The search for life of Andrey Bolkonsky is an essay. The life path of Andrei Bolkonsky
"Victory and Defeat"
Official comment:
The direction allows you to reflect on victory and defeat in different aspects:socio-historical, moral-philosophical, psychological. Reasoning may be relatedboth with external conflict events in the life of a person, country, world, and with internal struggle a person with himself, its causes and results. V literary works the ambiguity and relativity of the concepts of "victory" and "defeat" in different historical conditions and life situations are often shown.
The opposition of the concepts "victory" and "defeat" is already inherent in their interpretation. In Ozhegov we read: "Victory is success in battle, war, complete defeat of the enemy." That is, the victory of one presupposes the complete defeat of the other. However, both history and literature provide us with examples of how victory turns out to be defeat and defeat turns out to be a victory. It is about the relativity of these concepts that graduates are invited to speculate, relying on their reading experience. Of course, it is impossible to confine oneself to the concept of victory as defeating the enemy in battle. Therefore, it is advisable to consider this thematic area in different aspects.
Aphorisms and sayings famous people:
The greatest victory is victory over oneself. Cicero
The possibility that we might be defeated in battle should not prevent us from fighting for a cause that we believe is just. A. Lincoln
Man was not created to suffer defeat ... Man can be destroyed, but he cannot be defeated. E. Hemingway
Be proud only of the victories you won over yourself. Tungsten
List of literature in the direction of "Victory and defeat"
L. N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
A. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"
A. N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm"
I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"
F. M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"
"A word about Igor's regiment"
A. S. Pushkin " Captain's daughter»
I. A. Goncharov "Oblomov"
M. A. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man"
V.P. Astafiev "Tsar-fish"
Materials for literary arguments.
L. N. Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace"
The key battles of the epic novel areShengrabenskoe, Austerlitskoe, Borodinskoe. The author clearly divides the military environment into careerists who want only ranks and awards, and modest war workers, soldiers, peasants, and militias. It is they who decide the outcome of the battle, every minute performing an unknown feat.
The first battle of Shengraben we observe through the eyes of Prince Andrei Bolkonsky. Field Marshal Kutuzov was heading with his troops on the road from Krems to Olmins. Napolene wanted to surround him in the middle of the way, in Znaim. To save the lives of the soldiers, Kutuzov makes a wise decision. He sent a detachment of Bagration to Znaim by a detour mountain route and gave the order to keep the huge army of the French. Bagration managed to do the incredible. In the morning, his troops approached the village of Schöngraben earlier than Napoleon's army. General Murat was frightened and took a small detachment of Bagration for the entire Russian army.
The center of the battle itself is Tushin's battery. Before the battle, Prince Andrei drew a battle plan, pondered the best steps. But at the scene of the hostilities, I realized that everything was not happening at all as planned. During the battle, it is simply impossible to organize leadership, complete control over events. Therefore, Bagration achieves only one thing - to raise the spirit of the army. It is the spirit, the attitude of each soldier that determines the entire battle.
In the midst of the general chaos, Prince Andrey sees the battery of the modest Tushin. Until recently, in the tent of the martenant, he looked like an ordinary, peaceful person, standing with his shoes off. And now, occupying the most disadvantageous disposition, being under continuous fire, he is showing miracles of courage. To himself, Tushin seems big and strong. But instead of a reward or praise, he is reprimanded at the council after the battle for daring to speak out without an order. If not for the words of Prince Andrew, no one would have known about his feat.
The Shengraben victory became a guarantee of victory at Borodino.
On the eve of the Battle of Austerlitz Prince Andrew was looking for laurels, dreamed of leading an army. The military leaders had no doubt that the enemy's forces were weakened. But the people were tired of the senseless bloodshed, were indifferent to the benefits of the headquarters and the two emperors. They were annoyed at the dominance of the Germans in their ranks. As a result, it turned into chaos and confusion on the battlefield. Prince Andrew performed the long-awaited feat in full view of everyone, with the flag staff led the fleeing soldiers, but this heroism did not bring him happiness. Even Napoleon's praise seemed insignificant to him in comparison with the endless and calm sky.
Tolstoy succeeded in surprisingly accurately, psychologically reflecting the state of the wounded person. The last thing that Prince Andrei saw in front of the exploding shell was a fight between a Frenchman and a Russian over a bathhouse. It seemed to him that the projectile would fly by and not hit him, but it was an illusion. It seemed to the hero that something heavy and soft had been thrust into his body. But the main thing is that Prince Andrey realized the insignificance of war and destruction in comparison with the vast world. On the Borodino field he will tell Pierre the truth that he realized after participating in these events: "The battle is won by the one who is determined to win it."
Russian troops won a moral victory in the Battle of Borodino. They could not retreat, further was only Moscow. Napoleon was amazed: usually, if the battle was not won within eight hours, one could speak of its defeat. For the first time, the French emperor saw the unprecedented courage of Russian soldiers. Although at least half of the army was killed, the remaining soldiers continued to fight as hard as in the beginning.
The French were also attacked by the club people's war».
The entire battle is conveyed through the eyes of Pierre, a non-military man. It is located in the most dangerous place - at the Rayevsky battery. An unprecedented uplift arises in his soul. Pierre sees with his own eyes that people are going to die, but they overcome their fear, hold on in formation, and fulfill their duty to the end.
Prince Andrey accomplishes his main feat. Even being in reserve, he sets an example of courage to his officers, does not bow his head. Here Prince Andrey is mortally wounded.
The collective image of the people acts in the battle. Each participant in the battle is guided and warmed by that "latent warmth of patriotism", which is main feature Russian national character... Kutuzov managed to subtly feel the spirit and strength of the Russian army. He largely knew the outcome of the battles, but never doubted the victory of his soldiers.
In his novel, L.N. Tolstoy managed to masterfully combine reviews of large-scale historical battles and a description of the emotional experiences of a person in the war. It was in this feature that the author's humanism was manifested.
A. S. Griboyedov play "Woe from Wit"
The play's conflict is a unity of two principles: social and personal. Being an honest, noble, progressive-minded, freedom-loving person, the main character Chatsky opposes the Famus society. He condemns the inhumanity of serfdom, recalling "Nestor of the noble scoundrels", who exchanged his faithful servants for three greyhounds; he is sickened by the lack of freedom of thought in the noble society: “And who in Moscow hasn’t been gagged with lunches, dinners and dances?” He does not recognize honor and sycophancy: "Who needs it: for those arrogance, they lie in the dust, and for those who are higher, flattery, like lace, weaved." Chatsky is full of sincere patriotism: “Shall we rise again from the foreign rule of fashions? So that our smart, vigorous people, although by language, do not consider us as Germans. " He seeks to serve "the cause" and not persons, he "would be glad to serve, it is sickening to serve." Society is offended and, defensively, declares Chatsky insane. His drama is aggravated by a feeling of ardent but unrequited love for Sophia Famusov's daughter. Chatsky makes no attempt to understand Sophia, it is difficult for him to understand why Sophia does not love him, because his love for her accelerates "every heartbeat", although "the whole world seemed to him ashes and vanity." Chatsky can be justified by his blindness with passion: his "mind and heart are out of tune." The psychological conflict turns into a public conflict. Society unanimously comes to the conclusion: "crazy in everything ...". The madman is not afraid of society. Chatsky decides to “look around the world, where the offended feeling has a corner”.
I.A. Goncharov assessed the finale of the play as follows: "Chatsky is crushed by the amount of the old power, inflicting a mortal blow on it with the quality of the new power." Chatsky does not renounce his ideals, he only frees himself from illusions. Chatsky's stay in Famusov's house shook the inviolability of the foundations of Famusov's society. Sophia says: "I myself am ashamed of the walls!"
Therefore, Chatsky's defeat is only a temporary defeat and only his personal drama. On a social scale, "the victory of the Chatskys is inevitable." The “past century” will be replaced by the “present century”, and the views of the comedy hero Griboyedov will triumph.
Chatsky did nothing, but he spoke, and for this he was declared insane. Old world fights against free speech of Chatsky, using slander. Chatsky's struggle with accusatory words corresponds to that early period of the Decembrist movement, when they believed that much could be achieved by words, and were limited to oral statements. However, fighting by word does not lead to victory. The old world is still so strong that it defeats Chatsky, who is fleeing from Famusov's house and from Moscow. But Chatsky's flight from Moscow should not be taken as a defeat. The irreconcilability of views between Chatsky and Famus Society puts our hero in a tragic situation. According to Goncharov, his role is "passive": at the same time he is a "vanguard warrior", a "skirmisher", and at the same time he is "always a victim." "Chatsky is broken by the amount of old power, inflicting a mortal blow on it with the quality of fresh power," - this is how I.A. Goncharov.
A. N. Ostrovsky play "The Thunderstorm"
Graduates can reflect on the question of whether Katherine's death is a victory or a defeat. It is difficult to give an unambiguous answer to this question. Too many reasons led to a terrible ending. The playwright sees the tragedy of Katerina's position in the fact that she comes into conflict not only with Kalinov's family morals, but also with herself. The straightforwardness of Ostrovsky's heroine is one of the sources of her tragedy. Katerina is pure in soul - lies and debauchery are alien and disgusting to her. She understands that, having fallen in love with Boris, she has violated the moral law. “Ah, Varya,” she complains, “sin is on my mind! How much I, poor, cried, what I really did not do on myself! I cannot get away from this sin. Don't go anywhere. It's not good, it's a terrible sin, Varenka, that I love someone else? " Throughout the play, there is a painful struggle in the mind of Katerina between the understanding of her wrongness, her sinfulness and a vague, but more and more powerful feeling of her right to human life. But the play ends with Katerina's moral victory over the dark forces that torment her. She redeems her guilt immeasurably, and leaves bondage and humiliation in the only way that has opened to her. Her decision to die so as not to remain a slave expresses, according to Dobrolyubov, "the need for the emerging movement of Russian life." And this decision comes to Katerina along with internal self-justification. She dies because she considers death the only worthy outcome, the only way to preserve the higher that lived in her. The thought that the death of Katerina is in fact a moral victory, the triumph of the real Russian soul over the forces of the "dark kingdom" of the Wild and Kabanovs, is also strengthened by the reaction to her death of the other characters in the play. For example, Tikhon, Katerina's husband, for the first time in his life expressed his own opinion, for the first time decided to protest against the suffocating foundations of his family, having entered (albeit just for a moment) in the struggle with the "dark kingdom." “You ruined her, you, you…”, he exclaims, addressing his mother, before whom he trembled all his life.
Doom the main character Ostrovsky's play "The Thunderstorm" is coming to an end, the genre of which could be safely designated as a tragedy. The death of Katerina in The Thunderstorm is the denouement of the work and carries a special semantic load. The suicide scene of Katerina gave rise to many questions and interpretations of this plot twist. For example, Dobrolyubov considered this act a noble one, and Pisarev adhered to the point of view that such an outcome was “completely unexpected for her (Katerina) herself”. Dostoevsky de believed that the death of Katerina in the play "The Thunderstorm" would have occurred without despotism: "this is a victim of his own purity and his beliefs." It is easy to see that the opinions of critics differ, but each is partly true. What made the girl make such a decision, to make a desperate step on the table? What does the death of Katerina - the heroine of the play "The Thunderstorm" mean?
However, as mentioned above, there are several different points of view on Katerina's suicide. After all, on the other hand, couldn't Katya just run away without making such desperate decisions? The fact of the matter is that I could not. It was not for her. To be honest with oneself, to be free - this is what the girl so passionately desired. Unfortunately, all this could only be obtained at the cost of one's own life. The death of Katerina is a defeat or victory over " dark kingdom"? Katerina did not win, but she did not remain defeated either.
I. S. Turgenev novel "Fathers and Sons"
The writer shows in his novel the struggle between the worldviews of two political directions. The plot of the novel is based on the opposition of the views of Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov and Yevgeny Bazarov, who are the outstanding representatives of two generations who do not find mutual understanding. Disagreements on various issues have always existed between young people and elders. So here too, a representative of the younger generation, Evgeny Vasilyevich Bazarov, cannot, and does not want to understand the "fathers", their credo, principles. He is convinced that their views on the world, on life, on relations between people are hopelessly outdated. "Yes, I will pamper them ... After all, this is all pride, lion habits, fadness ...". In his opinion, the main purpose of life is to work, to produce something material. That is why Bazarov is disrespectful to art, to sciences that have no practical basis. He believes that it is much more useful to deny what, from his point of view, deserves denial, than to indifferently observe from the outside, not daring to do anything. "At the present time, denial is most useful - we deny," says Bazarov. And Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov is sure that there are things that cannot be doubted ("Aristocracy ... liberalism, progress, principles ... art ..."). He appreciates habits and traditions more and does not want to notice the changes taking place in society.
Bazarov is a tragic figure. It cannot be said that he defeats Kirsanov in an argument. Even when Pavel Petrovich is ready to admit his defeat, Bazarov suddenly loses faith in his teaching and doubts his personal need for society. "Does Russia need me? No, apparently, it is not needed," he muses.
Of course, most of all a person manifests itself not in conversations, but in deeds and in his life. Therefore, Turgenev, as it were, leads his heroes through various trials. And the strongest of them is the test of love. After all, it is in love that the soul of a person is revealed fully and sincerely.
And here Bazarov's hot and passionate nature swept away all his theories. He fell in love with a woman he held in high esteem. "In conversations with Anna Sergeevna, he showed even more than before his indifferent contempt for everything romantic, and when left alone, he indignantly recognized the romantic in himself." The hero is going through a strong mental breakdown. "... Something ... possessed him, which he did not allow in any way, at which he always mocked, which outraged all his pride." Anna Sergeevna Odintsova rejected him. But Bazarov found the strength to accept defeat with honor, without losing his dignity.
So did the nihilist Bazarov win or lose?
It seems that in the test of love, Bazarov is defeated. First, his feelings and himself are rejected. Secondly, he falls into the power of the sides of life that he himself denies, loses the ground under his feet, begins to doubt his views on life. His position in life turns out to be a pose in which, however, he sincerely believed. Bazarov begins to lose the meaning of life, and soon loses life itself. But this is also a victory: love made Bazarov look at himself and the world differently, he begins to understand that in nothing life does not want to fit into a nihilistic scheme.
And Anna Sergeevna formally remains the winner. She managed to cope with her feelings, which strengthened her self-confidence. In the future, she will find a good place for her sister, and she herself will marry successfully. But will she be happy?
The central figure of the novel is the nihilist Yevgeny Bazarov. On the pages of the novel, he acts as an opponent of all the experience of previous generations. Bazarov denies simple human feelings, moral values, and so on. He only recognizes the natural sciences. We can say that the hero seeks destruction. In this he sees the purpose of his life: to clear the ground for future generations. But, in the course of the novel, the hero is severely disappointed in his life views and values. Love becomes the main blow for him.
Thus, it seems to me that the love of Bazarov and Odintsova was doomed from the very beginning. Bazarov's views on love, his stubborn and proud character, combined with the views of Anna Sergeevna, from the very beginning created difficulties in their relationship. On the pages of his novel, Turgenev brought these heroes together to show the collapse of Bazarov's views, to prove that everyone is capable of love, but not everyone can keep it.
F. M. Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment"
Crime and Punishment is an ideological novel in which inhuman theory collides with human feelings. Dostoevsky, a great connoisseur of human psychology, a sensitive and attentive artist, tried to understand modern reality, to determine the degree of influence on a person of the ideas of the revolutionary reorganization of life and individualistic theories popular at that time. Entering into polemics with democrats and socialists, the writer strove to show in his novel how the delusion of immature minds leads to murder, shedding of blood, maiming and breaking young lives.
Raskolnikov's ideas were generated by abnormal, humiliating living conditions. In addition, the post-reform breakup destroyed the age-old foundations of society, depriving the human individuality of the connection with the long-standing cultural traditions of society, historical memory... Raskolnikov sees a violation of universal human moral standards at every step. It is impossible to feed a family with honest labor, so the minor official Marmeladov finally gets drunk, and his daughter Sonechka is forced to sell herself, because otherwise her family will die of hunger. If unbearable living conditions push a person to violate moral principles, then these principles are nonsense, that is, they can be ignored. Raskolnikov comes to approximately this conclusion when a theory is born in his inflamed brain, according to which he divides all of humanity into two unequal parts. On the one hand, these are strong personalities, "super-men" such as Mohammed and Napoleon, and on the other, a gray, faceless and obedient crowd, which the hero awards with the contemptuous name - "trembling creature" and "anthill".
The correctness of any theory must be confirmed by practice. And Rodion Raskolnikov conceives and carries out murder, lifting himself from a moral prohibition. His life after the murder turns into a real hell. A painful suspicion develops in Rodion, which gradually turns into a feeling of loneliness, alienation from everyone. The writer finds a surprisingly accurate expression characterizing internal state Raskolnikov: he "seemed to cut himself off from everyone and everything with scissors." The hero is disappointed in himself, believing that he has not passed the test for the role of the ruler, which means, alas, belongs to "trembling creatures."
Surprisingly, Raskolnikov himself would not want to be the winner now. After all, to win means to perish morally, to remain with your spiritual chaos forever, to pervert in people, in yourself and in life. The defeat of Raskolnikov was his victory - a victory over himself, over his theory, over the Devil, who took possession of his soul, but failed to permanently oust God in it.
"A word about Igor's regiment" - a famous monument. At the heart of - the Russians, organized by the prince V. main idea- idea . The princely feuds, weakening the Russian land and leading to ruin by its enemies, make the author bitterly grieve and lament; victory over enemies fills his soul with ardent delight. However, this work tells about defeat, not victory, because it is defeat that contributes to rethinking previous behavior, gaining a new look at the world and at oneself. That is, defeat stimulates Russian soldiers to victories and exploits.
The author of the Lay addresses all Russian princes in turn, as if calling them to account and demandingly reminding them of their duty to their homeland. He calls them to defend the Russian land, to "block the gates of the field" with his sharp arrows. And therefore, although the author writes about defeat, there is not even a shadow of despondency in the Lay. "The Word" is as laconic and laconic as Igor's appeals to his squad. This is the call before the fight. The whole poem is, as it were, turned to the future, permeated with concern for this future. A poem about victory would be a poem of triumph and joy. Victory is the end of the battle, while defeat for the author of the Lay is only the beginning of the battle. The battle with the steppe enemy was not over yet. The defeat should unite the Russians. The author of the Lay is not calling for a feast of celebration, but for a feast-battle. Writes about this in the article "Word about the campaign of Igor Svyatoslavich" D.S. Likhachev.
The "Word" ends with joy - Igor's return to the Russian land and the singing of glory to him at the entrance to Kiev. So, despite the fact that the Lay is dedicated to Igor's defeat, it is full of confidence in the power of the Russians, full of faith in the glorious future of the Russian land, in victory over the enemy.
V.P. Astafiev "Tsar-fish"
Ignatyich is the protagonist of the novel. This person is respected by fellow villagers for the fact that he is always happy to help with advice and deed, for his skill in fishing, for his intelligence and sharpness. This is the most prosperous person in the village, he does everything “okay” and rationally. Often he helps people, but there is no sincerity in his actions.
In the village Ignatyich is known as the most successful and skillful fisherman. One feels that he has an abundance of fishing flair, the experience of his ancestors and his own, acquired over the years. Greed forced Ignatyich to fish more than he needed, greed, thirst for profit at any cost. This worked for him fateful role when meeting with the king-fish.
The fish resembled a "prehistoric lizard", "eyes without eyelids, without eyelashes, naked, looking with a snake coldness, concealed something in themselves." Ignatyich is amazed at the size of the sturgeon, which grew up on some "boogers" and "loaches", he with surprise calls it "a mystery of nature." From the very beginning, from the moment Ignatyich saw the tsar-fish, something "sinister" seemed to him in her, and later he realized that "one cannot cope with such a monster."
The desire to call his brother and the mechanic for help was supplanted by an all-consuming greed: “Sharing a sturgeon? .. There are two buckets of caviar in the sturgeon, if not more. Caviar for three too ?! " At that moment Ignatyitch was even himself ashamed of his feelings. But after a while, “he considered greed as passion,” and the desire to catch a sturgeon turned out to be stronger than the voice of reason. In addition to greed for profit, there was another reason that forced Ignatyich to measure his strength with a mysterious creature. This is fishing prowess. “Oh, she wasn’t! - thought the protagonist of the story. - The Tsar-fish comes across once in a lifetime, and even then not "every Yakov."
Throwing aside doubts, "it was a success, with all the blast Ignatyich shook the king-fish on the forehead with the butt of an ax ...". Soon the unlucky fisherman found himself in the water, entangled with his own hooks with hooks, which dug into the bodies of Ignatyich and the fish. “The king of the rivers and the king of all nature are in the same trap,” the author writes. Then the fisherman realized that the huge sturgeon was "beyond his hand." Yes, he knew this from the very beginning of their struggle, but "because of such a reptile, a man was forgotten in a man." Ignatyich and the Tsar-fish "tied together in one share." Both of them will die. A passionate desire to live makes a person break off the hooks, in despair he even speaks to a sturgeon. "Well what do you want! .. I'm waiting for my brother, and who are you?" - Ignatyich begs. The lust for life pushes the hero to overcome his own pride. He shouts: "Bra-ate-spruce-and-i-hik! .."
Ignatyich feels that he is dying. The fish "tightly and carefully pressed against him with a thick and tender belly." The hero of the novel experienced superstitious horror from this almost feminine tenderness of a cold fish. He realized that the sturgeon was pressing against him because they were both going to die. At this moment, a person begins to remember his childhood, youth, maturity. In addition to pleasant memories, thoughts come that his failures in life were associated with poaching. Ignatyich begins to understand that brutal fishing will always be a heavy burden on his conscience. The hero of the short story also remembered the old grandfather, who instructed the young fishermen: "And if you, timid, have something for your soul, a grave sin, what a shame, Barnacle - do not get involved with the king-fish, if you get codes, you must push it right away."
The words of the grandfather make the Astafiev hero think about his past. What sin did Ignatyich commit? It turned out that the fisherman's conscience was to blame. Having outraged the feelings of the bride, he committed an offense that has no justification. Ignatyich realized that this incident with the tsar-fish was a punishment for his bad deeds.
Turning to God, Ignatyich asks: “Lord! Divorce us! Let this creature free! She is not on my hand! " He asks for forgiveness from the girl whom he once offended: "Pros-st-iteeee ... her-eeeee ... Gla-a-asha-ah, forgive-and-and." After that, the king-fish is freed from the hooks and floats away to his native element, carrying away "tens of deadly ouds" in his body. Ignatich immediately becomes easier: the body - because the fish did not hang on him as a dead weight, the soul - because nature forgave him, gave him another chance to atone for all sins and start a new life.
Defeat led to victory, Ignatyich rethought his life.
Final essay 2017: arguments on the work of "War and Peace" for all directions
Honor and dishonor.
Honor: Natasha Rostova, Petya Rostov, Pierre Bezukhoye, Captain Timokhin, Vasily Denisov, Marya Bolkonskaya, Andrey Bolkonsky, Nikolay Rostov
Outrage: Vasil Kuragin and his children: Helene, Ippolit and Anatole
Argument: The Patriots are ready to fight the French. They want to free the Russian lands. Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov, Vasily Denisov and Captain Timokhin were striving for this goal. Young Petya Rostov gives his life for her. Natasha Rostova and Marya Bolkonskaya wish victory over the enemy with all their hearts. There is no reason to doubt the truth of the patriotic feelings that possessed both the old prince Bolkonsky and Nikolai Rostov. At the same time, the writer convinces us of the complete absence of patriotism among such people as Prince Vasily Kuragin and his children: Ippolit, Anatole and Helen. It is not at all love for the Motherland (they do not have this love) that Boris Drubetskoy and Dolokhov, entering the active army, are guided. The first learns the "unwritten chain of command" in order to make a career. The second tries to excel in order to quickly regain his officer rank, and then receive awards and ranks. The military official Berg in Moscow, abandoned by the residents, is buying things for a cheap price ...
Victory and defeat.
Victory: Battle of Shengraben. The French army outnumbered the Russian. One hundred thousand versus thirty-five. The Russian army, led by Kutuzov, won a small victory at Krems and had to move to Znaim to escape. Kutuzov no longer trusted his allies. The Austrian army, not waiting for the reinforcement of the Russian troops, launched an attack on the French, but seeing their superiority, surrendered. Kutuzov had to retreat, because the inequality of forces did not bode well. The only salvation was to get to Znaim before the French. But the Russians' road was longer and more difficult. Then Kutuzov decides to send Bagration's vanguard to cut across the enemy, that he, as he could, delayed the enemy. And here, chance saved the Russians. The French envoy Murat, seeing Bagration's detachment, decided that it was the entire Russian army, and proposed an armistice for three days. Kutuzov took advantage of this "rest". Of course, Napoleon, immediately understood the deception, but while his messenger was driving to the army, Kutuzov had already managed to get to Znaim. When the vanguard of Bagration went into retreat, the small battery of Tushin, stationed near the village of Shengraben, was forgotten and abandoned by the Russians.
Hit: Battle of Austerlitz. The main role in the conduct of this war was assumed by the Austrian military leaders, especially since the battles were fought on the territory of Austria. And the battle near the town of Austerlitz in the novel "War and Peace" was also thought out and planned by the Austrian general Weyrother. To take into account the opinion of Kutuzov or anyone else, Weyrother did not consider it necessary.
The military council before the Battle of Austerlitz resembles not a council, but an exhibition of vanities, all the disputes were conducted not with the aim of achieving a better and correct solution, but, as Tolstoy writes: General Weyrother, so self-confident as the schoolchildren, who read his disposition, that he dealt not with fools alone, but with people who could teach him in military affairs. " Having made several useless attempts to change the situation, Kutuzov slept all the time while the council lasted. Tolstoy makes it clear how much Kutuzov is sickened by all this pomp and complacency, the old general understands perfectly well that the battle will be lost.
Output: The history of mankind consists of victories and defeats in wars. In the novel War and Peace, Tolstoy describes the participation of Russia and Austria in the war against Napoleon. Thanks to Russian troops, the Battle of Schöngraben was won, and this gave strength and inspiration to the sovereigns of Russia and Austria. Blinded by victories, preoccupied with self-admiration, holding military reviews and balls, these two men led their armies to defeat at Austerlitz. The battle of Austerlitz in the novel "War and Peace" by Tolstoy became decisive in the war of the "three emperors". Tolstoy shows the two emperors, first pompous and self-righteous, and after defeat, confused and unhappy people. Napoleon managed to outwit and defeat the Russian-Austrian army. The emperors fled from the battlefield, and after the end of the battle, Emperor Franz decided to submit to Napoleon on his terms.
Errors and Experiences.
Argument: While living in France, Pierre was imbued with the ideas of Freemasonry, it seemed to Pierre that he had found like-minded people, that with their help he could change the world for the better. But he soon became disillusioned with Freemasonry.
Pierre Bezukhov is still very young and inexperienced, he is looking for the purpose of his life, but comes to the conclusion that nothing can be changed in this world and falls under the bad influence of Kuragin and Dolokhov. Pierre begins to "burn through life", spends his time at balls and social events. Kuragin marries him to Helen. Bezukhov was inspired by passion for Helen Kuragina, he rejoiced at the happiness of marrying her. But after a while, Pierre noticed that Helen was just a beautiful doll with an ice heart. The marriage with Helen Kuragina brought only pain and disappointment to Pierre Bezukhov in the female field. Tired of a riotous life, Pierre rushes to work. He begins to carry out reforms in his lands.
Pierre found his happiness in marriage with Natasha Rostova. A long way of wandering, sometimes erroneous, sometimes ridiculous and absurd, nevertheless led Pierre Bezukhov to the truth. It can be said that the end of Pierre's life searches is good, because he achieved the goal that he initially pursued. He tried to change this world for the better.
Sense and Sense.
On the pages of the world fiction the problem of the influence of the senses and the mind of a person is raised very often. So, for example, in the epic novel by Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy "War and Peace" two types of heroes appear: on the one hand, impetuous Natasha Rostova, sensitive Pierre Bezukhov, fearless Nikolai Rostov, on the other - the arrogant and calculating Helen Kuragina and her brother, callous Anatol. Many conflicts in the novel arise precisely from the excess of feelings of the heroes, the vicissitudes of which are very interesting to observe. A vivid example of how an impulse of feelings, thoughtlessness, ardor of character, impatient youth, influenced the fate of the heroes, is the case of Natasha, because for her, laughing and young, it was incredibly long to wait for the wedding with Andrei Bolkonsky, could she subdue her unexpected feelings for Anatol the voice of reason? Here, a real drama of reason and feelings unfolds in the soul of the heroine, she faces a difficult choice: to leave the groom and leave with Anatole, or not to succumb to a momentary impulse and wait for Andrey. It was in favor of feelings that this difficult choice was made, only an accident prevented Natasha. We cannot condemn a girl, knowing her impatient nature and thirst for love. It was feelings that dictated Natasha's impulse, after which she regretted her act when she analyzed it.
Friendship and enmity.
One of the central lines of the novel, one of the greatest values, according to Tolstoy, is, of course, the friendship between Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov. They are both alien to the society in which they find themselves. Both of them are above him in their thoughts and moral values it only takes Pierre time to figure it out. Andrei is confident in his own, special purpose, and the empty, unchanging life is not according to him.He tries to convince Pierre, who is the only one whom he respects in that environment thanks to the contrast with the empty elite, so that he would stay away from this life. But Pierre is still convinced of this on his own, through his own experience. He, so simple and unpretentious, finds it difficult to resist the temptation. The friendship between Andrei and Pierre can be considered true, beautiful and immortal, because the soil on which it stood was the most worthy and noble. There was not a drop of search for self-interest in this friendship, and neither money nor influence was a reference point for any of them, neither in their relationship, nor in the life of each separately. This should unite people if they live in a society where all feelings can be bought and sold so coldly.
Fortunately, in Tolstoy's novel, these heroes found each other, thereby finding salvation from moral loneliness and finding a worthy ground for the development of morality and real ideas that should not be lost at least by a minority of people.
2014-2015 school year in the program of state final attestation of schoolchildren there is a final graduation essay. This format differs significantly from the classic exam. The work is non-subject in nature, relying on the knowledge of the graduate in the field of literature. The essay aims to reveal the ability of the examinee to reason on a given topic and argue his point of view. Mainly, the final essay allows you to assess the level of the graduate's speech culture. Five topics from a closed list are proposed for the examination work.
- Introduction
- Main part - thesis and arguments
- Conclusion - conclusion
The final essay 2016-2017 assumes a volume of 350 words or more.
The time allotted for the examination work is 3 hours 55 minutes.
Final essay topics
The questions proposed for consideration are usually addressed to the inner world of a person, personal relationships, psychological characteristics and concepts of universal human morality. So, the topics of the final essay for the 2016-2017 academic year include the following areas:
- "Victory and Defeat"
Here are the concepts that the examinee will have to reveal in the process of reasoning, referring to examples from the world of literature. In the final essay 2016-2017, the graduate must identify the relationship between these categories based on analysis, building logical relationships and applying knowledge of literary works.
One of these themes is "Victory and Defeat".
As a rule, works from the course school curriculum on literature - this is a large gallery different images and characters that can be used to write the final essay on the topic "Victory and Defeat".
- Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace"
- Roman I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"
- The story of N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba"
- The story of M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of a Man"
- The story of A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter"
- Roman I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov"
Arguments to the topic "Victory and defeat" 2016-2017
- "War and Peace" by Leo Tolstoy
The theme of victory and defeat itself is present in the war in its most obvious manifestation. War of 1812 - this is one of the largest and most significant events for Russia, during which the people's spirit and patriotism of the population, as well as the skill of the Russian high command, were demonstrated. After the council in Fili, the Russian commander MI Kutuzov decided to leave Moscow. Thus, it was planned to save the troops and thus Russia. This decision does not demonstrate defeat in hostilities, but on the contrary: it proves the invincibility of the Russian people. Indeed, after the military, all its inhabitants, representatives of high society and the nobility began to leave the city. The people showed their disobedience to the French, leaving the city to the enemy, just not to be under the rule of Bonaparte. Napoleon, who entered the city, did not meet resistance, but saw only flaming Moscow, which people had left, and realized not his seemingly victory, but defeat. Defeat from the Russian spirit.
- "Fathers and Sons" by I.S. Turgenev
In the work of I.S. Turgenev, the generational conflict is manifested, in particular, in the confrontation between the young nihilist Yevgeny Bazarov and the nobleman P.P. Kirsanov. Bazarov is a self-confident young man, boldly judges everything, considering himself a man who has made himself his own work and mind. His opponent, Kirsanov, led a riotous lifestyle, experienced a lot, felt, loved a secular beauty and thus gained an experience that influenced him. He became more judicious and mature. Outward victory manifests itself in the dispute between Bazarov and Kirsanov young man- he is harsh, but at the same time observes decency, and the nobleman does not restrain himself, breaking into insults. However, during a duel between the two heroes, the seemingly won victory of the nihilist Bazarov turns into a defeat in the main confrontation.
He meets the love of his life and cannot resist his feelings, as well as admit it, because he denied the existence of love. Yes, here Bazarov was defeated. Dying, he realizes that he lived his life, denying everything and everyone, while losing the most important thing.
- "Taras Bulba" N.V. Gogol
In the story of N.V. Gogol, one can find an example of how victory and defeat can be intertwined. The youngest son Andriy, for the sake of love, betrayed his homeland and the Cossack honor, going over to the enemy side. His personal victory lies in the fact that he defended his love, boldly deciding on this kind of act. However, his betrayal in relation to his father and homeland is unforgivable - and this is his defeat. The story demonstrates one of the most difficult battles - the spiritual struggle of a person with himself. After all, here one cannot speak of victory and defeat, since it is impossible to win without losing on the other side.
Example composition
In a person's life, he is accompanied by a large number of situations in which he has to confront something or someone. Often, these are some circumstances, specific conditions and a struggle, where there are winners and losers. And sometimes these are more difficult situations, where victory and defeat can be viewed from different points of view.
Let us turn to the treasury of arguments from Russian classical literature - the great work of Leo Tolstoy "War and Peace". A significant part of the novel is made up of military actions of the time. Patriotic War 1812, when the entire Russian people defended the country from the French invaders. The theme of victory and defeat itself is present in the war in its most obvious manifestation. After the council in Fili, the Russian commander MI Kutuzov decided to leave Moscow. Thus, it was planned to save the troops and thus Russia. This decision does not demonstrate defeat in hostilities, but on the contrary: it proves the invincibility of the Russian people. Indeed, after the military, all its inhabitants, representatives of high society and the nobility began to leave the city. The people showed their disobedience to the French, leaving the city to the enemy, just not to be under the rule of Bonaparte. Napoleon, who entered the city, did not meet resistance, but saw only flaming Moscow, which people had left, and realized not his seemingly victory, but defeat. Defeat from the Russian spirit.
In the story of N.V. Gogol, one can find an example of how victory and defeat can be intertwined. The youngest son Andriy, for the sake of love, betrayed his homeland and the honor of the Cossack army, going over to the enemy side. His personal victory lies in the fact that he defended his feelings, boldly deciding on this kind of act. However, his betrayal in relation to his father and homeland is unforgivable - and this is his defeat. The story demonstrates one of the most difficult battles - the spiritual struggle of a person with himself. After all, here one cannot speak of victory and defeat, since it is impossible to win without losing on the other side.
Thus, it is worth saying that victory does not always represent superiority and confidence - what we are used to imagining. And, in addition, often victory and defeat go side by side, complementing each other and shaping the characteristics of a person's personality.
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Life searches of Andrey Bolkonsky
Andrei Bolkonsky is burdened by the routine, hypocrisy and lies that reign in secular society. These low, meaningless goals that it pursues.
The ideal of Bolkonsky is Napoleon, Andrei wants like him, saving others to achieve fame and recognition. This is his desire and there is a secret reason why he went to the war of 1805-1807.
During the battle of Austerlitz, Prince Andrew decides that the hour of his glory has come and rushes headlong under the bullets, although not only ambitious intentions, but also shame for his army, which began to run, served as the impetus for this. Bolkonsky was wounded in the head. When he woke up, he began to understand in a different way the world, he finally noticed the beauty of nature. He comes to the conclusion that wars, victories, defeats and glory are nothing, emptiness, vanity of vanities.
After the death of his wife, Prince Andrei experiences a strong mental shock, he decides for himself that he will live for the closest people, but his lively nature does not want to put up with such a boring and ordinary life, and in the end all this leads to a deep mental crisis. But meeting a friend and having a sincere conversation help to overcome it in part. Pierre Bezukhov convinces Bolkonsky that life is not over, that it is necessary to fight further, no matter what.
A moonlit night in Otradnoye and a conversation with Natasha, and after a meeting with an old oak, Bolkonsky is brought back to life, he begins to realize that he does not want to be such an “old oak”. Ambition, a thirst for glory and a desire to live and fight again appear in Prince Andrei, and he goes to serve in St. Petersburg. But Bolkonsky, participating in the drafting of laws, understands that this is not what the people need.
Natasha Rostova played a very important role in the spiritual development of Prince Andrei. She showed him the purity of thoughts that must be adhered to: love for the people, the desire to live, to do something good for others. Andrei Bolkonsky passionately and tenderly fell in love with Natalia, but could not forgive the betrayal, because he decided that Natasha's feelings were not as sincere and disinterested as he had previously believed.
Going to the front in 1812, Andrei Bolkonsky does not pursue ambitious intentions, he goes to defend the Motherland, to defend his people. And already being in the army, he does not strive for high ranks, but fights alongside common people: soldiers and officers.
The behavior of Prince Andrey in the Battle of Borodino is a feat, but a feat not in the sense as we usually understand it, but a feat before himself, before his honor, an indicator of a long path of self-improvement.
After being fatally wounded, Bolkonsky was imbued with an all-forgiving religious spirit, changed a lot, revised his views on life in general. He gave forgiveness to Natasha and Kuragin, and died with peace in his heart.
In the novel "War and Peace" you can explore and see with your own eyes the life path and spiritual formation of Prince Andrei Bolkonsky from the secular, indifferent and vain to a wise, honest and deep spiritually person.
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