1 The concept of the heroic epic. "Epos" - (from Greek) a word, a narrative, one of the three types of literature that tells about various events of the past. Heroic epic peoples of the world is sometimes the most important and the only evidence of past eras. He ascends to ancient myths and reflects human ideas about nature and the world. Initially, it was formed in oral form, then, acquiring new plots and images, it was fixed in writing. The heroic epic is the result of a collective folk art. But this does not detract from the role of individual storytellers. The famous "Iliad" and "Odyssey", as you know, were recorded by a single author - Homer.

Summary I table tells about the king of Uruk Gilgamesh, whose unrestrained prowess caused much grief to the inhabitants of the city. Deciding to create a worthy rival and friend for him, the gods molded Enkidu from clay and settled him among wild animals. Table II is devoted to the single combat of the heroes and their decision to use their strength for the good, chopping precious cedar in the mountains. Tables III, IV and V are dedicated to their preparations for the journey, travel and victory over Humbaba. Table VI is close in content to the Sumerian text about Gilgamesh and the heavenly bull. Gilgamesh rejects Inanna's love and rebukes her for her treachery. Offended, Inanna asks the gods to create a monstrous bull to destroy Uruk. Gilgamesh and Enkidu kill the bull; unable to take revenge on Gilgamesh, Inanna takes her anger out on Enkidu, who weakens and dies. The story of his farewell to life (table VII) and Gilgamesh's lament for Enkidu (table VIII) become a turning point in the epic tale. Shocked by the death of a friend, the hero sets off in search of immortality. His wanderings are described in IX and X tables. Gilgamesh wanders in the desert and reaches the mountains of Mashu, where scorpion men guard the passage through which the sun rises and sets. The "mistress of the gods" Siduri helps Gilgamesh find the shipbuilder Urshanabi, who ferried him through the "waters of death" disastrous for humans. On the opposite shore of the sea, Gilgamesh meets Utnapishtim and his wife, whom the gods gave eternal life in ancient times. Table XI contains the famous story of the Flood and the construction of the ark, on which Utnapishtim saved the human race from destruction. Utnapishtim proves to Gilgamesh that his search for immortality is futile, since man is unable to overcome even the semblance of death - sleep. In parting, he reveals to the hero the secret of the "grass of immortality" growing at the bottom of the sea. Gilgamesh extracts the herb and decides to bring it to Uruk to give immortality to all people. On the way back, the hero falls asleep at the source; a snake rising from its depths eats grass, sheds its skin and, as it were, receives a second life. The text of Table XI known to us ends with a description of how Gilgamesh shows Urshanabi the walls of Uruk erected by him, hoping that his deeds will be preserved in the memory of posterity.

"Mahabharata" Indian epic of the 5th century AD. "The Great Tale of the Descendants of Bharata" or "The Tale of the Great Battle of the Bharatas". The Mahabharata is a heroic poem of 18 books, or parvs. In the form of an appendix, she has another 19th book - Harivansha, i.e., "The genealogy of Hari." In its current edition, the Mahabharata contains over one hundred thousand slokas, or couplets, and is eight times as long as Homer's Iliad and Odyssey taken together.

Summary The main story of the epic is dedicated to the history of irreconcilable enmity between the Kauravas and Pandavas - the sons of two brothers Dhritarashtra and Pandu. In this enmity and the struggle caused by it, according to the legend, the numerous nations and the tribes of India, north and south. It ends in a terrible, bloody battle in which almost all members of both sides perish. Those who have won the victory at such a high price unite the country under their rule. Thus, the main idea of ​​the main story is the unity of India.

The medieval European epic "The Nibelungenlied" is a medieval Germanic epic poem written by an unknown author in the late 12th and early 13th centuries. Belongs to the number of the most famous epic works of mankind. Its content is reduced to 39 parts (songs), which are called "adventures".

The song tells about the marriage of the dragon slayer Siekfried to the Burgundian princess Kriemhild, his death due to Kriemhild's conflict with Brunhilda, the wife of her brother Gunther, and then about Kriemhild's revenge for the death of her husband. There is reason to believe that the epic was composed around 1200, that the place of its origin should be sought on the Danube, in the area between Passau and Vienna. Various assumptions have been made in science regarding the identity of the author. Some scientists considered him a shpilman, a wandering singer, others were inclined to think that he was a clergyman (perhaps in the service of the Bishop of Passau), others that he was an educated knight of a low family. The Nibelungenlied combines two initially independent plots: the legend of the death of Siegfried and the legend of the end of the Burgundian house. They form, as it were, two parts of the epic. Both these parts are not fully coordinated, and between them one can notice certain contradictions. So, in the first part, the Burgundians receive a generally negative assessment and look rather gloomy in comparison with the bright hero Siegfried, whom they killed, whose services and help they used so widely, while in the second part they appear as valiant knights, courageously meeting their tragic fate. The name "Nibelungs" is used differently in the first and second parts of the epic: in the first, these are fabulous creatures, northern treasure keepers and heroes in the service of Siegfried, in the second, the Burgundians.

The epic primarily reflects the knightly worldview of the Staufen era (the Staufen (or Hohenstaufen) - the imperial dynasty that ruled Germany and Italy in the XII - the first half of the XIII century. The Staufen, especially Frederick I Barbarossa (1152-1190), tried to carry out a wide external expansion, which ultimately accelerated the weakening of the central government and contributed to the strengthening of the princes.At the same time, the Staufen era was characterized by a significant, but short-lived cultural upsurge.).

Kalevala Kalevala - Karelian - Finnish poetic epic. Consists of 50 runes (songs). It is based on Karelian folk epic songs. The processing of Kalevala belongs to Elias Lönnrot (1802-1884), who linked individual folk epic songs, making a certain selection of variants of these songs and smoothing out some of the bumps. The name "Kalevala", given to the poem by Lönnrot, is the epic name of the country in which Finnish people live and work. folk heroes. The suffix lla means place of residence, so Kalevalla is the place of residence of Kalev, the mythological ancestor of the heroes Väinämöinen, Ilmarinen, Lemminkäinen, sometimes called his sons. In Kalevala there is no main plot that would connect all the songs together.

It opens with a legend about the creation of the earth, sky, luminaries and the birth of the main character of the Finns, Väinämöinen, by the daughter of air, who arranges the earth and sows barley. The following tells about the various adventures of the hero, who, by the way, meets the beautiful maiden of the North: she agrees to become his bride if he miraculously creates a boat from fragments of her spindle. Having started work, the hero wounds himself with an ax, cannot stop the bleeding and goes to the old healer, who is told a legend about the origin of iron. Returning home, Väinämöinen raises the wind with spells and transfers the blacksmith Ilmarinen to the country of the North, Pohjola, where he, according to the promise given by Väinämöinen, forges for the mistress of the North a mysterious object that gives wealth and happiness - the Sampo mill (runes I-XI). The following runes (XI-XV) contain an episode about the adventures of the hero Lemminkäinen, a militant sorcerer and seducer of women. The story then returns to Väinämöinen; his descent into the underworld, his stay in the womb of the giant Viipunen, his obtaining from the last three words necessary to create a wonderful boat, the departure of the hero to Pohjola in order to receive the hand of a northern maiden are described; however, the latter preferred the blacksmith Ilmarinen to him, whom she marries, and the wedding is described in detail and wedding songs are given outlining the duties of the wife and husband (XVI-XXV).

Further runes (XXVI-XXXI) are again occupied by the adventures of Lemminkäinen in Pohjola. The episode about the sad fate of the hero Kullervo, who unknowingly seduced his own sister, as a result of which both brother and sister commit suicide (runes XXXI-XXXVI), belongs in depth of feeling, sometimes reaching true pathos, to the best parts of the whole poem. Further runes contain a lengthy story about the common enterprise of three Finnish heroes - getting the Sampo treasure from Pohjola, about making a kantele by Väinämöinen, playing which he enchants all nature and lulls the population of Pohjola, about taking away Sampo Heroes, about their persecution by the sorceress-mistress of the North, about the fall of Sampo into the sea, about the good deeds rendered by Väinämöinen to his native country through the fragments of Sampo, about his struggle with various disasters and monsters sent by the mistress of Pohjola to Kalevala, about the marvelous game of the hero on a new kantele created them when the first one fell into the sea, and about the return to them of the sun and moon, hidden by the mistress of Pohjola (XXXVI-XLIX). The last rune contains a folk apocryphal legend about the birth of a miraculous child by the virgin Maryatta (the birth of the Savior). Väinämöinen gives advice to kill him, as he is destined to surpass the power of the Finnish hero, but the two-week-old baby showers Väinämöinen with accusations of injustice, and the ashamed hero, having sung in last time marvelous song, leaves forever in a canoe from Finland, giving way to the baby Maryatta, the recognized ruler of Karelia.

Other peoples of the world have their own heroic epics: in England - "Beowulf", in Spain - "The Song of my Sid", in Iceland - "The Elder Edda", in France - "The Song of Roland", in Yakutia - "Olonkho", in the Caucasus - the “Nart epic”, in Kyrgyzstan - “Manas”, in Russia - the “epic epic”, etc. Despite the fact that the heroic epic of peoples was composed in different historical settings, it has many common features and similar signs. First of all, this concerns the repetition of themes and plots, as well as the common characteristics of the main characters. For example: 1. The epic often includes the story of the creation of the world, how the gods create the harmony of the world from the initial chaos. 2. The plot of the miraculous birth of the hero and his first youthful exploits. 3. The plot of the matchmaking of the hero and his trials before the wedding. 4. Description of the battle in which the hero shows miracles of courage, resourcefulness and courage. 5. Glorification of fidelity in friendship, generosity and honor. 6. Heroes not only defend their homeland, but also highly value their own freedom and independence.

The work can be used for lessons and reports on the subject "Literature"

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MBOU "Secondary School No. 1 (with in-depth study of individual subjects)

"Artistic Traditions of the Peoples of the World"

Completed by: Filippova E.Yu.

history teacher

Lesson topic:

Heroic epic of the peoples of the world. The concept of the heroic epic"

The concept of the heroic epic

"Epos" - (from Greek) word, narrative, one of the three types of literature that tells about various events of the past.

Heroic epic peoples of the world is sometimes the most important and the only evidence of past eras. It goes back to ancient myths and reflects man's ideas about nature and the world.

Initially, it was formed in oral form, then, acquiring new plots and images, it was fixed in writing.

The heroic epic is the result of collective folk art. But this does not at all diminish the role of individual storytellers. The famous "Iliad" and "Odyssey", as you know, were recorded by a single author - Homer.

"The Tale of Gilgamesh" Sumerian epic 1800 BC

The Epic of Gilgamesh is outlined on 12

clay tablets.

As the plot of the epic develops, the image of Gilgamesh changes. The fairy-tale hero-hero, boasting of his strength, turns into a man who has known the tragic brevity of life. The mighty spirit of Gilgamesh rebels against the recognition of the inevitability of death; only at the end of his wanderings does the hero begin to understand that immortality can bring him the eternal glory of his name.

GILGAMESH (Sumerian. Bilgames - possible interpretation of this name as "ancestor-hero"), semi-legendary ruler Uruk, hero of the epic tradition of Sumer and Akkad.

Gilgamesh with a lion from the palace

Sargon II at Dur-Sharrukin

8th century BC e.

"Mahabharata" Indian epic, middle of the 1st millennium AD

"The Great Tale of the Descendants of Bharata" or "The Tale of the Great Battle of the Bharatas". The Mahabharata is a heroic poem of 18 books, or parvs. In the form of an appendix, she has another 19th book - Harivansha, i.e., "The genealogy of Hari." In its current edition, the Mahabharata contains over one hundred thousand slokas, or couplets, and is eight times as long as Homer's Iliad and Odyssey taken together.

The Indian literary tradition considers the Mahabharata to be a single work, and its authorship is attributed to the legendary sage Krishna-Dvaipayana Vyasa.

Summary

The main story of the epic is dedicated to the history of irreconcilable enmity between the Kauravas and the Pandavas - the sons of two brothers Dhritarashtra and Pandu. Into this enmity and the strife caused by it, according to the legend, numerous peoples and tribes of India, northern and southern, are gradually involved. It ends in a terrible, bloody battle in which almost all members of both sides perish. Those who have won the victory at such a high price unite the country under their rule. Thus, the main idea of ​​the main story is the unity of India.

medieval epic

"Nibelungenlied"- a medieval Germanic epic poem written by an unknown author in the late 12th - early 13th century. Belongs to the number of the most famous epic works of mankind. Its content is reduced to 39 parts (songs), which are called "adventures".

The song tells about the marriage of the dragon slayer Siekfried to the Burgundian princess Kriemhild, his death due to Kriemhild's conflict with Brunhilda, the wife of her brother Gunther, and then about Kriemhild's revenge for the death of her husband.

There is reason to believe that the epic was composed around 1200, that the place of its origin should be sought on the Danube, in the area between Passau and Vienna.

Various assumptions have been made in science regarding the identity of the author. Some scientists considered him a shpilman, a wandering singer, others were inclined to think that he was a clergyman (perhaps in the service of the Bishop of Passau), others that he was an educated knight of a low family.

The Nibelungenlied combines two initially independent plots: the legend of the death of Siegfried and the legend of the end of the Burgundian house. They form, as it were, two parts of the epic. Both these parts are not fully coordinated, and between them one can notice certain contradictions. So, in the first part, the Burgundians receive a generally negative assessment and look rather gloomy in comparison with the bright hero Siegfried they kill, whose services and help they so widely used, while in the second part they appear as valiant knights, courageously meeting their tragic fate. . The name "Nibelungs" in the first and second parts of the epic is used differently: in the first, these are fabulous creatures, northern treasure keepers and heroes in the service of Siegfried, in the second - Burgundians.

Quarrel of Kings

Competitions at the court of Brunnhilde

The epic primarily reflects the chivalrous worldview of the Staufen era ( Staufen (or Hohenstaufen) - the imperial dynasty that ruled Germany and Italy in the XII - the first half of the XIII century. The Staufen, especially Frederick I Barbarossa (1152-1190), tried to carry out a wide external expansion, which ultimately accelerated the weakening of the central government and contributed to the strengthening of the princes. At the same time, the Staufen era was characterized by a significant but short-lived cultural upsurge. ).

Death of Siekfried

Zikfried

Funeral of Siekfried

Halen throws gold into the Rhine

Kriemhilde shows Helena

Gunter's head

Epos in works of art of different genres

Music:

• A. Borodin. Bogatyr Symphony;
• N. Rimsky-Korsakov. Operas Sadko, The Tale of the Invisible City of Kitezh and the Maiden Fevronia, Maid of Pskov;
• M. Mussorgsky. "Pictures at an Exhibition", the play "Bogatyr Gates", the opera "Khovanshchina";

Painting:

• V. Vasnetsov. "Bogatyrs".

Kalevala

• Kalevala - Karelian - Finnish poetic epic. Consists of 50 runes (songs). It is based on Karelian folk epic songs. The processing of Kalevala belongs to Elias Lönnrot (1802-1884), who linked individual folk epic songs, making a certain selection of variants of these songs and smoothing out some of the bumps.
• The name "Kalevala" given to the poem by Lönnrot is the epic name of the country in which Finnish folk heroes live and act. Suffix lla means place of residence, so Kalevalla - this is the place of residence of Kalev, the mythological ancestor of the heroes Väinämöinen, Ilmarinen, Lemminkäinen, sometimes called his sons.
• In Kalevala there is no main plot that would connect all the songs together.

Väinämöinen protects the sampo from

Witches of Louhi.

Väinämöinen

Despite the fact that the heroic epic of peoples was composed in different historical settings, it has many common features and similar features. First of all, this concerns the repetition of themes and plots, as well as the common characteristics of the main characters. For example:

1. The epic often includes a plot creation of the world , how the gods create the harmony of the world from the initial chaos.

2.Story miraculous birth of the hero and his first youthful exploits .

3.Story the matchmaking of the hero and his trials before the wedding .

4. Description of the battle , in which the hero shows miracles of courage, resourcefulness and courage.

5. Glorification of fidelity in friendship, generosity and honor .

6. Heroes not only defend their homeland, but also high value their own freedom and independence .

• Homework:

1 The concept of the heroic epic. "Epos" - (from Greek) a word, a narrative, one of the three types of literature that tells about various events of the past. The heroic epic of the peoples of the world is sometimes the most important and the only evidence of past eras. It goes back to ancient myths and reflects man's ideas about nature and the world. Initially, it was formed in oral form, then, acquiring new plots and images, it was fixed in writing. The heroic epic is the result of collective folk art. But this does not detract from the role of individual storytellers. The famous "Iliad" and "Odyssey", as you know, were recorded by a single author - Homer.

"The Tale of Gilgamesh" Sumerian epic 1800 BC. e. The Epic of Gilgamesh is written on 12 clay tablets. As the plot of the epic develops, the image of Gilgamesh changes. The fairy-tale hero-hero, boasting of his strength, turns into a man who has known the tragic brevity of life. The mighty spirit of Gilgamesh rebels against the recognition of the inevitability of death; only at the end of his wanderings does the hero begin to understand that immortality can bring him the eternal glory of his name.

Summary I table tells about the king of Uruk Gilgamesh, whose unbridled prowess caused a lot of grief to the inhabitants of the city. Deciding to create a worthy rival and friend for him, the gods molded Enkidu from clay and settled him among wild animals. Table II is devoted to the single combat of the heroes and their decision to use their strength for the good, chopping precious cedar in the mountains. Tables III, IV and V are dedicated to their preparations for the journey, travel and victory over Humbaba. Table VI is close in content to the Sumerian text about Gilgamesh and the heavenly bull. Gilgamesh rejects Inanna's love and rebukes her for her treachery. Offended, Inanna asks the gods to create a monstrous bull to destroy Uruk. Gilgamesh and Enkidu kill the bull; unable to take revenge on Gilgamesh, Inanna takes her anger out on Enkidu, who weakens and dies. The story of his farewell to life (table VII) and Gilgamesh's lament for Enkidu (table VIII) become a turning point in the epic tale. Shocked by the death of a friend, the hero sets off in search of immortality. His wanderings are described in IX and X tables. Gilgamesh wanders in the desert and reaches the mountains of Mashu, where scorpion men guard the passage through which the sun rises and sets. The “mistress of the gods” Siduri helps Gilgamesh find the shipbuilder Urshanabi, who has ferried the “waters of death” through the disastrous for humans. On the opposite shore of the sea, Gilgamesh meets Utnapishtim and his wife, whom the gods gave eternal life in ancient times. Table XI contains the famous story of the Flood and the construction of the ark, on which Utnapishtim saved the human race from destruction. Utnapishtim proves to Gilgamesh that his search for immortality is futile, since man is unable to overcome even the semblance of death - sleep. In parting, he reveals to the hero the secret of the "grass of immortality" growing at the bottom of the sea. Gilgamesh extracts the herb and decides to bring it to Uruk to give immortality to all people. On the way back, the hero falls asleep at the source; a snake rising from its depths eats grass, sheds its skin and, as it were, receives a second life. The text of Table XI known to us ends with a description of how Gilgamesh shows Urshanabi the walls of Uruk erected by him, hoping that his deeds will be preserved in the memory of posterity.

Gilgamesh with a lion from the palace of Sargon II at Dur-Sharrukin. 8th century BC NE GILGAME SH (Sumer. Bilgames - the interpretation of this name as a “proto-hero” is possible), a semi-legendary ruler of Uruk, a hero of the epic tradition of Sumer and Akkad. Epic texts consider Gilgamesh to be the son of the hero Lugalbanda and the goddess Ninsun, and refer Gilgamesh's reign to the era of the I Dynasty of Uruk (c. 27–26 centuries BC). Gilgamesh is the fifth king of this dynasty. Gilgamesh is also attributed a divine origin: "Bilgames, whose father was a demon-lila, en (i.e.," high priest ") of Kulaba". The duration of the reign of Gilgamesh is determined at 126 years. The Sumerian tradition places Gilgamesh as if on the verge of a legendary heroic time and a more recent historical past.

"Mahabharata" Indian epic of the 5th century. n. e. "The Great Tale of the Descendants of Bharata" or "The Tale of the Great Battle of the Bharatas". The Mahabharata is a heroic poem of 18 books, or parvs. In the form of an appendix, she has another 19th book - Harivansha, i.e. "Hari's Genealogy". In its current edition, the Mahabharata contains over one hundred thousand slokas, or couplets, and is eight times as long as Homer's Iliad and Odyssey taken together. The Indian literary tradition considers the Mahabharata to be a single work, and its authorship is attributed to the legendary sage Krishna-Dvaipayana Vyasa.

Summary The main story of the epic is dedicated to the history of irreconcilable enmity between the Kauravas and Pandavas - the sons of two brothers Dhritarashtra and Pandu. Into this enmity and the strife caused by it, according to the legend, numerous peoples and tribes of India, northern and southern, are gradually involved. It ends in a terrible, bloody battle in which almost all members of both sides perish. Those who have won the victory at such a high price unite the country under their rule. Thus, the main idea of ​​the main story is the unity of India.

The medieval European epic "The Nibelungenlied" is a medieval Germanic epic poem written by an unknown author in the late 12th and early 13th centuries. Belongs to the number of the most famous epic works of mankind. Its content is reduced to 39 parts (songs), which are called "adventures".

The song tells about the marriage of the dragon slayer Siegfried to the Burgundian princess Kriemhild, his death due to Kriemhild's conflict with Brunhilda, the wife of her brother Gunther, and then about Kriemhild's revenge for the death of her husband. There is reason to believe that the epic was composed around 1200, that the place of its origin should be sought on the Danube, in the area between Passau and Vienna. Various assumptions have been made in science regarding the identity of the author. Some scientists considered him a shpilman, a wandering singer, others were inclined to think that he was a clergyman (perhaps in the service of the Bishop of Passau), others that he was an educated knight of a low family. The Nibelungenlied combines two initially independent plots: the legend of the death of Siegfried and the legend of the end of the Burgundian house. They form, as it were, two parts of the epic. Both these parts are not fully coordinated, and between them one can notice certain contradictions. So, in the first part, the Burgundians receive a generally negative assessment and look rather gloomy in comparison with the bright hero Siegfried they kill, whose services and help they so widely used, while in the second part they appear as valiant knights, courageously meeting their tragic fate. . The name "Nibelungs" is used differently in the first and second parts of the epic: in the first, these are fabulous creatures, northern treasure keepers and heroes in the service of Siegfried, in the second, the Burgundians.

The quarrel of the kings Competitions at the court of Brunnhilde The epic primarily reflects the chivalrous worldview of the Staufen era (the Staufen (or Hohenstaufen) - the imperial dynasty that ruled Germany and Italy in the 12th - first half of the 13th century. The Staufens, especially Frederick I Barbarossa (1152-1190), tried to carry out a wide external expansion, which ultimately accelerated the weakening of the central government and contributed to the strengthening of the princes.At the same time, the Staufen era was characterized by a significant, but short-lived cultural upsurge.).

Kalevala Kalevala - Karelian - Finnish poetic epic. Consists of 50 runes (songs). It is based on Karelian folk epic songs. The processing of Kalevala belongs to Elias Lönnrot (1802-1884), who linked individual folk epic songs, making a certain selection of variants of these songs and smoothing out some of the irregularities. The name Kalevala, given to the poem by Lönnrot, is the epic name of the country in which Finnish folk heroes live and act. The suffix lla means place of residence, so Kalevalla is the place of residence of Kalev, the mythological ancestor of the heroes Väinämöinen, Ilmarinen, Lemminkäinen, sometimes called his sons. In Kalevala there is no main plot that would connect all the songs together.

It opens with a legend about the creation of the earth, sky, luminaries and the birth of the main character of the Finns, Väinämöinen, who arranges the earth and sows barley, by the daughter of air. The following tells about the various adventures of the hero, who, by the way, meets the beautiful maiden of the North: she agrees to become his bride if he miraculously creates a boat from fragments of her spindle. Having started work, the hero wounds himself with an ax, cannot stop the bleeding and goes to the old healer, who is told a legend about the origin of iron. Returning home, Väinämöinen raises the wind with spells and transfers the blacksmith Ilmarinen to the country of the North, Pohjola, where he, according to the promise given by Väinämöinen, forges for the mistress of the North a mysterious object that gives wealth and happiness - the Sampo mill (runes I-XI). The following runes (XI-XV) contain an episode about the adventures of the hero Lemminkäinen, a militant sorcerer and seducer of women. The story then returns to Väinämöinen; his descent into the underworld, his stay in the womb of the giant Viipunen, his obtaining from the last three words necessary to create a wonderful boat, the departure of the hero to Pohjola in order to receive the hand of a northern maiden are described; however, the latter preferred the blacksmith Ilmarinen to him, whom she marries, and the wedding is described in detail and wedding songs are given outlining the duties of the wife and husband (XVI-XXV).

Further runes (XXVI-XXXI) are again occupied by the adventures of Lemminkäinen in Pohjola. The episode about the sad fate of the hero Kullervo, who unknowingly seduced his own sister, as a result of which both brother and sister commit suicide (runes XXXI-XXXVI), belongs in depth of feeling, sometimes reaching true pathos, to the best parts of the whole poem. Further runes contain a lengthy story about the common enterprise of three Finnish heroes - getting the Sampo treasure from Pohjola, about making a kantele by Väinämöinen, playing on which he enchants all nature and lulls the population of Pohjola, about Sampo being taken away by heroes, about their persecution by the sorceress-mistress of the North, about the fall Sampo in the sea, about the blessings rendered by Väinämöinen to his native country through the fragments of Sampo, about his struggle with various disasters and monsters sent by the mistress of Pohjola to Kalevala, about the hero’s wondrous game on a new kantele created by him when the first one fell into the sea, and about his return to them the sun and moon hidden by the mistress of Pohjola (XXXVI-XLIX). The last rune contains a folk apocryphal legend about the birth of a miraculous child by the virgin Maryatta (the birth of the Savior). Väinämöinen gives advice to kill him, as he is destined to surpass the power of the Finnish hero, but the two-week-old baby showers Väinämöinen with reproaches of injustice, and the ashamed hero, having sung a marvelous song for the last time, leaves forever in a canoe from Finland, giving way to the baby Maryatta, the recognized ruler of Karelia .

Other peoples of the world have developed their own heroic epics: in England - "Beowulf", in Spain - "Song of my Sid", in Iceland - "Elder Edda", in France - "The Song of Roland", in Yakutia - "Olonkho", in the Caucasus - "Nart epic", in Kyrgyzstan - "Manas", in Russia - "epic epic", etc. Despite the fact that the heroic epic of peoples was composed in different historical settings, it has many common features and similar features. First of all, this concerns the repetition of themes and plots, as well as the common characteristics of the main characters. For example: 1. The epic often includes the story of the creation of the world, how the gods create the harmony of the world from the initial chaos. 2. The plot of the miraculous birth of the hero and his first youthful exploits. 3. The plot of the matchmaking of the hero and his trials before the wedding. 4. Description of the battle in which the hero shows miracles of courage, resourcefulness and courage. 5. Glorification of fidelity in friendship, generosity and honor. 6. Heroes not only defend their homeland, but also highly value their own freedom and independence.

epic works peoples of Eurasia

Interfluves

"The Epic of Gilgamesh"

ANCIENT GREECE
"Iliad"

"Odyssey"

« Iliad "- the oldest monument ancient Greek literature. The Iliad describes the events Trojan War. According to Homer, the most outstanding heroes of Greece took part in it - Achilles, Ajax, Odysseus, Hector and others, who were assisted by the immortal gods - Athena, Apollo, Ares, Aphrodite, Poseidon.

Achilles the Spearman. Drawing on a red-figure vase.

Mid 5th century BC

ANCIENT ROME

"Aeneid"

INDIA

"Ramayana"

An ancient Indian epic that tells about the great hero Rama and his struggle with the evil demon King Ravana.

"The battle of Rama and Hanuman with Ravana."

India. 1820

From the collection of the British Museum.

Epic works of the Middle Ages

FRANCE

"Song of Roland"

"Song of the campaign against the Albigensians»

Roland - French margrave, the hero of one of the most famous works world literature, poems of the old French heroic cycle dedicated to King Charlemagne.

"Roland takes a vow of allegiance

Charlemagne."Medieval manuscript.

France. Around 1400

SPAIN

"Poem about my Sid"

A monument of Spanish literature, a heroic epic created at the turn of the 12th-13th centuries. The protagonist of the poem is the valiant Sid, a fighter against the Moors, a defender of his people. Sid's main goal in life is liberation native land. The historical prototype of Cid was a Castilian military leader, a nobleman.

Banner of Baez. Spain, 13th century

The banner that brought victory to the Spanish arms is revered as a relic.

The embroidery depicts an early Spanish saint, the Visigothic bishop Isidore of Seville, who was more famous for his learning than for his military prowess.

ANCIENT RUSSIA

epics

"The Tale of Igor's Campaign"

Epics are Russian folk epic songs about the exploits of heroes.

Frame from feature

cartoon studio"Mill"

"Dobrynya Nikitich and Serpent Gorynych"

ENGLAND

"Beowulf»

"The Abduction of the Bull from Kualnge"

Beowulf is an Anglo-Saxon epic poem. Its action takes place in Scandinavia even before the Angles migrated to Britain. The poem tells about the victory of the warlord Beowulf over the monster Grendel and the dragon devastating the country.

"Duel of Beowulf with the Dragon".

Illustration for the book H.-E. Marshall

"Stories of Beowulf".

New York, 1908

GERMANY

"Nibelungenlied"»

"Kudruna"

The Nibelungenlied is a medieval Germanic epic poem created by an unknown author at the end of the 12th - beginning of the 13th century. The legend of the Nibelungs, which is the plot of the poem, took shape in the era of the migration of peoples. The basis for the legend was the ancient German heroic saga (myth) about Siegfried - the conquerors of the dragon and the liberator of the things of the virgin Brunhilde, his fight against evil and tragic death, as well as the historical saga about the death of the Burgundian royal house in 437 in the battle with the Huns of Attila.

Siegfried's fight with the dragon.

Wood carving on the portal of a Norwegian church. End 12th century

SCANDINAVIA

"Elder Edda»

"Kalevala"

Kalevala is the name of the country in which the heroes of the Karelian-Finnish folk epic live and act.

"Day folk epic Kalevala is a national holiday celebrated on February 28. On this day, the Kalevala Carnival is held every year in Finland and Karelia.

Gallen-Kallela A. "Väinämöinen defends Sampo from the witch Louhi". 1896

From the collection of the Turku Art Museum.

LATVIA

"Lachplesis"

ESTONIA

"Kalevipoeg"

ARMENIA

"David of Sasun"

Medieval epic (8th-10th centuries), telling about the struggle of the heroes from Sasun (a region in historical Armenia, this hour - in Turkey) against the Arab invaders. The epic was first recorded in 1873 by the famous researcher Garegin Srvantdztyants from the lips of a simple Armenian peasant named Krpo.

Kochar E.S. Monument to David of Sasun in Yerevan. 1959

AZERBAIJAN

"Kor-ogly"

KYRGYZSTAN

"Manas"

The hero of the epic is a hero who united the Kirghiz. The epic "Manas" is included in the Guinness Book of Records as the longest epic in the world.

Sadykov T. Monument to the hero of the epic "Manas" in Bishkek. 1981

Epos of the peoples of Russia

BASHKIRS

"Gesariad"

PEOPLES OF ALTAI

"Ural-batyr"

PEOPLES OF THE CAUCASUS

Nart epic

The basis of the epic is made up of legends about the exploits of heroes ("Narts"). Variants of the Nart epic are found among the Abkhazians, Adygs, Balkars, Ingush, Karachays, Ossetians, Chechens and other peoples of the Caucasus.

Tuganov M.S. (1881-1952).

Illustration for the Nart epic.

"Magic flute of Atsamaz".

TATARS

"Idigey"

"Alpamysh"

The epic "Idigey" is based on real historical events that took place during the collapse of the Golden Horde. Its heroes are real historical characters, for example, the temnik of the Golden Horde Edigey, who became the founder of the dynasty that ruled the Nogai Horde. His direct descendants in the male line were the princes Yusupovs and Urusovs.

Family coat of arms of the Yusupov family. In the second part

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1 The concept of the heroic epic. "Epos" - (from Greek) a word, a narrative, one of the three types of literature that tells about various events of the past. The heroic epic of the peoples of the world is sometimes the most important and the only evidence of past eras. It goes back to ancient myths and reflects man's ideas about nature and the world. Initially, it was formed in oral form, then, acquiring new plots and images, it was fixed in writing. The heroic epic is the result of collective folk art. But this does not detract from the role of individual storytellers. The famous "Iliad" and "Odyssey", as you know, were recorded by a single author - Homer.

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"The Tale of Gilgamesh" Sumerian epic 1800 BC The Epic of Gilgamesh is written on 12 clay tablets. As the plot of the epic develops, the image of Gilgamesh changes. The fairy-tale hero-hero, boasting of his strength, turns into a man who has known the tragic brevity of life. The mighty spirit of Gilgamesh rebels against the recognition of the inevitability of death; only at the end of his wanderings does the hero begin to understand that immortality can bring him the eternal glory of his name.

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Summary I table tells about the king of Uruk Gilgamesh, whose unbridled prowess caused a lot of grief to the inhabitants of the city. Deciding to create a worthy rival and friend for him, the gods molded Enkidu from clay and settled him among wild animals. Table II is devoted to the single combat of the heroes and their decision to use their strength for the good, chopping precious cedar in the mountains. Tables III, IV and V are dedicated to their preparations for the journey, travel and victory over Humbaba. Table VI is close in content to the Sumerian text about Gilgamesh and the heavenly bull. Gilgamesh rejects Inanna's love and rebukes her for her treachery. Offended, Inanna asks the gods to create a monstrous bull to destroy Uruk. Gilgamesh and Enkidu kill the bull; unable to take revenge on Gilgamesh, Inanna transfers her anger to Enkidu, who weakens and dies. The story of his farewell to life (table VII) and Gilgamesh's lament for Enkidu (table VIII) become a turning point in the epic tale. Shocked by the death of a friend, the hero sets off in search of immortality. His wanderings are described in IX and X tables. Gilgamesh wanders in the desert and reaches the mountains of Mashu, where scorpion men guard the passage through which the sun rises and sets. The "mistress of the gods" Siduri helps Gilgamesh find the shipbuilder Urshanabi, who ferried him through the "waters of death" disastrous for humans. On the opposite shore of the sea, Gilgamesh meets Utnapishtim and his wife, to whom the gods gave eternal life in ancient times. Table XI contains the famous story about the Flood and the construction of the ark, on which Utnapishtim saved the human race from extermination. Utnapishtim proves to Gilgamesh that his search for immortality is futile, since man is unable to overcome even the semblance of death - sleep. In parting, he reveals to the hero the secret of the "grass of immortality" growing at the bottom of the sea. Gilgamesh extracts the herb and decides to bring it to Uruk to give immortality to all people. On the way back, the hero falls asleep at the source; a snake rising from its depths eats grass, sheds its skin and, as it were, receives a second life. The text of Table XI known to us ends with a description of how Gilgamesh shows Urshanabi the walls of Uruk erected by him, hoping that his deeds will be preserved in the memory of posterity.

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GILGAMESH (Sumer. Bilga-mes - the interpretation of this name as an “ancestor-hero”) is a semi-legendary ruler of Uruk, a hero of the epic tradition of Sumer and Akkad. Epic texts consider Gilgamesh to be the son of the hero Lugalbanda and the goddess Ninsun, and date Gilgamesh's reign to the era of the I Dynasty of Uruk (c. 27–26 centuries BC). Gilgamesh is the fifth king of this dynasty. Gilgamesh is also credited with divine origin: "Bilgames, whose father was a demon-lila, en (i.e.," high priest ") of Kulaba." The duration of the reign of Gilgamesh is determined at 126 years. The Sumerian tradition places Gilgamesh as if on the verge of a legendary heroic time and a more recent historical past.

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"Mahabharata" Indian epic of the 5th century AD. "The Great Tale of the Descendants of Bharata" or "The Tale of the Great Battle of the Bharatas". The Mahabharata is a heroic poem of 18 books, or parvs. In the form of an appendix, she has another 19th book - Harivansha, i.e., "The genealogy of Hari." In its current edition, the Mahabharata contains over one hundred thousand slokas, or couplets, and is eight times as long as Homer's Iliad and Odyssey taken together. The Indian literary tradition considers the Mahabharata to be a single work, and its authorship is attributed to the legendary sage Krishna-Dvaipayana Vyasa.

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Summary The main story of the epic is dedicated to the history of irreconcilable enmity between the Kauravas and Pandavas - the sons of two brothers Dhritarashtra and Pandu. Into this enmity and the strife caused by it, according to the legend, numerous peoples and tribes of India, northern and southern, are gradually involved. It ends in a terrible, bloody battle in which almost all members of both sides perish. Those who have won the victory at such a high price unite the country under their rule. Thus, the main idea of ​​the main story is the unity of India.

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The medieval European epic "The Nibelungenlied" is a medieval Germanic epic poem written by an unknown author in the late 12th and early 13th centuries. Belongs to the number of the most famous epic works of mankind. Its content is reduced to 39 parts (songs), which are called "adventures".

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The song tells about the marriage of the dragon slayer Siekfried to the Burgundian princess Kriemhild, his death due to Kriemhild's conflict with Brunhilda, the wife of her brother Gunther, and then about Kriemhild's revenge for the death of her husband. There is reason to believe that the epic was composed around 1200, that the place of its origin should be sought on the Danube, in the area between Passau and Vienna. Various assumptions have been made in science regarding the identity of the author. Some scientists considered him a shpilman, a wandering singer, others were inclined to think that he was a clergyman (perhaps in the service of the Bishop of Passau), others that he was an educated knight of a low family. The Nibelungenlied combines two initially independent plots: the legend of the death of Siegfried and the legend of the end of the Burgundian house. They form, as it were, two parts of the epic. Both these parts are not fully coordinated, and between them one can notice certain contradictions. So, in the first part, the Burgundians receive a generally negative assessment and look rather gloomy in comparison with the bright hero Siegfried they kill, whose services and help they so widely used, while in the second part they appear as valiant knights, courageously meeting their tragic fate. . The name "Nibelungs" is used differently in the first and second parts of the epic: in the first, these are fabulous creatures, northern treasure keepers and heroes in the service of Siegfried, in the second, the Burgundians.

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The epic primarily reflects the knightly worldview of the Staufen era (the Staufen (or Hohenstaufen) - the imperial dynasty that ruled Germany and Italy in the XII - the first half of the XIII century. The Staufen, especially Frederick I Barbarossa (1152-1190), tried to carry out a wide external expansion, which ultimately accelerated the weakening of the central government and contributed to the strengthening of the princes.At the same time, the Staufen era was characterized by a significant, but short-lived cultural upsurge.).

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Kalevala Kalevala - Karelian - Finnish poetic epic. Consists of 50 runes (songs). It is based on Karelian folk epic songs. The processing of Kalevala belongs to Elias Lönnrot (1802-1884), who connected individual folk epic songs, making a certain selection of variants of these songs and smoothing out some irregularities. The name Kalevala given to the poem by Lönnrot is the epic name of the country in which they live and act Finnish folk heroes. The suffix lla means place of residence, so Kalevalla is the place of residence of Kalev, the mythological ancestor of the heroes Väinämöinen, Ilmarinen, Lemminkäinen, sometimes called his sons. In Kalevalla there is no main plot that would connect all the songs.

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It opens with a legend about the creation of the earth, sky, luminaries and the birth of the main character of the Finns, Väinämöinen, by the daughter of air, who arranges the earth and sows barley. The following tells about the various adventures of the hero, who, by the way, meets the beautiful maiden of the North: she agrees to become his bride if he miraculously creates a boat from fragments of her spindle. Having started work, the hero wounds himself with an ax, cannot stop the bleeding and goes to the old healer, who is told a legend about the origin of iron. Returning home, Väinämöinen raises the wind with spells and transfers the blacksmith Ilmarinen to the country of the North, Pohjola, where he, according to the promise given by Väinämöinen, forges for the mistress of the North a mysterious object that gives wealth and happiness - the Sampo mill (runes I-XI). The following runes (XI-XV) contain an episode about the adventures of the hero Lemminkäinen, a militant sorcerer and seducer of women. The story then returns to Väinämöinen; his descent into the underworld, his stay in the womb of the giant Viipunen, his obtaining from the last three words necessary to create a wonderful boat, the departure of the hero to Pohjola in order to receive the hand of a northern maiden are described; however, the latter preferred the blacksmith Ilmarinen to him, whom she marries, and the wedding is described in detail and wedding songs are given outlining the duties of the wife and husband (XVI-XXV).

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Further runes (XXVI-XXXI) are again occupied by the adventures of Lemminkäinen in Pohjola. The episode about the sad fate of the hero Kullervo, who unknowingly seduced his own sister, as a result of which both brother and sister commit suicide (runes XXXI-XXXVI), belongs in depth of feeling, sometimes reaching true pathos, to the best parts of the whole poem. Further runes contain a lengthy story about the common enterprise of three Finnish heroes - getting the Sampo treasure from Pohjola, about making a kantele by Väinämöinen, playing on which he enchants all nature and lulls the population of Pohjola, about Sampo being taken away by heroes, about their persecution by the sorceress-mistress of the North, about the fall Sampo in the sea, about the blessings rendered by Väinämöinen to his native country through the fragments of Sampo, about his struggle with various disasters and monsters sent by the mistress of Pohjola to Kalevala, about the hero’s wondrous game on a new kantele created by him when the first one fell into the sea, and about his return to them the sun and moon hidden by the mistress of Pohjola (XXXVI-XLIX). The last rune contains a folk apocryphal legend about the birth of a miraculous child by the virgin Maryatta (the birth of the Savior). Väinämöinen gives advice to kill him, as he is destined to surpass the power of the Finnish hero, but the two-week-old baby showers Väinämöinen with reproaches of injustice, and the ashamed hero, having sung a marvelous song for the last time, leaves forever in a canoe from Finland, giving way to the baby Maryatta, the recognized ruler of Karelia .

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Other peoples of the world have their own heroic epics: in England - "Beowulf", in Spain - "The Song of my Sid", in Iceland - "Elder Edda", in France - "The Song of Roland", in Yakutia - "Olonkho", in the Caucasus - the “Nart epic”, in Kyrgyzstan - “Manas”, in Russia - the “epic epic”, etc. Despite the fact that the heroic epic of peoples was composed in different historical settings, it has many common features and similar features. First of all, this concerns the repetition of themes and plots, as well as the common characteristics of the main characters. For example: 1. The epic often includes the plot of the creation of the world, how the gods create the harmony of the world from the initial chaos. 2. The plot of the miraculous birth of the hero and his first youthful exploits. in which the hero shows miracles of courage, resourcefulness and courage. 5. Glorification of fidelity in friendship, generosity and honor.