Draw a big house. How to draw a house with a pencil in stages for beginners and children? How to draw a Cat's house, a winter house, voluminous, multi-storey? What tools and materials are needed in order to draw a house
Many children dream of learning how to draw a house, for example, a fairy tale hut. There is nothing difficult in drawing such a structure, therefore even a preschooler can cope with such a task, especially if his parents help him with this. Thanks to this master class, everyone will be able to understand how to draw a house with a pencil in stages, and then color it using a set of colored pencils.
Before you start drawing a hut, you need to prepare everything you need:
one). Colour pencils;
2). Mechanical pencil (or a simple sharpened one);
3). Eraser;
4). Paper.
When everything is ready, you can get to work:
one). Draw a horizon line and outline the shape of the house;
2). Draw a triangular roof;
3). Draw windows;
4). Draw the roof and chimney;
five). Draw logs;
6). Draw details such as window frames, their decor and patterns;
7). Draw the smoke that comes from the chimney, as well as the cat that climbs the roof. Draw a fence on both sides of the house. At this stage, you can finish the work if you wanted to learn how to draw a house with a pencil. But the painted drawing looks complete and more interesting;
8). Outline the sketch with a pen. Draw clouds and grass with a pen;
nine). Remove the preliminary sketch with an eraser;
10). Color the frames with a light brown pencil, and windows with yellow;
eleven). Use brown and dark brown pencils to paint over the logs;
12). Light brown color the top of the pipe and the round elements of the logs. Paint over the chimney and patterns on the house in red, and red-brown on the decor of the windows and the roof;
13). Color the fence with an emerald-colored pencil, and a cat with an orange one;
14). in green shade the grass, and blue - the sky and clouds.
Now you know how to draw a house step by step and then color it with colored pencils. Of course, you can make a house drawing bright not only with a set of colored pencils, but also using watercolor or gouache. This is one of the easy options.
A house is an architectural structure, so when drawing it in stages, you first need to build a general drawing of the house, and only then start "building" and adding other parts of the house to the picture. When drawing a house, you cannot do without a ruler, and, of course, a pencil. The house should look symmetrical, so you need to accurately measure the height, width, etc. using a ruler.
The house can be depicted in different ways, for example, make a roof of tiles, draw double doors, or add a fireplace chimney lined with bricks. Draw these "little things" according to your desire, but any house must have a foundation, walls, a roof and doors with windows. If you follow these rules, then the lesson how to draw a house it will be very easy for you.
1. General drawing of the house
To create a drawing of a house, first draw a rectangle. Measure more than half of the space inside it and draw a vertical line at this point. She will divide the house into two parts, an entrance hall and a living room. The purpose of this lesson is to learn how to see the proportions of the house, my drawing does not have to be copied, you can choose a different layout of the house for your drawing.
2. Contours of the roof and doors
Inside the left half of the house, draw, in the middle of the roof line, the point of its top. From the end of the right line, draw a horizontal line all the way to the end of the house itself, this will separate the roof from the walls. On the right side of the picture, draw a rectangle for the future door.
3. How to draw windows
You see that by drawing a house in stages, with the help of a ruler, everything turns out quickly and evenly. And as soon as you draw the windows and the foundation, the picture of the house will be almost ready. At the bottom of the picture, draw a line for the foundation, it must be in any house. Circle the contours of the roof with additional parallel lines. In the living room, draw two rectangles for the windows.
4. Adding More Details to the Drawing of the House
Now you need to slightly "cut" the roof on both sides, making a slight slope for it. The roofs of houses are rarely straight, builders are always trying to give it an interesting, unusual shape. "Cut" the roof with oblique lines in two places. Circle the windows and the door with additional lines along the contour. At the bottom of the house, add another plane for its bottom. Near the dividing vertical line, draw a rectangle with a small other rectangle on top, this shape will serve as a chimney. Draw a line connecting the roof to the wall on the left side under the roof.
5. How to draw a house. The final stage
Make parallel lines on the front of the roof with a pencil to create the effect of laid out boards. Draw jumpers in the windows. Draw a doorway from two halves. At the bottom of the entrance, draw a threshold. "Make" the foundation of brick, dividing the general contour into cells. The roof also needs to be decorated. It is best to draw the details of the tiles for this. It takes a little effort, but house drawing will be more beautiful. The chimney will also be made of brick.
Video of drawing a country house in 3D perspective.
6. Color picture of the house
When drawing a house, one cannot do without the surrounding landscape, consisting of trees, grass, blue sky, bright yellow of the sun, domestic animals, people, etc. Be sure to color the picture of the house at your discretion with colored pencils or paints.
Drawing a house, a castle is a good lesson for learning to draw. Ordinary with a simple pencil step by step you will learn how to draw the proportions of the building, create a perspective for the landscape surrounding the house, learn how to add volume to the walls with the help of shadows and lines.
The tree quite often becomes the object of children's drawings. After all, what is the drawing of a house without trees. But a tree is not as easy to draw as it seems, so it is better for novice artists to draw a tree in stages and at first with a simple pencil.
It is beautiful when trees grow near the house, flower beds are broken. When drawing a house, be sure to draw flowers nearby.
First of all, a few tips on drawing technique. Some people have a habit of drawing broken lines, and sometimes tracing them. Try to learn how to draw lines in one motion, don't be afraid to make a mistake.
A beloved cat at home on the couch, a cat in boots from a favorite fairy tale or a beloved cat often become characters in children's drawings. In addition, such pictures can be a good decoration for a child's room. But in order to draw a cat correctly, let's learn a little.
St. Bernard is a bad guard at home, but a reliable friend. He will not diligently bark at a stranger who has come into the house, but he will save a person covered with a snow avalanche. In this lesson, we will learn how to draw a St. Bernard dog step by step with a pencil.
03.11.2017
How to draw a roof plan. The subtleties of preparing a pitched roof plan. Stages of drawing up a drawing
In low-rise buildings, as a rule, attic pitched roofs on wooden rafters with a crate. bias roof is accepted depending on the material of the roof and the area of construction. The minimum slopes of steel roofs are 14°, tiled roofs are 27°, corrugated asbestos-cement sheets are 18°. In areas with heavy snow cover, roof slopes of more than 30 ° should be taken.
The forms of attic roofs are determined by the outlines of the building in plan and the desire for architectural expressiveness. Roofs can be single-pitched, gable (the most commonly used), four-pitched (tent, hip, half-hip) and multi-pitched.
Drainage from the roof can be unorganized or organized. With an organized drain, the number of downpipes is taken at the rate of 1-1.5 cm 2 of the pipe section per 1 m 2 of the roof. The optimal distance between the drain pipes is 15-20 m. The removal of the roof eaves with an unorganized drain should be at least 500 mm, with an organized drain - at least 300 mm.
The load-bearing structures of the roof consist of rafters made of logs, beams or boards. The choice of the scheme of roof rafters is made depending on the width of the building and the nature of the location of the internal walls (supports), in accordance with the roof plan.
If there are internal load-bearing walls in the building plan, apply layered rafters, the main bearing elements of which
- rafter legs - work like obliquely laid beams, with the upper end resting on the ridge run, and the lower end on the Mauerlat of the outer walls. The maximum length of the rafter legs is no more than 6.5 m. If there are no intermediate supports in the building, then apply hanging rafters, representing simplest form truss truss, where the inclined rafter legs transmit thrust to the horizontal tightening.
The section of the elements of the rafters is taken constructively, by analogy with typical parts and textbook data. In order to avoid condensation and freezing of the insulation on the attic floor, it is necessary to provide through ventilation of the attic through dormer windows. Particular attention should be paid to the location of the Mauerlats, girders, racks, the development of nodes and the linking of the mates of individual roof elements to each other.
The gable roof system is a classic mansard roof design. They belong to the most common type of engineering solutions - tongs.
Important! Broken mansard roofs are variations of gable roofs. They can be located symmetrically and asymmetrically, be in one and two levels.
The optimal angle of inclination of a gable roof is 30-60 degrees. The sloping roof version reduces the total load on the load-bearing walls, distributing it over the surface. The advantage of this design is resistance to various weather conditions. The hip roof system is a four-pitched type of roof. The end surfaces (hips) are triangular in shape, the pitched surfaces are trapezoidal. There are modifications:
- Danish roof - combines in its design a gable and hip roof;
- half-hipped roof.
Hip roof truss system
A hipped roof system is a four-pitched roof, consisting of four isosceles triangles, closing with their vertices in one place. Very well suited for square buildings. A necessary condition for the construction of such a structure is the symmetry of all elements. The multi-gable roofing system is a complex multi-angled structure. May be at different levels. Such a system evenly distributes the load on the roof surface. It has a large number of internal and external angles of inclination with different values, as well as a large number of ribs-slopes.Dome (conical) roofing system - suitable for round structures. It is extremely rarely used in the construction of attic houses. But it looks great when building round turrets.
Advantages and disadvantages of pitched roofs
by the most simple option in the installation is a pitched roof. Reinforced concrete slabs can be used as a material for construction. However, a more common mounting option is using a truss system. Advantages of shed truss roof structures:
- You can do the installation yourself.
- Light weight construction. Suitable for houses with light foundations.
- It is mounted both on high-rise buildings and structures, and on small outbuildings on a private plot.
- It is easy to equip the attic.
- In open windy areas, single-slope structures with a small angle of inclination are used.
The disadvantages of single-slope structures include:
- Low resistance to snow loads.
- Increased waterproofing to prevent leaks. Permanent seasonal inspection and repair of small cracks and pits.
- Bulky appearance designs.
One of the simplest roof structures is a shed roof, its construction is within the power of even slightly experienced builders.
The most optimal angle of inclination of a shed roof is an angle of 45 degrees. It is recommended to construct such roofs in the southern windy dry areas. The arrangement of a shed roof in the northern snowy regions is highly discouraged.
Rules for installing the truss system
Rafter roofing systems are built according to the following rules:
- The cross section of the beams cannot be less than 100x100 mm.
- Mandatory waterproofing.
- The load-bearing units fixed with brackets must be additionally fastened with steel strapping.
- The moisture content of wooden elements should not exceed 10%.
- All wooden elements are necessarily treated with an antiseptic and mosquito repellents.
Important! The best rafter material is needles. It is the most resistant to the atmospheric influence of the climatic environment.
Additionally, wooden elements are covered with fire-fighting agents. The general scheme for installing a roof truss system:
- arrangement of the frame;
- installation of rafters.
The truss roof structure is tightly and securely fixed. Then stepped recesses of the walls are mounted. After that, work on thermal insulation and waterproofing of the roof is carried out. After their completion, they begin to install the crate and lay the selected roofing. Then mortise or dormer roof windows are installed and internal and external finishing work is carried out.
Building a house with a mansard roof
Stages of installation of the truss frame
- The top beam is laid. All elements are fastened with staples and tied with steel. This will be the rafter frame.
- Mauerlat installation. It is this system that is the main one for the entire roof of the attic. Boards 50 mm thick and bars 100x150 mm are used. Along the perimeter of the walls, a beam is strengthened and sheathed with a board, additionally tied with steel.
- A layer of waterproofing is laid under the bars.
- Rafter legs are raised. Marks are applied to the Mauerlat in increments of 15 cm and the bars are nailed.
- Edge rafter legs are attached to the pediment. It is very important at this stage that the edge of the rafters make a straight line.
- A level rope is attached to the rafters and the remaining rafters are installed.
- The straps are joined together. A ridge beam is attached.
The rafter roofing system is completed. It remains to equip the crate, lay a hydro-barrier and insulation. The roof has been installed. Installation of the roof truss systemhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gm9xv9JLozQ
Stages of drawing up a project drawing
The drawing of the roof for the attic begins with the choice of its shape, and the definition of the section of the rafters and the installation step.
- To determine the size of the rafter legs, the following parameters are taken into account:
- slope angle;
- roofing material;
- climatic features of the area in which construction is underway.
- The next step is to determine the number of rafters. According to the design of the truss roof, it can be both inclined and hanging. Before designing, you must select the type of structure.
- Calculation of the roof sheathing. Allocate:
- continuous bituminous roll covering;
- ordinary sheet (wavy) coating.
- The number of parts for fastening, other auxiliary thrust elements is calculated.
Mansard roof with layered and hanging rafters, with the removal of the bottom of the rafters beyond the wall
The drawing should include not only the visual performance of the roof structure, but also contain the following data:
- joining the roof with the parapet with a clamping profile;
- joining the roof with a parapet without a clamping profile;
- slope docking scheme;
- mansard roof layout with a door opening;
- calculation of the number of wooden elements of building materials and the amount of roofing;
- gutter equipment and snow-retaining elements.
Important! If you align the angles of inclination of the upper and lower slopes of the mansard roof, then in appearance it will resemble the classic design of a gable roof. At the same time, the scheme of the load-bearing thrust structure itself will remain unchanged in the standard version, which is used for broken roof structures.
When drawing a broken mansard roof, it is necessary to carefully calculate the dimensions of all structural elements. It is also necessary to remember about the reliability, durability and safety of the roof in the operation of the house. Calculation scheme of the attic roof https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RWu2HiFXGpM
Drawing Executors
Each house is individual. Therefore, the drawing of a broken roof structure is carried out individually, taking into account the peculiarities of the region. Of course, you can do a roof drawing yourself if you are one hundred percent sure of your own expertise. SNIP standards when drawing up a drawing of a roof project are used by many construction design organizations. This avoids accidents. That is why it is recommended to transfer the work of drawing up a drawing to specialist developers. Construction of a mansard multi-pitched roofhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LxeBA1cIkIw
When building a private house, it is important to think through all the nuances that may arise in the process of work, as well as initially determine what the appearance of the finished building will be. This can be done using the services of an experienced designer. But at the stage of creating a drawing, not only the type of foundation and the area of \u200b\u200bthe future house is determined, but also the type of roof that will be used. Remember that no house will last long, and living in it will never be comfortable, unless you carefully plan and equip the roof. Before starting work on creating a roof, it is necessary to design it, as well as calculate the area of \u200b\u200bthe structure. Experts in the construction industry argue that if you correctly approach this issue, the arrangement of the roof will not only be quick, but will also make installation work much easier and cheaper. It is extremely important to determine correctly the main elements of the section, so that during the implementation of the project it would not be necessary to make any adjustments and edits, redoing everything anew.
After developing the scheme, it is necessary to determine the most acceptable material that will be used to create the roof of the building. Do not forget that this range of work is strictly regulated by the regulatory requirements of the current standards. In this article, we will look at everything you need to know when arranging a roof, as well as exactly how a plan should be created. flat roof.
General information about the design of the project
The graphical part of the calculations must necessarily visualize the entire range of work performed. The customer is provided with a flat roof roofing plan, a design drawing, certification, as well as other necessary documentation, if it is necessary for the implementation of the project. Today, a roofing scheme must be created if the building is equipped with an external drain. If you decide to give preference to the internal type, and the building itself is not capital, then you can refuse to create a technical drawing. Thanks to the view of the house from above, it is easy to determine the geometric characteristics of the floor, the installation features of the installation of load-bearing structures, as well as other components of the object.
As an addition to the drawings, there is a diagram of the arrangement of the gable, which clearly lists the design parameters. If the project requires cutting sheets, it is important to provide information about this. Especially responsibly, one should approach the creation of drawings of a pitched roof, which make it possible to visualize the dimensions of the sheets, as well as the consumption of the material to be used.
Benefits of a flat roof
Of course, all people who decide to take on the construction of their own home often face the problem of choosing the most optimal type of roof. It is safe to say that the use of a flat roof in a building project will make the appearance of the finished house really stylish and modern. In addition, this type of design is easy to install and is considered a budget option. But do not forget about one significant drawback of this roof, which is that it is highly susceptible to the influence of environmental factors and needs thorough waterproofing work.
What you need to know about flat roofing
Below we list the main requirements that are put forward for this type of structure, namely:
Since precipitation should in no case accumulate on the roof surface, there should still be a slope. To ensure the durability of the structure and the reliability of the roof itself, it must be no less than 2%. The best option is 10-15 degrees.
If your area is characterized by prolonged and heavy rains or a large amount of precipitation in the cold season, then in this case only one slope is not enough. It is important to consider the creation of a complete drainage system. It can be both external and internal. One riser is able to serve a plot of about 150-200 square meters.
In suburban housing construction, often external drains are created using special overflow windows, which are equipped at the level of the roof storm water inlet. If the drain lines do not intersect, it is strongly recommended to display the perimeter of the facade in the roof plan.
It is important to note that the projects of private cottages often do not contain information about the angle of inclination, in this case, to correct the designer's mistake, you do not need to redo all the work again, but you just need to form a slope using various bulk materials, as well as screeds or slabs from polystyrene.
The subtleties of preparing a pitched roof plan
To begin with, it is worth noting that a pitched roof is a roof that is a prefabricated structure of sheets with a slope of no more than 10%. Given the design features, construction experts distinguish two types of roofing - with or without an attic. The most common and popular option is a roof consisting of 2 slopes. This design can be applied to any structure. In the context, it resembles a triangle, and the finished scheme should contain detailed information about such indicators as: length, location of each of the elements, as well as the section. It is extremely important during the design process to determine the principle of fixing the nodes, as well as fix this in the regulatory and technical documentation for the facility.
in this case, the arrow is made with main lines 2 ... 4 mm long, drawn at an angle of 45 ° to the extension line. Marks are located to the left of the facade along one vertical line; the shelf above which the numerical value of the mark is placed must be turned away from the image.
9. Circle the facade with solid thin lines; draw the ground level line with a solid main line and bring it beyond the contours of the facade by 15 ... 20 mm.
10. Above the completed facade, write the name of the image, in which you indicate the extreme axes, for example "FACADE 1-9»
An example of the implementation of the facade is given in App. 4.6.
Plan rafters to execute in M 1:200
1. Apply coordinate axes:
Their designations.
distance between them.
Distance between extreme axes.
2. Draw the inner border of the outer wall, observing the binding.
3. To the outside of the coordinate axis, set aside the width of the eaves.
4. Along the perimeter of the building, we lay the mauerlat on the inner edge of the outer wall.
5. In the corners of the building, we install crossbars to support the diagonal rafter legs.
6. From the corners of the building at an angle of 45 ° we draw diagonal rafter legs.
7. On the inner walls we lay the lower run (lying) above them we lay the lower run.
8. We lay out the rafter legs, starting from the support node through 1200-2000 mm, resting them on the Mauerlat at one end.
9. We install the racks starting from the support node, after 3-6 m.
10 We lay the shortened rafter legs in a checkerboard pattern along the diagonal rafter legs.
11. For the device of the cornice to each rafter leg and ... we attach the filly, and to the diagonal rafter legs on both sides.
On the plan of the rafters dotted line we depict ventilation and a frame for dormer windows.
Figure 10 - Plan of the rafters
An example of a rafter scheme is given in App. 4.7.
Roof plan to be executed in M 1:200
Pitched roof plan:
2. Use thin dashed lines to draw the outer edge of the outer walls, observing their binding to the axes.
3. Show the lines of the roof cuts (slopes), observing the amount of overhang (overhang) of the eaves.
4. Show the lines of the sloping ribs (at an angle of 45 °) and valleys, the line of the roof ridge.
5. Depict dormer windows that serve to exit to the roof, to illuminate and ventilate the attic.
6. Draw ventilation pipes in projection connection with the floor plan.
7. Depict, if required, a roof fence around the perimeter. The fence is installed for the safety of repair work and cleaning the roof from snow. The height of the fence is not less than 0.6 m. The fences on the roof should be provided for:
In buildings with a roof slope of up to 12% inclusive, the height from ground level to the cornice (parapet) is more than 10 m;
In buildings with a roof slope of more than 12% with a height of more than 7 m;
For exploitable flat roofs, regardless of the height of the building.
Fences are made of round or strip steel in the form of welded gratings, fixed on steel racks with braces. Steel racks and struts are installed on top of the roof and nailed to the roof sheathing. Under the legs of the racks and struts for reliable waterproofing, special gaskets made of sheet rubber are placed.
8. An external organized drainage system should be designed and gutters and downspouts should be depicted on the roof plan. The distance between the external drainpipes should be taken no more than 24 m; the cross-sectional area of the drainpipe should be taken at the rate of 1.5 cm 2 per 1 m 2 of the roof area (SNB 5.08.01-2000. Roofs).
Calculate the number of downpipes. Specify the diameter of the downpipe D, for example D= 13 cm.
Find the cross-sectional area of the pipe S pipes according to the formulas:
S pipes = πR 2
or S pipes \u003d πD 2 / 4, if the pipe is round,
S pipes \u003d 3.14 × 13 2 / 4 \u003d 132.665 ~ 133 cm 2
It is possible to accept pipes and rectangular cross-section. Calculate the area of the roof S roofs.
Calculate how much roof area one downpipe will serve:
1.5 cm 2 pipes - 1m 2 roofs,
133 cm 2 pipes - X m 2 roofs,
X \u003d 133 / 1.5 \u003d 88 m 2.
Number of drainpipes:
N pipes = S roofs /88.
Place this number of drainpipes evenly around the perimeter of the roof in characteristic places; draw them on the plan, tie the axes to the coordinating axes.
The decision on what will be the gutters (wall or suspended), make your own.
Flat roof plan:
1. Apply the coordination axes, their designations, the distances between them and between the extreme axes.
2. Depict the parapet of the outer walls, the parapet of the wall at the place of the height difference of the building.
3. Draw ventilation pipes in projection connection with the floor plan.
4. Draw a shaft for access to the roof.
5. Depict, if necessary, fire escapes.
On each section of the roof, limited by walls, there must be at least two water intake funnels. Number of funnels N take on the basis that one funnel serves at least 800 m 2 of the roof:
N=S roofing /800.
If the area of the non-exploited roof plot is less than 700 m 2, and the roof with landscaping is less than 500 m 2, it is allowed to install one funnel with a diameter of at least 100 mm (SNB 5.08.01-2000).
7. Place the funnels on the roof surface in such a way that the storm sewer risers pass through the auxiliary premises of the building (stairwells, bathrooms, vestibules, corridors, etc.). In the thickness of the walls, the installation of downpipes is not allowed. Draw funnels in circles, tie their axes to the nearest coordination axes of the building.
We draw a beautiful country house in just 20 minutes.
For this you will need:
Paper;
.Simple pencil;
Definitely a line!
Eraser;
Colored pencils;
Our lesson.
This lesson consists of 10 step-by-step tips. Let's get down to drawing our big house:
Stage 1. The house itself will consist of two parts: front and back. We start drawing from the front of the house. Using a ruler, we draw an auxiliary frame for the front of our house as follows:
Stage 4. We erase the auxiliary lines with an eraser, and proceed to drawing the second part of the house. We now draw auxiliary lines for this part of the house, in the picture below they are highlighted in green.
Stage 5. Now, similarly to the first part of the house, we also draw the second part of the house, i.e. we add some straight lines to the auxiliary frame, they are highlighted in red in the picture below.
Stage 6. Now we draw windows and doors on this part of the house. To make the door and windows even, it is better to draw them with a ruler.
Stage 7. Our house is ready. We erase all auxiliary lines.
Stage 8. At this stage, we need to draw the ground on which our house stands, as well as the fence. It will be quite difficult to draw a fence. For the convenience of drawing, we increased the fence in some parts
Stage 9. It remains to finish the various greenery in the backyard of the house in this way:
Before you start drawing a house, you need to carefully lookon it: is it high or low, where is the door located, how many windows are in the house, how many floors. Let's look at the roof of the house. Let's start with drawing general form house, from its facade (that is, the view of the house when you look at it directly and see only one wall and roof). We outline the height and length of the house, the size of the window and its place. We will do the same with the door. Make sure that the lines of the windows, the lower edge of the roof and the base of the house are horizontal. Windows can be drawn as squares in straight lines from top to bottom and from left to right.
If we draw
multi-storey building, then note that the windows are on the same vertical
lines (top row above bottom). In addition, all windows of one floor are
usually at the same height, on the same horizontal line.
How best to place a house on a sheet
paper so that it is not very small: in the length of the sheet or in the width?
When we draw people, we think
how big should they be compared to the house. look at the pictures and
tell me where the artist drew correctly and where not.