Economic policy of the Russian Federation presentation. State economic policy
Economic policy -
Economic policy is a set of ideological and theoretical foundations, methods andgovernment measures to influence economic processes in
the country as a whole, aimed at satisfying certain
interests and achieving goals;
general line of action and set of measures taken
government on behalf of the state in the field of production,
distribution, exchange, consumption, accumulation, export, import
economic product in the country;
system of targeted government measures in the field of management
economics;
This is a set of measures taken by the state to influence
economic processes for the implementation of socially significant
goals.
Principles of state economic policy
production efficiency principle– supply of citizens of the state
state to be socially effective
development strategy (sustainable growth
final product, full employment,
no inflation, fair
income distribution)
the largest number of products with
given amount of costs (at
minimum cost)
principle of justice
income distribution - aspiration
smooth out income inequality among citizens
countries and increasing the income of each
its contribution to increased efficiency
production
Full implementation of the principles is the way out
Violation of the implementation of principles –
the state's entry into corporate
strategy for selfish interests
ruling layer (corporation) at the expense
lowering the standard of living for everyone else.
Signal to authorities about the threat
state security
Reasons for state regulation
the state provides certainty and integrityterritorial economic space, as well as international
communications, protects the position of its subjects in the world market.
the state determines the long-term interests of the population as a whole
the state maintains a balance of economic interests in the country, which
makes society a stable, balanced and developing system.
expansion of social reproduction.
creation and maintenance of developed infrastructure (in the broad sense
words) only the state can do.
only within a specific state is improvement possible
institutional environment (legal framework, legal institutions, systems
information, control and management apparatus). The criterion for effective organization of the economy
acts as the level of the smallest transaction
costs
State regulation of the economy in
market economy - a system of standard measures
legislative, executive and supervisory
nature, carried out by authorized
government agencies and public
organizations for the purpose of stabilization and adaptation
existing socio-economic system to
changing conditions.
Problems that the market mechanism does not solve - externalities
Problems that the market externality mechanism does not solveExternal effects (externalities) costs or benefits from market transactions,
not reflected in prices:
- Negative externalities - costs
the activity of another.
- Positive externalities - benefits
one economic agent caused by
the activity of another.
Negative externalities
Subjects of economic policy execution
State regulation of the economy pursues the following goals:
sustainable growth of nationalproduction;
maintaining effective size
employment;
stabilization of price levels;
ensuring foreign trade balance.
"Pyramid of Goals"
1. Goals, notamenable
operating room
decision,
conditioning
focus
nationwide
new politics
2. Achievable goals
operating room
decision,
defining
focus
economic
politicians
MAIN INDICATORS OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE RF
MAIN INDICATORS OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE RFInstruments of state economic policy
State economic policy includes:
Institutional policy;Structural policy,
financial policy,
monetary policy,
Investment policy,
Foreign economic policy,
Social policy,
Innovation policy,
Competition policy.
Institutional policy
measures taken by the state, actions toformation of new ones, elimination of old ones or
transformation of existing proprietary,
labor, financial, social and other
economic institutions;
changing the organization of the economy - creating
new, elimination of old economic,
social and financial institutions, change
their functions and connections.
Institutional changes
Institutional transformations for 2012-2014. wereaimed at ensuring sustainable socio-economic development of the Russian Federation.
In this case, special attention was paid to:
- carrying out administrative reform,
- supporting the development of small and medium-sized businesses,
- improving legislation in order to attract
investment in the economy,
- ensuring the effective use of public
property,
- development of human capital.
Structural policy
system of measures aimed at creatingnecessary national,
intra-industry and inter-industry and
regional proportions;
change policy
macroeconomic proportions between
final consumption and gross capital formation,
government revenues and expenditures, exports and
import, sectoral and regional
structural economies. The main direction of structural
state policy is
increasing competitive
advantages of the country's economy through
achieving four interrelated
goals: –
–
–
–
Promoting competitiveness
domestic producers of goods and services in the domestic
and global markets and ensuring structural maneuver in
towards increasing the share of industries producing products
with a high degree of processing, and service industries.
Correction of accumulated structural deformations, restructuring of the unprofitable sector of the economy,
artificially supported by the budget system
subsidies, unclaimed tax arrears and non-payments
natural monopolies, problem solving
single-industry cities.
Completion of transformation of existing
ineffective institutions of the “transition type” economy
(structures of state ownership, commodity and
financial markets, innovative mechanisms, systems
state regulation and a number of others) to institutions,
meeting the requirements of a modern market economy.
Accelerated development and restructuring of the economic system,
enterprises and markets in the process of global
economic transformation taking place on the basis of new
information technologies, strengthening global and
regional integration processes.
Objectives of structural policy
increasing innovation activity and advanced developmenthigh-tech sector of the economy;
stimulating economic growth and increasing efficiency
production at the micro level through support for emerging
import substitution chains, export contracts and
use of other indirect tools;
reduction of transaction costs of enterprises for
through the development of institutions of markets for goods, services, labor and capital,
formation of infrastructure to support entrepreneurial
activities;
ending direct and indirect subsidies for ineffective
enterprises, effective selection of efficient enterprises,
increasing the effectiveness of the bankruptcy institution, restructuring
inefficient sector of the economy, problem solving
single-industry cities; stimulating restructuring processes and
reforming enterprises, increasing their
efficiency, including through market development
consulting services, process assistance
integration and education of large effective and
competitive companies with every possible
promoting the development of small and medium-sized businesses;
final removal of the burden from enterprises
maintenance of non-commercial units;
reduction and optimization of the public sector
with increasing management efficiency
state property; increasing the efficiency of natural monopolies by
ensuring greater information transparency and
tightening control over their costs; organizational
separation of natural monopoly and non-monopoly
segments; formation of a competitive environment in non-monopoly
segments; ensuring equal access to networks; provision
control over maintaining the required level of investment;
implementation of targeted infrastructure development programs
transport, communications and telecommunications, formation
competitive environment, creation of equal and predictable conditions
economic activity in Russia, both on a global scale
economy and in specific industry markets.
Structural policy should be implemented based on the application of the following basic principles
competitive market as the main regulatoreconomic development;
minimization and optimization
government intervention in
economics;
openness of the economy;
economic liberalization
activities at the micro level.
Financial policy
set of targetedactions using
financial relations;
set of state
measures to use
financial relations for
fulfillment by the state of its
functions;
state activities on
mobilization of financial resources, their
distribution and use on
basis of financial legislation
countries.
As the most important components
financial policy at the level
states act:
Fiscal policy
Tax policy
Customs policy
Money-credit policy
Investment policy.
Fiscal policy
a set of government measuresimpact in the field of taxation and
regulation of the structure of state
expenditures (fiscal policy) and in
areas of budget regulation
(fiscal policy).
Fiscal (tax) policy
system of legal norms and organizational and economic measures of the regulatorycharacter adopted and implemented by government bodies (federal and
regional levels) and local governments in the field of tax relations with
organizations and individuals
The Tax Code of the Russian Federation formulates the basic principles of building a tax system
RF, which should regulate taxation throughout Russia
Laffer curve
Tax classification
Taxdepending
from the object
taxation
-Direct
-Indirect
by use
-Are common
-Special
by level
collection
-Federal
-Regional
-Local
“The main directions of tax policy of the Russian Federation for 2013 and for the planning period of 2014 and 2015”
State tax policy inin the coming years will be carried out in
conditions of the federal budget deficit.
In this regard, the most important task
The Government of the Russian Federation is creating
effective and stable tax
system that provides budgetary
sustainability in the medium and
long term.
Among the specific measures, the following are highlighted:
1. Tax incentives for innovation anddevelopment of human capital.
In particular, it is planned to further reduce insurance tariffs
contributions, improving depreciation policy,
provision of tax preferences when carrying out
socially significant expenses.
2. Monitoring the effectiveness of tax incentives.
It seems necessary to carry out regular analysis
demand for established tax mechanisms
incentives and tax benefits.
It is planned to clarify the list of income exempt from
taxation of personal income tax, as well as eliminating existing inaccuracies and
contradictions leading to ambiguous interpretation of norms. 3. Excise taxation.
During the planning period, periodic indexation of rates will be carried out
excise tax taking into account the actual economic situation,
at the same time, an increase in excise taxes on alcohol, alcohol-containing and
tobacco products will be produced at a faster pace
compared to the inflation rate.
4. Improving taxation for transactions with valuables
securities and financial instruments of futures transactions,
financial transactions.
It is planned to make a number of decisions aimed at improving
taxation when carrying out transactions with Eurobonds
Russian issuers, depository receipts, as well as
receipt and payment of dividends.
5. Corporate income tax.
It is proposed, in particular, to clarify the procedure for recognizing income from
sale of property, the rights to which are subject to state registration. 6. Taxation of natural resources.
In order to equalize the level of tax burden on
gas and oil industries in the planning period
work will continue to establish additional
fiscal burden on the gas industry by
differentiation of the mineral extraction tax rate. It is also expected
adjustment of the rate for minerals, share
exports of which exceed 50 percent, depending
from world prices for the corresponding useful
fossils.
7. Improving taxation within
special tax regimes. 8. Introduction of property tax.
The need to speed up preparations for the introduction of the tax is indicated
for real estate. It is planned to develop a system
allowing this tax to be collected based on the market
value of taxable property with a non-taxable minimum
for families with low incomes.
9. Tax administration.
It is proposed to introduce tools that counteract
tax evasion. In addition, in particular, in
during the planning period it is planned to work out issues
collection of taxes using electronic money, settle
procedure for collection of taxes from foreign currency accounts and accounts
in precious metals in banks.
Fiscal policy
purposeful activities of the state todefining the main objectives and quantitative
parameters for generating income and expenses
budget, public debt management
“a budget is a form of education and spending
fund of funds intended for
financial support for the tasks and functions of the state
and local self-government" Budget Code of 1998
(v. 6)
functions of the state budget:
- providing strategy and tactics for economic development
(economic growth policy, stabilization
policy)
- ensuring the production of public goods (defense,
medicine, health care, scientific research and
etc.)
- ensuring the individual income of some
categories of citizens (public administration,
public sector institutions, pensions, benefits)
Budget deficit
Budget deficit is an excessbudget expenditures over revenues.
Reasons for the budget deficit:
reduction in budget revenues,
increase in government spending,
inconsistent financial and economic policy of the state.
Types of budget deficit:
structural, cyclical, factual,
primary.
Ways to cover the deficit: release
government loans, tightening
taxation, money production "seigniorage".
State debt
this is the sum of budget deficits accumulated over a certain period of time minus those existing at the same timetime of positive budget balances.
Economic consequences of public debt:
- a significant reduction in consumption opportunities for the population of a given country;
- crowding out private capital, which may limit further economic growth;
- increasing taxes to pay for the growing public debt acts as a disincentive to economic
activity;
- redistribution of income in favor of government bond holders
- psychological effect - with the growth of public debt, the country’s population’s uncertainty about the future increases
day.
Public debt management
Ways to manage governmentdebt:
Redemption of government debt reduction in the size of government
debt by paying money to owners
the maturity date.
Refinancing of government debt 0payment by the government to owners
government securities with
the maturity date of the money,
received from the sale of new valuable
securities, or exchange of redeemed securities
papers for new ones.
Conversion is a change in the original
loan terms related to profitability
valuable papers
Consolidation - changing the original
terms of the loan relating to its terms
Money-credit policy
is a government policy that affects the amount of money in circulation for the purpose ofensuring price stability, full employment and real volume growth
production;
changing the mass of money in circulation in order to achieve non-inflationary
production of total product under conditions of full employment; means
the impact of the state on the reproduction process.
The main goal is to regulate the economic situation, in particular the pace
economic growth, mitigation of cyclical fluctuations in commodity markets,
capital and labor, curbing inflation, achieving balance
balance of payments by influencing the state of credit and monetary
appeals.
Types of PrEP
Credit expansion
Credit restriction
Structure of the monetary system
Monetary Policy Instruments
Dynamics of the refinancing rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on January 1, 1992. – June 1, 2010
Publications and reports on PrEP
“The main directions of the unified state monetary systempolicies for 2013 and the period 2014 and 2015" contains:
- principles of monetary policy for the medium term
- - assessment of the development of the Russian economy (inflation and economic
growth, balance of payments, exchange rate, monetary policy implementation)
- macroeconomic development scenarios and payment forecast
balance
- - goals and instruments of monetary policy (quantitative
guidelines, exchange rate policy, instruments and their
usage)
- - list of Bank of Russia activities (to improve
banking system, financial markets, payment system
banking supervision)
Strategy for the development of the banking sector of the Russian Federation for the period until 2013
Financial Stability Review 2014
Money supply and monetary aggregates
Money supply is the totality of cash and non-cash funds incirculation available to individuals, legal entities and the state
Monetary aggregates are a hierarchical system:
M0 - cash in circulation
M1 - M0 + checks, demand deposits
M2 - M1 + funds for settlement, time deposits
M3 - M2 + savings deposits
Dynamics of monetary aggregates in Russia
The velocity of circulation of money is an indicator of the intensification of the movement of money when it functions as a means of circulation and a means of exchange.
Velocity of money- an indicator of the intensification of money movement during operation
them as a means of circulation and a means of payment.
The change in the velocity of money circulation depends on:
- general economic factors (cyclical development of the economy, rates
economic growth, price movements)
- monetary (structure of payment turnover, development of credit operations and
mutual settlements, the level of interest rates in the money market, etc.)
Inflation is the depreciation of money, accompanied by rising prices and falling living standards.
There are several types of inflation:Anti-inflationary policy is a system of measures to prevent and overcome inflation.
Investment policy
a system of measures aimed at establishing the structure andscale of investments, directions of their use and
sources of receipt in areas and sectors of the economy.
system of measures to establish scales
investments, their sources and areas of use
Federal Law "On investment activities in
Russian Federation carried out in the form
capital investments" dated February 25, 1999 N 39-FZ
(ed. dated July 24, 2007)
State regulation of investment activities
Creating favorable conditions:- tax and depreciation mechanism
- protection of investors' interests
- development of financial leasing
- carrying out revaluations of fixed assets in
according to inflation rates
Direct state participation:
- development and financing of investment
projects financed from the federal budget
- presentation of guarantees on a competitive basis
for investment projects
- placement of funds on a competitive basis
budget for investment projects for
age basis
- carrying out examination of investment
projects
- development and approval of standards, norms and
rules
Foreign economic policy
state policy in the field of export and import, customs duties,tariffs, restrictions, attraction of foreign capital and export of capital abroad
border, external loans, providing economic assistance to other countries,
implementation of joint economic projects.
The main goal is to form an effective system for protecting national
foreign economic interests of the Russian Federation, support for its economic entities
activities in global markets for goods and services, intellectual rights
property and information technology.
Objectives of foreign economic policy:
- ensuring the priority of national economic interests in the participation process
countries in a globalizing world economy;
- formation of a favorable legal climate for correct activities
national economic entities;
- economic stimulation of foreign trade operations;
- ensuring effective foreign economic activity for everyone
an economic entity, and for the purposes of national development;
- regulation of the country's balance of payments.
Types of foreign economic policy
TypesProtectionism
domestic protection policy
manufacturers from foreign
competitors.
Free trade
free trade policy,
based on the principle of comparative
Advantages and aimed at
enabling global
economy to achieve more
efficient allocation of resources
and higher level
material well-being.
Protectionist measures to restrict global trade
Payment balance
is a systematic record of the results of all economic transactions betweenresidents of a given country (households, firms and governments) and
rest of the world for a specified period of time (usually a year).
Methods of state regulation of the balance of payments Russia's main trading partners among countries
far abroad in January-August 2012
60
(billion US dollars)
33,5 3,9
24,5
50
Export
Türkiye
Italy
Germany
Netherlands
China
0
9,4
9,2
7,3
8,9
13,3 9,0
7,0
France
19,6 18,2
9,8 4,7
Republic
Korea
24,2
10,7
Poland
10
24,3
4,3
USA
20
8,4
51,7
30
Japan
40
Import Commodity structure of Russian exports
Federations to foreign countries
Food 1.5
2,7
goods
Fuel and energy
goods
Chemical products
5,7
industry, rubber
5,5
Wood and pulp2.1
1,8
paper products
Metals and products from
9,0
them
9,1
Machines, equipment
3,4
3,4
and vehicles
Other goods
4,9
4,4
January-August 2011
January-August 2012
73,4
73,1Commodity structure of Russian imports
Federations from foreign countries
(according to customs statistics, in%)
Food
goods
M mineral products
Chemical products
industry, rubber
Textile,textile
products and shoes
Metals and products from
them
Machines, equipment
and vehicles
Other goods
14,4
12,7
1,1
1,1
16,4
16,0
5,9
5,7
6,0
5,7
6,5
6,5
January-August 2011
January-August 2012
49,7
52,3Commodity structure of exports
Russian Federation to CIS countries
(according to customs statistics, in%)
Food
5,1
goods
4,8
55,1
Fuel and energy
goods
Chemical products
57,5
9,9
8,9
industry, rubber
Wood and pulp3,4
2,9
paper products
Metals and products from
10,2
9,2
them
Machines, equipment
12,1
12,2
and vehicles
4,2
Other goods
4,5
January-August 2011
January-August 2012
Main directions of foreign economic policy of the Russian Federation until 2020 (ONVEP)
Intergovernmental commissions on trade, economic, scientific and technical cooperation(IPC) are one of the main tools for implementation
foreign economic policy in bilateral relations
continued work to coordinate the participation of federal
authorities in the economic activities of the Forum
"Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation"
(APEC).
the process of agreeing on the draft road map continued
trade, economic and investment cooperation
Russia – Association of Southeast Asian Nations
(ASEAN), The Russian Ministry of Economic Development continues to work to increase
economic cooperation in the East Asian format
summits (YAS).
continued work on issues related to the development of trade, economic and investment cooperation within the framework of
informal association “Brazil-Russia-India-China and
South Africa (BRICS), in particular, is ensured
information content of the Fourth BRICS Summit in New Delhi (India) March 29, 2012
Within the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)
work continued to implement the Action Plan for
implementation of the Multilateral Trade and Economic Program
cooperation between the SCO member states until 2020 and the Joint
initiatives to revitalize multilateral economic
cooperation to overcome the consequences of the global financial and economic crisis
Thus,
The main directions formally enshrine those principles anddirections of foreign economic policy that Russia
has been consistently leading since 2000, and about which the country's leaders
periodically inform in their speeches:
- reducing the economy’s dependence on the export of raw materials and supporting
high-tech export;
- rationalization of import policy, primarily by stimulating
import of high-tech equipment while simultaneously
maintaining the competitiveness of domestic production;
- further integration into the Customs Union will be a priority
within the framework of the EurAsEC and the development of trade relations with the CIS countries, the EU,
China and India;
Most of the document is not intended for official publication
Social politics
system of activities carried out by the government through local andregional authorities aimed at improving the quality and level
life of large social groups financed from the state budget and
corresponding to either the ideological guidelines of the state for a given
moment, or the value orientations of society for the long-term
perspective.
a set of government measures aimed at
regulation of the entire complex of social processes and relations between
people.
policies aimed at changing the level and quality of life of the population, to
mitigation of contradictions between participants in a market economy and
prevention of social conflicts on economic grounds.
Article 7 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation states that the Russian Federation is a social state,
whose policy is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life
and free development of man.
Main directions of state social policy
Main directions of social policy- regulation of income, employment, social protection of citizens,
-housing policy.
An indicator of the effectiveness of social policy
Standard of livingpopulation - totality
indicators characterizing
level of material consumption
population, for example consumption
products per capita,
availability of these products in
per family or per 100
families, consumption structure.
(consumer basket)
Quality of life of the population
- the totality is predominantly
quality characteristics,
reflecting the material
social, physical and
cultural well-being of the population.
Consumer basket
On March 31, 2006, Federal Law No. 44-FZ “Onconsumer basket in the Russian Federation as a whole.”
Structure of the consumer basket
Structure of the consumer basket
Human Development Index
this is an integral (holistic) indicator calculatedperiodically for cross-country comparison and poverty measurement,
literacy, education and longevity as the main phenomena,
determining human potential (human development)
study area. HDI 2013
Provisions defining the capabilities of the state in the social sphere:
1) the amount of social payments should beare consistent with financial capabilities
state, its budget:
2) the amount of taxes should not undermine
economic incentives for production;
3) when determining the volumes and terms of social
benefits must take into account the negative effects
which can distort the labor market and
market mechanism as a whole (for example, pension
system, unemployment benefits, when and how much
to pay).
Innovation policy
a set of forms, methods and directions of government influencefor production in order to stimulate the release of new products and
technologies, expanding on this basis the sales markets of domestic
goods and increasing their competitiveness.
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 24, 1998 N 832 “On the Concept
innovation policy of the Russian Federation for 1998 - 2000"
Scientific and technical policy is an integral part of socio-economic
policy, which: - expresses the state’s attitude to scientific and scientific-technical activities; - determines goals, directions, forms
activities of government bodies of the Russian Federation in the field of science, technology and
implementation of achievements of science and technology. Officially, currently in Russian state
In documents, the concept of “innovation” is presented as follows:
– innovation (innovation, innovative product) – result
innovation activity, embodied in the form
a new product, service and technology and/or a new organizational and economic form, with clear qualitative
advantages when using.
From the above it is clear that the concept of “innovation” has different
content – from activity (process) to new product,
the use of which is aimed at increasing efficiency
economy through its implementation.
innovation is the final materialized result
creative labor received from investing capital in science,
new equipment or technology, new forms of labor organization,
maintenance and management, including forms of control, accounting,
methods of planning, analysis, etc., the use of which
aimed at increasing the efficiency of the economy. Among the given characteristic features
innovations the measure (criteria) of their presence will be
be: novelty (point 1); readiness for implementation
(point 2); socio-economic significance
(point 6).
The combination of these criteria can be
used at all levels of management, both for
establishing the presence of innovations, and for their
industry-wide or individual use
taken enterprise. For example, among the technical type (type) of innovation
there may be such types of innovations as: experienced or
industrial designs of equipment, new generation laboratory analytical installations, etc.;
Among the technological types of innovations, such types
such as: techniques, individual surgical techniques, recipes,
methods, etc.; among regulatory
innovations such types as: laws, regulations,
regulations, standards, instructions, etc.
Functions of the state in creating the innovation sphere
system-widespecific
- general economic (inflation,
refinancing rate, taxes,
budget)
- general administrative (quality
public services, protection of rights
property, organizational
forms of management)
- economic (lack of funds
business, economic risks)
- social (quality of staff,
quality of management)
Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of July 7, 2011 N 899 “On approval of priority directions for the development of science, technology and engineering in the Russian Federation
Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of July 7, 2011 N 899"On approval of priority directions for the development of science,
technologies and equipment in the Russian Federation and the list
critical technologies of the Russian Federation"
For the purpose of modernization and technological development of the Russian
economy and increasing its competitiveness
1. Security and counter-terrorism.
2. Nanosystems industry.
3. Information and telecommunication systems.
4. Life Sciences.
5. Promising types of weapons, military and special
technology.
6. Rational use of natural resources.
7. Transport and space systems.
8. Energy efficiency, energy saving, nuclear energy.
Directions of state support and stimulation of innovation activities
Traditional – budget financing (targetedpriorities, programs and megaprojects)
Tax benefits (income taxes, unified social tax, VAT)
Creation of organizational structures (state
corporations in the aviation industry, shipbuilding, etc.)
Formation of market development institutions (venture
company, Development Bank, free economic zones,
complex of technology parks)
Ministry of Economic Development Department of Innovative Development
As part of modernization assistance:Territory brand promotion tools
Implementation of cluster policy
Programs for innovative development of companies with
state participation
Formation of technology platforms
(A technology platform is a tool and
communication platform for the implementation of innovative
projects for the country's technological development. It is aimed at
combining the efforts of the state, science and business in the development and
production of unique products as part of modernization
Russian economy.) Chemical cluster of the Novgorod region Forest cluster of the Novgorod region The concept of targeted cluster formation is based
lies in the creation of business associations at the regional level in
within each of the identified priority clusters in
region.
In the Novgorod region it is necessary to initiate
executive bodies of state power of the region
creation of such business associations as the Forestry Cluster
Novgorod region", "Chemical cluster of the Novgorod
region", "Food Products Cluster of the Novgorod Region",
"Cluster of metallurgical production and production of finished products
metal products."
In this connection, the following cluster scheme can be proposed
business associations for the formation of cluster policy in
Novgorod region
Cluster business association scheme
Cluster business association schemeInnovation infrastructure
Interconnected areas of innovation
Implementation of the Innovation Policy of JSC Russian Railways
Strategy 2020 on innovation policy
presented two polar options for the development of the situation:inertial and “progressive”.
The latter involves radical modernization
educational programs, radical reform of corporate
legislation, real independence of courts, implementation
case law, an open program of fundamental
research, focus on supporting the best specialists and
etc.
In terms of the level of budget funding for science, Russia is
at the level of Great Britain and France, however
The productivity of scientific research is decreasing year by year.
The “progressive” option also implies support
sectors of the new technological wave and access to growing
markets, as well as support for low-tech sectors
Russian economy.
Competition policy
a set of consistent measures,carried out in order to ensure
conditions for competition
economic entities, increasing
efficiency and competitiveness
Russian economy, modernization
enterprises and creating conditions for
providing cost-effective
way of the population's needs for
goods and services. Competition policy is a tool
implementation of the following directions of the Concept
long-term socio-economic development
Russian Federation:
firstly, the formation of an institutional environment
innovative development,
secondly, reducing inflation,
thirdly, creating conditions for improving the quality and
standard of living of the population,
fourthly, the development of national
competitiveness. The task of developing competition requires
improvements and directions
use of all tools
economic regulation and policy
for the purpose of developing competition.
Goals and values of competition policy
Presentation styleinformation in the newsletter
allowed to combine into
one site
co-executors for
Development program
competition,
regional bodies
authorities (responsible for
development of regional
development programs
competition),
representatives
entrepreneurial
associations and experts.
Competition Development Tools
Customs tariff and non-tariffregulation
Tax policy
State development programs
infrastructure and individual industries
State procurements
Regulation of natural monopolies
Development of small and medium
entrepreneurship
Features of the modern economy in
social studies lesson in 11th grade
TRANSITION ECONOMY- economy of countries that abandoned the state-planned model during the transition to a market economy TRANSITION ECONOMY- the economy of countries that abandoned the state-planned model during the transition to a market economy is CHARACTERISTIC FOR COUNTRIES of Eastern Europe, former republics of the USSR, Russia, China. CHARACTERISTIC FOR COUNTRIES OF Eastern Europe, former republics of the USSR, Russia, China. Characteristic features of a transition economy: the initiator of market reforms and changes in the political system is the state; Characteristic features of a transition economy: the initiator of market reforms and changes in the political system is the state; the beginning of market reforms is the saturation of the consumer market; rapid growth in production or import of consumer goods. A peculiar logic of economic reforms: first of all, market relations cover the sphere of consumer production and sales, starting with agriculture; then they are distributed into the sphere of production of means; large-scale liberalization of prices, which leads to a decline in the living standards of the population. A peculiar logic of economic reforms: first of all, market relations cover the sphere of consumer production and sales, starting with agriculture; then they are distributed into the sphere of production of means; large-scale liberalization of prices, which leads to a fall in the living standards of the population. The state pursues a policy of blocking inflation, significant price increases, and maintaining the national currency; Active formation of market infrastructure, including private entrepreneurship, borrowing foreign experience. The state's policy of blocking inflation, significant price increases, and maintaining the national currency; Active formation of market infrastructure, including private entrepreneurship, borrowing foreign experience. Characteristic features of the Russian economy:- Inconsistency of reforms, half-hearted decisions made
- Significant increase in the degree of risk of business activity
- High level of economic instability and shortage of investment funds, underdevelopment of the investment sphere
- Stable, fairly high level of inflation
- The state's withdrawal from direct regulation of the economy
- Establishing equal rules of the game for all
- Reducing the tax burden and social programs
- Deficit-free budget
- Development of the financial instruments market
- The economy is gradually recovering
- Russia's financial position has strengthened, external debt has decreased significantly, and the volume of gold and foreign exchange reserves has increased significantly. Today the ruble is backed by them by 150%. No other currency in the world has such an indicator of reliability.
- A modern tax regime has been created, the tax burden has been reduced
- The legislative framework of the economy continues to improve.
Classic economic functions of the state are stabilization of the economy; protection of property rights; regulation of money circulation; income redistribution; regulation of relationships between employers and employees; control over foreign economic activity; production of public goods.
New functions of the state They are associated with the formation of a post-industrial society: - support for fundamental science, - participation in solving global problems of humanity, - overcoming the environmental crisis and its consequences, - eliminating the economic gap.
The most general economic goals of the state: Ensuring economic growth (development!); creation of conditions for economic freedom (the right to choose the type, form and scope of economic activity, methods of its implementation and use of income from it); Ensuring economic security and economic efficiency;
Stabilization includes mainly fiscal (fiscal) and monetary (monetary) policies. The structural direction uses such methods of influencing the economy as state support for industries that are especially important for the development of the country’s entire economy, production of public goods, privatization, promoting competition and limiting monopolies, etc. If stabilization policy is aimed primarily at improving the economy, then structural policy is aimed at maintaining it balanced development, i.e. a healthy lifestyle.
What is an open economic policy of the state - Economic goals of the state. –Main directions of economic policy. Monetary stabilization policy – Goals – Tools – Types – Pros and cons Stabilization fiscal policy – Goals – Tools – Types – Pros and cons Structural policy – Definition – How to understand it – Examples of structural policy – Pros and cons Questions
Monetary policy influences aggregate demand. The object of regulation is the money supply. Monetary policy is determined and implemented by the Central Bank. However, changes in the money supply occur not only as a result of the operations of the Central Bank, but also of commercial banks, as well as decisions of the non-banking sector (consumers and firms).
The second instrument of monetary policy is the regulation of the discount interest rate (refinancing rate). The discount rate is the interest rate at which the Central Bank provides loans to commercial banks. CBs resort to loans from the Central Bank if they unexpectedly face the need to urgently replenish reserves or to get out of a difficult financial situation.
The third instrument of monetary policy is open market operations. Open market operations represent the purchase and sale by the Central Bank of government securities in the secondary securities markets. The objects of open market transactions are primarily: 1) short-term government bonds and 2) treasury bills.
Types of monetary policy There are two types of monetary policy: – stimulating – contracting. Stimulating monetary policy is carried out during a recession in order to “cheer up” the economy, increase business activity in order to combat unemployment. Contractionary monetary policy is carried out during boom periods and is aimed at reducing business activity in order to combat inflation.
Advantages of monetary policy Absence of internal lag (the period of time between the moment of awareness of the economic situation in the country and the moment of taking measures to improve it). No crowding out effect. Expansionary monetary policy (increasing money supply) causes a reduction in the interest rate, which leads not to crowding out, but to stimulation of investment. Multiplier effect.
Disadvantages of monetary policy Possibility of inflation. Expansionary monetary policy, i.e. An increase in the money supply leads to inflation even in the short term. The presence of an external lag due to the complexity and possible failures in the monetary transmission mechanism. The external lag represents the period of time from the moment the measures are taken until the result of their impact on the economy appears.
What is an open economic policy of the state - Economic goals of the state. –Main directions of economic policy. Monetary stabilization policy – Goals – Tools – Types – Pros and cons Stabilization fiscal policy – Goals – Tools – Types – Pros and cons Structural policy – Definition – How to understand it – Examples of structural policy – Pros and cons Questions
Fiscal policy is the government's actions to stabilize the economy by changing the amount of government budget revenues or expenditures. Fiscal policy is actions to regulate aggregate demand. The economy is regulated by influencing the amount of total expenditures. A number of fiscal policy instruments can be used to influence aggregate supply.
Fiscal policy goals: 1) stable economic growth; 2) full employment of resources (solving the problem of cyclical unemployment); 3) stable price level. Instruments of fiscal policy - expenditures and revenues of the state budget: 1) public procurement; 2) taxes; 3) transfers. Same as monetary policy
Types of fiscal policy Depending on the phase of the cycle, either stimulating or contractionary policies are applied. Expansionary fiscal policy is applied during a recession and is aimed at increasing aggregate demand. Its tools are: increasing government procurement, lowering taxes and increasing transfers. Contractionary fiscal policy is used during a boom and is aimed at reducing aggregate demand. Its tools are: reducing government purchases, increasing taxes and reducing transfers.
Impact of Fiscal Policy Instruments on Aggregate Demand Government procurement is a component of aggregate demand, so changes in it have a direct impact, while taxes and transfers have an indirect impact on aggregate demand. Increased government purchases increase aggregate demand. An increase in transfers also increases aggregate demand because household personal income increases. An increase in taxes leads to a reduction in aggregate demand.
Advantages of fiscal policy Multiplier effect (fiscal policy instruments have a multiplier effect on the value of aggregate output. Absence of external lag (external lag is the period of time between the adoption of a decision and the appearance of the first results. Availability of automatic stabilizers. Since these stabilizers are built-in, the government does not need take special measures to stabilize the economy.
Disadvantages of fiscal policy Presence of an internal lag. (this is the period of time between the need to change a policy and the decision to change it). Displacement effect. (budget expenditures during a recession to total income, which is the demand for money and the interest rate on the money market. Rise in the cost of loans to private investment, i.e. to “crowding out” part of the investment expenses of firms.
Uncertainty. Uncertainty concerns: -identification of the economic situation, -scale of impact in any given economic situation. Budget deficit. Increased purchases and transfers, i.e. budget expenditures, and tax reduction, i.e. budget revenues, which leads to an increase in the budget deficit.
What is an open economic policy of the state - Economic goals of the state. –Main directions of economic policy. Monetary stabilization policy – Goals – Tools – Types – Pros and cons Stabilization fiscal policy – Goals – Tools – Types – Pros and cons Structural policy – Definition – How to understand it – Examples of structural policy – Pros and cons Questions
About the definition Industrial policy is not an alternative to the policy of building a market economy, but only a specific tool for solving structural problems. In the West, this term rather corresponds to the term “industrial” or “sectoral” policy (as government measures to support or develop specific sectors of the economy. Examples are post-war France, Sweden in the 80s, South Korea, India, Japan, US agricultural policy .
Features of the Russian understanding In the early 90s, the term industrial policy was adopted. There was a shift in emphasis, and industrial policy was interpreted as “state policy in the field of industry” or, in fact, as “state support for industry”. As a rule, high-tech and knowledge-intensive branches of the military-industrial complex (MIC) were meant.
Peculiarities of the Russian understanding Since industrial policy results in a change in the sectoral structure of production, in Russian practice the term “structural policy” is often used as an analogue or synonym for industrial policy. In the West, “structural policy” (or more often “structural reforms”) means institutional transformations, such as privatization, monopoly reform, land reform, support for small businesses, etc.
Features of the Russian understanding Industrial policy is a set of government actions aimed at purposefully changing the structure of the economy by creating more favorable conditions for the development of priority sectors and industries. Essentially equivalent is the definition of industrial policy as discrimination by the state of some sectors in comparison with others. In both cases, we are talking about creating unequal operating conditions.
Features of the Russian understanding Industrial policy presupposes the presence of clear government priorities. Industrial policy is always an attempt to change the “natural course of events”. Industrial policy means improving the situation of some sectors of the economy due to the relative deterioration of the operating conditions of other sectors. An industrial policy can be considered successful if the benefit to the country as a whole (including both direct and indirect benefits) from the development of priority sectors is higher than the damage from slowing down the development of all others.
Examples of industrial policy World experience provides examples of at least three types of industrial policy: 1.export-oriented (creating conditions for the growth of exports of certain types of products), 2.internally oriented (protecting the domestic market and ensuring economic self-sufficiency) 3.strategic industrial policy aimed to limit the use of its own natural and non-renewable resources (oil, forest, ecology, etc.).
Examples of industrial policy Export-oriented policy - South Korea in the 60s-80s and other “tigers” of Southeast Asia, China in the 80s and 90s, partly Japan, India in the 90s, Chile in the 70s and 80s -X. Internally oriented policy - India 60s - 80s, France 50s - 70s, Japan, China, USA (in terms of agricultural policy), USSR and to a certain extent Russia. Strategic industrial policy - actions of the USA, OPEC countries.
Industrial policy: pro et contra Liberal economic theory views industrial policy as unlawful government intervention in the economy, distorting the operation of market mechanisms and preventing the optimal allocation of resources. According to prevailing views, the state is unable to determine the true points of growth.
The main arguments in favor Market mechanisms effectively remove structural imbalances only with relatively small deviations from the optimum. Eliminating “global” imbalances requires non-market measures. The decision time horizons of market actors are “shorter” than might be necessary to make optimal decisions. The social and political costs of market self-regulation without the use of special measures may turn out to be higher than the strength of the socio-political system allows.
The main arguments against Industrial policy generates more significant imbalances than those that it is intended to level out. Industrial policy involves an “unequal playing field” and creates opportunities for lobbying and corruption. Industrial policy involves the state (official) choosing “champions”, which inevitably leads, even in the absence of corruption, to mistakes and large-scale costs.
What is the open economic policy of the state - Economic goals of the state. –Main directions of economic policy. Monetary stabilization policy – Goals – Tools – Types – Pros and cons Stabilization fiscal policy – Goals – Tools – Types – Pros and cons Structural policy – Definition – How to understand it – Examples of structural policy – Pros and cons Basic concepts
Economic and social policy of the Government of the Russian Federation in the years. 1.Chairman of the Government: B.N. Yeltsin (– d) simultaneously with the post of President of the Russian Federation. 2. Gaidar E.T. (– g.) Main policy directions Beginning of radical Economic reform – “shock therapy” (January 1992) 1. A sharp decline in production. 2. Decline in living standards of a significant part of the population. 3. The emergence of unemployment. 4. Massive delays in payment of wages.
Economic and social policy of the Government of the Russian Federation in the years. 3. Chernomyrdin V.S. (g.) Main policy directions 1. Achieving commodity abundance. 2. Attracting foreign investment. 3. Stabilization of the ruble exchange rate. 3. The beginning of privatization. 1. Sharp social stratification. 2.Growth of the shadow economy. 3. The emergence of an oligarchic clan 4. The rise and collapse of financial pyramids. 5.Gangster methods of privatization. 6.Commercialization of science and culture. 7.Speculation in the GKO (state credit obligations) market in order to maintain a high ruble/dollar exchange rate. 8. Dependence on imports of consumer goods.
Economic and social policy of the Government of the Russian Federation in the years. 4.Kirienko S.V. (d.) Main policy directions An attempt to balance the state budget, an end to speculation in the GKO market. 1.Financial and banking crisis (default) on August 17, 1998. 2. Worsening of the energy crisis. An attempt to balance the state budget, an end to speculation in the GKO market. 1.Financial and banking crisis (default) on August 17, 1998. 2. Worsening of the energy crisis.
Economic and social policy of the Government of the Russian Federation in the years. 5. Primakov E.M. (g.) Main directions of policy 1. Maintaining the ruble exchange rate 2. Stabilization of the situation in society. 3.Repayment of debts on salaries and pensions. 4. Anti-corruption criminal cases. 1. The beginning of industrial growth in the country. 2.Growing tensions in relations with the West. 3. Failures in the negotiation process with the IMF.
Economic and social policy of the Government of the Russian Federation in the years. 6. Stepashin S.V. (g.) Main policy directions 1. Obtaining loans from Western countries. 2. Restructuring of debts of the former USSR. Aggravation of the situation in the North Caucasus.
Economic and social policy of the Government of the Russian Federation in the years. 7. Putin V.V. (d.) Main directions of policy Course towards stabilization of political and social relations. The beginning of the counter-terrorism operation in Chechnya and Dagestan. (August 1999) 2nd Chechen war.
Economic and social policy of the Government of the Russian Federation in the years. 8. Kasyanov M.M. (d.) Main policy directions 1. Carrying out tax reform. 2. Introduction of 13% income tax and unified social tax. 3. Beginning of pension reform. 1. Reducing the volume of barter in the economy. 2. Decrease in unemployment rate. 3.Growth of real incomes. 4. The beginning of economic growth.
Economic and social policy of the Government of the Russian Federation in the years. 9. Fradkov M. (–) Main policy directions 1. Beginning of monetization of benefits. 2. Housing and communal services reform. 3. Doubling the level of GDP by 2010 through the development of high technology. 4.Army reform. 5.Creation of a stabilization fund. 1.Increase in social benefit payments. 2. Rising prices in housing and communal services structures. 3.Growth of Central Bank reserves. 4.Containing the growth of the ruble exchange rate. 5. The beginning of the creation of Science Cities. 6.Increasing spending on the army, science and culture. 7.Changing the procedure for electing local authorities in order to monitor the effectiveness of public administration. 8.Increasing salaries for public sector employees.
Economic and social policy of the Government of the Russian Federation in the years. 10. Zubkov V. (–) Main policy directions Stable rhythm of government work during the parliamentary (December 2, 2007) and presidential (March 2008) elections in Russia. October 2007 – Vladimir Putin headed the United Russia List in the Duma elections. On December 2, United Russia received 67%. December 2007 – Vladimir Putin announces First Deputy Prime Minister D.A. Medvedev as his political successor.
The main directions of the policy of Russian President V.V. Putin in the years. 1. Strengthening the vertical of power and achieving political stability in society. 2.Creation of seven federal districts with authorized representatives of the President. 3. Changing the principle of forming the upper house of the Federal Assembly - the Federation Council and turning it into a permanent legislative body. 4.Creation of the State Council of the Russian Federation as an advisory and advisory body of the heads of constituent entities of the Russian Federation under the President of the Russian Federation. 5.Change in the procedure for electing heads of constituent entities of the Russian Federation. 6. Course towards consolidation of regions of the Russian Federation.
The main directions of the policy of Russian President V.V. Putin in the years. 1. Continuation of the course towards economic liberalization: weakening of bureaucratic guardianship and state control over business activities; taking measures to support small businesses; 2. More efficient use of budget funds in the field of social payments through monetization of benefits and targeted assistance. 3.Use of the stabilization fund to increase real incomes of public sector employees. 4.Control over the growth of tariffs in the housing and communal services sector and energy companies. 5. Guarantees of non-revision of the results of privatization in order to attract investment in production. 6.Creation of Science Cities to increase the share of exports of technology, not energy resources. 7. Strengthening the fight against terrorism. 8. January 2006 Adoption of 4 national projects: healthcare, education, housing, agriculture and measures to increase the birth rate in the country.
The main directions of the policy of Russian President V.V. Putin in the years. 1. Adoption of a new concept of Russian foreign policy based on a multipolar system of international relations. 2.Development of partnerships with all countries of the world. 3.Striving for Russia's entry into the WTO and the structure of the EEC. 4. Strengthening cooperation in the fight against international terrorism. 5. The struggle for an equal position for Russia in the European community in terms of partnership in the economy, human rights, and the position of Russian-speaking citizens in the countries of the former USSR. 6. Reform of emigration policy.
1. Stabilization of political relations and improvement of the psychological mood of citizens. Putin's popularity. 2. The collapse of financial pyramids in August 1998, which diverted funds to the speculative market from the real sector of the economy. The devaluation of the ruble means an increase in the attractiveness of Russian exports on the world market. 3. Strengthening domestic production. Revival in the military-industrial complex. Over the years of reforms, the emergence of a critical mass of enterprises operating effectively in market conditions. 4. Favorable conditions on the world oil and metals markets for domestic exporters. 5.Creation of a program to double GDP by 2010. 6.Reducing the inflation rate to 8% per year. Revival of activity in the credit and banking sector.
Slide 2
General Lesson Objectives
1. Get acquainted with the main cycles of economic development, get an idea of the cyclical nature of economic development. 2. Find out what the contribution of the Russian scientist N.D. Kondratiev to economic theory is.
Slide 3
UE-1. Tasks
1. What is the Russian economy? 2. What is a sector of the economy? 3. Give examples of economic sectors. 4: What areas is the Russian economy divided into? 5. What are the differences between areas of production? 6. What is the structure of the economy? 7. Name the leading sector of the Russian economy? 8. Why did the share of people employed in industry and non-production increase during the twentieth century and decrease in agriculture? 9. Name the 3 stages of development of society and the economy. At what stage is the Russian economy?
Slide 4
UE-2. Independent work
Studying the theory of cycles by N.D. Kondratiev
Slide 5
Slide 6
1. Clarify and write down which industries determined the development of each way of life in the corresponding cycle. 2. What determines the cyclical nature of economic development? 3. What innovations will determine the production complex of the 5th cycle? 4. Which industries during which cycles were most developed in the USSR and which ones are clearly lacking in Russia at the present stage? 5. Having considered the circuit diagrams of N.D. Kondratiev and the waves of reforms and counter-reforms, characterize any cycle (of your choice) and those historical reforms and counter-reforms that are caused by the rise and fall of the waves. 6. Predict the time frame of the next big cycle (time of the start and end of the wave, its maximum). 7. Calculate at what age you will be during the next economic depression, what segment of your life will it be, what category of labor force will you be in? What should you do to mitigate the consequences for yourself?
Slide 7
UE-3. Self-esteem
Try to evaluate the acquired knowledge and skills as follows: 1. I understood everything, I can explain the material to another. 2. I understood the material, I can explain it to someone else, but with some help from the teacher. 3. I partially understood the material. 4. I didn’t understand anything.
Slide 8
UE-4. Homework
Sum up the self-assessment points awarded for UEs 1-3. Using the resulting number, determine your homework and write it down in your diary.
Slide 9
Used sources
Kondratyev, Nikolai Dmitrievich: Material from Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia: Version 38419171, saved at 16:24 UTC October 13, 2011 // Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. - Electron. Dan. - San Francisco: Wikimedia Foundation, 2011. - Access mode: http://ru.wikipedia.org/?oldid=38419171 Dronov V.P. Geography of Russia. Population and economy. 9th grade: textbook. for educational institutions / V.P. Dronov, V.Ya. Rum. – M. Bustard, 2001. – 384 p. Zhizhina E.A. Lesson developments in geography: Population and economy of Russia: 9th grade. – M.: “VAKO”, 2005, 288 p.