Potassium fertilizers for fruit trees in the fall. What fertilizers to apply in the fall for fruit trees and shrubs - list and instructions
Any normal gardener knows that the quality and quantity of the harvest depends to a large extent on whether the soil contains a sufficient amount of nutrients. Considering that garden crops grow in one place for decades, they are able to draw almost all the juices from the soil. Therefore, feeding fruit trees in the fall becomes extremely important.
Of course, there are two ways to carry out such measures: the use of organic or mineral fertilizers. Of course, all this work will produce an optimal effect only if it is combined with agrotechnical and irrigation measures.
Optimal timing
In order to fertilize fruit trees in the fall as efficiently as possible, you should know about the periods when it should be done at all:
- in spring, before shoots begin to grow;
- in the fall, before the end of their growth.
At other times, fertilizing will not only not give the expected results, but may also be harmful. For example, by “pumping” the soil with organic fertilizers at the time of pouring apples, it is quite possible to get fruits enriched not with vitamins, but with a bunch of nitrites.
By the way, today we will consider the “organic option”, since any self-respecting manufacturer of mineral fertilizers applies to its products detailed instructions. Manure producers (for obvious reasons) don’t particularly bother with this...
Process Features
In general, how do you fertilize fruit trees in the fall? The use of organic fertilizers is especially justified because they contain a lot of nitrogen. It, in turn, is used in large quantities to form foliage. Applying manure in the fall is the most adequate method of fertilization.
This is due to the fact that it contains nutrients in the form of complex organic compounds, which become available to trees only after a couple of months. In addition, fertilizing fruit trees in the fall should under no circumstances be done with fresh fertilizer, as this can cause burns to the root system.
Humus should be added regularly from the time the tree enters the active fruiting phase. The amount of fertilizer required should be calculated based on the volume of the area: for example, with a trunk circle diameter of two meters, you should fertilize three square meters. If the circle is equal to three squares, then seven are fertilized. In this case, autumn fertilizing of fruit trees will give maximum effect.
But best result nevertheless, it turns out when manure is introduced into the zone of maximum concentration of the plant’s root system; To do this, you need to outline a circle formed by the projection of the crown, then step back 50 cm from its outer edge and dig approximately 15 holes equidistant from each other. Humus is poured into them, all this is spilled with water and covered with soil.
What is the frequency of feeding? It all depends on the soil: if it is in normal condition, it is enough to add humus every three years. If the soils are poor, then this should be done annually. Please note that when using mineral fertilizers together with humus, their dose should be halved.
This feeding of fruit trees will give an excellent effect!
fb.ru
How to feed fruit trees and shrubs in the fall?
To maintain fertility and improve vegetative processes in plants, they need to be fed periodically. The most effective feeding is root feeding. But you need to apply fertilizers not only in spring and summer. Autumn feeding is no less important. What and how to properly feed shrubs and trees in the fall – we’ll talk in this article.
What and why do you feed fruit trees in the fall?
Fertilizing fruit trees in the fall is carried out in order to improve the characteristics of the soil, saturate it with the necessary minerals and microelements that are important for plants.
In autumn, complex and mineral fertilizers are applied to fruit trees using exclusively the root method. This is understandable, because with the onset of autumn the garden sheds its leaves, and the foliar method is simply not applicable.
In no case should you apply nitrogen-containing fertilizers in the winter, since this element leads to a protracted growing season and can cause the plant to freeze, since it reduces its frost resistance. But fertilizers with calcium, potassium and phosphorus are ideal.
Fertilizers applied in the fall are gradually absorbed through the smallest processes of the root system. And the absorption process stretches for a long time - right up to spring.
Fertilizers must be applied to the tree trunk in one of two possible ways:
- Introducing liquid compounds into specially prepared grooves. The more grooves you make around the tree trunk, the more effective feeding will be.
- Application of fertilizers in solid form. To do this, you need to remove the top layer of soil (1-2 cm) over the entire tree trunk circle and evenly distribute the fertilizer, and then cover it again with the removed soil.
More often, winter feeding is done in the second way, that is, in solid form. Fertilizers will gradually be absorbed deep into the soil along with melted snow. But liquid feeding is more relevant in spring summer period.
If we talk about specific fruit trees, and if you have doubts about whether you need to feed apple trees in the fall, the answer is yes. Any experienced gardener will confidently tell you that autumn care includes watering, fertilizing, as well as cleaning and whitewashing the trunk, wrapping it for the winter and preventive treatment against pests and diseases.
Apple trees are fed with phosphorus-potassium fertilizers. It can be combined with watering. Watering is carried out along the perimeter of the crown, the depth of soil moisture is 1-1.5 meters. For one tree you will need approximately 10-20 buckets. If you do not saturate the tree with water, it may freeze in winter.
For feeding, you can buy ready-made fertilizer for fruit and berry plants. But you can also cook it yourself. For this you will need 1 tbsp. spoon of potassium and 2 tbsp. spoons of double granulated superphosphate. We dilute them in a bucket of water and pour 10 liters per square meter under the apple trees.
How to feed fruit bushes in the fall?
Using raspberries as an example, we will consider whether it is necessary to feed shrubs in the fall. Like trees and shrubs need regular feeding. It is produced in spring, summer and autumn. Autumn feeding consists of applying phosphorus-potassium and organic fertilizers.
Raspberries can be fed according to the following scheme: apply mineral fertilizers every year, and organic fertilizers once every 2 years. Although you can combine these two fertilizers and apply them together annually.
Now that you know what and how to feed fruit trees and shrubs in the fall, the productivity of your garden will be excellent - the plants will survive the winter well, and in the spring they will be provided with all the necessary substances for a good start to the growing season.
womanadvice.ru
Garden care in autumn - protection, fertilizing, watering
In autumn, it's time to take care of the condition of your plot and garden. Creating comfortable overwintering conditions for fruit trees is the primary task of gardeners. What does garden care include in the fall? On the eve of the winter cold, after the leaves have completely fallen off, you can begin sanitary pruning, thinning, and reducing the crowns of perennial trees to 4-4.5 m. It is better to postpone detailed anti-aging pruning until spring. Why? Firstly, there are concerns about the possibility of trees freezing. Secondly, places where perennial branches of large diameter have been cut can become a source of frost damage even when treated with garden varnish or oil paint.
In the fall, a thorough inspection of fruit trees is carried out, dry, damaged branches are removed. Along with the removal of diseased, dry branches, they clean the trees of fruits that have dried on the branches, burn nests and egg-laying pests, cut out growths, remove litter, leaves, and root shoots where many species of aphids have accumulated.
Protecting fruit trees from rodents
All this must be destroyed immediately. When cuts with a diameter of more than 2 cm are formed, they are covered with garden pitch. The trunks of young trees are tied along the entire length with a special non-woven material or other available means to protect against damage by mouse-like rodents with the tying material being buried 3-5 cm into the soil.
For example, I do this. I wrap young trees with narrow bandages cut from spunbond or lutrasil. And then I start digging - the ends of the bandage are buried in the earth, as if buried.
To prevent the bark from cracking
To prevent the appearance of cracks in the bark and frost damage on the trunks of fruit-bearing trees, they are whitewashed, having previously cleaned the trunk.
Processing of trees, shrubs, grapes
On stone fruits, against diseases in the fall, you can treat them with copper preparations, for example, Bordeaux mixture, and on pome trees, with Preparation 30. Treatment with Preparation 30 can be postponed until the spring. Pass it over the swelling buds.
In the vineyard, the plants are also carefully inspected after harvest. Before covering for the winter, be sure to take care of keeping the plants healthy. If the presence of the leaf form of phylloxera has been noticed, it is necessary to treat the swelling buds with Preparation 30 in early spring. Unripe shoots must be cut out in the fall. If shoots affected by anthracnose are noticed, in the fall or early spring the bushes are treated with 3% Bordeaux mixture - this is one of the universal fungicides that has the longest protective effect.
Feeding fruit trees
In late autumn, apply organic, organomineral or mineral phosphorus-potassium fertilizers - superphosphate, potassium sulfate, etc., 6-9 g of active substance per 1 m2. Fertilizers are applied into holes or wells 20-30 cm deep into the area of tree trunks at a distance of 0.5-1 m outside the crown projection or under digging. One or two holes or boreholes are made on each square meter.
For orchards, long-acting fertilizers are most important. The main ones are organic and organomineral fertilizers. Nutrients from them are released slowly as they are decomposed by microorganisms. The composition of organic fertilizers (manure, composts, etc.) includes the entire set of nutrients necessary for perennial fruit and berry plants, as well as hormones, vitamins, etc. Their application affects the growth and productivity of trees for 3-5 years, while the productivity increases to 25 and even 50 percent.
Organomineral fertilizers include both organic (peat, humates, etc.) and mineral fertilizers.
According to the Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture, in the fourth year after applying organomineral fertilizers to a fruit-bearing apple tree (to a depth of 15-18 cm), the content of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium available to the plant at a depth of 60 cm in the soil is several times higher than their content in unfertilized areas garden This is due to the fact that fertilizers applied locally during the autumn digging of the garden by 2/3 of a shovel are localized in the application zone, creating nutritional centers within the boundaries of the main distribution of the root system of perennial plants.
In addition, in areas of the garden or vegetable garden where organo-mineral fertilizers were used when digging the soil, you can also notice that the soil has become looser and crumbles well. This means improving its agrophysical properties.
When using mineral fertilizers in the fall, it must be remembered that the introduction of fast-acting types can lead to the activation of growth processes in trees against the backdrop of warm weather and a sufficient amount of moisture in the soil, which will cause serious damage in winter due to low negative air temperatures.
For autumn filling of garden soil in late autumn (November), as a rule, phosphorus-potassium fertilizers (nitrophoska, nitroamophoska) are used, and in more early dates(October) you can apply ammonium forms of nitrogen fertilizers (ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate). In this case, the dose of nitrogen fertilizers is divided: in the fall, 1/3-1/2 doses are applied; in early spring, 2-3 weeks before the trees flower, apply intra-soil fertilizing with fast-acting nitrogen fertilizers (1/2-1/3 of the main dose); in the summer, the remaining dose of nitrogen is added with irrigation water.
Autumn filling of the soil with fertilizers contributes to the formation of resistance of fruit plants to unfavorable environmental conditions, since the winter hardiness of trees is determined to a large extent by how many nutrients they accumulate in preparation for winter and to what extent these substances turn into protective substances. A prerequisite for sufficient accumulation of reserve nutrients is the optimization of the nutritional regime of fruit plants, which allows for dynamic growth of all organs, withstanding spring temperature changes, blooming profusely in winter and forming a full-fledged harvest.
Watering the garden
In connection with the upcoming winter cold, it is necessary to give trees and shrubs plenty of water - carry out moisture-recharging irrigation so that the plants can overwinter more easily.
Is it necessary to dig up trees in the fall?
After the leaves fall, that is, when the fruit trees and shrubs “sleep” and their active life activity ceases, they begin the main cultivation of the soil in the garden - digging. It is necessary to dig up the soil in the garden to maintain an optimal fine-lumpy structure by mixing - the top layer of soil (with the destroyed structure) moves down. At the same time, the lower layer moves to the surface.
Deep digging of the soil in the fall creates conditions for the formation of a deep-lying root system. This helps to increase its resistance to sharp drops in temperature in winter and significant increases in summer. The approximate depth of digging the soil in the fall, especially in a young garden, should be up to 30 cm - per spade bayonet, and closer to the trunk - 10-15 cm.
When writing, materials from the newspaper “Niva Kubani” were used - 2014 - No. 39.
ogorod23.ru
Work on the garden plot. Feeding fruit trees and shrubs in summer
The productivity of fruit crops and their stable growth are significantly influenced by timely fertilizing, which must be carried out regularly and taking into account the growing season of the plants.
Fertilizing fruit bushes and trees in the summer is an integral part of proper garden care. When organizing garden feeding, it is important to take into account the development of the root system, shoots and the timing of fruiting of trees and shrubs. This approach will protect plants from certain diseases, increase frost resistance and ensure a stable harvest for the current and next year.
- Foliar feedingvideo
The importance of summer feeding for the development of fruit bushes and trees
Fruiting and growth of fruit trees and shrubs directly depends on the supply of nutrients in the root system and above-ground plant organs. It is clear that the necessary useful elements for the normal development of shrubs and trees are constantly consumed and they must be replenished in a timely manner by feeding the plants with organic and mineral fertilizers.
Spring budding of fruit trees, active growth shoots, roots and flowering of the garden occurs mainly due to nutrients accumulated over the previous summer and autumn. Therefore, it is necessary to lay the foundation for the future harvest in advance, namely in the summer.
In addition, the most active absorption of nutrients by fruit and berry plants occurs in the spring and with the onset of summer, so it is at this time that it is important to support and feed trees and shrubs. However, we must act carefully to prevent an excess of mineral and organic fertilizers - this can have a detrimental effect on plants, and even destructive for young shrubs and trees.
Types of fertilizers and their effect on the growth of fruit trees and shrubs
Fruit and berry plants in the garden can be fed with organic and mineral fertilizers.
Organic fertilizers include:
Compost is a fertilizer consisting of rotted waste and plant waste.
Do not use undecomposed compost - there is a possibility that it contains viable weed seeds
Manure is considered a complete organic fertilizer, enriching the soil with useful elements and improving its thermal conditions, air and water permeability.
When using manure, you need to pay attention to its condition - rotted manure is a dark brown loose earthy mass. Poultry manure has the most effective fertilizing effect on fruit and berry plants (pig manure has a low nutrient content).
Adding composts to the soil improves the use and digestibility of mineral fertilizers.
The following mineral fertilizers are used in gardening:
- nitrogen;
- potash;
- microfertilizers.
Nitrogen mineral fertilizers (urea, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate) show the best results on sandy soils, and chernozems require the least replenishment of nitrogen reserves. Nitrogen-containing fertilizers accelerate the growth of trees, shrubs, and participate in the formation of fruits.
Nitrogen fertilizers are not fixed in the soil and if they have not been used by the plant, they are simply washed out of the soil over time. Therefore, nitrogen must be applied regularly - several times throughout the year. It must be remembered that in order to obtain a visible effect from fertilizers, the soil must be slightly moist when applying fertilizer so that ammonia does not evaporate.
Phosphorus fertilizers (superphosphate, double superphosphate, bone meal and phosphate rock) in gardening are usually used in granular form. Phosphorus-based fertilizers are applied deep into the soil, since phosphorus fertilizers are firmly fixed in the soil.
The effectiveness of phosphorus fertilizers largely depends on their solubility. Superphosphate is a fast-acting fertilizer, and it is advisable to mix slowly soluble phosphorus fertilizers thoroughly with the soil.
The orchard is usually not fertilized with phosphorus fertilizers in the summer, but the plants are fertilized in the fall.
Feeding fruit plants with potassium fertilizers (potassium sulfate) helps plants synthesize sugar, improves winter hardiness, drought resistance and increases resistance to fungal diseases. Potassium accumulates well in chernozems, but is less retained on sandy and peaty soils.
Wood ash has a high potassium content and is often used by gardeners to feed fruit trees and shrubs.
Equally important for the proper development of plants and high yields is the timely application of microfertilizers, which contain the entire complex of necessary microelements, such as manganese, copper, iron, boron, zinc, sulfur, molybdenum.
Organization of fertilizing of fruit trees
how to determine the amount of fertilizer for an orchard
- You need to add one to the diameter of the tree crown and multiply the resulting value by 3.14 - the calculation result shows the area of soil for applying fertilizers.
- The calculated area must be multiplied by the required area for 1 sq. m dose of fertilizer.
When organizing fertilizing of fruit trees, the following points must be taken into account:
- the intensity of the irrigation regime affects the amount of fertilizer applied - abundant irrigation requires several large doses of nutrients;
- if it is planned to carry out significant pruning of trees, then the amount of fertilizer must be increased for better growth of young shoots;
- liquid fertilizers should be applied around bushes and trees, extending beyond the crown projection by about half a meter;
- if the soil is regularly fertilized with ash, then there is no need to fertilize with microelements;
- it is necessary to reduce the acidity of the soil (optimal acidity is 5.5-6.5 pH) by liming the soil - add lime plaster or powdered slaked lime to the soil;
- to feed young plants it is necessary to use less concentrated preparations;
- when simultaneously applying mineral and organic fertilizers, their rate should be halved.
summer feeding of pome and stone fruit trees
Summer feeding of fruit trees is necessary to activate the activity of the root system, as well as to enhance its nutrition. The increased ability of roots to absorb nutrients promotes the formation of buds already in the summer, when fruits are weighing on the trees.
It should be noted that pome fruit trees (pear, apple) require larger doses of organic and mineral fertilizers than stone fruit trees (cherry, apricot, sweet cherry, peach).
To feed apple and pear trees (9-10 years old), you can adhere to the following fertilizer consumption rates per square meter monthly (June, July, August):
- potassium salt – 3 g;
- superphosphate – 5 g;
- montan saltpeter – 6 g.
Late feeding in August for adult plants will not cause harm, unlike young trees, since all nutrients will be used in laying the crop at next year, and not for the active growth of young shoots.
Stone fruit trees need to be fed three times during the growing season: the first - before flowering (spring), the second - during the fruit-filling period, and the third - after harvesting.
Feeding cherries in summer can be organized as follows:
- During the period of fruit filling, the tree should be watered with a solution of “Berry Giant” (300 grams per bucket of water) with the addition of two tablespoons of urea. “Berry giant” can be replaced with three tablespoons of nitrophoska.
- After harvesting, the tree must be fertilized with the following solution: three tablespoons of superphosphate and two tablespoons of potassium sulfate per bucket of water.
Carrying out such fertilizing will help the trees to winter well and protect them from many diseases and pests.
Organization of fertilizing of fruit bushes
Berry bushes need intensive feeding in summer. It is advisable to carry out four feedings during the season:
- the first - during flowering (mid-May);
- the second - during the period of intensive shoot growth (early June);
- the third - at the moment of formation of the ovary, filling of berries (June-July);
- the fourth - after harvest.
Feeding berry bushes should be done after watering or rain.
It is advisable to fertilize raspberries at the beginning of summer with mineral fertilizers (liquid): per bucket of water - 10 grams of potassium chloride, 40 grams of superphosphate, 20 grams of urea (consumption for 6-7 bushes). After applying fertilizers, the soil under the plant must be loosened.
Once every three years, raspberries should be fed with organic fertilizers per 1 sq.m. – 0.5-1 bucket of humus or manure.
Currants are very sensitive to fertilizing. When organizing fertilizing of berry bushes, it is important to remember that currants react poorly to the chlorine content in fertilizers, so it is important to correctly calculate the doses of potassium fertilizing.
You can fertilize currants in summer in the following steps:
- If organic fertilizers were applied to the currants in the fall, then the plant must be fed with nitrogen fertilizers (per 10 liters of water - 35 grams of calcium nitrate, 15 grams of ammonium nitrate, 12 grams of urea). If organic fertilizers were not applied before winter, then in spring and summer the bush should be fed with organic fertilizers (manure should be diluted in water and urea should be added). Such fertilizing should be done three times: the first in the spring before flowering, and each subsequent one in two weeks.
- To increase the content of vitamins in berries, improve their taste and aroma, it is necessary to fertilize with ready-made fertilizer mixtures: “Yagodka”, “Ideal”, “Berry Giant”. During the summer you can carry out three feedings (the last one should be immediately after picking the berries).
Gooseberries need larger doses of potassium fertilizers than currants. In the first half of summer, gooseberries should be fertilized with nitrogen fertilizers (13-16 grams of dry active substance per 1 sq. m) with the addition of potassium and phosphorus (30 grams of superphosphate and 15 grams of potassium sulfate). If fertilizing is carried out in dry weather, then dry fertilizers must be dissolved in water.
It is impossible to feed gooseberries with nitrogen fertilizers in the second half of summer, otherwise the young shoots of the plant will become brittle and susceptible to powdery mildew. In addition, such a shrub may not tolerate harsh winter weather conditions.
Foliar feeding
As an additional method of feeding in the summer, foliar feeding of fruit trees and shrubs is often used. When foliar feeding (spraying) plants receive nutrients directly through the leaves.
For such fertilizing, both organic and mineral fertilizers are used. Foliar feeding with microfertilizers has a good effect. Zinc increases the resistance of trees and shrubs to diseases, boron promotes active and abundant flowering, and manganese increases yield and sugar content in fruits.
When foliar feeding, it is necessary to use weak fertilizer solutions so as not to damage the leaf tissue. The concentration of urea for foliar feeding in summer should be no more than 1%, potassium sulfate or chloride 0.5-1%, superphosphate - up to 5%.
Foliar feeding of pear and apple trees can be carried out with a solution of zinc sulfate (0.2 g/l), borax (1 g/l) or manganese sulfate (0.2 g/l). If you combine all three microelements at the same time, then the dose of each should be halved.
After harvesting, the currant bush can be treated with a solution: for one bucket of water - 5 g of potassium permanganate, 10 g of copper sulfate, 2 g of boric acid. Currant bushes should be sprayed in the evening.
For gooseberries, foliar fertilizing with potassium and phosphorus (1-2%) fertilizers, as well as microelements: manganese sulfate (0.1-0.5%) and boric acid (0.01-0.05%) is very useful.
At the beginning of summer and after harvesting, raspberries can be treated with zinc or manganese sulfate (5-10 g per 10 liters of water), copper sulfate (about 5 g per 10 liters of water) or molybdenum ammonium (1-3 g per bucket of water).
Timely feeding of trees and shrubs will allow you to receive a high harvest every year and enjoy the beautiful, well-groomed appearance of your orchard.
In autumn, it's time to take care of the condition of your plot and garden. Creating comfortable overwintering conditions for fruit trees is the primary task of gardeners. What does garden care include in the fall? On the eve of the winter cold, after the leaves have completely fallen off, you can begin sanitary pruning, thinning, and reducing the crowns of perennial trees to 4-4.5 m. It is better to postpone detailed anti-aging pruning until spring. Why? Firstly, there are concerns about the possibility of trees freezing. Secondly, places where perennial branches of large diameter have been cut can become a source of frost damage even when treated with garden varnish or oil paint.
In the fall, a thorough inspection is carried out, dry, damaged branches are removed. Along with the removal of diseased, dry branches, trees are cleaned of fruits that have dried on the branches, nests and egg-laying pests are burned, growth is cut out, leaf litter and root shoots are removed, where many types of aphids have accumulated.
Protecting fruit trees from rodents
All this must be destroyed immediately. When cuts with a diameter of more than 2 cm are formed, they are covered with garden pitch. The trunks of young trees are tied along the entire length with a special non-woven material or other available means to protect against damage by mouse-like rodents with the tying material being buried 3-5 cm into the soil.
For example, I do this. I wrap young trees with narrow bandages cut from spunbond or lutrasil. And then I start digging - the ends of the bandage are buried in the earth, as if buried.
To prevent the bark from cracking
To prevent the appearance of frost damage on the trunks of fruit-bearing trees, whitewash them after cleaning the trunk.
Processing of trees, shrubs, grapes
On stone fruits, it is possible to treat diseases in the fall with copper preparations, for example, and on pome trees, with Preparation 30. Treatment with Preparation 30 can be postponed until the spring. Pass it over the swelling buds.
In the vineyard, the plants are also carefully inspected after harvest. Before sheltering for the winter, be sure to take care of keeping the plants in a healthy condition. If the presence of the leaf form of phylloxera has been noticed, it is necessary to treat the swelling buds with Preparation 30 in early spring. Unripe shoots must be cut out in the fall. If shoots affected by anthracnose are noticed, in the fall or early spring the bushes are treated with 3% Bordeaux mixture - this is one of the universal ones that has the longest protective effect.
Feeding fruit trees
In late autumn, add organic, organo-mineral or mineral phosphorus-potassium - superphosphate, potassium sulfate, etc., 6-9 g of active substance per 1 m 2. Fertilizers are applied into holes or wells 20-30 cm deep into the area of tree trunks at a distance of 0.5-1 m outside the crown projection or under digging. One or two holes or boreholes are made on each square meter.
For orchards, long-acting fertilizers are most important. The main ones are organic and organomineral fertilizers. Nutrients from them are released slowly as they are decomposed by microorganisms. The composition of organic fertilizers (manure, composts, etc.) includes the entire set of nutrients necessary for perennial fruit and berry plants, as well as hormones, vitamins, etc. Their application affects the growth and productivity of trees for 3-5 years, while the productivity increases to 25 and even 50 percent.
Organo-mineral fertilizers include both organic (peat, humates, etc.) and mineral fertilizers.
According to the Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture, in the fourth year after applying organomineral fertilizers to a fruit-bearing apple tree (to a depth of 15-18 cm), the content in the soil of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium available to the plant at a depth of 60 cm is several times higher than their content at unfertilized areas of the garden. This is due to the fact that fertilizers applied locally during the autumn digging of the garden by 2/3 of a shovel are localized in the application zone, creating nutritional centers within the boundaries of the main distribution of the root system of perennial plants.
In addition, in areas of the garden or vegetable garden where organo-mineral fertilizers were used when digging the soil, you can also notice that it has become looser and crumbles well. This means improving its agrophysical properties.
When using mineral fertilizers in the fall, it must be remembered that the introduction of fast-acting types can lead to the activation of growth processes in trees against the backdrop of warm weather and a sufficient amount of moisture in the soil, which will cause serious damage in winter due to low negative air temperatures.
For autumn refilling of the garden soil in late autumn (November), as a rule, phosphorus-potassium fertilizers (nitrophoska, nitroammofoska) are used, and in earlier periods (October) ammonium forms of nitrogen fertilizers (ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate) can be applied. In this case, the dose of nitrogen fertilizers is divided: in the fall, 1/3-1/2 doses are applied; in early spring, 2-3 weeks before the trees flower, apply intra-soil fertilizing with fast-acting nitrogen fertilizers (1/2-1/3 of the main dose); in the summer, the remaining dose of nitrogen is added with irrigation water.
Autumn filling of the soil with fertilizers contributes to the formation of resistance of fruit plants to unfavorable environmental conditions, since the winter hardiness of trees is determined to a large extent by how many nutrients they accumulate in preparation for winter and to what extent these substances turn into protective substances. A prerequisite for sufficient accumulation of reserve nutrients is the optimization of the nutritional regime of fruit plants, which allows for dynamic growth of all organs, withstanding spring temperature changes, blooming profusely in winter and forming a full-fledged harvest.
Watering the garden
In connection with the upcoming winter cold, it is necessary to give trees and shrubs plenty of water so that the plants can overwinter more easily.
Is it necessary to dig up trees in the fall?
After the leaves fall, that is, when the fruit trees and shrubs “sleep” and their active life activity ceases, they begin the main cultivation of the soil in the garden - digging. It is necessary to dig up the soil in the garden to maintain an optimal fine-lumpy structure by mixing - the top layer of soil (with the destroyed structure) moves down. At the same time, the lower layer moves to the surface.
Deep digging of the soil in the fall creates conditions for the formation of a deep-lying root system. This helps to increase its resistance to sharp drops in temperature in winter and significant increases in summer. The approximate depth of digging the soil in the fall, especially when it is young, should be up to 30 cm - per spade bayonet, and closer to the trunk - 10-15 cm.
When writing, materials from the newspaper “Niva Kubani” were used - 2014 - No. 39.
Any normal gardener knows that the quality and quantity of the harvest depends to a large extent on whether the soil contains a sufficient amount of nutrients. Considering that garden crops grow in one place for decades, they are able to draw almost all the juices from the soil. Therefore, feeding fruit trees in the fall becomes extremely important.
Of course, there are two ways to carry out such measures: the use of organic or mineral fertilizers. Of course, all this work will produce an optimal effect only if it is combined with agrotechnical and irrigation measures.
Optimal timing
In order to fertilize fruit trees in the fall as efficiently as possible, you should know about the periods when it should be done at all:
- in spring, before shoots begin to grow;
- in the fall, before the end of their growth.
At other times, fertilizing will not only not give the expected results, but may also be harmful. For example, by “pumping” the soil with organic fertilizers at the time of pouring apples, it is quite possible to get fruits enriched not with vitamins, but with a bunch of nitrites.
By the way, today we will look at the “organic option”, since any self-respecting manufacturer of mineral fertilizers attaches detailed instructions to their products. Manure producers (for obvious reasons) don’t particularly bother with this...
Process Features
In general, how do you fertilize fruit trees in the fall? The use of organic fertilizers is especially justified because they contain a lot of nitrogen. It, in turn, is used in large quantities to form foliage. Applying manure in the fall is the most adequate method of fertilization.
This is due to the fact that it contains nutrients in the form of complex organic compounds, which become available to trees only after a couple of months. In addition, fertilizing fruit trees in the fall should under no circumstances be done with fresh fertilizer, as this can cause burns to the root system.
Humus should be added regularly from the time the tree enters the active fruiting phase. The amount of fertilizer required should be calculated based on the volume of the area: for example, with a trunk circle diameter of two meters, you should fertilize three square meters. If the circle is equal to three squares, then seven are fertilized. In this case, autumn fertilizing of fruit trees will give maximum effect.
But the best result is still obtained when manure is applied to the zone of maximum concentration of the plant’s root system; To do this, you need to outline a circle formed by the projection of the crown, then step back 50 cm from its outer edge and dig approximately 15 holes equidistant from each other. Humus is poured into them, all this is spilled with water and covered with soil.
What is the frequency of feeding? It all depends on the soil: if it is in normal condition, it is enough to add humus every three years. If the soils are poor, then this should be done annually. Please note that when using mineral fertilizers together with humus, their dose should be halved.
This feeding of fruit trees will give an excellent effect!
fb.ru
Autumn care for fruit trees, preparation for next year
autumn care of fruit trees At the end of summer, every summer resident and gardener has a lot of work to do, because, in addition to harvesting and preparing it, you will need to carry out a lot of work on your own plot. This applies to flowers, shrubs and trees, tillage, fertilization, etc., but today we will look at only some of the ways to care for fruit trees in the garden in the fall and talk about how to prepare them for the colder season. So, autumn garden care is on DachaDecor.ru.
We all understand perfectly well that the end of summer and the beginning of autumn is a rather difficult period for every owner of their own plots. There will be simply a ton of work here, and it should be done very correctly in order to leave the garden strong and resilient in the winter, and to see it in good condition in the spring.
Autumn care for garden trees
Tree pruning
Pruning is the most basic way to regulate yield. It can be carried out in spring and autumn, it all depends on the type of plant. Now that summer is coming to an end, get ready to quickly remove all weak and internal shoots, dried and broken branches from trees. They will be of no use next year; the most they can offer is a small, underdeveloped harvest that will not bring any joy.
Tree shaping
This procedure is not necessary for all trees. Carefully inspect the garden and make sure that the branches of each tree are growing correctly, forming the required crown. If this is not the case, and some branches reach strictly vertically towards the sun, they should be lowered a little and given a more horizontal direction. This can be done with the help of a tied load, just be extremely careful, not every branch can withstand a large load. In general, this should be done gradually; it is better to add weight every 5-7 days than to immediately thoughtlessly break off strong tree branches. You can also shape the crown using pruning shears. Here already apply pruning rules for yield so that the formation appearance did not affect the number of fruits expected next year.
Removing tops
If, after pruning the trees, warm weather decides to please us again before winter and causes the plants to perk up again, expect a lot of tops. In fact, they are not needed at all and should be removed. This can be done with pruning shears or simply by breaking it off with your hands. Try not to cause much harm to the trees, this may affect their wintering. After these operations, treat wounded vegetation with garden varnish (by the way, we recommend using it in every case that involves the removal of tree branches or shoots).
Bark protection
autumn treatment of trees, protection of barkOne of important points tree care is the maximum protection of their bark from external influences. In spring we can detect vertical cracks in the bark. They are quite deep and cause harm to plants. Cracks occur due to temperature changes that occur in winter. During the day the sun burns and strongly heats the bark, but at night it is affected by severe frost. Cracks can also occur in summer under the influence of the same sun, as well as strong winds and night cold. Plant pests also participate in the formation of cracks.
In order to avoid such injury to trees, they should be provided with proper care in the fall. The trunks are covered with whitewash and special protective fiber. It could even be a rag, the main thing is that the trunk is well protected from direct sunlight.
Also protect tree trunks from insects and rodents. This can be done with the help of special preparations, as well as a protective net, which is placed on the trunk of the plant and is guaranteed to prevent damage by rodents.
Autumn feeding with fertilizers
Feeding plants with fertilizers is an important step that should not be forgotten. It should definitely be carried out after harvesting, which draws a huge amount of juice and strength from the plant. Timely and correct fertilizing will increase immunity, and therefore the winter hardiness of trees.
In some of our articles we have already described various processes of feeding plants; there is material about enriching the earth with nutrients in the autumn period. But we will repeat ourselves, very briefly.
garden care in the fall, fruit trees You should not apply nitrogen fertilizers in warm weather, they can only cause harm. Also try not to fertilize the soil superficially; during this period, fertilizers may simply remain on the surface and not bring much results. Try to dilute fertilizers with water and water.
The application of biofertilizers is also required. It can be global, by scattering it over the surface of the earth and digging it up, but it can also be local, more effective. To do this, it is necessary to make several special wells at the boundaries of the tree crown and apply fertilizers to them.
Wells can be made using a garden drill. The production technology is quite simple. You remove the layer of turfy soil with a shovel, drill a hole about half a meter with a garden drill, add fertilizer inside and be sure to cover it with a previously removed layer of soil.
You can also fertilize the tree trunk circles with manure or compost. After laying the fertilizer, it should be covered with a layer of any mulch, even mowed grass.
Fruit tree care calendar for autumn
Experienced gardeners use advice from even more experienced ones, as well as their own observations. They also often pay attention to special calendars, with the help of which their work can be efficiently systematized and scheduled for convenient deadlines. So, here is a short gardener’s calendar for the fall:
- September. In the first month of autumn, which is often not very different from summer, it is necessary to remove fishing belts from trees. Many simply burn them, but some, more economical gardeners, boil them, treat them with special pest control agents and save them for next year. This may bring you some cost savings. It is also necessary to remove from the garden all remaining and spoiled fruits on the ground. They can be taken to a landfill or used for household needs. It is also worth removing from the garden supports and special spacers from the forks, which prevented various damage to tree branches. They can also be burned to destroy pests, namely moth caterpillars, which often gather in them;
- October. In October, the plantings should be thoroughly checked for pest infestation. To do this, special census inspections of trees are carried out diagonally or block by block. At the same time, pruning and removal of shoots, tops and branches damaged by pests is carried out. The next step is tying the trunks with reeds, sunflower stems, or simply special protective nets against hares and other rodents;
- November. Collect fallen and cut branches and leaves into one large pile and burn. The fire will kill many pests, which could simply overwinter in a heap of leaves and again settle on fruit trees in the spring. You should also dig up the soil around the trees. You shouldn’t go deeper than 10 cm near the trunk, you can damage the roots, but after a meter and a half you can already work in full force. When digging, apply fertilizers - superphosphate - 100 g per tree, potassium and nitrogen (optional) - 50 g per tree and, of course, organic fertilizers, 300-400 kg per hundred square meters. Inspect the trees again, remove possible nests of pests in them and burn them, remove dead bark from the trunks. Prepare young trees for cold weather, insulate them, support them and protect them from snowbreakers.
Proper and high-quality garden care will help not only save trees from winter cold and winds, as well as other misfortunes in the form of snowbreakers and pests, but also prepare them for the next year, in which you will definitely find a huge harvest of juicy and fresh fruits.
DachaDecor.ru
Fertilizer and feeding of apple trees
If you are not lazy and properly care for your apple tree, it will bear fruit well. When this doesn’t happen, it means you’re taking care of it incorrectly. Care especially concerns feeding the apple tree. Let's understand all the intricacies of the matter.
Feeding periods
Root feeding
Apple trees are fed regularly - three to four times a season. There is a distinction between root feeding, when fertilizers are placed directly under the tree trunk. Also foliar - by spraying.
The first time you need to feed the apple tree is in mid-spring - April. Before that, dry old shoots are cut off. This will significantly increase the yield, since unnecessary branches only take nutrients from the tree.
The second feeding is done when the apple tree just begins to bloom. If this period is dry, then it is better to use liquid, diluted fertilizers.
As soon as the tree has finished flowering, the tree is fed a third time.
After the final harvest, you can still fertilize the apple trees. If the rainy season has begun, then dry food; if the weather is dry, then liquid food.
Foliar feeding
This method is also good for increasing the fertility of trees. It involves spraying. It is used three times a year: first before flowering, twice after. The break between the last two feedings should be at least 20 days.
Age characteristics
During the vegetative growth of an apple tree, three age periods are distinguished.
A feature of the first period is the rapid growth of the tree. The ringlets (the weakest growth) almost do not appear, or they do not exist at all.
In the second period, moderate growth is observed with the appearance of a large number of ringlets.
When the tree's growth gradually slows down and then stops altogether, then the third age period. It is characterized by rapid development of ringlets.
Age periods can last from 5 to 6 years. It all depends on the variety, care characteristics, and climate.
It is especially necessary to feed young seedlings (1-2 years). They need sufficient nutrients to grow actively. Which is especially true in winter. And then it will improve the soil and have a positive effect on fruiting. Because a properly selected complex of minerals increases the frost resistance of young animals. It is important to consider that an adult plant needs more concentrated fertilizers.
How to fertilize apple trees
Soil Features
The root system of apple trees needs good ventilation. Therefore, make sure that the soil around the tree is loose. Constant loosening can damage the roots. To prevent this from happening, take care to cover the soil under the plant with mulch. It not only provides good air access, retains water, and reduces weed growth, but also effectively maintains the health of the apple tree.
Inorganic materials such as pebbles, crushed stone, and ash can be used as mulch. Also organic - hay, peat, pine needles, onion peels, nut shells.
Fertilizer process
It is important to consider the age with the size of the plant. Only the first year of the tree’s life is not fertilized. With age, the amount, as well as the concentration, of feeding the apple tree increases. For this process, a special groove is made around the tree trunk, retreating from it by about half a meter. The depth of the furrow is 40-50 cm. Why do they do this? The zone of these circles includes the thinnest processes of the roots. Which are located closest to the surface of the earth. They absorb nutrients best. Fertilizers are distributed evenly throughout the circle.
For the first time, the apple tree is fed in the spring season before flowering. You can start as soon as the snow melts. 3-5 buckets of humus are laid out around the tree. It contains a large amount of nitrogen, which is especially necessary for plants in the spring. Chicken manure or cow manure, dry or liquid, works well. They are used annually. Liquid fertilizer is used during dry periods. It is diluted with water and left for about two weeks. One liter of this mixture is enough for a bucket of water. It’s a good idea to add ash here, which contains a large amount of phosphorus and potassium components.
Manure can be replaced with half a kilogram of urea. This microelement must be used carefully, only diluted with water. It should be remembered: the younger the plant, the lower the concentration of this fertilizer is used. Urea is also important in pest control.
There is also a good type of fertilizer - the so-called green infusion. The barrel is compacted with green grass, which is filled with water. Infuses for up to 15 days. The dosage is the same as for humus.
At the beginning of flowering, the plant is fertilized a second time. This is approximately the end of May - beginning of June. There is a recipe for mineral fertilizer for apple trees. For 100 liters of water:
- potassium sulfate – 400 grams;
- superphosphate – 500 grams;
- manure liquid - 5 liters (or bird droppings 2 times less, or 250 grams of urea).
The mixture is thoroughly mixed and allowed to brew for a week. For one apple tree 40 liters is enough. First, the trunk circles are generously filled with water. Then fertilizer is applied. Then water again. This method will improve the penetration of minerals to the roots.
For the third feeding after flowering, you can use the following mixture. For 100 liters of water:
- nitrophoska – 500 grams;
- dry sodium humate – 10 grams (pre-dilute the powder with water).
One tree is fertilized with three buckets of the mixture.
After the circle around the trunk has been filled with fertilizer and watered, you can lightly dig up the soil with a pitchfork, which gives better absorption useful substances. Insert the forks shallowly, up to 15 cm deep, so as not to damage the roots. Place a layer of mulch on top of the circle.
They also fertilize the trees after picking apples. To do this, use dry or liquid fertilizer, depending on the weather. For each plant, take a mixture of superphosphate plus potassium sulfate in equal parts (300 grams each).
Recipes
Urea is diluted in a bucket of water, two tablespoons. The trunk, leaves, and branches of the tree are sprayed with this solution three times during the season. Which is important, because there may be pests on the trunk and leaves. This type of feeding is most effective during cool weather, without rain.
Additional spraying twice a month gives a positive result. To fertilize the plant with minerals, use one of the following recipes.
Recipe No. 1: 5 liters of water – 10 grams of “Kemira” or “Aquarin Ploda”. Such concentrates contain many complex, vital minerals. For example: boron, zinc, copper, molybdenum, manganese, magnesium. There is no chlorine. Ready-made fertilizers with the correct concentration of components are sold in specialized stores.
Recipe No. 2: for 2 liters of boiling water, take 1 glass of sifted wood ash, rich in phosphorus and potassium. Which are the main microelements for better growth and fruiting of apple trees! This solution is enough for a bucket of water.
Recipe No. 3: a bucket of water (10 liters) is diluted with 500 grams of manure with a teaspoon of urea.
This method is used during the entire fruiting period in the spring and summer. Finish a month before apple picking.
Video “Autumn root feeding of fruit trees”
This video will show how to fertilize fruit trees in the fall.
Fertilize and care for your garden pets carefully, then they will thank you with a rich harvest!
plodovie.ru
Spring feeding of fruit trees and shrubs. Early spring feeding of young fruit trees
One of the most important components of garden care is spring feeding of fruit trees and shrubs. Without this, it is impossible to achieve an attractive appearance of ornamental plants, as well as a bountiful harvest of fruit crops. Remember that proper feeding of shrubs and trees in the spring can not only saturate the plant with additional elements, but also maintain soil fertility and improve its chemical and mechanical properties.
Feeding composition
During the growing season, the tree's need for nutrients changes repeatedly. It is in early spring, at the beginning of the growing season, that plants need to be saturated with potassium, and a little less with nitrogen and phosphorus. During the flowering period and during its end, the tree needs nitrogen. At this time, intensive growth of shoots occurs. After this, plants need phosphorus.
Spring feeding of fruit trees and shrubs is necessary. But before you begin this procedure, you should take into account all the features of each type of wood. For example, conifers require significantly less nitrogen than apples and other deciduous trees. After all, conifers do not need to regrow fallen foliage. It is also known that in fruit trees, with high yields and over time, nutrients are washed out of the soil.
The amount of nutrients contained in the soil (phosphorus, nitrogen, etc.) directly depends on the concentration of humus that is in it. In sandy soil its content is minimal compared to loam or clay. The potassium content is directly related to the mechanical composition of the soil. Its content in sand is also minimal.
During spring feeding, all this must be taken into account.
Feeding in March
Spring feeding of fruit trees and shrubs in the spring should begin in March. Fertilizers must be applied directly into the melting snow. It is very comfortable. After all, it will become easier to walk on the snow, and as it melts, it will pull fertilizer along with it into the soil.
Pre-soluble mineral mixtures must be scattered into the tree trunk circle by the handful (approximately 30-40 grams). For young trees, only one or two handfuls can be used. For mature trees, it is necessary to use a larger amount of fertilizer (from two to five).
Feeding young fruit trees and shrubs in the spring should be evenly distributed around the tree trunk. The diameter should be more than 1.5 m. For older trees, it is necessary to scatter fertilizer along the perimeter of the entire crown. This zone contains the largest number of roots that actively carry out suction. But if the trees are located on a sloped area, such fertilization should not be carried out. They will quickly be washed away by meltwater, which often does not linger on the slopes. The same can happen in case of very frozen soil and a lot of snow.
Feeding in April
Remember that only nitrogen fertilizers can be applied with snow. In April, when the snow has finally melted, phosphorus and potassium must be added to the soil. For this, superphosphate, ash and potassium sulfate are used. When choosing fertilizers, pay attention to the composition. After all, for example, complex mixtures should not be used in April, because they consist of a large amount of nitrogen. In this case, you can significantly exceed the content of this element in the soil. This, in turn, can lead to a decrease in the vitality of the plant and provoke the development of various fungal diseases.
Most often, two feeding options are used:
- Nitrogen fertilizers are used in March, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are used in April;
- use complex spring fertilizers both in March and April.
Feeding in May
In May you should also take care of your plants. Spring feeding of fruit trees and shrubs in the spring, in May, involves the use of rotted manure or mature compost. If you don't have organic matter on hand, you can use a complex mineral mixture with a slightly higher nitrogen content. In May, the dose of fertilizer also depends on the soil and its fertility. The maximum dose should be used for wood-podzolic soil types, the minimum dose for chernozem, and the average dose for forest sulfur.
Feeding fruit trees and shrubs in the spring is quite effective when using mulch soaked in fertilizers, which covers the tree trunks. It becomes an effective top dressing, especially if straw, compost or rotten leaves are poured into it.
Fertilizer for trees
Spring feeding of fruit trees and shrubs in early spring together with organic and mineral fertilizers is ideal for fruit and deciduous crops. But this scheme is completely unacceptable for evergreen plants. Such complex fertilizers will have an undesirable effect on them.
After all, these mixtures contain sufficiently large quantities of nitrogen, which causes active growth of new shoots. But not every tree can withstand such an action. Manure is also not used on these types of trees.
For coniferous plants it is best to use special fertilizers, which are designed for feeding specifically coniferous species. They have a completely different composition of essential microelements. Such fertilizers contain a large number of substances, among which magnesium must be present. From organic matter, it is better to use vermicompost and rotted compost.
Remember that the use of spring fertilizers is only necessary for old coniferous trees. For such species, remember: it is better to have a tree without feeding than to overfeed it.
What do you need to know?
Spring feeding of fruit trees and bushes has some rules that every gardener should remember!
1. The root system of a tree will most quickly absorb fertilizer in liquid form.
2. It is necessary to fertilize seedlings only after complete rooting.
3. Each feeding must be carried out in cloudy weather or in the late evening.
4. Dry fertilizers should be applied either before watering or immediately after it. The exception is March fertilizing, which is applied after melting snow.
Remember that liquid fertilizers should only be applied to moist soil. If you do not follow this rule, the root system of the tree may get burned. They, in turn, can lead to long-term illness of the plant or even its death.
Fertilizer for shrubs
Spring feeding of fruit trees and shrubs in the spring will allow you to get a good harvest. The first feeding should be carried out during the formation of new shoots (up to approximately 2 cm).
If potassium, phosphorus, and organic fertilizers were applied in the fall, then in the spring it is necessary to use only nitrogen fertilizers. In the root zone you need to add:
- Ammonium nitrate - 20 g;
- Calcium nitrate - 35-40 g;
- Urea - 12-15 g.
Fertilizing fruit trees and shrubs in the spring with organic substances should be carried out if fertilizers have already been applied in the autumn. To do this, you need to dilute manure with water in a bucket and add 1 table there. spoon of urea. For each plant it is necessary to introduce such a bucket of 2-3 liters of fertilizer. Remember that immediately after such feeding it is necessary to water the plant abundantly. The second feeding using the same method should be done after two weeks. We also carry out the third feeding.
If you do not have access to organic fertilizers, you can replace them with mineral ones. This fertilizer must be prepared independently from a bucket of water, 25 g of superphosphate, 20 g of ammonium nitrate and 15 g of potassium sulfate. This bucket is designed for 2-3 bushes. After applying fertilizer, it is necessary to water the plant abundantly.
Remember that the holes under the bushes should be no more than 60 cm in diameter and 10 cm in depth. After applying fertilizers and abundant watering, the holes must be covered with earth or mulched with peat.
fb.ru
Caring for fruit trees in autumn.
Caring for fruit trees in the fall is the key to a long and comfortable life for fruit plants for many years to come. Therefore, you should start caring for your garden from the very beginning and throughout the life of the plants.
- 1.5 More
The basis for a good harvest is feeding fruit trees in the fall. Indeed, during the period of flowering, formation and ripening of fruits, they lose all their nutrients. Therefore, in the fall the soil is already depleted and requires fertilizers. The lack of the necessary elements before the onset of frost and throughout the winter period negatively affects the condition of the garden. Plants located in open areas are most difficult to tolerate frost and cold. That is why experienced summer residents, having harvested their harvest, strive to feed fruit trees and berry bushes.
Fertilizer needed to improve the quality of the soil is applied before digging. This method effectively improves the composition of the soil intended for cultivation in the spring. But autumn feeding of fruit trees has its own characteristics. It is important to know the timing, types of fertilizing, and the procedure for using fertilizers. After all, each of the seedlings needs an individual approach and a set of certain minerals.
The right period for feeding
Fertilizers, which include potassium chloride and potassium salts, are applied in the fall. And in small doses they can be used to fertilize plants in the spring.
Other potash fertilizers, which include potassium sulfate, wood ash, phosphorus or manure, are also used in autumn and spring.
The dosage of applied fertilizers usually does not change. The exception is nitrogen fertilizing, which is needed in small quantities only in the spring.
Autumn feeding of trees
Fertilizers are chosen at the request of the gardener. Although some of them do not welcome this type of feeding, resorting to traditional organic matter.
- Phosphorus strengthens the root system.
- Potassium removes excess moisture from plants and increases frost resistance.
- Wood ash or ash prevents soil acidification and enriches the soil with microelements.
- Organics increase the production of humus and improve the air conductivity of the soil.
Phosphorus fertilizer is presented in the form of superphosphates or double superphosphates. These substances differ only in concentration.
It is recommended to embed this type of fertilizing at least 15 cm into the soil near the root shoots. Fertilizer should not be applied too close to the tree or shrub base. It is much more useful to introduce it into holes dug around the perimeter of the tree near the trunk. They do not need to be dug deep, no more than 40 cm is enough. Then each hole is filled with a handful of fertilizer, watered with water and buried.
Also, feeding trees in the fall is done with potassium sulfate, which does not contain harmful chlorine. The amount of embedding is from 4 to 15 grams per square meter. For the best effect, phosphorus and potassium compounds should be used simultaneously.
Potassium chloride is considered a cheaper analogue. And so that it does not harm the root system, it is applied in early autumn. This way it is washed away by rain or watering before winter arrives.
Wood ash consists of natural components that have a positive effect on plants. These include compounds of magnesium, iron, calcium, fluorine, boron and iodine. The only drawback of ash is its volume. After all, one tree will need at least 5 liters.
Fertilizing with fresh manure or chicken droppings is not recommended., because they contain an increased dose of ammonia, which can harm tree roots. It is better to feed the plants with these fertilizers after they have rotted. For trees, this takes about three years. The fertilizer has a good effect on stone fruit varieties, such as apricot, cherry, and plum.
For garden crops, excellent nutrition is:
- compost from peat or peat-manure mixture;
- humus;
- dry cow or bird excrement;
- granular vermicompost.
Organic matter is added during digging. A tree or bush requires from 8 to 50 liters. The amount of fertilizer depends on the age of the plants.
By the end of summer, especially in years of abundant fruiting, garden trees and shrubs are greatly weakened and may experience a serious lack of nutrients. And this, in turn, can have a detrimental effect on the winter hardiness of plants and next year’s harvest. It is with the aim of replenishing the deficiency of nutrients in the soil during this period that the autumn feeding of fruit trees and shrubs with fertilizers is carried out.
Signs of macronutrient deficiency in trees and shrubs
Before fertilizing trees or shrubs in the fall, you should pay attention to their condition. This will help determine whether the plant is starving for certain macroelements. And if a deficiency of certain substances is detected, it is necessary to apply appropriate fertilizer. Deficiencies of essential macronutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium can be determined by carefully examining the lower leaves of a tree or shrub, since these are the ones that suffer first. Why the lower leaves? Because, in case of a lack of necessary macroelements, the plant redistributes them to still growing organs.
Thus, with a lack of magnesium, interveinal chlorosis is observed, which is characterized by yellowing of the main part of the leaves; only the areas along the veins remain green. The leaves become striped and their edges and tips curl.
Nitrogen deficiency is characterized by yellow lower leaves, depressed growth, short and thin shoots, small inflorescences, and a small number of leaves on trees and shrubs. However, if such signs were noticed in the fall, there is no need to compensate for the lack of nitrogen, otherwise the plant will not be able to “prepare” for winter.
Latest articles about gardening
With phosphorus starvation, the lower leaves of trees turn purple, crimson or violet. For such plants, phosphorus-containing fertilizers must be applied immediately after the problem has been identified.
The main sign of potassium deficiency in a plant is browning of the edges of the leaf blade, which is called marginal necrosis. Even after applying potassium fertilizers, the edges of the leaves will not recover, but saturating a tree or shrub with this element will help it “survive” the winter.
How to determine how much feeding a tree needs?
It is not difficult to determine how much fertilizer is needed for one fruit tree. To do this, you need to know the area where the fertilizer will be applied. The area is calculated as follows: add one to the crown diameter and multiply by 3.14. Next, the resulting area in square meters is multiplied by the dose of fertilizer required per 1 m2.
How to fertilize fruit trees and shrubs in the fall
Autumn feeding of trees is carried out after harvesting. Fruit trees are fertilized with organic matter, mineral fertilizers, or a combination of the first and second options. Every fruit tree needs chemical elements: potassium, nitrogen and phosphorus. Because they help trees cope with fungal infection and nourish them during the long and harsh winter.
Here are the substances in the preparations of which there is a concentrate of mineral fertilizers:
· Bone flour.
· Superphosphate.
· Potassium monophosphate.
Mineral fertilizers are applied to the soil at a depth of fifteen centimeters and in doses provided on the packaging or instructions for a particular drug. Mineral preparations must be applied annually in the fall.
Nitrogen is found in safe concentrations in compost. A bucket of organic matter is added to trees that are no more than ten years old. For older fruit trees, it is recommended to add up to sixty kilograms of organic matter. This amount of organic matter will be enough for fruit trees for several years.
If you add organic matter to the mineral fertilizer, the dose of superphosphates is significantly reduced (by fifty percent).
Depending on what fertilizers you choose (liquid or dry), the principle of their application depends.
· Liquid fertilizers are applied into special grooves made in the tree trunk circle around the tree. The more grooves, the better the effect.
· To apply dry fertilizers, you first need to remove the top layer of soil (1-2 cm) in the tree trunk circle, distribute the fertilizers evenly and return the soil back.
In the fall, it is best to use the second fertilizing option, since this way the fertilizers will be absorbed by the plants gradually, reaching the roots along with the melted snow. Liquid formulations are more effective in spring and summer.
As a dry fertilizer, you can add superphosphate at the rate of 100 g per 1 sq.m of tree trunk circle and potassium fertilizers at the rate of 50 g per 1 sq.m. After fertilizing, the soil in the tree trunk circle should be covered with a layer of mown grass - it will act as mulch.
How to fertilize with manure
To fertilize trees in the fall, manure must not only be collected, it must also be stored properly.
· This is done as follows: the manure is folded in layers. Each layer should be approximately 20 centimeters.
· The layers are sprinkled with superphosphate. If the manure is dry, it should be slightly moistened and compacted.
· The manure pile should be about a meter and a half long. The sides need to be covered with turf.
· It is not recommended to use cellophane as a cover for a manure heap. The fact is that in hot weather the mass will definitely overheat, and the manure heap may also catch fire. Such cases have been noted more than once.
· Needless to say, if overheated, many of the manure’s nutrients will be irretrievably lost. If the weather is dry, then the manure pile must be moistened as needed.
Feeding fruit trees with liquid manure is justified. Slurry is made as follows: take an iron or plastic barrel, which is filled one third with manure, the next two thirds are filled with water.
The resulting mass is left for fermentation. Before adding slurry to the soil, it is diluted with water: take 5-6 liters of water per liter of slurry.
What fertilizers should be applied to fruit bushes in the fall?
Typically, autumn feeding of these cultivated plants consists of organic and mineral fertilizers. Fertilizing is carried out during the same period as autumn spraying of the garden.
When it comes to organic matter, it is best to scatter rotted cow manure or humus into the tree trunks of shrubs at this time of year. You can also add compost. The norm for these fertilizers for currants and gooseberries is 2 buckets. For a semi-shrub such as raspberries (or blackberries), you should add about 7 kg of organic matter for each bush.
But it should be remembered that the annual application of manure or compost in the fall can negatively affect the condition of the berry bushes. These fertilizers need to be applied differently to different soils. Thus, heavy soils (clayey or loamy) require the application of humus, compost or other organic matter once every three seasons. Sandy soils, from which any type of fertilizer is washed out very quickly, should be fed with organic matter once every two seasons.
It is recommended to apply compost, rotted manure or humus to the berry gardens as organic fertilizers. The total amount of organic matter per bush of black and red currants, as well as gooseberries, should be about 15-20 kg. For raspberries, this norm is reduced by almost half, that is, to 6-8 kilograms per bush. However, you cannot add organic matter every year; this can have a detrimental effect on the condition of the plants. On clay soils, this should be done after 2 years on the third, but sandstones that are poorer in nutrition need to be fed more often - every other year. The same applies to areas where raspberries grow. True, in this case, the above norm needs to be reduced by a third. That is, 10-13 kg of organic matter is added for each currant or gooseberry bush, and 4-6 kg for raspberries.
Mineral fertilizers are applied in the form of phosphorus and potassium preparations in the following quantities:
* 150-200 g of superphosphate;
* 40 g of potassium sulfate on clay soils, for sandstones - 60 g.
The given standards are intended for gooseberries and currants of both colors. When feeding raspberries, they need to be reduced by 3 times.
Articles about indoor and ornamental plants
If mineral fertilizers are used together with organic ones, then it is best to mix these components, which will achieve a more even distribution. In those years when compost or humus is not applied, they are replaced with crumbly garden soil, the volume of which should be 5 times the volume of the fertilizer mixture. The resulting mass is thoroughly mixed, and then distributed around the bushes for digging, which will be discussed below.
Autumn fertilizers for berry bushes should not include infusions of manure or weeds, as well as nitrogen fertilizers. The fact is that they stimulate rapid growth of branches. However, the young growth thus formed will not have time to lignify before the onset of cold weather and will die.