunction so (What would you wish? My father went to a sanatorium to receive treatment.).
- The particle after the pronoun is also a conjunction (The same as yesterday. The sky above us was also dark, there was no moon yet.).
- The particle after the adverb so and the conjunction also (Same as today. Today also marks.).
- There are no particles, nor the prefixes homonymous to them (didn’t come - unfriendly, not a tree - no).
- The particle then and the homonymous suffix -to (table-someone).
- Particles and other parts of speech homonymous to them:
What a house! (what kind of particle) - What’s behind the house? (pronoun that with the preposition for)
How beautiful you are! (particle like) - I don’t know how to do better! (union like).
Examples
Shaping particles
Forming the conditional mood: would come, put on, would have to, no matter what happens Forming the imperative mood: long live, let's go, let him go, let him ride
Modal particles (semantic shades)
Particles with semantic shades are divided into groups according to meaning:
question: whether, really, really;
indication here, and here, there, and there;
clarification: exactly, just;
allocation and limitation: only, only, almost, exclusively.
Modal particles (expressing feelings)
Particles expressing the speaker’s feelings and attitude are divided into groups according to meaning:
exclamation: what the, how;
doubt: unlikely, hardly;
strengthening: even, same, even and, after all, really, after all;
relaxation of the requirement:-ka (do it, show me).
The negative particle is not
A particle cannot give a negative meaning and a positive meaning when double negative.
Negative meaning of the entire sentence:
Don't rush to answer. This will not happen.
Negative meaning of a single word:
In front of us was not a small, but a large clearing.
Positive value:
My friend couldn't help but help me.
Negative particle neither
The particle neither, except negative, can have other meanings.
Negative meaning without subject:
Don `t move! Not a soul around!
Strengthening negation with a particle not a word:
There's not a soul around. Not a bush is visible.
Generalizing meaning with a negative pronoun and adverb:
Whatever (=everything) he did, everything worked out for him.
Everywhere (=everywhere) you look, there are fields and fields everywhere.
General properties of particles
The particle class combines unchangeable non-significant (functional) words that
- express a wide variety of subjective-modal characteristics: incentive, subjunctiveness, convention, desirability, as well as evaluation of the message or its individual parts;
- participate in expressing the purpose of the message (interrogativeness), as well as in expressing affirmation or negation;
- characterize an action or state by its course over time, by completeness or incompleteness, effectiveness or ineffectiveness of its implementation.
The listed functions of particles are grouped:
- in the function of shaping
- as a function of the various communicative characteristics of the message.
What all these functions have in common is that in all cases they contain
- meaning of attitude,
- the relationship (relatedness) of an action, state or whole message to reality,
- the speaker's relationship to what is being communicated,
Moreover, both of these types of relations are very often combined in the meaning of one particle.
The meaning of a particle as a separate word is the relationship that it expresses in a sentence.
Particle discharges
In accordance with the above functions, the following main categories of particles are distinguished:
- formative particles(let, let, let, yes, let, would, b, happen):
- word forms;
- forming degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs;
- negative particles(not, nor, not at all, far from, not at all);
- particles characterizing a sign(action or state) by its course over time, by completeness or incompleteness, effectiveness or ineffectiveness of implementation;
- modal particles:
- interrogative particles(whether, really, really);
- demonstrative particles(here, there);
- clarifying particles(exactly, just,);
- excretory and restrictive particles(only, only, exclusively, almost, solely);
- exclamation particles(what for, how);
- enhancing particles(even, not, after all, after all);
- relaxation of the requirement(-ka give it, pour it)-That (the milk has run out); the word -с is also used for these purposes (surcharge-s), derived from the abbreviated address “sir”;
- doubt(hardly, hardly);
- incentive particles(let be).
It is essential that modal (evaluative, expressive) meanings in one form or another are also present in negative, interrogative particles that characterize an action in its course or effectiveness, in replica particles.
Classification of particles by origin
Antiderivatives
The primitives include the simplest (with a few exceptions) monosyllabic particles, which in modern language do NOT have living word-formation connections and formal relationships with words of other classes.
Non-primeval
All other particles are nonprime.
Classification of particles by composition
Simple
Particles consisting of one word are called simple. Simple particles include all primitive particles, as well as particles that, to varying degrees, display living connections with conjunctions, pronominal words, adverbs, verbs or prepositions. In addition to primitive particles, simple particles include: conjunction (part of speech) | a, good, more, more, literally, it happens, it happened, it was, as if, in fact, in (simple), at all, there, that’s it, it seems, that’s all , all, where, look, yes (not as part of the command form), give (those), even, give (those), really, only, if, also, know, and, or, exactly, how, what , where, okay, is it (particle) | is it better, in no way (simple, questioning), nothing, nothing, however, finally, it, go (simple), positive, simple, straight, let, let, perhaps , decisively, evenly, to oneself, rather, as if, completely, thank you (meaning good), so, there, to you, too, only, exactly, at least, what, purely (simple), that, so that , eh, this. (but, contrary to popular belief, it is not included in their composition!) non-negative particle untruth, enemy, misfortune, impossible
As already said, all these particles have close external and internal connections with other classes of words: they contain elements of meaning to varying degrees
- adverbs (literally, good, in (simple), at all, out, here, where, really, only, yet, exactly, how, where, okay, nothing, nothing, finally, positively, simply, directly, decisively, completely, absolutely, so, there, good),
- pronominal words (everything, everything, which, it, most, yourself, you, what, this),
- verbs (it happens, happened, was, come on, give, look, know),
- unions (and, fortunately, as if, after all, yes, even, if, and, or, whether, but, however, let, let, perhaps, exactly, as if, too, only, precisely, at least, that, so that, to),
- comparatives (more, more, better, sooner: He would rather die than agree; He would rather have a vacation!),
- prepositions (like: Is someone calling?),
- interjections (ek, thank you: It’s so hot! You can’t find a place for them. Thank you, I took a little nap in the cellar. N. Uspensky).
Sometimes in the same word the proximity and interweaving of the meanings of particle and conjunction, particle and adverb, particle and verb, particle and pronoun, particles and interjections are so close that opposing such meanings to each other as belonging to words of different classes turns out to be unlawful, and the word must qualify as “particle-conjunction”, “particle-adverb”, “particle-pronoun”, etc.;
Composite
Particles formed from two (less often more) words:
- two particles
- particles and unions,
- particles and prepositions,
- particles and a verb form or adverb isolated from its class.
Compound particles can be indivisible - their components in a sentence cannot be separated by other words, or disjunctive: their components in a sentence can be separated by other words. Within the constituent particles, phraseological particles are distinguished: these are several function words merged together (or function words and adverbs, forms of pronominal words or verbs isolated from their classes), living relationships between which are absent in the modern language; such particles can also be dissectable or non-segmentable.
Dismemberable
Their components in a sentence can be separated by other words. Dismemberable particles:
If only there was some rain!; If only there was some rain!); here it is (Here’s a friend for you!; Here’s the result for you!; Did you believe him? So trust people after that!); like this (Those are the orders!); these are the orders!; Here we have a garden! That's how friendly he was!); almost (almost were late; almost broke my head); almost (It was almost the first time in his life that he lied); how not (How can I not understand!; How can I not know the way!); no matter how (No matter how it rains); if only (If only it wouldn’t rain!); little not (simple) (He began to ring the bell, but didn’t cut off the little. Dos.; Out of fear, he didn’t even fall to the ground. Lesk.); let him (Let him sing to himself!); sooner (spring sooner!; spring sooner!); so (and it emanates peace; so he did not recognize me); if only (Just not to be late!) only and (Only talking about the trip; Only about the trip and talking); at least (At least I wouldn’t grumble!); almost (was) not (almost broke my leg); almost (He almost became a big boss now).
Particles are always dismembered
Isn’t it (Shouldn’t we rest?), isn’t it (We shouldn’t spend the night here!).
Phraseologized particles:
No, no, and (yes, and) (No, no, yes, and he’ll come to visit; No, no, he’ll remember his grandfather); what the (What kind of news is this?; What kind of character do you have!); what of (what) (What of his promises to me!; what now of the fact that he has returned?).
One should distinguish from composite particles the various, easily arising and easily disintegrating complexes grouped around a simple particle, which are characteristic primarily of modal particles; For example:
really- well, well, so, so, well... well; How- yes, how, well, how, yes, how, well; like- it seems, it seems, it seems, and, it seems;Not dismemberable
their components in a sentence cannot be separated by other words.
And then (- Aren’t you afraid? - Otherwise I’m afraid!; Will they let you spend the night? - And then suddenly they won’t let you in); without that (He’s already a silent man, but here he’s completely withdrawn. Field.; There’s no time to wait, anyway we’re already late); it would have been (simple) (If only I had not stayed, but gone home!); hardly; just (Only an hour of time); yet; lo and behold (colloquial) (Waited and waited, lo and behold, and fell asleep); far from (far from confident of success; far from beautiful); divi (simple) (divi would know the matter, otherwise he’s ignorant!); how good (How good the forest is! How tired you are!); it would be good; if (If not for the war!); Of course (They don’t touch you. - If only you would have touched!; Good catch! - Still not good!); and there is (simple) (- He didn’t recognize it, apparently? - He didn’t recognize it and exists. Bazhov; - Look, guys, Pika! - Pika is there. Fad.); and so (Don’t be angry, I already repent; Why does he need money, he has a lot anyway); and then (They’re not allowed to go to the skating rink; I saw it a long time ago, and then only briefly; Talk to him. - I’ll talk about that too); as it is (simple) (You said everything as it is correctly. Bazhov; - Cold? - Cold as it is); how; just (I came just in time; I’m afraid of the service: you’ll just fall under responsibility. Turg.); how so (- Farewell. - How so farewell?); somehow; where is it (How much fun!); okay; for what (for what is cunning, but even then he was mistaken); no way; unlikely; not at all (not at all a beauty); simply (He simply laughs at us); so-and-so (So-and-still didn’t show up?); so much (- I have all the tobacco. - So all of it?); or not (Or not life!); so-and-so (So-and-so glad!; So-and-so I see he’s calmed down); to the same place (To the same place from the laughing ones: I said something: he began to laugh. Mushroom; The boy, and argues there too); already (They did it themselves. - They did it themselves?; It’s a disease. - It’s a disease!); grab and (While they were getting ready, grab and the rain began); well (- Shall we go? - Well, let's go; I agree, well); or something (Call, or something?; Help or something!; Are you deaf?);
Phraseologized particles (phraseologism particles)
Several function words merged together (or function words and adverbs, forms of pronominal words or verbs isolated from their classes), living relationships between which are absent in modern language; such particles can also be dissectable or non-segmentable.
Not otherwise - not otherwise than - (No other than that a thunderstorm will gather in the evening, no that - no that - (What a fur coat has rotted! No, not to think: somewhere is the master's fur coat? Nekr.); or something (Ivan Ilyich made a stupid decision; whether it’s just you and me. L. Tolstoy); that’s the same and that’s it (that’s it, just like that he’ll die; he’ll be forgotten just like that), that’s what you’re waiting for - (simple) (The stove is just waiting for him to fall down. P. Bazhov) ; that - look at that - (that and look at that) (After all, there is too much trot; look at that, that will break your neck! N. Gogol); exactly; whatever is - whatever is (simple. ) (This is his favorite song).
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