Image of Yeshua Ha-Nozri. Comparison with the Gospel Jesus Christ
Yeshua is tall, but his height is human
by nature. He is tall in human terms
standards He is a human. There is nothing of the Son of God in him.
M. Dunaev 1
Yeshua and the Master, despite the fact that they take up little space in the novel, are central characters novel. They have a lot in common: one is a wandering philosopher who does not remember his parents and has no one in the world; the other is a nameless employee of some Moscow museum, also completely alone.
The fates of both are tragic, and they owe this to the truth that is revealed to them: for Yeshua this is the idea of good; for the Master, this is the truth about the events of two thousand years ago, which he “guessed” in his novel.
Yeshua Ha-Nozri. From a religious point of view, the image of Yeshua Ha-Nozri is a deviation from the Christian canons, and Master of Theology, Candidate of Philological Sciences M.M. Dunaev writes about this: “On the tree of lost truth, refined error, a fruit called “The Master and Margarita” ripened, with artistic brilliance, wittingly or unwittingly, distorting the fundamental principle [the Gospel. - V.K.], and the result was an anti-Christian novel, “the gospel of Satan”, “anti-liturgy”" 2. However, Bulgakov's Yeshua is an artistic, multidimensional image, its assessment and analysis are possible from various points of view: religious, historical, psychological, ethical, philosophical, aesthetic... The fundamental multidimensionality of approaches gives rise to a multiplicity of points of view and gives rise to disputes about the essence of this character in the novel.
For the reader opening the novel for the first time, the name of this character is a mystery. What does it mean? "Yeshua(or Yehoshua) is the Hebrew form of the name Jesus, which translated means “God is my salvation,” or “Savior”" 3. Ha-Nozri in accordance with the common interpretation of this word it is translated as “Nazarene; Nazarene; from Nazareth”, that is hometown Jesus, where he spent his childhood (Jesus, as you know, was born in Bethlehem). But, since the author has chosen an unconventional form of naming the character, the bearer of this name itself must be unconventional from a religious point of view, non-canonical. Yeshua is an artistic, non-canonical “double” of Jesus Christ (Christ translated from Greek as “Messiah”).
The unconventionality of the image of Yeshua Ha-Nozri in comparison with gospel Jesus Christ is obvious:
· Yeshua in Bulgakov - "a man of about twenty-seven". Jesus Christ, as you know, was thirty-three years old at the time of his sacrificial feat. Regarding the date of birth of Jesus Christ, indeed, there are discrepancies among the church ministers themselves: Archpriest Alexander Men, citing the works of historians, believes that Christ was born 6-7 years earlier than his official birth, calculated in the 6th century by the monk Dionysius the Small 4. This example shows that M. Bulgakov, creating his " fantasy novel"(the author's definition of the genre), was based on real historical facts;
· Bulgakov's Yeshua does not remember his parents. The mother and official father of Jesus Christ are named in all the Gospels;
Yeshua by blood "I think he's Syrian". Jesus' Jewish origins are traced to Abraham (in the Gospel of Matthew);
· Yeshua has one and only disciple - Levi Matthew. Jesus, according to the evangelists, had twelve apostles;
· Yeshua is betrayed by Judas - some barely familiar young man, who, however, is not a disciple of Yeshua (as in the Gospel Judas is a disciple of Jesus);
· Bulgakov’s Judas was killed on the orders of Pilate, who at least wants to calm his conscience; the evangelical Judas of Kerioth hanged himself;
· after the death of Yeshua, his body is kidnapped and buried by Matthew Levi. In the Gospel - Joseph from Arimathea, “a disciple of Christ, but secret out of fear from the Jews”;
· the nature of the preaching of the Gospel Jesus has been changed, in M. Bulgakov’s novel only one moral position has been left "All people are kind" However, Christian teaching does not come down to this;
· the divine origin of the Gospels has been disputed. In the novel, Yeshua says about the notes on the parchment of his student Levi Matthew: "These good people...they didn’t learn anything and they all mixed up what I said. In general, I am beginning to fear that this confusion will continue for a very long time. And all because he writes me down incorrectly.<...>He walks and walks alone with a goat's parchment and writes continuously. But one day I looked into this parchment and was horrified. I said absolutely nothing of what was written there. I begged him: burn your parchment for God’s sake! But he snatched it from my hands and ran away";
· there is no mention of the divine origin of the God-man and crucifixion - the atoning sacrifice (Bulgakov’s executed "sentenced... to be hanged from poles!").
Yeshua in the novel "The Master and Margarita" is, first of all, a man who finds moral, psychological support in himself and in his truth, to which he remained faithful to the end. Yeshua M. Bulgakov is perfect in spiritual beauty, but not external: "... was dressed in an old and torn blue 4chiton. His head was covered with a white bandage with a strap around his forehead, and his hands were tied behind his back. The man had a large bruise under his left eye and an abrasion with dried blood in the corner of his mouth. The man brought in looked at the procurator with anxious curiosity.". He is not alien to everything human, including he feels a sense of fear of the centurion Mark the Rat-Slayer; he is characterized by timidity and shyness. Wed. the scene of Yeshua's interrogation by Pilate in the novel and in the Gospel of John and Matthew:
With one left hand, Mark, like an empty sack, lifted the fallen man into the air, put him on his feet and spoke nasally: ...
Yeshua Ha-Nozri - main character novel created by the Master. In the person of this hero, Bulgakov wanted to portray the biblical Jesus Christ. Yeshua, like Jesus, was betrayed by Judas and crucified on the cross. However, the author in his novel points out significant differences between Christ and his character. There is no mysticism in the image of Yeshua. He is depicted as a completely ordinary person who is capable of experiencing fear caused by impending physical violence. Bulgakov's hero is a wandering philosopher who sincerely believes that every person is inherently good, and soon there will be no other power left on earth except God's. On the other hand, Yeshua is endowed with extraordinary power; he heals Pilate from a headache. At the same time, despite the fact that this hero is the focus of the forces of light, Bulgakov notes that in reality everything was completely different from what is written in the Bible.
Yeshua himself admits this. He says that he once looked at the notes on parchment that his student Levi Matvey made and was horrified. What was written there was not at all what Yeshua actually said. Thus, the author emphasizes that the Bible should not be believed unconditionally, since it was written by people. Yeshua died completely innocent, he did not betray his beliefs. And for this he was awarded the Light.
Updated: 2012-08-28
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Place in the system of images.
He is the hero of the novel about Pontius Pilate, written by the Master. In the novel "The Master and Margarita" Yeshua Ha-Nozri turns out to be an extraordinary being - infinitely kind, all-forgiving and merciful.
The prototype is Jesus Christ.
Differences. For example, in the novel Yeshua dies at the age of 27, and Jesus Christ was executed at the age of 33. In the novel, Yeshua has only one student - Levi Matvey. Jesus Christ had 12 disciples. Despite these and other differences, Jesus Christ is, without a doubt, a prototype of Yeshua - but in Bulgakov’s interpretation.
He bears the nickname Ga-Notsri: "... - Do you have a nickname? - Ga Notsri..."
Occupation: wandering philosopher.
House. He has no permanent home. He travels through cities with his sermon: “...a wandering philosopher walked next to him...” “...sent a philosopher to his death with his peaceful preaching!..” “...I have no permanent home,” shyly answered the prisoner, “I travel from city to city...” “... in short, in one word - a tramp...”
Age - about 27 years old (Jesus Christ was 33 years old when he was executed): "... a man about twenty-seven years old..."
Appearance: "...This man was dressed in an old and torn blue chiton. His head was covered with a white bandage with a strap around his forehead, and his hands were tied behind his back. The man had a large bruise under his left eye, and an abrasion in the corner of his mouth with dried blood..." "...to the worn-out sandals of Yeshua..." "...a head in an unwound turban..." "...a young man in a torn tunic and with a disfigured face..." “...a prisoner with a face disfigured by beatings...” “... rubbing his crumpled and swollen purple hand...”
Cloth. Yeshua wears tattered clothes: "...a ragged philosopher vagabond..." "...a beggar from En Sarid..."
Eyes: "...His eyes, usually clear, were now cloudy..."
The manner of moving. Silent gait: "...the bound man followed him silently..."
Smile: “...And in this you are mistaken,” the prisoner objected, smiling brightly and shielding himself from the sun with his hand...”
Origin and family. A native of Galilee: “...A person under investigation from Galilee?..” Yeshua comes from the city of Gamala (according to another version, from En-Sarid). Bulgakov did not complete the novel, so both versions are present in the text at the same time: “... – Where are you from? – From the city of Gamala,” answered the prisoner, indicating with his head that somewhere far away, to the right of him, in the north, there is the city of Gamala..." "... the beggar from En Sarid..." Yeshua is an orphan. He doesn't know who his parents are. He has no relatives at all: “...I am a foundling, the son of unknown parents...” “...I don’t remember my parents. They told me that my father was a Syrian...” “.. .- Do you have any relatives? - There is no one. I am alone in the world..."
Lonely, single. He doesn’t have a wife: “..No wife?” Pilate asked sadly for some reason, not understanding what was happening to him. “No, I’m alone...”
Smart: “...Don’t pretend to be more stupid than you are...” “...Can you, with your intelligence, admit the idea that...”
Observant, insightful. He sees what is hidden from the eyes of other people: “...It’s very simple,” the prisoner answered in Latin, “you moved your hand through the air,” the prisoner repeated Pilate’s gesture, “as if you wanted to stroke, and your lips...” "...The truth, first of all, is that you have a headache, and it hurts so much that you are cowardly thinking about death..."
Able to foresee events: “...I, the hegemon, have a presentiment that a misfortune will happen to him, and I feel very sorry for him. “... I see that they want to kill me...”
He is capable of treating people, but he is not a doctor. By some miracle Yeshua removes headache Pontius Pilate: “...No, procurator, I’m not a doctor,” the prisoner answered...” “...your torment will end now, your headache will go away.”...believe me, I’m not a doctor...”
Kind. He does not harm anyone: “...he was not cruel...” “...Yeshua, who has not done the slightest harm to anyone in his life...” “...now I am involuntarily your executioner, that It upsets me..."
Considers all people to be kind: “... the prisoner answered, “there are no evil people in the world...” “... a philosopher who came up with such an incredibly absurd thing like that all people are kind...” “... A kind person - century! Trust me..."
Shy: "...the prisoner answered shyly..."
Speech. He knows how to speak interestingly in such a way that people follow on his heels: “...now I have no doubt that the idle onlookers in Yershalaim followed on your heels. I don’t know who suspended your tongue, but it hangs well. .."
Literate: "... – Do you know how to read and write? – Yes..."
Knows languages: Aramaic, Greek and Latin: "...– Do you know any language other than Aramaic? – I know. Greek..." "...– you, perhaps, know Latin language? “Yes, I know,” answered the prisoner..."
Hardworking. Finding himself visiting a gardener, he helps him with his garden: “...The day before yesterday, Yeshua and Levi were in Bethany near Yershalaim, where they visited a gardener who really liked Yeshua’s sermons. All morning, both guests worked in the garden, helping the owner. .."
Merciful. Even during his execution, he takes care of other criminals: “... Yeshua looked up from the sponge and... hoarsely asked the executioner...” - Give him something to drink...”
Attitude towards cowardice. He considers cowardice to be one of the main vices of people: “...he said that among human vices he considers cowardice to be one of the most important...”; "Cowardice is undoubtedly one of the most terrible vices. So said Yeshua Ga Notsri..."
>Characteristics of the heroes The Master and Margarita
Characteristics of the hero Yeshua
Yeshua Ha-Nozri is a character in M. A. Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita,” as well as the main character written by the master of the novel, going back to the Gospel Jesus Christ. According to the Synodal Translation of the New Testament, the nickname Ha-Nozri can mean “Nazarene.” It is believed that “Yeshua Ha-Notsri” is not Bulgakov’s invention, since it was previously mentioned in S. Chevkin’s play. Being one of the key characters in the novel "The Master and Margarita", he is the ruler of the forces of Light and the antipode of Woland.
Just like Christ, Yeshua was betrayed by Judas and then crucified. However, unlike the biblical character, he was not shrouded in an aura of mysticism and acted an ordinary person, experiencing fear of physical violence and endowed with an unsightly, but ordinary appearance. At the beginning of the novel, he appears before the procurator of Judea and talks about his origins. He was a poor philosopher from Gamala who had no permanent residence. The city of Gamala is not mentioned by chance. It was this city that appeared in Henri Barbusse’s book “Jesus against Christ”. Yeshua did not remember his parents, but he knew that his father was a Syrian. Being a kind and competent person, he had great strength, with the help of which he cured Pilate of a headache.
Despite the fact that all the forces of light are concentrated in it, the author emphasized that everything was not exactly as it was written in the Bible. When Yeshua looked into the notes of his disciple Levi Matthew, he was horrified, because what he said was not at all there. He also noted that this confusion could continue for quite a long time. As a result, the hero died innocent, without betraying his beliefs. And for this he was awarded the Light.
Most people have read Bulgakov's incredible novel The Master and Margarita. Critics had different opinions about the work. And people who read it react ambiguously to the book, at the same time, each person experiences completely contradictory feelings and emotions.
The uniqueness of Bulgakov's novel
Today, readers have the opportunity to watch a film based on the novel “The Master and Margarita”, as well as attend a performance in the theater. For quite a long time, critics tried to determine the type of work, to understand what idea it should convey to the reader, but they never succeeded. This is because the book written by Bulgakov combined many genres and various elements. Surprisingly, the mythical novel was not published during the writer’s lifetime, as it was considered mediocre and hopeless. But exactly twenty-six years have passed since the death of the book’s creator, many became interested in it, and it was published in 1966. What’s incredible is that all this long time Bulgakov’s wife kept the manuscript and believed that one day it would become a real bestseller.
Favorite hero
Many people, reading the novel "The Master and Margarita", have their favorite characters. Yeshua Ha-Nozri is considered especially interesting. The writer identifies him with Jesus Christ and gives him a particularly sacred appearance. Nevertheless, the plot twists in such a way that Yeshua is completely different from the image of the gospel saint.
Yeshua Ha-Nozri means Jesus in Hebrew. The meaning of the unusual nickname is still unclear. Unique name was not invented by Bulgakov, he only borrowed it from one of the characters in Chevkin’s play. The writer wanted him to be considered and be the main character of the novel. Nowadays, many people think that the main place in the book is occupied by the Master and Margarita themselves, as well as dark forces.
The Making of the Hero Yeshua
Mikhail Bulgakov spent a lot of time thinking about the image of the hero he so wanted to describe. As a basis, he took some chapters from the Gospel, which passed his own verification and careful processing of the information contained in them. Thus, the writer wanted to make sure that he was right. This is how Yeshua Ha-Nozri arose, whose image many, and Bulgakov himself, compared with the personality of Jesus.
In addition to information from the Gospel, the writer drew some plots and details from works of art. Perhaps this is why “The Master and Margarita” has an undefined genre, since it is based on fantasy, satire, mysticism, parable, melodrama and much more.
Mikhail Bulgakov, creating the image of Yeshua, first of all relied on his preferences, thoughts about a full-fledged, morally healthy person. He understood that society was filled to the brim with dirt, envy and other negative emotions. Therefore, Yeshua is the prototype of a new man who is true to his convictions, fair and honest by nature. In this way, Bulgakov decided to influence society and each individual separately.
Characteristics
Bulgakov pays great attention to Yeshua Ha-Nozri and specifically emphasizes the significant difference between his beloved hero and Jesus Christ. The similarities between the characters are reflected in some aspects. For example, Yeshua was also betrayed by Judas and crucified on the cross, but otherwise he is a completely different person. He looks like an ordinary tramp who likes to philosophize and may have a natural fear of physical pain. Jesus is shrouded in mysticism and depicted as a deity, something holy and inaccessible to an ordinary mortal.
Mikhail Bulgakov tried to create a completely different Yeshua Ha-Nozri. The character's characterization is quite simple, but extremely interesting. This was a man from Nazareth who called himself a wandering philosopher. The heroes themselves, namely the Master, who was working on his own novel, and Woland, described Yeshua as a prototype of Jesus Christ. Thus, Yeshua Ha-Nozri and Jesus have some similarities, similar fate. But otherwise they are too different from each other.
The place of Yeshua Ha-Nozri in the novel
The key character in the novel is a symbol of Light and Good. He is the complete opposite of Woland, who is considered the Lord of Darkness. Yeshua is present in almost everyone storylines. Bulgakov writes about him at the beginning, he is also mentioned in the main text and at the end of the book. The bottom line is that Ha-Nozri does not act as God. In general, throughout the entire novel, Bulgakov never wrote about heaven or hell. All this is relative for the creator of the book, and there is no talk of one God at all.
The ideology taken as a basis is more similar to Gnostic or Manichaean. In this regard, the parties are clearly divided into good and evil. As they say, there is no third option. At the same time, it is clear that representatives of both spheres act in the book. From the side of good is Yeshua Ha-Nozri, the representative of evil is Woland. They are completely equal in rights and have no right to interfere in each other’s existence and activities.
Unpredictable plot
It was noted above that good and evil cannot interfere in each other's affairs. But in the novel you can find a moment when Yeshua begins to read the Master’s book. He really likes the work and decides to send Matthew Levi to Woland. Yeshua's request is to free the Master and Margarita from evil and reward them with peace. Yeshua Ha-Nozri, whose image seems to be woven from goodness, decides to take an unpredictable act, because an agreement on non-interference in each other’s affairs was concluded many years ago. Thus, Good takes risks and opposes active Evil.
Yeshua's abilities
In addition to the fact that Yeshua Ha-Nozri, whose quotes were memorized by almost all people, was an excellent philosopher, he had great power. This is clearly reflected on the pages of the novel, when the philosopher cured Pilate of a headache. Yes, he had a real gift, but at the same time he was an ordinary person, which Mikhail Bulgakov emphasizes. In the novel “The Master and Margarita” everything was described completely differently than in the Bible. This is evidenced by the scene that occurred in the plot: Yeshua looked into Matthew’s manuscripts and was horrified, because almost everything that was indicated there was untrue. Some events coincided with reality, but only half. So Bulgakov wanted to convey to people that the Bible is not a standard and, perhaps, half of what is written there is a lie.
In addition, the writer points out that Yeshua died without ever lying, without betraying his principles and beliefs. It was for this that all the people were grateful to him and admired the sacred personality. Yeshua became unusual only because he was real, fair and courageous. Bulgakov tries to emphasize all these qualities and convey to people: this is the ideal of a real person.
Character Execution
After a case was opened against Yeshua, I decided to deal with it without violence. In his report, he wrote that the wandering philosopher did not pose any danger and was generally considered mentally ill. As a result, Yeshua was sent to Caesarea Strato on the Mediterranean Sea. This happened because the man caused unrest in the crowd with his speeches, and they simply decided to eliminate him.
While a prisoner, Yeshua wrote a report to the procurator, in which he expressed his opinion about the actions of the authorities - that it is they who make people prisoners, and without them a person will live in a completely different world, that is, in a place where justice and truth reign. After reading the report, the procurator decided that the execution of Yeshua Ha-Nozri was inevitable. He argued this by saying that the man had insulted the ruler, and this could not be justified.
At the same time, Pontius Pilate shouted that the best, fairest and most honest government that can be on earth is the rule of Emperor Tiberius. At this point, Yeshua's case was closed. After this, the execution of the hero took place, the most terrible and difficult - he was crucified. wooden cross. With the death of Yeshua, everything around begins to plunge into darkness. At the same time, the inhabitants, whom the philosopher considered his friends and trusted them, show themselves from a completely different side. The townspeople come to admire the terrible execution; the picture they see delights some. Thus, the earthly path of Yeshua Ha-Nozri ends, whose characteristics make it possible to appreciate all its severity.
Instead of an afterword
To form your opinion about the hero, you need to read Bulgakov’s unique masterpiece for yourself. And only after that you can watch a film based on it. The time allotted to get to know the characters of “The Master and Margarita” and their fate will not be wasted, but will bring great pleasure.