Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus Efron 1. Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron
Published by the joint-stock publishing company F. A. Brockhaus - I. A. Efron (St. Petersburg, 1890-1907, 82 main and 4 additional volumes; the first 8 volumes edited by I. E. Andrievsky, the rest - edited by K. K. Arsenyev and F. F. Petrushevsky). In 1899-1902, the “Small Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron” was published (in 3 volumes) and in 1907-1909 the second edition in 4 volumes. In 1911-1916, the “New Encyclopedic Dictionary” was published (29 volumes out of the planned 48 were published). The encyclopedia contains 121,240 articles, 7,800 illustrations, 235 maps.
The encyclopedia was originally intended to be a translation of the German " Conversations-Lexicon"with a slight adaptation for the Russian public. However, this approach did not justify itself, and the first volumes caused a lot of complaints. In addition, the general management of the publication left much to be desired.
A new period in the history of the encyclopedia began with the invitation to the editorial staff of many outstanding scientists and philosophers of that time: D.I. Mendeleev, Vl. S. Solovyov, S. A. Vengerov, A. N. Beketov, A. I. Voeikova and many others.
From this moment on, “Conversations-Lexicon” fades into the background and the main place is given to independent articles, especially on all issues related to Russia, its history, culture, geography.
The displacement of translated articles by original ones and the emergence of new authors affected the very nature of the publication: from a trivial encyclopedia it turned into a collection of the latest achievements and discoveries in all fields of science and technology. Reading an article about the periodic table chemical elements, you wonder why there is not a word about D.I. Mendeleev, and only after reading to the end do you find out that such an injustice towards the great chemist was committed by him himself.
Another important advantage of the encyclopedia is its free manner of presentation. Elements of fiction are found not only in biographical articles, many of which read like exciting stories, but also in scientific ones. In many ways, such looseness in the presentation of material is also a consequence of the involvement of the most prominent scientists of that time in writing articles, because, as you know, only someone who is fluent in this field can explain something most clearly. Moreover, at that time it was not customary to edit articles, “combing” them with one brush, and the author’s style remained untouched.
For today encyclopedic Dictionary Brockhaus and Efron is in the public domain: although in scientific and technical terms the encyclopedia is already very outdated, many of its articles are still of exceptional historical value.
Published by the joint-stock publishing company F. A. Brockhaus - I. A. Efron (St. Petersburg, 1890-1907, 82 main and 4 additional volumes; the first 8 volumes edited by I. E. Andrievsky, the rest - edited by K. K. Arsenyev and F. F. Petrushevsky). In 1899-1902, the “Small Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron” was published (in 3 volumes) and in 1907-1909 the second edition in 4 volumes. In 1911-1916, the “New Encyclopedic Dictionary” was published (29 volumes out of the planned 48 were published). The encyclopedia contains 121,240 articles, 7,800 illustrations, 235 maps.
The encyclopedia was originally intended to be a translation of the German " Conversations-Lexicon"with a slight adaptation for the Russian public. However, this approach did not justify itself, and the first volumes caused a lot of complaints. In addition, the general management of the publication left much to be desired.
A new period in the history of the encyclopedia began with the invitation to the editorial staff of many outstanding scientists and philosophers of that time: D.I. Mendeleev, Vl. S. Solovyov, S. A. Vengerov, A. N. Beketov, A. I. Voeikova and many others.
From this moment on, “Conversations-Lexicon” fades into the background and the main place is given to independent articles, especially on all issues related to Russia, its history, culture, geography.
The displacement of translated articles by original ones and the emergence of new authors affected the very nature of the publication: from a trivial encyclopedia it turned into a collection of the latest achievements and discoveries in all fields of science and technology. Reading an article about the periodic table of chemical elements, you wonder why there is not a word about D.I. Mendeleev, and only after reading to the end do you learn that such an injustice to the great chemist was committed by him himself.
Another important advantage of the encyclopedia is its free manner of presentation. Elements of fiction are found not only in biographical articles, many of which read like exciting stories, but also in scientific ones. In many ways, such looseness in the presentation of material is also a consequence of the involvement of the most prominent scientists of that time in writing articles, because, as you know, only someone who is fluent in this field can explain something most clearly. Moreover, at that time it was not customary to edit articles, “combing” them with one brush, and the author’s style remained untouched.
For today Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron is in the public domain: although in scientific and technical terms the encyclopedia is already very outdated, many of its articles are still of exceptional historical value.
Ed. prof. I. E. Andreevsky (up to the letter B), K. K. Arsenyev and F. F. Petrushevsky. 82 half-volumes and 4 additional (86 books). St. Petersburg, F. A. Brockhaus and A. I. Efron, 1890-1907. In identical printed publisher's bindings. Much less often, the publication is found in 43 bindings - 41 volumes and 2 additional volumes, which is much more valuable. Perhaps the most famous pompous publication in Russia!
Encyclopedic Dictionary:
T. 1 (1): A - Altai. - 1890. - 4, 480 s., 10 l. ill., map.
T. 1A (2): Altai - Aragway. - 1890. - 2, 481-954, II p., 19 l. ill., map.
T. 2 (3): Arago - Outka. - 1890. - 2, 478, 2 s, 17 l. ill., map.
T. 2A (4): Auto - Banks. - 1891. - 4, 479-946, 2 p., 19 l. ill., map.
T. 3 (5): Banks - Berger. - 1891. - 2, 480 s., 10 l. ill., map.
T. 3A (6): Berger - Encores. - 1891. - 2, 481-956 p., 3 l. ill., map.
T. 4 (7): Bitburg - Bosch. - 1891. - 4, VIII, 472 pp., 6 l. ill., map.
T. 4A (8): Bos - Bunchuk. - 1891. - 6, VI, 473-940 p., 7 l. ill..
T. 5 (9): Buny - Walter. - 1891. - 4, IV, 468, XII pp., 5 l. ill.
T. 5A (10): Walter - Venuti. - 1892. - 4, 469-938, 2 p., 8 l. ill.
T. 6 (11): Venzano - Vinona. - 1892. - 4, II, 488, 2 p., 7 l. ill., map.
T. 6A (12): Wine literature - Volan. - 1892. - 6, 489-944, 2 p., 15 l. ill., map.
T. 7 (13): Volapyuk - Vygovsky. - 1892. - 4, 480 s., 10 l. ill., map.
T. 7A (14): Vygovsky - Galban. - 1892. - 8, 481-952, 4, 4 p., 4 l. ill.
T. 8 (15): Galberg - Germanium. - 1892. - 6, 478, 2 s, 10 l. ill.
T. 8A (16): Germany - Go. - 1893. - 8, 479-958, II, 2 p. 10 l. ill., map.
T. 9 (17): Goa - Engraver. - 1893. - 6, 474 p., 13 l. ill.
T. 9A (18): Gravilat - Davenant. - 1893. - 8, 475-974, II, 2 p., 17 l. ill., map.
T. 10 (19): Davenport - Desmin. - 1893. - 4, 480 s., 2 l. ill.
T. 10A (20): Desmurgy - Domitian. - 1893. - 481-960, II p., 8 p. ill., map.
T. 11 (21): Domitii - Evreinova. - 1893. - 6, 466 p., 9 l. ill., map.
T. 11A (22): Evreinovs - Zhilon. - 1894. - 4, 467-958, II, 2 p., 11 l. ill., map.
T. 12 (23): Veins - Sempach. - 1894. - 6, 480 s., 11 l. ill., map.
T. 12A (24): Semper - Imidoacids. - 1894. - 8, 481-960, II, 2 p., 6 l. ill.
T. 13 (25): Imidoesters - Historical school. - 1894. - 8, 480 p., 7 l. ill., map.
T. 13A (26): Historical magazines - Kalaidovich. - 1894. - 8, 481-960, II, 2 p., 7 l. ill., map.
T. 14 (27): Kalaka - Kardam. - 1895. - 4, 480 s., 8 l. ill., map.
T. 14A (28): Kardanakhi - Kero. - 1895. - 6, 481-960, II, II p., 5 p. ill.
T. 15 (29): Kerosene - Koaye. - 1895. - 6, 478 p., 8 l. ill., map.
T. 15A (30): Koala - Concordia. - 1895. - 2, II, 2, 479-960, II p., 9 l. ill., map.
T. 16 (31): Concord - Koyalovich. - 1895. - 6, 480 s., 11 l. ill., map.
T. 16A (32): Koyalovich - Coulomb. - 1895. - 6, 481-960, II, 2 p., 16 l. ill., map.
T. 17 (33): Kultagoy - Ice. - 1896. - 4, 482 pp., 16 l. ill., map.
T. 17A (34): Ledier - Loparev. - 1896. - 6, 483-960, II, 2 p., 15 l. ill., map.
T. 18 (35): Lapps - Juvenile criminals. - 1896. - 4, 480 s., 16 l. ill., map.
T. 18A (36): Early childhood - Meishagola. - 1896. - 6, 481-958, II, 2 p., 7 l. ill.
T. 19 (37): Mekenen - Mifu-Banya. - 1896. - 4, 476 p., 12 l. ill., map.
T. 19A (38): Michael's Order - Moscow Telegraph. - 1896. - 6, 477-960, II, 2 p., 21 l. ill., map.
T. 20 (39): Moscow University - Corrective punishments. - 1897. - 6, 480 s., 20 l. ill., map.
T. 20A (40): Punishment chieftain - Owl. - 1897. - 8, 481-960, II, 2 p., 14 l. ill., map.
T. 21 (41): Nibelungs - Näffzer. - 1897. - 4, 480 s., 17 l. ill., map.
T. 21A (42): Nashville - Opatsky. - 1897. - 8, 481-960, II, 2 p., 30 l. ill., map.
T. 22 (43): Guardianship - Outsider. - 1897. - 4, 480 s., 18 l. ill., map.
T. 22A (44): Owen - Patent on fights. - 1897. - 6, 481-960, II p., 27 l. ill., map.
T. 23 (45): Patents for inventions - Petropavlovsky. -1898. - 4, 474 s, 15 l. ill., map.
T. 23A (46): Petropavlovsky - Povatazhnoe. - 1898. - 4, II, 475-958, II, 2 p., 20 l. ill., map.
T. 24 (47): Imperative mood - Polar coordinates. - 1898. - 4, 474 pp., 18 l. ill., map.
T. 24A (48): Polar lights - Praia. - 1898. - 4, II, 475-958, II, 2 p., 11 l. ill., map., table.
T. 25 (49): Prayaga - Delay in vacation. - 1898. - 4, 478 pp., 10 l. ill., map.
T. 25A (50): Prostatitis - Workhouse. - 1898. - 4, II, 2, 479-958, II, 2 p.
T. 26 (51): Workbook - Resolution. - 1899. - 6, 480 s., 10 l. ill.
T. 26A (52): Resonance and resonators - Rosa di Tivoli. - 1899. - 4, II, 481-960, II, 2 p., 13 l. ill., map.
T. 27 (53): Rosaven - Turnip. - 1899. - 6, 480 s., 22 l. ill.
T. 27A (54): Repina - Ryasskoe and Russia. - 1899. - 4, II, 481-532, 1-420, IV p. 51 l. ill., map., table.
T. 28 (55): Russia and S - Savarna. - 1899. - 6, 421-874, IV, 2, 1-24 p., 16 l. ill., map., table.
T. 28A (56): Savarni - Saharon. - 1900. - 4, II, 25-496, II pp., 15 l. ill., map.
T. 29 (57): Sugar - Seven Wise Men. - 1900. - 8, 468 s, 10 l. ill., map.
T. 29A (58): Seven lakes - Symphony. - 1900. - 4, II, 469-954, II, 2 pp., 16 l. ill., map.
T. 30 (59): Sim - Slyuzka. - 1900. - 4, 2, 480 s., 9 l. ill., map.
T. 30A (60): Slyuz - Sofia Paleolog. - 1900. - 4, II, 481-960, II, 2 p., 22 p. ill., map., table.
T. 31 (61): Sofia - Statics. - 1900. - 6, 472 s., 11 l. ill., map.
T. 31A (62): Statics - Judicial system. - 1901. - 4, II, 473-954, II, 2 p., 10 l. ill.
T. 32 (63): Shipping fees - Taitsy. - 1901. - 4, 480 s., 14 l. ill., map.
T. 32A (64): Tai - Termites. - 1901. - 4, II, 481-960, II, 2 p., 10 l. ill., map.
T. 33 (65): Thermal sensations - Tombasi. - 1901. - 4, 478 s., 25 l. ill., map.
T. 33A (66): Tombigbee - Trula Cathedral. - 1901. - 4, II, 479-960, II, 2 p., 5 l. ill., map.
T. 34 (67): Trump - Calcium carbon. - 1901. - 4, 482 s., 5 l. ill., map.
T. 34A (68): Carbon - Effort. - 1902. - 6, II, IV, 483-960, II, 2 p., 16 l. ill.
T. 35 (69): Usinsk border district - Phenol. - 1902. - 4, 476 s., 7 l. ill., map.
T. 35A (70): Phenols - Finland. - 1902. - 4, II, 477-960, II p., 10 l. ill., map.
T. 36 (71): Finland - Franconia. - 1902. - 4, 478 p., 15 l. ill., map.
T. 36A (72): Franconian dynasty - Khaki. - 1902. - 4, II, 479-956, II, 2 p., 12 l. ill., map.
T. 37 (73): Hakim - Khodorov. - 1903. - 6, 478 p., 18 l. ill., map.
T. 37A (74): Chodsky - Censorship. - 1903. - 2, II, 479-962, II, 2 p., 11 l. ill., map.
T. 38 (75): Censorship Committee - Man. - 1903. - 4, 482 p., 9 l. ill.
T. 38A (76): Man - Chuguevsky Regiment. - 1903. - 6, II, 483-958, 2, 2 p., 10 l. ill., map.
T. 39 (77): Chuguev - Shen. - 1903. - 6, 480 s., 7 l. ill., map.
T. 39A (78): Chenier - Shuisky Monastery. - 1903. - 4, II, 481-960, II p., 6 p. ill.
T. 40 (79): Shuiskoe - Electrical excitability. - 1904. - 4, 4, 468 pp., 9 l. ill.
T. 40A (80): Electrical excitatory force - Ergotin. - 1904. - 4, II, 469-954, 2 p., 13 l. ill.
T. 41 (81): Erdan - Egg production. - 1904. - 4, 576 p., 7 l. ill., map.
T. 41A (82): Oviduct - V. - 1904. - 6, IV, 577-956, 4 p., 6 l. ill., cart., 28 l. portrait
Additional volumes:
T. 1 (1): Aa - Wood Pigeon. - 1905. - 4, 478 p., 6 l. ill., map.
T. 1A (2): The Hague Conference - Kochubey. - 1905. - 4, 481-956, II, 2 pp. 3 l. ill., map.
T. 2 (3): Koshbukh - Prusik. - 1906. - 2, 480 s., 8 l. ill., map.
T. 2A (4): Prussia - Thomas. Russia. - 1907. - 2, 481-934, XCVIII, 4 p., 19 l. ill., map.
German publisher Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus (05/04/1772, Dortmund “08/20/1823, Leipzig), founder of a book publishing and bookselling company: opened in 1805 in Amsterdam, in 1811-1817. was in Altenburg and then in Leipzig. The first edition by F.A. Brockhaus appeared purchased from R.G. Lebel's German encyclopedia "Konver-sations-Lexikon" (1808-1811), subsequently reprinted several times (the 15th and 16th editions are called "Der Grosse Brockhaus" - "The Great Brockhaus"). After the death of F.A. Brockhaus’s company was taken over by his sons, who expanded the printing house, increased the number of periodicals, acquired “Algemeine Enzyklopadie der Wissenschaften und Kunst” by I.S. Ersh and G. Gruber and published various dictionaries and reference books. The bulk of publications on the Russian book market in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. supplied the largest, in the terminology of I.E. Barenbaum, “bourgeois educational publishing houses”: M.O. Wolf (since 1853), V.E. Henkel (since 1853), K.T. Soldatenkova (since 1856), K.L. Ricker (since 1861), P.I. Jurgenson (since 1861), F.F. Pavlenkova (since 1863), A.A. Gatsuka (since 1865), M.M. Stasyulevich (since 1866), G.D. Goppe (since 1867), A.F. Marx (since 1869), N.P. Karbasnikova (since 1871), A.F. Devrien (since 1872), I.D. Sytin (since 1876), “New Time” by A.S. Suvorin (since 1878), V.A. Berezovsky (since 1879), “Practical Medicine” B.C. Ettinger (since 1884), P.P. Soykina (since 1885), “V.V. Dumnov, heirs of the Salaev brothers" (from 1885), "Brockhaus and Efron" (from 1889), M. and S. Sabashnikov (from 1891), A. and I. Granat (from 1892) , HE. Popova (since 1894), I.N. Knebel (since 1895), V.V. Bitner (since 1903). Having arisen mainly in post-reform times, even after the death of their first owners they remained the largest publishing houses in Russia until the creation of Gosizdat (1919), glorifying Russian publishing throughout the world, making it an integral part of the great Russian culture. These were different, dissimilar book enterprises, but most of their owners were large Russian publishers of the second half of the 19th century - beginning of the 20th century - we could rightfully repeat the wonderful words of M.O. Wolf about the profession of a publisher: “A publisher deals with the most delicate of all goods existing in the world, with the fruits of mental labor, with the results of artistic inspiration. The publisher reproduces the work and makes it available to the public, entering into certain terms with the author for this purpose. By performing such an operation, the publisher, willingly or unwillingly, becomes an evaluator of mental work and artistic inspiration. But to be an appraiser, one must to some extent be a connoisseur, and here our path is strewn with endless difficulties and stumbling blocks such as are not encountered by any of the manufacturers who have the good fortune to handle material less delicate. No thinnest, most transparent and airy matter, no most precious materials and stones can compare, in delicacy, with our intangible goods, because our goods are: thought, inspiration, dream. It’s not euphonious to call these particles of the deity a commodity: but what can we do - we don’t trade with others.” New bourgeois-educational publisher of the second half of the 19th century. differed from the merchant publisher of the first half of the 19th century. A.A. Sidorov rightly wrote that “instead of the publisher-printer, we have in the second half of the 19th century the prevalence of the type of publisher-merchant, bookseller of a new formation, building his enterprise on “self-supporting”, and, of course, the publisher-ideologist, who sees book production as a form of public service and civil feat." A typical entrepreneur of the era of young capitalism was M.O. Wolf. Perhaps this is the first Russian publisher who realized his activity as a profession and calling. “My activity as a publisher and bookseller is a social activity,” he wrote. Although the new publishing houses, which emerged mainly in the post-reform period, were mostly universal in nature, each of them had several main areas of activity. For example, at the Brockhaus and Efron publishing house, with all its universalism, the main thing was the publication of the Encyclopedic Dictionary. An important circumstance that played a significant role in the choice of direction for the publishing house was the situation in the publishing industry in Russia. The sales market was clearly divided between the largest book producers, each of which had its own spheres of influence. Of course, there was competition between publishers, but the spheres of influence were largely preserved. Each of the newly created bourgeois educational publishing houses was obliged to take into account the spheres of influence, and most importantly, to be well aware of the “gaps” in the publishing market, the “blank spots” in the Russian publishing business, and skillfully take into account all the needs of its consumers. An important circumstance that influenced the choice of direction for bourgeois educational publishing houses was the objective process of specialization of capitalist production, expressed in the creation of firms producing literature of certain types or topics. The development of science and technology, literature and art, natural science and medicine, the increasing differentiation of knowledge led to the emergence, along with large universal publishing houses, of a number of specialized enterprises that concentrated their attention on the publication of literature in one or two or three, mostly related, branches of knowledge . The specialization of some companies, for example publishing houses A.F. Devriena or "Brockhaus and Efron", was partly conditional, since they often published books that did not correspond to their main profile. Other companies (P.I. Yurgenson or V.A. Berezovsky) throughout the half-century history of their existence maintained their narrow specialization. In the activities of specialized publishing houses of the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. trends are traced that were also inherent in the new universal book enterprises of that time. This or that specialization of publishing firms was explained by the desire to fill the “gaps” in the publishing industry, but the decisive factor influencing this or that specialization was the social situation in the country, which the organizers of bourgeois-educational publishing houses were sensitive to. Understanding the needs of an agrarian country, especially after the abolition of serfdom, when the old, landowner way of farming was replaced by a new, capitalist one, which required as many book manuals as possible for its practical implementation, A.F. At the first stage of his publishing activity, Devrien made the production of agricultural literature its main focus. After the defeat of Russia in the Crimean War (1853-1856), Captain of the General Staff A.A. Ilyin felt an urgent need to create a specialized cartographic publishing house that would produce military topographic maps. Taking part in the Russian-Turkish war, Guard Captain V.A. Berezovsky saw that the Russian army was in dire need of manuals and manuals for military training. To this end, he created the first private publishing house in Russia, specializing in the publication of military literature. After the abolition of serfdom, P.I. Jurgenson opened a music publishing house, rightly believing that the social upsurge that embraced all layers of Russian society would lead to the flourishing of Russian culture and art, including music. The leaders of the publishing house "Brockhaus and Efron" felt late XIX c., that there is an urgent need to summarize the grandiose achievements in all areas of human knowledge, to publish in Russia the “Encyclopedic Dictionary”, for which, first of all, this publishing house was conceived. By starting to publish the Encyclopedic Dictionary, the company Brockhaus and Efron discovered “unchartered territory” in book publishing. True, in Russia, even before this, repeated attempts had been made to carry out publications of this kind, but almost all of them ended unsuccessfully: in some cases, the production of encyclopedic dictionaries was simply not completed, and in others, they did not correspond to the state of science, technology, art and literature of their time. Thus, A. Plushar’s “Encyclopedic Lexicon” ended at the letter “D”; 12-volume “Reference Encyclopedic Dictionary” by A.V. Starchevsky - K. Kraya was extremely unsatisfactory in scientific terms; the wonderful “Encyclopedic Dictionary”, compiled by Russian scientists and writers, begun in 1861, was limited to the letter “A” (five volumes) and one volume for the letter “E”; a good three-volume “Desk Dictionary” by Petrashevets F.G. Tolya was not complete enough; “Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary” by Professor I.N. Berezina in 16 volumes (1873-1879) did not correspond to modern achievements of science and technology; the first three volumes of the “Desktop Encyclopedic Dictionary” of the “Partnership A. Garbel and Co.” (1891-1892) were also clearly unsatisfactory in scientific terms. “Conversations-Lexikon” by F.A. Brockhaus" became one of the best encyclopedic publications in the world in the 19th century. and contributed to the international recognition of the German publishing house. In 1891-1895 company "F.A. Brockhaus" released the 14th edition of the "Spoken Lexicon" with a circulation of 100 thousand copies, and the son of the founder of the publishing house, Heinrich Brockhaus, in his speech on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the company, especially emphasized: "The history of the encyclopedia is amazing and remarkable not only in relation to its business factor, but also from the point of view of literary and cultural-historical significance. The success of the company was often called unparalleled in the history of the book trade, but the influence that this work had in the education and enlightenment of the people was also unprecedented.” Leipzig company F.A. Brockhaus" had long-standing ties with Russia. Suffice it to remember that back in 1861 the St. Petersburg publisher N.V. Gerbel with the support of the company “F.A. Brockhaus" published the complete works of K.F. Ryleeva and M.Yu. Lermontov, and in 1863 at the request of N.V. Gerbel, a German company published a three-volume collected works of F. Schiller. At the request of St. Petersburg publisher V.E. Genkel company “F.A. Brockhaus" in 1863 made engraved drawings for the works of M.Yu. Lermontov for the album “Northern Lights”. Also in 1863, publisher I.I. Glazunov during the release of works by M.Yu. Lermontov also turned to the help of the company “F.A. Brockhaus" for engraving portraits of M.Yu. Lermontov. This company was engaged in engraving portraits of the poet for other Russian editions of the works of M.Yu. Lermontov, and also engraved portraits of N.V. Gogol for the collection of his works, published by A.F. Marx in 1901. Significant and serious interest of the company “F.A. Brockhaus" to Russia at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century. was explained mainly by the enormous interest of the German reader in the great Russian culture, and above all in the work of F.M. Dostoevsky, who literally became the idol of the reading public in Germany. Therefore, it is no coincidence that the Knizhny Vestnik magazine reported on possible acquisitions by F.A. Brockhaus" Russian publications and widely advertised its publications. Long-term connections of the company “F.A. Brockhaus" with St. Petersburg publishers culminated in the creation of the publishing house "Brockhaus and Efron" in St. Petersburg in 1889. Hereditary honorary citizen of St. Petersburg, owner of a printing house and book warehouse, Ilya Abramovich Efron (1847, Vilno - 04/19 (05/2/1917, Petrograd) back in 1880 acquired a printing house in St. Petersburg and began printing books and magazines of St. Petersburg publishers (the printing house was located on Fontanka in house no. 92). The publishing house "Brockhaus and Efron" was conceived by I.A. Efron with the aim of publishing in Russia a complete encyclopedic dictionary based on the 13th edition of Brockhaus’s “Spoken Dictionary”. An agreement to publish the Encyclopedic Dictionary in Russia was signed between the company F.A. Brockhaus" and I.A. Efron in April 1889. Why exactly I.A. Was Efron chosen for this role? Yes, because he was a rather interesting figure in the history of Russian publishing. I.A. Efron was familiar with a number of Russian writers, in particular, about his acquaintance with F.M. Metropolitan Anthony (A. Khrapovitsky) told Dostoevsky: “Dostoevsky has some ambiguities (omissions), which, however, become quite understandable with subsequent discoveries about his work. So, for the reader it is not entirely clear why Smerdyakov killed his father and why Stavrogin was so gloomy and somehow depressed. It seemed that there was something left unsaid in the description of their lives. Only now it has become clear that, according to the original manuscript, Smerdyakov was subjected to Sodomy desecration by his father Fyodor Pavlovich, this part of the manuscript was omitted by the author at the insistence of his friends Pobedonostsev and Katkov, and Stavrogin raped a young girl, who then hanged herself. We have already published about the message that we heard from the venerable elder Efron (a baptized Jew), who gave me his last message on his deathbed. He personally knew Dostoevsky and many other writers well and revealed to me the intimate side of some of the events described by the author, including the reason for Smerdyakov’s anger against his father Fyodor Karamazov, which the author did not put into print on the friendly advice of K.P. Pobedonostsev and M.N. Katkova. It is possible that they advised Dostoevsky not to publish about Stavrogin’s visit to Bishop Tikhon, but, of course, for other reasons, still unknown to me, for in the conversation of the late bishop with Stavrogin there was, of course, nothing indecent, which took place in the relations of Fyodor Karamazov with Smerdyakov." I.A. Efron was a widely educated man, knew foreign languages, translated and published a number of famous medical books in Russia. If the company “F.A. Brockhaus" was engaged in the production of illustrations, then everything else, that is, the translation of articles from the 13th edition into Russian, staffing the editorial office and staff, printing and distributing the dictionary, was in charge of I.A. Efron. Printing house I.A. Efron on Fontanka could not cope with the printing of the Encyclopedic Dictionary, and in 1891 I.A. Efron purchased a three-story brick house in Prachechny Lane (house no. 6), which from now on housed a printing house, a book warehouse and the publishing house Brockhaus and Efron. This publishing house, which operated from 1889 to 1917 and from 1922 to 1930, published a lot of excellent literature, including its main brainchild - the unique “Encyclopedic Dictionary” in 86 half-volumes - the best Russian encyclopedia so far. Due to the increase in the circulation of the Encyclopedic Dictionary - from 12 thousand copies. in 1890 up to 25 thousand copies. in 1897 - in 1898 the Joint Stock Company of Printing and Publishing was established in St. Petersburg under the company “Publishing Business, former Brockhaus - Efron”. The Company's fixed capital was 1 million rubles, divided into 4,000 shares of 250 rubles each. each. Brockhaus contributed 1,200 shares, I.A. Ephron with his sons -1750. From 1899 until the end of his life, the chairman of the board and managing director of the Company was I.A. Efron.
The “Encyclopedic Dictionary” of Brockhaus and Efron has fully retained its reference and scientific value to this day. The advantages of this dictionary - great saturation of factual and digital material, the high scientific level of its articles, abundance of bibliographic materials and, most importantly, special attention to personalities - have made it an indispensable reference tool. However, the first volumes of the “Encyclopedic Dictionary” of Brockhaus and Efron, published under the editorship of I.E. Andreevsky, turned out to be unsuccessful. The editors probably believed that it was enough just to translate the German “Conversations-Lexicon”, somehow adapting it to the needs of Russian readers. Book scholar I.M. Kaufman rightly pointed out that “Prof. Andreevsky was extremely conscientious about his editorial duties, but apparently did not possess the necessary ability to manage such a large and responsible matter.” The first books of the Encyclopedic Dictionary by Brockhaus and Efron received a negative assessment in the Russian press. “Too many significant shortcomings! - noted the magazine “Northern Herald”. - Too little effort, love and, what’s strangest of all, an insufficiently impressive editorial team, both literary and purely academic! G. Andreevsky makes mistakes that cannot be forgiven for a scientist-professor who follows the successes of European education, and allows negligence in relation to our Russian life, which absolutely cannot be reconciled.” And the magazine “Historical Bulletin” added that the “Encyclopedic Dictionary” of Brockhaus and Efron “is carelessly and unsatisfactorily compiled. The very language of the articles is heavy and incorrect in places; the translation is immediately visible, and it is far from professorial, but gymnasium, clumsy, literal.” The magazine "Russian Wealth" gave an even harsher assessment: "The first issues of Efron's dictionary... were a real scandal." This scandal was associated not only with scientific mistakes, but also with an anecdotal article in the fifth volume of the dictionary. It was called “The Mindless Dog” and stood for “gambling-hungry dog.” It turned out that the dictionary editorial staff decided to take revenge on I.E. Andreevsky, who, forgetting to give them a fee, made excuses: “Oh, I’m an unconscious dog!” An unprecedented case in the world practice of publishing encyclopedic dictionaries. Due to harsh criticism in the press and the death of I.E. Andreevsky publishing house "Brockhaus and Efron" restructured the work of the editors of the "Encyclopedic Dictionary". Starting from the ninth and half volume, the dictionary began to be published under the editorship of a prominent representative of the liberal professors, later academician, K. K. Arsenyev and Professor of St. Petersburg University in the Department of Physics F.F. Petrushevsky. The main sections were headed by such outstanding figures of Russian science as D.I. Mendeleev, A.N. Beketov, A.I. Voeikov, S.A. Vengerov, V.T. Sobichevsky and others. The editorial secretariat was headed in March 1890 by historian M.M. Margolin. The new editors, having decided to abandon the original plan, when the German “Conversations-Lexicon” was the main basis for compiling the dictionary, paid primary attention to “independent articles, both in general and in particular on all subjects related to Russia.” Articles on the geography of Russia were to occupy a particularly large place, and in the preface to the ninth and half volume it was noted that if “from among the foreign cities we include in the dictionary only those that have a fairly significant number of inhabitants or represent something particularly remarkable,” then “ “Russian cities are absolutely all included, with the addition of more towns, villages and hamlets that have more than 3 thousand inhabitants or for some reason deserve attention.” The editors decided not to include in this publication some articles that were in the Brockhaus dictionary. As T.N. rightly notes. Rumyantsev, “the dictionary became predominantly Russian, although it also retained everything foreign that was somehow important, remarkable, or necessary for reference.” “Russian terminology of various technical industries and, in general, various local names for various objects and everything like that should also find a place in the dictionary as widely as possible given the given volume,” the editors noted. The dictionary maintained such a “correlation between objects so that none of them is not only expelled, but even suppressed by others.” The editors widely attracted major Russian scientists - historians, philosophers, economists, bibliologists, literary scholars, geographers, figures in natural science, technology, agriculture, medicine: D.N. Anuchina, D.K. Bobyleva, V.V. Bobynina, I.I. Borgman, G.F. Brandt, P.I. Brounova, S.K. Bulich, P.G. Vinogradova, R.Yu. Vippera, V.V. Vitkovsky, N.A. Gezehusa, A.L. Gershuna, A.I. Gorbova, G.E. Grum-Grzhimailo, N.G. Egorova, A.A. Inostrantseva, N.M. Knipovich, D.P. Konovalova, A.K. Krupsky, A.E. Krymsky, F.Yu. Levinson-Lessing, N.M. Lisovsky, F.G. Mishchenko, G.A. Nadsona, V.I. Palladina, G.N. Potanina, A.N. Pypina, A.A. Rzheshotarsky, N.A. Rubakina, A.V. Sovetova, Vl. S. Solovyova, I.R. Tarkhanova, V.E. Timonova, V.M. Shimkevich, Yu.M. Shokalsky, V.G. Shukhova, F.F. Erisman, I.I. Yanzhula and many others. From now on, all assessments of the “Encyclopedic Dictionary” of Brockhaus and Efron were only positive, and it was emphasized that in it “the historical, literary and geographical departments are very thoroughly and evenly maintained... everything Russian is dominant.” In the magazine “Russian Thought” it was noted three times that with each new volume the “Encyclopedic Dictionary” becomes more and more “Russian in content and language, independent articles written by Russian scientists take precedence over translated ones...” that “in the masses independently processed articles relating not only to Russia, but also to many branches of knowledge, borrowed material translated from German is barely noticeable... There is so much original material with the letter “B” that it is not possible to list even the most outstanding articles, and we are forced limit ourselves to pointing out the excellent article “Volga”, with a very good map depicting the entire basin of the great Russian river...” that if translated articles predominated in the first volumes, now “borrowings and translations occupy an insignificant place, and vice versa, d "Brockhaus, in the new edition of his Conversations-Lexicona, will have to borrow a lot from the Russian dictionary, and not only on issues relating exclusively to Russia, but also on many articles of a scientific nature." As noted by T.N. Rumyantseva, " characteristic feature The "Encyclopedic Dictionary" was that it contained biographies of still living figures. Although the editors have always maintained restraint in the biographies of Russian figures, they nevertheless retained the right to characterize and evaluate them political views. The size of the articles was increased compared to the German Brockhaus, some reached the volume of monographs, so the dictionary was not only a reference, but also a general educational one.”
Brockhaus F A & Efron I A
encyclopedic Dictionary
F. Brockhaus, I.A. Efron
encyclopedic Dictionary
Preface
The growth of large cities, the emergence of new ways and means of communication and communication caused in Russia turn of XIX-XX centuries a surge of interest in various sciences. As a result, there was a need to systematize them, to create encyclopedias covering all areas of human knowledge.
"Encyclopedic Dictionary" F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron is rightly considered one of the best Russian-language encyclopedias, which has retained its reference and scientific value for us. The abundance of statistical and factual information, detailed bibliographic references, detailed biographical articles are well known to everyone who has ever consulted this multi-volume publication.
Initially, the encyclopedia was intended as a translation of the German “Conversations-Lexicon” with a slight adaptation for the Russian public. However, this approach did not justify itself and the first volumes caused a lot of complaints. Moreover, the general management of the publication left much to be desired. There is a known case when university students ( who were commissioned to translate and write minor articles) decided to take revenge on the editors for the low pay for their work and the poor work of the editor, who exclaimed “Oh, I’m an oblivious dog!” - in response to reminders about late payment. The result was the following article: “A oblivious dog is a dog hungry for excitement."
A new period in the history of the encyclopedia began with the invitation to the editorial staff of many outstanding scientists of that time: D.I. Medeleeva, Vl.S. Solovyova, S.A. Vengerova, A.N. Beketova, A.I. Voeikov and many others. From this moment on, "Conversations-Lexicon" fades into the background and the main place is given to independent articles, especially on all issues related to Russia, its history, culture, geography.
The displacement of translated articles by original ones and the emergence of new authors affected the very nature of the publication: from a trivial encyclopedia it turned into a collection of the latest achievements and discoveries in all fields of science and technology. Reading an article about the periodic table of chemical elements, you wonder why there is not a word about D.I. Mendeleev, and only after reading to the end will you find out that such an injustice was committed against the great chemist: by himself.
Another important advantage of the encyclopedia is its free manner of presentation. Elements of fiction are found not only in biographical articles, many of which read like exciting stories, but also in scientific ones. In many ways, such looseness in the presentation of material is also a consequence of the involvement of the most prominent scientists of that time in writing articles, because, as you know, only someone who is fluent in this field can explain something most clearly. Moreover, at that time it was not customary to edit articles, “combing” them with one brush, and the author’s style remained untouched.
This edition includes most of the articles of the “Encyclopedic Dictionary” of Brockhaus and Efron, with the exception of articles that have lost their scientific significance.
By adapting the texts to the norms of modern spelling, we tried to preserve some “color”. The absence of a tradition of vigilant editorial supervision at the beginning of the century also has its negative sides, which we encountered when processing texts: in articles, meters, arshins and yards are adjacent; kilograms and pounds. However, complete unification would lead to inevitable distortions of meaning, and to facilitate orientation, the Encyclopedic Dictionary is accompanied by comparison table measures and weights.
We hope that the “Encyclopedic Dictionary” of Brockhaus and Efron will become not only a pleasant, but also a useful addition to your work and just a useful book on your desk.
Abakan is a large Siberian river in the Yenisei province, the left tributary of the Yenisei, having a length of 496 versts, and the surface of its basin is 27998.3 square meters. V. A. originates in the branches of the Sayan Mountains; its origins were found in 1842 by the traveler Chikhachev. On A. there are rapids, in the gorge, called. Wild and composed of porphyry and jasper.
Abbas (Abul-Fadl El-Gashimi) - uncle of the Prophet Mohammed, the penultimate of the many sons of Abu El-Muttalib, was born in 566 AD, in Mecca, from Nutaila. After the death of his father, Abbas took the hereditary position in his family of the guardian of the sacred spring of Zemzem. When Mohammed began to preach Islam, Abbas did not immediately accept the new teaching, although he lived in close friendship with his nephew. Only after the Battle of Bedra (624), in which the followers of the prophet won a brilliant victory over his opponents, the Koraishites, and in which Abbas himself was captured, did he openly accept Islam, which had previously aroused sympathy in him. Thanks to his powerful influence, a significant part of the Koraishites also joined Islam. He helped Mohammed during the conquest of Mecca (630) and remained his faithful friend and adviser in subsequent times. After the death of the prophet (632), he and Ali voluntarily took upon themselves the responsibility of washing his body. Abbas died in 652 surrounded by the greatest respect. Of his four sons, the eldest, Abdallah, was the founder of the Abbasid dynasty, which, in the person of Abdallah's grandson, Abul-Abbas, ascended the throne of the Baghdad caliphs in 750 and was overthrown by the Mongols in 1258, in the person of Motazem. Motazem fled to Egypt, where, along with the title of caliph, he transferred to his family the right of supreme spiritual power over Muslims, until in 1517 it passed to the Turkish sultans. Descendants of the Abbasids still exist in Turkey and the East Indies.
Abbot, from the word Abbas (father), is an honorary ecclesiastical title, which, since the 5th and 6th centuries, is given exclusively to abbots of monasteries and thus becomes the title of an ecclesiastical office. The same name only with a feminine ending, abbess, from Lat. Abbatissa forms were subsequently given to the abbess of convents. So far there were only monasteries based on the rules established by St. Benedict (before the beginning of the 10th century), and the title of abbot was the common name of their abbots. C X table. New spiritual orders began to emerge, and the monasteries of only a few of them, such as. Premonstratensians, Cistercians and Trapists were ruled by abbots, while for most of the rest the abbots were called: majores (among the Camaldulians), priors (among the Carthusians, Hieronymites, Dominicans, Carmelites, Augustinians, etc.), guardians (among the Franciscans) or rectors (for the Jesuits). There were abbesses not only in the convents of the mentioned orders, but also among the nuns of the Fontevrode order and among secular canonists. Many orders did not want to use this title out of a sense of humility. The abbots occupied different positions in relation, on the one hand, to the order, and on the other, to the monks of their monasteries subordinate to them. Eg. among the Benedictines, the abbot appointed by the convention enjoys complete independence, while among the Cistercians he is bureaucratically subordinate to the supreme council in Clairvaux. Even before the monks were included in the clergy, the abbot had the right and was obliged to monitor compliance with the order's rules, manage the monastic estates and demand unconditional obedience from the monks. The punitive power of abbots over their monks was quite extensive; in the past, even corporal punishment was often used, and even now abbots and abbesses enjoy the right, for serious crimes, to subject their subordinates not only to temporary, but also to life imprisonment. Among the Benedictines, an appeal against an abbot's punitive sentence is made to the bishop or pope.
Even in the 6th century, abbots were ranked among the clergy, and since the Second Council of Nicaea (757) they were given the right to ordain their monks to lower positions. All abbots belong to the prelates of the church, occupy a place in the hierarchy immediately after bishops and have the right to vote at councils. The abbesses sought the same benefits and rights, but could not receive them because women were not allowed to perform any sacred rites. They remained subordinate to the bishops of their diocese, while the abbots tried to free themselves from this subordination through privileges. The abbots of the liberated monasteries do not recognize any authority over themselves other than that of the pope. Beginning from the 7th century, bishops often interfered with the rights of abbots, appointed, at their own discretion, their favorites to the positions of abbots, and when these places were cleansed, they even left the abbeys behind them. Even more harmful to the dignity of this rank was the fact that in the 8th and especially in the 9th century, by the favor of kings or for reasons of necessity, it began to pass to the laity, and the Carolingians began to distribute abbeys to their adherents as a reward for their loyalty or for military service. merit. As a result, until the tenth century inclusive, the most important monasteries, within the hierarchy of the Roman Church, were headed, for the most part, by secular abbots or abtgraphs (Latin Abbacomites, Abbates milites), who collected for themselves the income of these spiritual institutions. In these cases, actual supervision in the monasteries was entrusted to the deans and priors.
Abakan is a large Siberian river in the Yenisei province, the left tributary of the Yenisei, having a length of 496 versts, and the surface of its basin is 27998.3 square meters. V. A. originates in the branches of the Sayan Mountains; its origins were found in 1842 by the traveler Chikhachev. On A. there are rapids, in the gorge, called. Wild and composed of porphyry and jasper.