How is Katerina Ivanovna characterized in the confession of Marmeladov? The tragic fate of katerina ivanovna
"Crime and Punishment" - is one of the best works world literature, filled with the deepest meaning and tragedy. Dostoevsky's novel is replete with various vivid images and swirling storylines... Among all this brightness, one, rather tragic, image of Katerina Ivanovna Marmeladova stands out.
Her husband, an inveterate alcoholic, retired official, is Marmeladov. Raskolnikov believed that this pair was categorically incompatible. She a beautiful woman, younger than her chosen one, was from a noble family. He is an official who has achieved nothing, but only ruined his life.
The woman's family was prosperous. Katerina Ivanovna did not need anything, she received an excellent education. By stupidity, by virtue of their own young years, she fell in love with an infantry officer. He became her first husband, but, alas, life did not work out. A man cannot provide for his family and children. For the card debt, Katerina's husband was put on trial, where he lost his life. The woman was left alone, without support and support, because the whole family renounced her.
Then the same official, the second husband, Semyon Marmeladov, appeared in her life. It was he who extended the helping hand to the woman, which she so needed. Katerina never loved Marmeladov, but the man accepted her with her family, fell in love with her children. In turn, the woman herself felt for him only a feeling of gratitude and gratitude.
Katerina Ivanovna did not get happiness in her second marriage, as well as in the first one. Although Marmeladov was kind person but bad habits consumed him. The man got drunk almost every day, did not bring anything home. The family was on the verge of poverty. It got to the point that the woman developed consumption.
Against the background of her illness, Katerina Ivanovna began to behave inadequately. There were conflicts with Marmeladov's daughter, she treated poor Sonechka unfairly. But the stepdaughter understood everything and did not hold any grudge against her stepmother.
The image of Katerina is a strong and strong-willed woman. For all the problems, she has not lost her self-esteem. She is a good wife and a wonderful mother.
Several interesting compositions
- Analysis of Bunin's story Mr. from San Francisco essay grade 11
Bunin wrote this work in four days. Almost all events are fictional. The whole story is filled with philosophical reflections, the author discusses the meaning of existence
- Composition based on Chekhov's Gooseberry
The work of A.P. Chekhov consists of works in which the stories often have plots familiar to the reader. This is due to the fact that the heroes in them are ordinary people with earthly desires.
- English is my favorite subject essay reasoning grade 5
I like to study and I like different sciences. But my favorite subject is English and Literature, which are taught by wonderful teachers. We started learning English from the second grade
- Composition based on the comedy Inspector Gogol, grade 8
Plunging into the work of Gogol, one can easily be surprised by his mystical works like "Evenings on a farm near Dikanka", but Nikolai Vasilyevich did not stop at only mystical stories
The life of a teenager is very difficult. This is a difficult age in which many problems can be expected. It is very difficult to cope with them alone. Most adults say teenage life is easy because they live in their parents' house.
First he learns about her from the story-confession of Marmeladov in the "drinking room": "Katerina Ivanovna, my wife, is an educated person and a nee staff officer's daughter. Let, let me be a scoundrel, she is full of a high heart and feelings, ennobled by upbringing.<...>And although I myself understand that when she fights my whirlwinds, she fights them only out of pity of the heart.<...>Do you know, do you know, my sir, that I even drank her stockings on drink? Not shoes, sir, for though that would be somewhat like the order of things, but her stockings, her stockings had been cut through! I also drank her little braid made of goat down, a gift, the old one, her own, not mine; but we live in a cold coal, and this winter she caught a cold and went coughing, already with blood. We have three little children, and Katerina Ivanovna at work from morning to night scrapes and washes and washes the children, for she has become accustomed to cleanliness since childhood, but with weak breasts and inclined consumption, and I feel it.<...> Know, then, that my wife was brought up in a noble provincial noble institute and, when she graduated, she danced with a shawl in the presence of the governor and in front of other persons, for which she received a gold medal and a certificate of commendation. The medal ... well, the medal was sold ... a long time ago ... um ... the certificate of commendation is still in their chest, and until recently I showed it to the mistress. And although she had the most uninterrupted quarrels with the mistress, at least in front of someone she wanted to be proud and report on the happy days gone by. And I do not condemn, I do not condemn, for this last thing remained with her in her memories, and the rest all went to dust! Yes Yes; the lady is hot, proud and unyielding. The floor itself washes and sits on black bread, and will not allow disrespect to itself. That is why the rudeness of Mr. Lebezyatnikov did not want to let him down, and when Mr. Lebezyatnikov nailed her for that, it was not so much from beatings as from feeling that she fell into bed. The widow has already taken her, with three children, small, small. She married her first husband, an infantry officer, for love, and with him fled from her parents' house. She loved her husband excessively, but he started playing cards, got on trial, and died with that. He beat her at the end; and although she did not let him down, which I know for certain and from documents, she still remembers him with tears and reproaches me with it, and I am glad, I am glad, because although in her imaginations she sees herself once happy. And she remained after him with three young children in a distant and brutal district, where I was then, and remained in such hopeless poverty that, although I had seen many different adventures, I was not even able to describe. Relatives all refused. Yes, and she was proud, too proud ... And then, my dear sir, then I, too, a widower, and having a fourteen-year-old daughter from my first wife, offered my hand, because I could not look at such suffering. You can judge because to what extent her misfortunes reached, that she, educated and brought up and with a well-known surname, agreed to go for me! But she went! Crying and sobbing and wringing my hands - let's go! For there was nowhere to go. Do you understand, do you understand, my dear sir, what it means when there is nowhere else to go? Not! You still don’t understand this ... And for a whole year I performed my duty piously and sacredly and did not touch it (he jabbed his finger at the half-duster), for I have a feeling. But this could not please either; and then he lost his place, and also not through fault, but due to a change in the states, and then he touched! .. A year and a half ago, we finally found ourselves, after wanderings and numerous disasters, in this magnificent capital decorated with numerous monuments. And here I got a place ... I got it and lost it again. Do you understand? Here I have already lost it through my own fault, for my line has come ... We are now living in the coal, with the mistress Amalia Fedorovna Lippevekhzel, and I don’t know what we live and what we pay. Many live there, and besides us ... Sodom, sir, the ugliest ... um ... yes ... And in the meantime, my daughter also grew up, from her first marriage, and what she only endured, my daughter, from her stepmother growing, I keep silent about that. For although Katerina Ivanovna is full of magnanimous feelings, the lady is hot and irritated, and will cut off ... "
Raskolnikov, taking the drunken Marmeladov home, and saw his wife with his own eyes: “It was a terribly thin woman, thin, rather tall and slender, still with beautiful dark blond hair and really flushed cheeks. She walked up and down her small room, her hands clasped on her chest, with parched lips and uneven, irregular breathing. Her eyes glittered as if in a fever, but her gaze was sharp and motionless, and this consumptive and agitated face produced a painful impression, in the last illumination of a burning cinder that trembled on her face. She seemed to Raskolnikov about thirty years old, and really was not a match for Marmeladov ... She did not listen to the incoming people and did not see them. The room was stuffy, but she did not open the window; there was a stench from the stairs, but the door to the stairs was not closed; waves of tobacco smoke rushed from the interior through the open door, she coughed, but did not close the door. The smallest girl, about six years old, slept on the floor, somehow sitting, curled up and buried her head in the sofa. The boy, a year older than her, was trembling all over in the corner and crying. It probably just got nailed. The eldest girl, about nine years old, tall and thin as a match, in one slender shirt that was torn everywhere and in a shabby Dra-Dama burnusik thrown over her bare shoulders, sewn to her probably two years ago, because it did not even reach her knees now, stood in in the corner next to the little brother, clasping his neck with my long hand, dry like a match ... "
Katerina Ivanovna herself adds a few touches to her portrait and biography in the scene of her husband's commemoration in a conversation with Raskolnikov: hometown T ... boarding house for noble maidens. This had not yet been reported to Raskolnikov by Katerina Ivanovna herself, and she was immediately carried away by the most seductive details. It is not known how she suddenly found herself in her hands the same "commendation sheet" about which the deceased Marmeladov notified Raskolnikov, explaining to him in the tavern that Katerina Ivanovna, his wife, upon graduation from the institute, danced with a shawl "in the presence of the governor and with other persons "<...>it really was indicated,<...>that she is the daughter of a court councilor and gentleman, and therefore, in fact, almost a colonel's daughter. Inflamed, Katerina Ivanovna immediately spread about all the details of the future beautiful and quiet life in T ...; about the gymnasium teachers whom she will invite for lessons at her boarding school; about a venerable old man, the Frenchman Mango, who taught Katerina Ivanovna the most in French at the institute and who is still living out his days in T ... and will probably go to her for a very similar fee. Finally, it came to Sonya, "who will go to T ... together with Katerina Ivanovna and will help her in everything" ... "
Alas, the dreams and plans of the poor widow were not destined to come true: literally in a few minutes, the dispute with the mistress would develop into a furious scandal, then a monstrous scene would take place with Sonya being accused of theft, and Katerina Ivanovna could not stand it, grab the children in her arms and go out into the street, finally go mad and die in Sonya's room, where they manage to transfer her. The picture of her death is terrible and deeply symbolic: “- Enough! .. It's time! .. Farewell, poor wretch! .. They drove away the nag! .. - She shouted desperately and hatefully and banged her head on the pillow.
She forgot herself again, but this last forgetting did not last long. Her pale yellow, withered face tilted backward, her mouth opened, her legs stretched convulsively. She took a deep, deep breath and died ... "
Poor woman, 30 years old, dies of consumption (tuberculosis).
History of creation
The probable prototype of Katerina Ivanovna is Dostoevsky's first wife, Maria Dmitrievna, who died of tuberculosis at the age of thirty-nine. According to contemporaries, Maria Dmitrievna was a passionate and exalted woman, and Dostoevsky copied with that heroine at a time when his wife was already at the last stage of the disease.
Some episodes in the life of Maria Dmitrievna are similar to what happened to the fictional heroine in Dostoevsky's novel. Before marrying the writer, Marina Dmitrievna was already married and after the death of her first spouse she was left alone in the middle of Siberia with her son in her arms, without support from relatives or friends.
The image of Katerina Ivanovna has another possible prototype - a certain Martha Brown, Dostoevsky's acquaintance. A lady who married a drinking writer and ended up in dire poverty. By nature, Katerina Ivanovna is similar to this woman.
"Crime and Punishment"
Katerina Ivanovna Marmeladova is the wife of Mr. Marmeladov, a drunken official who is already over fifty. Katerina Ivanovna herself is about thirty years old. This unhappy and sick woman comes from the family of a court councilor, well-mannered and educated. The heroine's father was an influential person and was going to achieve the post of governor, the heroine's family belonged to high society.
At the time of the action, the heroine looks like an extremely emaciated and sickly woman. Katerina Ivanovna's eyes shine unhealthily, red spots appear on her cheeks, her lips are dry and covered with caked blood. The heroine suffers from tuberculosis, but in her appearance you can still see traces of her former beauty - a slender figure, beautiful dark blond hair.
The heroine is poor and wears the only remaining cotton dress, dark striped. Katerina Ivanovna has a nervous, impressionable character. Being in "agitated feelings", Katerina Ivanovna looks even more pitiful and painful and begins to breathe heavily and fearfully.
Katerina Ivanovna's youth was carefree. The heroine grew up in a certain provincial town and was brought up in the provincial institute for noble maidens from noble families. There Katerina Ivanovna was taught French. Upon graduation, the heroine danced at a ball with the governor and other influential persons, and also received a "certificate of commendation" and a gold medal.
Probably, the family was preparing a cloudless future for the heroine, but Katerina Ivanovna, in her youth, fell in love with a certain infantry officer and fled with that from her parental home, which doomed herself to a sad fate. From her first husband, Katerina Ivanovna had a daughter, Paul, and two more children.
The heroine's family was categorically against this marriage, Katerina Ivanovna's father was incredibly angry, but the heroine nevertheless married her chosen one against the will of her parents. The heroine loved her husband excessively, but he became addicted to card games, was put on trial and died as a result.
Still the young heroine was left completely alone "in a distant and brutal county" with three young children in her arms. Katerina Ivanovna had no money, relatives abandoned the heroine, she fell into hopeless poverty and ended up with the children on the street. Mr. Marmeladov, who was also in that district at that time, was a widower. From the first wife, the hero is left with a teenage daughter Sonya. Having met Katerina Ivanovna, Marmeladov was filled with sympathy for that and decided to marry out of pity.
Marmeladov was twenty years older than Katerina Ivanovna and was of lower origin, but the woman out of desperation agreed to marry him, "crying and sobbing."
The new marriage did not bring happiness to the heroine. Her husband could not please her in any way, although he made an effort for this, and after a year he lost his job changing states and began to drink. This was the end of a stable life, and Katerina Ivanovna again found herself in the grip of poverty. The Marmeladovs live in nasty conditions, "in a cold corner," because of which the consumption, which suffers from Katerina Ivanovna, progresses. Due to illness and emotional stress, the heroine gradually goes crazy.
Due to poverty, the heroine is forced to sit on black bread, wash the floor on her own and do housework. However, a woman from childhood is accustomed to cleanliness and does not tolerate dirt, therefore she daily torments herself with backbreaking work to keep the house and clothes of children and husband clean. Katerina Ivanovna herself had no clothes left, with the exception of one dress. All the clothes of the heroine had to be sold in order to get money for the life of the family, and her husband drank the last stockings and a scarf made of goat down.
A hard life made Katerina Ivanovna nervous and irritable, so that the children and stepdaughter had to endure a lot from her. Sonya says that before the heroine was smart, kind and generous, but she was weakened by her mind from grief. Katerina Ivanovna forces her stepdaughter to engage in prostitution, but later reproaches herself and considers Sonya a saint.
The heroine has a proud and ardent character, Katerina Ivanovna does not tolerate disrespect for herself, does not ask others for anything and does not forgive rudeness. The first husband beat the heroine, and the circumstances of her life were bad, while it was impossible to break or intimidate Katerina Ivanovna. The heroine never complained.
The heroine dies on the day of the funeral of Mr. Marmeladov, who dies after being drunk under a horse. Raskolnikov, main character novel, gives Katerina Ivanovna the last money so that she can bury her husband. The cause of death of the heroine herself is the sudden opening of consumptive bleeding. On this, the biography of the heroine came to an end. Katerina Ivanovna's orphaned children are sent to an orphanage.
Screen adaptations
In the 1969 two-part Soviet film Crime and Punishment, the role of Katerina Ivanovna was played by the actress. In 2007, another film adaptation was released - the series "Crime and Punishment" directed by Dmitry Svetozarov, consisting of eight episodes. The role of Katerina Ivanovna was played here by the actress Svetlana Smirnova.
Quotes
“The widow has already taken her, with three children, small, small. She married her first husband, an infantry officer, for love, and with him fled from her parents' house. She loved her husband excessively, but he started playing cards, got on trial, and died with that. "
“If you only knew. After all, she is just like a child ... After all, her mind is just like crazy ... from grief. And how smart she was ... how generous ... how kind! You know nothing, nothing ... ah! "
While serving time in hard labor, Dostoevsky conceived the novel "The Drunken". The difficult life, the corresponding environment, the stories of the prisoners - all this prompted the writer to describe the life of an impoverished ordinary Petersburger and his relatives. Later, already at liberty, he began to write another novel, where he wrote the previously conceived characters. The images and characteristics of the members of the Marmeladov family in the novel "Crime and Punishment" occupy a special place among other characters.
The family is a symbolic image that characterizes the life of ordinary ordinary people, collective - people who live on the verge of the final moral and moral decline, however, despite all the blows of fate, who managed to preserve the purity and nobility of their souls.
Marmeladov family
The Marmeladovs occupy an almost central place in the novel, are very closely associated with the main character. They played a very important role in the fate of Raskolnikov, almost everything.
At the time of Rodion's acquaintance with this family, it consisted of:
- Marmeladov Semyon Zakharovich - head of the family;
- Katerina Ivanovna - his wife;
- Sofya Semyonovna - daughter of Marmeladov (from his first marriage);
- children of Katerina Ivanovna (from her first marriage): Polenka (10 years old); Kolya (seven years old); Lidochka (six years old, still called Lenechka).
The Marmeladov family is a typical family of philistines who have sunk almost to the very bottom. They don't even live, they exist. Dostoevsky describes them as if they were not even trying to survive, but simply lived in hopeless poverty - such a family “has nowhere else to go”. It's not so much scary that the children found themselves in such a situation, but the fact that adults seem to have resigned themselves to their status, do not seek a way out, do not strive to get out of such a difficult existence.
Marmeladov Semyon Zakharovich
Head of the family, with which Dostoevsky acquaints the reader at the moment of the meeting between Marmeladov and Raskolnikov. Then gradually the writer reveals life path this character.
Marmeladov once served as a titular adviser, but drank himself to death, was left without work and practically without means of subsistence. He has a daughter from his first marriage - Sonya. At the time of the meeting of Semyon Zakharovich with Raskolnikov, Marmeladov had been married to a young woman Katerina Ivanovna for four years. She herself had three children from her first marriage.
The reader learns that Semyon Zakharovich married her not so much out of love as out of pity and compassion. And they all live in St. Petersburg, where they moved a year and a half ago. At first, Semyon Zakharovich finds work here, and quite worthy. However, from his addiction to drinking, the official very soon loses it. So, through the fault of the head of the family, the whole family is begging, left without a livelihood.
Dostoevsky does not tell - what happened in the fate of this man, what once broke in his soul so that he began to drink, and in the end he got drunk, thereby dooming the children to begging, he brought Katerina Ivanovna to consumption, and his own daughter became a prostitute, so that to somehow earn money and feed three young children, a father and a sick stepmother.
Listening to the drunken outpourings of Marmeladov, unwittingly, however, the reader is imbued with sympathy for this man who has fallen to the very bottom. Despite the fact that he robbed his wife, begged for money from his daughter, knowing how she earns it and for what, he is tormented by pangs of conscience, he is disgusted with himself, his soul hurts.
In general, many heroes of "Crime and Punishment", even very unpleasant at first, eventually come to the realization of their sins, to an understanding of the depth of their fall, some even repent. Morality, faith, inner mental suffering are characteristic of Raskolnikov, Marmeladov, and even Svidrigailov. Who does not withstand the pangs of conscience and commits suicide.
Here is Marmeladov: he is weak-willed, cannot cope with himself and stop drinking, but he sensitively and accurately feels the pain and suffering of other people, injustice towards them, he is sincere in his good feelings for his neighbors and honest to himself and others. Semyon Zakharovich did not harden in this fall - he loves his wife, daughter, children of his second wife.
Yes, he did not achieve much in the service, he married Katerina Ivanovna out of compassion and pity for her and her three children. He remained silent when his wife was beaten, was silent and endured when his own daughter went to the panel to feed the children, stepmother and father. And Marmeladov's reaction was weak-willed:
"And I ... was lying drunk, sir."
Even doing nothing, only he cannot drink alone - he needs support, he needs to confess to someone who will listen to him and comfort him, who will understand him.
Marmeladov begs for forgiveness - the interlocutor, the daughter, whom he considers a saint, his wife, her children. In fact, his prayer is addressed to a higher authority - to God. Only a former official asks for his forgiveness through his listeners, through his relatives - this is such a frank cry from the depths of his soul that it evokes in the listeners not so much pity as understanding and sympathy. Semyon Zakharovich himself punishes himself for his weakness, for his fall, for the inability to quit drinking and start working, for the fact that he has come to terms with his current decline and is not looking for a way out.
The result is sad: Marmeladov, being heavily drunk, dies after being run over by a horse. And, perhaps, this turns out to be the only way out for him.
Marmeladov and Raskolnikov
The hero of the novel meets Semyon Zakharovich in a tavern. Marmeladov attracted the attention of the poor student with a contradictory appearance and an even more contradictory look;
"Even enthusiasm seemed to glow - perhaps there was both meaning and intelligence - but at the same time there seemed to be madness."
Raskolnikov drew attention to the drunken little man, and eventually listened to the confession of Marmeladov, who told about himself, about his family. Listening to Semyon Zakharovich, Rodion once again realizes that his theory is correct. During this meeting, the student himself is in a strange state: he decided to murder the old woman-pawnbroker, driven by the "Napoleonic" theory of supermen.
At the beginning, the student sees the usual drunkard, a regular drinker. However, listening to Marmeladov's confession, Rodion is curious about his fate, then imbued with sympathy, and not only for the interlocutor, but also for his family members. And this is in that feverish state when the student himself is focused on only one thing: "to be or not to be."
Later, fate brings the hero of the novel to Katerina Ivanovna, Sonya. Raskolnikov helps the unfortunate widow with a commemoration. Sonya, with her love, helps Rodion to repent, to understand that not all is lost, that it is still possible to know both love and happiness.
Katerina Ivanovna
A middle-aged woman in her 30s. She has three young children from her first marriage. However, enough suffering and grief and trials have already fallen to her lot. But Katerina Ivanovna did not lose her pride. She is smart and educated. In her youth as a girl, she was carried away by an infantry officer, fell in love with him, ran away from home to get married. However, the husband turned out to be a gambler, in the end he lost, he was tried and he died soon after.
So Katerina Ivanovna was left alone with three children in her arms. Her relatives refused to help her, she had no income. The widow and her children ended up in complete poverty.
However, the woman did not break, did not give up, was able to keep her inner core, her principles. Dostoevsky characterizes Katerina Ivanovna in the words of Sonya:
she “... seeks justice, she is pure, she believes so much that there should be justice in everything, and demands ... And at least torture her, but she does not do unjust. She herself does not notice how all this is impossible, so that it is fair in people, and is irritated ... Like a child, like a child! "
In an extremely distressful situation, the widow meets Marmeladov, marries him, tirelessly fussing around the house, caring for everyone. Such a hard life undermines her health - she falls ill with consumption and on the day of Semyon Zakharovich's funeral she herself dies of tuberculosis.
Orphaned children are sent to an orphanage.
Children of Katerina Ivanovna
The writer's skill manifested itself in the highest way in describing the children of Katerina Ivanovna - so touching, detailed, realistic he describes these eternally hungry children doomed to live in poverty.
"... The smallest girl, about six years old, was sleeping on the floor, somehow sitting, curled up and burying her head in the sofa. A boy, a year older than her, was trembling all over in the corner and crying. He was probably just nailed. , about nine years old, tall and thin as a match, in one slender shirt that was torn everywhere and in a shabby old-fashioned burnus draped over her bare shoulders, which she probably sewed two years ago, because it did not even reach her knees now, stood in the corner next to the little her brother, clasping his neck with her long hand, dry as a match. She ... watched her mother with her big, big dark eyes, which seemed even more on her emaciated and frightened face ... "
It touches to the core. Who knows - it is possible that they end up in an orphanage, a better way out than staying on the street and begging.
Sonya Marmeladova
Semyon Zakharovich's own daughter, 18 years old. When her father married Katerina Ivanovna, she was only fourteen. Sonya has a significant role in the novel - the girl had a huge influence on the main character, became Raskolnikov's salvation and love.
Characteristic
Sonya did not receive a decent education, but she is smart and honest. Her sincerity and responsiveness became an example for Rodion and awakened in him conscience, repentance, and then love and faith. The girl suffered a lot in her so short life, suffered from her stepmother, but did not harbor evil, did not take offense. Despite her lack of education, Sonya is not at all stupid, she reads, she is smart. In all the trials that befell her for such a short life so far, she managed not to lose herself, retained the inner purity of her soul, her own dignity.
The girl turned out to be capable of complete self-sacrifice for the good of her neighbors; she is endowed with the gift of feeling the suffering of others as her own. And then she thinks least of all about herself, but only about how and how she can help someone who is very bad, who suffers and needs even more than herself.
Sonya and her family
Fate seemed to test the girl's strength: at first she began to work as a seamstress to help her father, stepmother and her children. Although at that time it was accepted that the family should be supported by a man, the head of the family, however, Marmeladov was absolutely incapable of this. The stepmother was sick, her children were very young. The seamstress's income was insufficient.
And the girl, driven by pity, compassion and a desire to help, goes to the panel, gets a “yellow ticket”, becomes a “harlot”. She suffers greatly from the realization of her external fall. But Sonya never rebuked the drunken father or the sick stepmother, who knew perfectly well who the girl was now working for, but themselves were unable to help her. Sonia gives her earnings to her father and stepmother, knowing full well that the father will drink this money, but the stepmother will be able to somehow feed her little children.
Meant a lot to a girl
"The thought of sin and they, those ... poor orphans and this pathetic half-mad Katerina Ivanovna with her consumption, with her head banging against the wall."
This kept Sonya from wanting to commit suicide because of such a shameful and dishonorable occupation, which she was forced to engage in. The girl managed to preserve her inner moral purity, to preserve her soul. But not every person is able to preserve himself, to remain human, going through all the trials in life.
Sonya love
It is no coincidence that the writer pays such close attention to Sonya Marmeladova - in the fate of the protagonist, the girl became his salvation, and not so much physical, but moral, moral, spiritual. Having become a fallen woman, in order to be able to save at least the children of her stepmother, Sonya saved Raskolnikov from a spiritual fall, which is even more terrible than a physical fall.
Sonechka, sincerely and blindly believing with all her heart in God, without reasoning or philosophizing, was the only one capable of awakening humanity in Rodion, if not faith, but conscience, repentance for what she had done. She simply saves the soul of a poor student lost in philosophical discourses about the superman.
The novel clearly shows the opposition of Sonya's humility to Raskolnikov's rebellion. And not Porfiry Petrovich, but this poor girl was able to direct the student on the right path, helped to realize the fallacy of his theory and the severity of the crime. She suggested a way out - repentance. It was her that Raskolnikov obeyed, confessing to the murder.
After the trial of Rodion, the girl followed him to hard labor, where she began to work as a milliner. For her kind heart, for her ability to sympathize with other people, everyone loved her, especially the prisoners.
The spiritual revival of Raskolnikov became possible only thanks to the selfless love of the poor girl. Patiently, with hope and faith, Sonechka takes care of Rodion, who is sick not so much physically as spiritually and mentally. And she manages to awaken in him the awareness of good and evil, awaken humanity. Raskolnikov, if he had not yet accepted Sonya's faith with his mind, accepted her convictions with his heart, believed her, in the end he fell in love with the girl.
In conclusion, it should be noted that the writer in the novel reflected not so much the social problems of society, but more psychological, moral, and spiritual. The whole horror of the tragedy of the Marmeladov family is in the typicality of their destinies. Sonia became a bright ray here, who managed to preserve a person, dignity, honesty and decency, purity of her soul, despite all the trials she faced. And today all the problems shown in the novel have not lost their relevance.
PEACE HEROES OF DOSTOEVSKY
("Crime and Punishment")
Alena Ivanovna- a collegiate receptionist, a pawnbroker, “... a tiny, dry old woman, about sixty years old, with keen and evil eyes, with a small pointed nose ... Her fair-haired, slightly gray hair was greased with oil. On her thin and long neck, like a chicken leg, some kind of flannel rag was fastened, and on her shoulders, despite the heat, dangled all the frayed and yellowed fur katsaveika. " Her image should cause disgust and thus, as it were, partly justify the idea of Raskolnikov, who carries her mortgages and then kills her. The character is a symbol of a worthless and even harmful life. However, according to the author, she is also a person, and violence against her, as against any person, even in the name of noble goals, is a crime of the moral law.
Amalia Ivanovna(Amalia Lyudvigovna, Amalia Fedorovna) - the landlady of the Marmeladovs, as well as Lebeziatnikov and Luzhin. She is in constant conflict with Katerina Ivanovna Marmeladova, who in moments of anger calls her Amalia Ludwigovna, which causes her sharp irritation. Invited to Marmeladov's funeral, she reconciles with Katerina Ivanovna, but after the scandal provoked by Luzhin orders her to move out of the apartment.
Zametov Alexander Grigorievich- clerk in the police office, comrade Razumikhin. "About twenty-two years old, with a swarthy and mobile face, looking older than her ice, dressed in fashion and a veil, with a parting on the back of the head, combed and anointed, with many rings and rings on white brushed fingers and gold chains on a vest." Together with Razumikhin, he comes to Raskolnikov during his illness immediately after the murder of the old woman. He suspects Raskolnikov, although he pretends that he is simply interested in him. Accidentally meeting him in a tavern, Raskolnikov teases him with a conversation about the murder of an old woman, and then suddenly stuns him with a question: "What if it was I who killed the old woman and Lizaveta?" Pushing these two characters together, Dostoevsky compares two different modes of existence - the intense search for Raskolnikov and the well-fed philistine vegetation like Zametovsky.
Zosimov- Doctor, friend of Razumikhin. He is twenty-seven years old. "... A tall and fat man, with a puffy and colorless-pale, smooth-shaven face, with blond straight hair, glasses and a large gold ring on a finger swollen with fat." Self-confident, knows his own worth. "His manner was slow, as if sluggish and at the same time haggardly cheeky." Brought by Razumikhin during Raskolnikov's illness, he later took an interest in his condition. He suspects insanity in Raskolnikov and does not see anything further, absorbed in his idea.
Ilya Petrovich (Gunpowder)- "a lieutenant, an assistant to the district overseer, with a reddish mustache sticking out horizontally in both directions and with extremely small features, however, nothing special, except for some impudence, did not express." With the summoned to the police about non-payment of the promissory note, Raskolnikov is rude and aggressive, causing a protest and provoking a scandal. During his confession, Raskolnikov finds him in a more benevolent mood and therefore does not dare to confess right away, comes out and only the second time makes a confession, which throws I.P. into shock.
Katerina Ivanovna- wife of Marmeladov. From among the "humiliated and insulted." Thirty years old. A thin, rather tall and slender woman, with fine dark blond hair, with consumptive spots on her cheeks. Her gaze is sharp and motionless, her eyes shine as if in a fever, her lips are parched, her breathing is uneven and intermittent. The daughter of a court counselor. She was brought up at the provincial noble institute, graduated with a gold medal and a certificate of merit. She married an infantry officer and fled with him from her parents' house. After his death, she was left with three young children in poverty. As Marmeladov describes her, "... the lady is hot, proud and unyielding." Compensates for feelings of humiliation with fantasies in which she herself believes. In fact, he forces his stepdaughter Sonechka to go to the panel, and after that, feeling guilty, they bow before her self-sacrifice and suffering. After the death of Marmeladov, he arranges a memorial service at the last expense, trying in every possible way to demonstrate that her husband and she herself are quite respected people. Constantly in conflict with the landlady Amalia Ivanovna. Despair deprives her of her sanity, she takes the children and leaves home to beg, forcing them to sing and dance, and soon dies.
Lebezyatnikov Andrey Semyonovich- a ministerial official. “... A thin and scrofulous man, small in stature, who served somewhere and strangely blond, with sideburns in the form of cutlets, of which he was very proud. Moreover, his eyes hurt almost constantly. His heart was rather soft, but his speech was very self-confident, and sometimes even extremely arrogant - which, in comparison with his figure, almost always came out funny. The author says about him that he “... was one of that countless and variegated legion of vulgarians, dead bumboys and unlearned tyrants who instantly stick to the most fashionable walking idea in order to immediately vulgarize it, to instantly caricature everything they sometimes serve in the most sincere way. " Luzhin, trying to join the newest ideological trends, actually chooses L. as his "mentor" and expounds his views. L. is insane, but kind in character and in his own way honest: when Luzhin puts a hundred rubles in Sonya's pocket to accuse her of theft, L. exposes him. The image is somewhat caricatured.
Lizaveta- the younger, half-sister of the pawnbroker Alena Ivanovna. "... A tall, awkward, timid and humble girl, almost an idiot, thirty-five years old," who was in complete slavery to her sister, worked for her day and night, trembled before her and even endured beatings from her. " Before the murder, she knew Raskolnikov, washed his shirts. She was also on friendly terms with Sonechka Marmeladova, with whom she even exchanged crosses. Raskolnikov accidentally overhears her conversation with familiar townspeople, from which he learns that the old woman the pawnbroker will remain at home alone at seven o'clock the next day. meek, unrequited, agreeable, agreeable to everything "and therefore constantly pregnant. During the murder of the pawnbroker L. unexpectedly returns home and also becomes a victim of Raskolnikov. Sonya is reading to Raskolnikov.
Luzhin Petr Petrovich- the type of businessman and "capitalist". He is forty-five years old. Prim, dignified, with a cautious and grumpy face. Gloomy and arrogant. He wants to open a law office in St. Petersburg. Having got out of insignificance, he highly values his mind and abilities, he is used to admiring himself. However, L. values money most of all. He defends progress "in the name of science and economic truth." He preaches from hearsay, which he has heard enough from his friend Lebezyatnikov, from young progressives: “Science says: love yourself, first of all, for everything in the world is based on personal interest ... Economic truth adds that the more in a society of organized private affairs ... all the more solid foundations for it, and all the more the common business is arranged in it ”.
Struck by the beauty and education of Dunya Raskolnikova, L. proposes to her. His pride is flattered by the thought that a noble girl who has experienced many misfortunes will be in awe of him and obey him all her life. In addition, L. hopes that "the charm of a charming, virtuous and educated woman" will help his career. In St. Petersburg L. lives with Lebezyatnikov - with the aim of "running ahead just in case" and "curry favor" with the youth, thereby insuring himself against any unexpected demarches on her part. Expelled by Raskolnikov and feeling hatred towards him, he tries to embroil his mother and sister with him, provoke a scandal: during the commemoration for Marmeladov he gives Sonechka ten rubles, and then imperceptibly puts another hundred rubles in her pocket, in order to publicly accuse her of theft a little later. Unmasked by Lebezyatnikov, he is forced to retire shamefully.
Marmeladov Semyon Zakharovich- Titular Counselor, Sonechka's father. “He was a man over fifty years old, of medium height and dense build, with gray hair and a large bald head, with a yellow, even greenish face that was swollen from constant drunkenness and with swollen eyelids, because of which tiny, like slits, but animated reddish eyes. But there was something very strange about him; his gaze seemed to glow with even ecstasy - perhaps there was both meaning and intelligence - but at the same time, it seemed as if madness flashed through. Lost his place "on the change of states" and from that moment began to drink.
Raskolnikov meets with M. in a tavern, where he tells him his life and confesses his sins - that he drinks and drank his wife's things, that his own daughter Sonechka, because of poverty and his drunkenness, went to the panel. Realizing all his insignificance and deeply repenting, but not having the strength to overcome himself, the hero nevertheless tries to elevate his own weakness to a world drama, flirting and even making theatrical gestures, which are intended to show his not completely lost nobility. “To be sorry! why feel sorry for me! - suddenly cried Marmeladov, standing up with his hand outstretched, in decisive inspiration, as if he was just waiting for these words ... "Twice Raskolnikov accompanies him home: the first time drunk, the second time - crushed by horses. The image is associated with one of the main themes of Dostoevsky's work - poverty and humiliation, in which a person who gradually loses his dignity and clings to him with the last of his strength perishes.
Marmeladova Sonechka- Marmeladov's daughter, a prostitute. Belongs to the "meek" category. "... Small in stature, about eighteen, thin, but pretty pretty blonde, with wonderful blue eyes." For the first time, the reader learns about her from Marmeladov's confession to Raskolnikov, in which he tells how S., at a critical moment for the family, went to the panel for the first time, and when she returned, gave the money to her stepmother Katerina Ivanovna and lay face down to the wall, “only shoulders and all the body shudder. " Katerina Ivanovna, on the other hand, stood on her knees all evening at her feet, "and then both fell asleep together, embracing each other." She first appears in the episode with Marmeladov, who was knocked down by horses, who asks her forgiveness just before his death. Raskolnikov comes to her to confess to the murder and thus shift some of his torment onto her, for which he hates S.
The heroine is also a criminal. But if Raskolnikov transgressed through others for himself, then S. transgressed through herself for others. With her, he finds love and compassion, as well as a willingness to share his fate and carry the cross with him. She, at the request of Raskolnikov, reads him the Gospel brought by S. Lizaveta, the chapter about the resurrection of Lazarus. This is one of the most majestic scenes in the novel: "The stub has long been extinguished in a crooked candlestick, dimly illuminating in this beggarly room the murderer and the harlot, who strangely converged on reading the eternal book."
S. pushes Raskolnikov to repentance. She follows him when he goes to confess. She goes after him to hard labor. If the prisoners do not like Raskolnikov, then they treat S. with love and respect. He himself is cold and alienated from her, until an insight finally comes to him, and then he suddenly realizes that there is no man closer to her on earth.
Through love for S. and through her love for him, Raskolnikov, according to the author, is resurrected to a new life. "Sonechka, Sonechka Marmeladova, eternal Sonechka while the world stands! " - a symbol of self-sacrifice in the name of one's neighbor and endless "unsatisfied" suffering.
Marfa Petrovna- landowner, wife of Svidrigailov. The reader learns about her from a letter to Raskolnikov's mother and from the story of Svidrigailov, whom she saved from a debt prison by paying a large sum for him. When Svidrigailov began to look after Dunya Raskolnikova, who served as her governess, she kicked her out, but upon learning of her innocence, she repented and assigned her three thousand in her will. After death, the culprit (poisoning) of which Svidrigailov may have been, is to him, according to his confession, as a ghost. Nastasya is the cook and maid of the landlady of Raskolnikov. From country women, very talkative and funny. Serves Raskolnikov. At other moments of illness, hermitage and "thinking" the hero becomes his only link with the world, distracting him from the obsessive idea.
Nikodim Fomich- quarterly overseer. A prominent officer, with an open fresh face and superb thick blond whiskers. Appears during the flaring conflict between his assistant Ilya Petrovich and Raskolnikov, who came to the police office on a call for non-payment, calms both of them, is present when Raskolnikov faints, who overheard a conversation about the murder of an old woman. His second meeting with Raskolnikov takes place in the episode with Marmeladov, who was knocked down by horses.
Nikolay (Mikolka)- a dyer who repaired an apartment in the entrance of an old woman-lender. "... Very young, dressed like a commoner, average height, thin, with hair cut in a circle, with thin, as if dry features." Of the schismatics. I was with the elder under the spiritual leadership, I wanted to flee to the desert. Naive and simple at heart. Together with his partner Mitri, he is suspected of murdering an old woman. Porfiry Petrovich bursts in during the interrogation of Raskolnikov and declares that he is a “killer”. Takes on crime because he wants to accept suffering.
Porfiry Petrovich- bailiff of investigative affairs, lawyer. “... About thirty-five years old, shorter than average, full and even with an abdomen, shaved, without a mustache and sideburn, with tightly cropped hair on a large round head, somehow especially convexly rounded at the back of the head. His plump, round and slightly snub-nosed face was the color of a sick person, dark yellow, but rather cheerful and even mocking. It would even be good-natured if it were not for the expression of the eyes, with a kind of liquid watery shine, covered with almost white blinking eyelashes, as if winking at a coma. The look of these eyes somehow strangely did not harmonize with the whole figure, which even had something of a woman's in it, and gave her something much more serious than one could expect from her the first time. "
The first meeting of Raskolnikov with P.P. takes place at the apartment where Raskolnikov comes with Razumikhin supposedly to inquire about his mortgages. A good actor, an investigator constantly provokes Raskolnikov by asking tricky and seemingly ridiculous questions. P.P. deliberately distorts the idea of Raskolnikov's article on a crime, the publication of which Raskolnikov learns from him. A kind of duel takes place between P.P. and Raskolnikov. An intelligent and subtle psychologist, the investigator is really interested in Raskolnikov. He has no factual evidence against Raskolnikov, however, he harshly and purposefully leads him to confession, and only at the last moment everything breaks down due to the unexpected appearance of the dyer Mikolka, who takes upon himself the murder of the old woman. P.P. is forced to release Raskolnikov, but soon comes to him and, no longer doubting, speaks of his guilt. P.P. invites Raskolnikov to appear himself with a confession that he will ease the punishment, and he, for his part, will pretend that he did not know anything. P.P.'s attitude to Raskolnikov is ambiguous: on the one hand, he is a murderer, a criminal, on the other hand, he has respect for him as a person who is able to look "over the edge", to experience an idea on himself.
Razumikhin Dmitry Prokofievich- a former student, nobleman, Raskolnikov's friend at the university. Temporarily left it due to lack of funds. “His appearance was expressive - tall, thin, always thin-shaven, black-haired. Sometimes he raged and was reputed to be a strong man ... He could drink indefinitely, but he could not drink at all; sometimes he played pranks even impermissibly, but he could not play pranks at all. R. was also so remarkable that no setbacks never bothered him and no bad circumstances, it seemed, could crush him. "
Raskolnikov is clearly drawn to him as a person of living life, simple, whole, energetic and, most importantly, kind-hearted. He goes to him immediately after the murder to ask him to find lessons for him to earn money, but in fact he is looking for living soul capable of responding to his suffering, sharing his torment. A good and devoted comrade, R. takes care of the sick Ras-Kolnikov, brings Doctor Zosimov to him. He also introduces Raskolnikov to his distant relative, investigator Porfiry Petrovich. Knowing about suspicions against Raskolnikov, he tries in every possible way to shield him, innocently explaining all his actions with illness. He takes Raskolnikov's mother and sister, who have come to St. Petersburg, under his wing, falls in love with Dunya and subsequently marries her.
Raskolnikov Rodion Romanovich is the main character. We correlate with Pushkin's Hermann ("The Queen of Spades"), Balzac's Rastignac ("Father Goriot"), Julien Sorel from Stendhal's novel "Red and Black". Dostoevsky himself, in draft materials for the novel, compares R. with. Jean Sbogard, the hero of the novel of the same name by the French writer C. Nodier (1818). "... Remarkably good-looking, with beautiful dark eyes, dark-Russian, taller than average, thin and slender." A dreamer, romantic, proud, strong and noble person, completely absorbed in the idea. He studied at the university at the Faculty of Law, which he left due to lack of funds, as well as because of the idea that captured him. However, he still considers himself a student. At the university he had almost no comrades and was averse to everyone. He worked hard, not sparing himself, he was respected, but not loved because of his pride and arrogance. He is the author of an article in which he examines "the psychological state of the criminal throughout the entire course of the crime." The idea of killing an old woman evokes in R. not only moral, but also aesthetic disgust (“The main thing: dirty, filthy, disgusting, disgusting! ..”). One of the main internal contradictions tearing apart the hero is the attraction to people and the repulsion from them.
According to the original plan of Dostoevsky, the hero succumbs to "some strange 'unfinished' ideas that are in the air." This is a utilitarian morality that deduces everything from the principle of reasonable utility. Over time, the motivations for R.'s crime are clarified and deepened. They are connected with two main ideas: is it allowed to commit a small evil for the sake of a great good, does a noble end justify a criminal means? According to this concept, the hero is portrayed as a magnanimous dreamer, a humanist, eager to make all mankind happy. He has a kind and compassionate heart, wounded by the spectacle of human suffering. Trying to help the disadvantaged, he comes to the realization of his own powerlessness in the face of world evil. In despair, he decides to "violate" the moral law - to kill out of love for humanity, to do evil for the sake of good.
R. seeks power not out of vanity, but in order to effectively help people who perish in poverty and powerlessness. However, next to this idea, there is another - "Napoleonic", which gradually comes to the fore, pushing back the first. R. divides the whole of humanity into “... two categories: into the lower (ordinary), that is, so to speak, into material that serves solely for the generation of their own kind, and actually into people, that is, those who have a gift or talent. say a new word in your midst. " The first category, the minority, was born to rule and command, the second - "to live in obedience and be obedient." The main thing for him is freedom and power, which he can use as he pleases - for good or for evil. He confesses to Sonya that he killed because he wanted to find out: "Do I have the right to have power?" He wants to understand: “Am I a louse, like everyone else, or a human? Whether I can overstep or not! Am I a trembling creature or have the right. " It is a self-test of a strong personality trying his own strength. Both ideas possess the hero's soul and tear his consciousness.
R. is the spiritual and compositional center of the novel. External action only reveals it internal strife... He must go through a painful split, "drag all pro and contra on himself," in order to understand himself and the moral law, indissolubly linked with human essence. The hero solves the riddle of his own personality and at the same time the riddle of human nature.
At the beginning of the novel, the hero is surrounded by mystery, constantly mentions a certain "case" on which he wants to encroach. He lives in a room that looks like a coffin. Disconnected from everyone and locked up in his corner, he nurtures the idea of murder. The world around him and people cease to be a true reality for him. However, the "ugly dream" that he has been nursing for a month disgusts him. He does not believe that he can commit murder, and despises himself for being abstract and incapable of practical action. He goes to the old woman-pawnbroker for a trial - a place to examine and try on. He thinks about violence, and his soul writhes under the burden of world suffering, protesting against cruelty. In a dream-memory of a horse (one of the most impressive episodes), which is whipped in the eyes, the truth of his personality is revealed, the truth of the earthly moral law, which he nevertheless intends to transgress, turning away from this truth.
The hopelessness of the situation pushes him to the realization of the idea. From a letter to his mother, he learns that his beloved sister Dunya, in order to save him and herself from poverty and hunger, is going to sacrifice herself by marrying the businessman Luzhin. Reasonably accepting the idea, but resisting it with his soul, he at first renounces his plan. He prays as in childhood and seems to be freed from obsession. However, his triumph is premature: the idea has already penetrated into the subconscious and gradually again takes possession of his entire being. R. no longer controls his life: the idea of rock is steadily leading him to crime. By chance, on Sennaya Square, he hears that tomorrow at seven o'clock the old woman pawnbroker will be left alone.
After the murder of the old woman and her sister Lizaveta, R. experiences the deepest emotional turmoil. Crime puts him “on the other side of good and evil”, separates him from humanity, surrounds him with an icy desert. "A gloomy sensation of painful, endless solitude and alienation suddenly consciously affected his soul." He has a fever, is close to insanity, and even wants to commit suicide. He tries to pray and laughs at himself. Laughter gives way to despair. Dostoevsky emphasizes the motive of the hero's alienation from people: they seem disgusting to him and cause "... endless, almost physical disgust." Even with those closest to him, he cannot speak, feeling the insurmountable border between them. Nevertheless, he goes to his former university acquaintance Razumikhin, helps the family of Marmeladov, crushed by horses, giving the last money received from his mother.
At some point, R. seems that he is able to live with this black spot on his conscience, that his old life is over, that finally "the kingdom of reason and light will prevail now ... and will, and strength ...". Pride and self-confidence are reawakened in him. With the last of his strength, he tries to fight the investigator Porfiry Petrovich, feeling that he seriously suspects him. At the very first meeting with Porfiry Petrovich, explaining his article, he expounds the idea of "extraordinary people" who have the right to "... allow their conscience to step over ... over other obstacles, and only if the implementation of the idea ( sometimes salutary, maybe for all mankind) will require it. " In a conversation with the investigator, R. firmly answers his question that he believes in God and in the resurrection of Lazarus. However, when meeting with Sonya, he gloatingly objected to her: "Yes, maybe there is no God at all?" He, like many of Dostoevsky's heroes and ideologists, is more likely to rush between faith and unbelief than to really believe or not to believe.
Tired of “theory” and “dialectics,” R. begins to realize the value of ordinary life: “No matter how you live, just live! What a truth! Lord, what a truth! A scoundrel man! And a scoundrel is the one who calls him a scoundrel for this. " He, who wanted to be an "extraordinary person" worthy of true life, is ready to put up with a simple and primitive existence. His pride is crushed: no, he is not Napoleon, with whom he constantly correlates himself, he is just an “aesthetic louse”. Instead of Toulon and Egypt -
"Skinny ugly receptionist", but even that is enough for him to fall into despair. R. laments that he should have known about himself in advance, about his weakness, before going to "bloody". He is not able to bear the gravity of the crime alone and confesses him to Sonechka. On her advice, he wants to repent publicly - he kneels in the middle of Haymarket, but he can’t say “I killed”. He goes to the office and confesses. In hard labor, R. is ill for a long time, which is caused by wounded pride, but, not wanting to accept, continues to remain alienated from everyone. He has an apocalyptic dream: some "trichines" that infiltrate the souls of people, make them consider themselves the main bearers of truth, as a result of which universal enmity and mutual extermination begins. He is resurrected to a new life by the love of Sonechka that has finally reached his heart and his own love for her.
In the unfolding controversy around "Crime and Punishment" and, in particular, the image of R., one can single out the article by D.I. the inhumanity and unnaturalness of the existing system. In the article by the critic N. Strakhov "Our graceful literature" (1867), the idea is highlighted that Dostoevsky brought out in the person of R. a new image of a "nihilist", depicting "... nihilism is not as a miserable and wild phenomenon, but in a tragic form as a distortion of the soul, accompanied by cruel suffering. " Strakhov saw in R. the trait of a "true Russian man" - a kind of religiosity with which he indulges in his idea, the desire to reach "to the end, to the edge of the road onto which a lost mind led him."
Raskolnikova Dunya (Avdotya Romanovna)- Raskolnikov's sister. A proud and noble girl. “Remarkably good-looking - tall, surprisingly slender, strong, self-confident, which was expressed in every gesture of her and that, incidentally, did not take away softness and grace from her movements. Her face looked like her brother, but she could even be called a beauty. Her hair was dark blond, a little lighter than her brother's; eyes are almost black, sparkling, proud and at the same time sometimes, for minutes, unusually kind. She was pale, but not painfully pale; her face shone with freshness and health. Her mouth was a little small, but the lower lip, fresh and scarlet, protruded slightly forward, along with the chin - the only irregularity in this beautiful face, but giving it a special character and, by the way, as if arrogance. "