Primary colors include: What are primary colors, secondary colors, tertiary colors? Every hunter wants to know...
Since the beginning of this school year I have a new resolution - to write regularly on LJ. Let's see how long I can last.
To start somewhere, I decided to start with color. It is color that catches our eye first when we look at something.
If we start completely from the beginning, then color is electromagnetic waves of different lengths. The eye catches them, and the brain converts them into color sensations. Since color perception is a subjective characteristic, each person sees colors differently. At the same time, everyone’s visual apparatus is structured the same, so we see colors, although in our own way, but very similarly. The light wave itself has no color. Color appears only when this wave is perceived by the eye and brain. This or that color appears in the process of absorption of light waves. Black color absorbs all light waves, and White color on the contrary, it reflects all waves. A blue cup, for example, absorbs all light rays and reflects only blue light.
Color can be chromatic or achromatic. Achromatic color has no color tone, it is white, black and gray. Accordingly, chromatic color is all other colors.
Primary, secondary and tertiary colors.
Many colors and shades can be obtained by mixing small amounts of paint. At one time, the desire to decompose everything into elements led to the isolation of primary colors. Primary or base colors are colors that cannot be created by mixing. There are three primary colors: red, yellow and blue. If you mix them, you get black.
Secondary colors are obtained by mixing two primary colors:
Red + blue
Red + yellow
Yellow + blue
Tertiary colors are made by mixing a primary and an adjacent secondary color.
Thus, we got twelve colors, from which we can get countless different shades.
Color circle
Waves of color flow smoothly into each other, creating a continuous range of colors.
And if we imagine this spectrum in the form of a circle, we get a color wheel - a very important tool for artists, designers and everyone who works with color. Including stylists.
The most used is the two-dimensional Itten circle
and three-dimensional Munsell circle
In a two-dimensional circle, you can clearly see how the colors are located in relation to each other. This is a reminder to help you create different color combinations.
The 3D circle shows a color change. This brings us to color characteristics.
There are three generally accepted characteristics of color:
- tone (Hue) - determines the color. Red, orange, green, etc. Right here we're talking about about warm and cool colors.
- brightness (Saturation) - determines the addition of gray to the main color. Pure color is bright, with additions of gray it is soft.
- with lightness - determines the admixture of white or black in the main pigment.
Warm colors - These are the colors located on the chromatic circle, starting with yellow and ending with red-violet. However, given the phenomenon of one color influencing another, for example, red-violet may appear warmer if it is located next to a cool one green, and colder if a warm color, such as orange, is located next to it.
Cool colors - These colors range from blue-violet to yellow-green. However, yellow-green can appear cooler next to red and warmer next to blue.
Light or pale colors - These are colors containing varying amounts of white.
Dark colors - These are colors that contain black or complementary colors.
Bright or saturated colors - These are colors that, in principle, do not contain white, gray, black, or additional colors. But this concept is relative, since, for example, the bright colors of the blue range do not end with pure blue; saturated colors also include blues containing white or black. In contrast, orange containing black is considered a dull color because it turns brownish.
Dull colors - These are colors that contain some amount of gray or complementary colors.
Concepts of primary, secondary and tertiary colors
Primary colors(Figure 1) the primary natural colors of light and the primary colors of pigments (used in painting and printing) are separated. These are colors that are not created by mixing. If you mix the primary red, blue and green rays, you get white light. If you mix the primary colors of magenta, cyan and yellow - the colors of the pigments - you get black.
Figure 1 - Natural colors
(Figure 2) are obtained by mixing two primary colors. Secondary colors of light include: magenta, yellow and cyan (greenish blue). The secondary colors of the pigments are red, green and purple.
Figure 2 - Secondary colors
Tertiary colors: are formed by mixing primary and secondary colors. These include orange, crimson, light green, bright blue, emerald green, dark purple.
Additional colors (Figure 3): located on opposite sides of the chromatic circle. So, for example, for red, green is complementary (obtained by mixing two primary colors - yellow and cyan (greenish blue). And for blue, orange is complementary (obtained by mixing yellow and magenta).
Figure 3 - Munsell chromatic circle
The Munsell system describes color based on three indicators: hue, lightness and saturation (Figure 4).
Key - this is, for example, yellow or blue.
Lightness shows at what grayscale level (vertical axis) the color is located.
Saturation: shows at what distance from the vertical axis in the horizontal plane the tone is located.
Thus, in the Munsell system, colors are arranged in three dimensions and have the appearance of a tree. The barrel (vertical axis) represents a scale with gradations of gray (from black at the bottom to white at the top). The tones are located on a chromatic circle, which is, as it were, “implanted” on a vertical axis. The horizontal axes show the saturation of tones.
Figure 4 - Munsell system
Passion for color
What is a color wheel for?
Color wheel demonstrates interaction subtractive colors together.
This is the main tool for a colorist when working with color.
The color wheel is a colorist’s color model that allows you to understand how colors interact with each other and use this knowledge in your work. The better you understand the color wheel, the more you study it, the more and more interesting working with color becomes. Checked!
Studying the color wheel is the basis of all further knowledge about hair coloring. Understanding the color wheel determines your perception of color.
The color wheel demonstrates primary and secondary subtractive colors and describes how they interact with each other. This makes it the main tool when working with color. We all studied the color wheel at the beginning of our careers, but not everyone paid enough attention to it, considering this information to be of secondary importance.
Primary and Secondary colors
Primary colors are colors that cannot be obtained by mixing others.By mixing these three colors you can get all other colors and their shades. In the subtractive color model we are talking about, the primary colors are Cyan, Magenta and Yellow.
In describing color theory in relation to hair coloring, it is impossible to use pure cyan and pure magenta (they are not used in the production of dyes), so the colors closest to them are blue and red.
Secondary colors are obtained by mixing primary colors in equal proportions
These six colors form the basis of the color wheel.
3. Tertiary colors
Mixing one primary and one secondary color in equal proportions produces a color called tertiary: yellow-orange, red-orange, red-violet, blue-violet, blue-green, yellow-green. These colors are also called intermediate colors.
Color circle
Primary colors do not have the same intensityOn color wheel you can see that not all primary colors have the same intensity.
The influence of red on the color result of a composition will always be more noticeable than the influence of yellow.
There will be fewer intermediate colors visible to the eye in the yellow-orange spectrum than in the blue-green spectrum.
Colors that have different tones, with other characteristics being equal, are perceived by us with different lightness. The yellow tone itself is the lightest, and blue or blue-violet is the darkest.
Complementary colors have 2 contradictory effects:
- Mutual neutralization
- Enhance each other's brightness
Every color has a complementary color. This is a color that occupies the opposite position on the color wheel.
Both effects can be used in color design. The ability to use these effects expands the colorist's capabilities.
How it works?
1. If you mix 2 complementary colors of equal intensity, they will mutually neutralize each other, the color result should be neutral, gray-brown.
This effect is very useful in the daily practice of a hairdresser and is often called the neutralization effect.
2. However, if you place these two colors next to each other in a sector coloring so that they do not mix, the effect will be the opposite: the colors will be visually perceived brighter than they are, and you will get maximum contrast. In this way, you can highlight one color as much as possible by placing it “against the background” of another color that is complementary to it.
Chromatic and achromatic colors
Chromatic colors are pure colors that do not contain white, black and gray.
The color wheel only shows chromatic colors.
When two primary colors are mixed, a different chromatic color is obtained. Chromatic colors are colors that do not contain admixtures of white, black and gray.
Achromatic colors
White and black are primary achromatic colors; All shades of gray obtained by mixing white and black are secondary achromatic colors.White and Black are achromatic colors. These colors are not included in the color wheel.
According to their characteristics, they have the status of primary colors.
All shades of gray obtained by mixing white and black are secondary achromatic colors. By using achromatic colors we add depth to chromatic colors.
How is depth of tone created?
By mixing all three primary colors or two primary colors with black, the desired depth is achieved. We can get any shade by mixing chromatic and achromatic colors: red and yellow with black or gray.
By mixing three primary colors or two primary colors with black, the desired depth of tone is achieved. In theory, the end result of mixing three primary colors in maximum concentration will be black. In practice (both in hair coloring and in printing), the result of such mixing will be very dark gray-brown color, since the pigments used are not pure primary colors.
Adding depth to a color inevitably reduces the brightness of a relatively pure primary color. Therefore, colors that have depth can be called dull.
All artificial hair colors, as well as natural ones, are dull colors.
The more depth we add, the darker the result and the less bright the hue will be.
Natural hair color is also a combination of chromatic and achromatic colors (pheomelanin and eumelanin).
On the color wheel, neutral chromatic colors are located in the center.
When coloring your hair, you need to understand the effect of tone depth on color. The character of any color will change as its depth changes.
Hint: reproducing Itten's table helps to train color perception.
This table allows you to evaluate the change in hue as its depth changes and compare different colors of the same tone depth. You can reproduce the table using cut cards or using strands of hair from the palette.
For example: the shade that we used to call Chocolate is essentially a dark orange color.
Rich chocolate tone is a combination of color and depth. If there is not enough depth, the color will become close to orange.
If you apply a medium brown chocolate shade to a light base like 7-0, the lack of depth will result in a brighter, more orange shade.
Green, blue and purple conventionally belong to the group of cool (matte) shades. Red, orange and yellow belong to the group of warm (fashionable) shades.
Grey/blue-violet = Sandre
Grey/Blue = Ash
Olive/Blue = Matte
Yellow = Golden
Orange = Copper
Red = Red
Magenta = Violet
The color wheel has changed to reflect modern terminology and practice and more accurately reflect the rules of working with color. Some color names differ from the original names to suit the results obtained. For example, painting with ashy shades gives a muted ashen result rather than a bright one. Blue colour.
Knowing the exact positions of shades on the color wheel helps when creating a color formula.
Having learned to work with this tool, you will be able to create coloring formulas, accurately predicting the final color result. But do not forget that the result of coloring will be affected not only by the formula you create, but also by the lightening background, to calculate which you need to understand what will happen to natural pigments during the coloring process.
A little history: In 1666, during the great plague, when the University of Cambridge was closed, I. Newton had to engage in scientific experiments at home, in particular, these were experiments in studying the nature of light. Having darkened the window and leaving a small hole in it, Newton placed a glass prism in front of the sun's ray penetrating through this hole. A white beam of light, passing through a prism, turned into a successive series of colors, which were displayed on a screen located behind the prism.
Thus, thanks to the evil irony of fate - the great plague of the 17th century, which gave Newton the opportunity to escape from pressing university affairs and take up the problem of color that had long interested him, humanity came closer to a scientific definition of the nature of color. Exactly, it came close, as it is stunningly beautiful a natural phenomenon has caused numerous disputes among scientists over subsequent centuries and still brings new mysteries.
1.Color theory
Color is a physical phenomenon that is formed by the refraction of light.
Light in the form of ordinary daylight is perceived by our eyes as “white” i.e. colorless light. In fact, it actually consists of a number of colors: Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple.
Without a doubt, you have at least once seen a rainbow after a rain, a multi-colored stripe encircling the sky. Why do we see so many colors in a rainbow? We know that sunlight is a combination of colored rays of light, and different colors are refracted in different ways. In other words, the light is split, i.e. the phenomenon of diffraction takes place.
To perceive color you need 3 conditions:
1. Light source
2. Reflective surface
3. Human eye
Colors are divided into:
1.Chromatic - all the colors of the rainbow
2.Achromatic - white and black
Different colors are created by light waves, which are a specific type of electromagnetic energy.
The human eye can only perceive light at wavelengths between 400 and 700 millimicrons.
1 micron or 1 micron = 1/1000mm = 1/1000000m
1 millimicron or 1mmk = 1/1000000mm
The wavelengths corresponding to the individual colors of the spectrum, the corresponding frequencies (number of vibrations per second) for each spectral color have the following characteristics:
Color Wavelength in n/m Purity of vibrations per second
RED 800 - 650 400 – 470 billion.
ORANGE 640 - 510 470 – 520 billion.
YELLOW 580 - 550 520 – 590 billion
GREEN 530 – 490 590 – 650 billion.
BLUE 480 - 460 650 – 700 billion.
BLUE 450 – 440 700 – 760 billion.
VIOLET 430 - 390 760 – 800 billion.
Light waves themselves have no color. Color appears only when these waves are perceived by the human eye and brain. The color of objects arises mainly in the process of wave absorption. A red vessel appears red because it absorbs all other colors of the light spectrum except red.
White - reflection color. An object is perceived as white because it reflects all the colors of the rainbow. Black- absorption color. An object is perceived as black because it absorbs all the colors of the rainbow.
Objects of any color other than black and white reflect all colors of the spectrum and reflect all colors of the spectrum and absorb only the complementary color to the color the object receives.
EXAMPLE: A green object illuminated by daylight will reflect all components of light and absorb rays of red light, which is the complementary color of green.
Therefore, we can say that since color is a reflection, a light source is necessary for its formation. If there is no light, then there is no color; in the dark, all colors are black.
All chromatic colors existing in the world are based on only 3 basic colors: RED, BLUE, YELLOW, and only the correct mixing proportions and concentration of dyes are decisive in the appearance of a particular shade. If colors that are “nearby” are mixed, then a color of a completely different nature appears. Yellow and red make orange, blue and red make purple, while blue and yellow make green.
Chromatic colors are divided into primary and derived colors.
Primary colors - red, blue and yellow are the basis of all chromatic colors and in fact no color exists without them. Primary colors are the main components of hair dyes.
Derived colors are divided into secondary, tertiary, etc. Secondary colors are obtained by mixing two primary (primary) colors.
Red + yellow = orange
Red + blue = purple
Blue + yellow = green
Tertiary colors - by adding a secondary color to one of the two primary colors that form it, we get new colors, which we will call tertiary.
FOR EXAMPLE: purple + red = mahogany
Purple + blue = pearl
Various proportions of a mixture of primary and secondary colors form an innumerable number of intermediate shades.
The nature of the color is warm or cold colors. Warm colors: yellow and red; cold - blue. If a color is dominated by yellow or red, then this color is warm; if blue is dominant, it is a cool color.
Neutralization of color– an important feature of chromatic colors is the ability to mutually neutralize (complement). For each chromatic color (except brown) there is an additional color, which, when combined with the original color, gives a gray, taupe color.
Violet
neutralizes Yellow
Red
neutralizes Green
Blue
neutralizes Orange
The definition of primary colors depends on how we intend to reproduce the color. The colors visible when sunlight is split by a prism are sometimes called spectral colors. These are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet.
b
V
Figure 1.9 - Three types of flowers:
A- primary colors; b– secondary colors; V– tertiary colors
The color wheel is obtained by combining the main - primary, additional - secondary and tertiary colors. The primary colors are red, yellow and blue. To make secondary colors, we mix one color with another. Yellow and red give us orange, red and blue give us magenta, and blue and yellow give us green. What are tertiary colors? Simply take the primary color and add the adjacent secondary color to it. This means that there are six tertiary colors (two colors from each primary color). (Figure 1.9)
When two or more colors go “together,” they are called complementary or complementary colors. To put it more precisely, if two colors, when mixed together, produce a neutral gray (paint/pigment) or white (light) color, they are called complementary colors.
1.7 Name of colors and pigments
Color names are classified into three types: actual color terms; names of the coloring pigment transferred to the color; adjectives from common nouns of objects with an attractive, memorable coloring.
Actually color terms - blue, green, yellow - in modern language have no other meanings. The pigment names - carmine, ocher, rhodamine - are highly specialized and are used only in professions that deal with paints. Names based on the color of objects - lilac, lemon, crimson - are characteristic of colloquial speech, literature, and art history. They are very figurative, since the color indicated in them is stored in our memory and can be imagined, but such designations do not have the accuracy necessary in a scientific definition, and are not used in science.
Any “physical” color name can be expanded into a large range of shades or varieties. How many colors can you see? The human eye can distinguish about 200 color tones. In this variety, 8 main groups of colors can be distinguished: purple, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet.
Purple colors differ from red colors in that they contain a violet or blue tint that reds do not have. The whole group is called by the name of the paint, which in antiquity was made from a sea snail. All the colors in the purple group are very interesting. Ruby is a noble darkish red color with blue tints. Rhodamine is close to ruby, but has a more noticeable purple tint. Fuchsin - comes from the name of the plant, has a very bright light red color with some inner blue.
Figure 1.10 - Chromatic colors
Figure 1.11 - Purple colors
The red group covers all reds and goes by different names: crimson, crimson, crimson, scarlet, coral, pink, terracotta, etc.
The orange, yellow and green groups have many derived shades, designated by pigment (lead yellow, zinc yellow, chromium oxide), by natural color (orange, lemon, grass green), or without special names.
In the blue group, cyan blue or turquoise should be noted. In the violet group, lilac (light purple) stands out.
Most color terms used in practice come from comparison with any objects, phenomena, works of nature or art. When studying color associations, one should take just such a differentiated view of color. It turns out that the perception of color is much more stable and definite than is commonly believed. The strongest emotions are caused by the colors of the human body and its secretions (although this is not always realized). So, no one remains indifferent to pink - they either love it or hate it. The subtlest shades of pink can evoke a variety of emotions in us. Red and other colors inherent in humans have the same strong and definite effect.
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