A message about the life of f Chopin. Chopin's biography and his work
Talking about the great pianists, one cannot fail to mention Chopin's biography. The world would be much poorer without him. He lived very little - did not even live to forty. But those who lived at the same time with him have sunk into oblivion, and his name remained. And it became a household name as the name of the creator of the ballad genre for piano.
Frederic Chopin is a famous Polish composer and pianist. He was born back in 1810, and from a very young age began to study music. So, for example, at the age of seven he was already composing, and at eight he began to give concerts.
Nicolas Chopin, the father of the now famous Frederic, was a Pole of French descent. He himself was the son of a wheel-maker, François Chopin and Marguerite, who was in turn the daughter of a weaver.
In his youth, Nicolas moved to Poland, where he began to work in a tobacco factory. Now it is not known for certain why he decided to leave France, but nevertheless, the fact remains that he found his second home in Poland.
This country touched the heart of a young man so much that he began to actively take part in its fate and fight for its independence. Even after the defeat of the Kosciuszko uprising, he remained in Poland and began to engage in teaching activities. Thanks to his broad scientific outlook and good education, he soon gains an excellent reputation among teachers in Poland. And in 1802 he settled in the estate of the Skarbkov family.
In 1806 he married a distant relative of the Skarbkov. According to contemporaries, Yustyna Kzhizhanovskaya was a well-educated girl who spoke fluently in her fiance's native language. In addition, she was an extremely musical person with good piano technique and a beautiful voice. Therefore, Frederick's first musical impressions were obtained thanks to the talent of his mother. She instilled in him a love for folk melodies.
Chopin is sometimes compared to. They compare in the sense that, like Amadeus, Frederic from a very young age was literally obsessed with music. This love of creativity, musical improvisation and playing the piano was regularly noted by acquaintances and family friends.
Even when the boy was in elementary school, he wrote the first piece of music. Most likely, we are not talking about the first essay, but about its first publication, since this event was even covered in a Warsaw newspaper.
So it was written in the January issue of 1818:
“The author of this 'Polonaise' is a student who has not yet turned 8 years old. This is a true genius of music, with the greatest lightness and exceptional taste. Performing the most difficult piano pieces and composing dances and variations that delight connoisseurs and connoisseurs. If this child prodigy was born in France or Germany, he would have attracted more attention. "
His love for music bordered on insanity. He could jump up in the middle of the night to urgently pick up and record an inspired melody. And that is precisely why such great hopes were pinned on his musical upbringing.
The Czech pianist Wojciech Zhivny was engaged in his training, and the boy was then barely nine years old. Despite the fact that Frederic was studying at one of the schools in Warsaw, music lessons were very thorough and serious.
This could not but affect his success: by the age of twelve, Chopin was in no way inferior to even the best Polish pianists. And his teacher refused to study with his young student, saying that he could not teach him anything else.
Young years
But by the time Zhivny stopped teaching Chopin, about seven years had passed. After that, Frederick graduated from the school and began to take music theory lessons from Joseph Elsner, the composer.
During this period, the young man was already under the patronage of Anton Radzivil and the princes Chetvertinsky. They liked the charming appearance and exquisite manners of the young pianist, and they contributed to introducing the young man into high society.
I was familiar with him and. Young Chopin impressed him as a calm young man who did not require any additional comments. His manners were so ... aristocratic that he was perceived as some kind of prince. He impressed many with his sophisticated appearance and wit, and his sense of humor negated the very concept of "boredom". Of course, his presence was welcome!
In 1829, Frederick left, as they say now, on tour. He managed to perform in Vienna and Krakow. And after a very short time, an uprising broke out in his native Poland. But the Poles failed to achieve freedom. The uprising was brutally suppressed by Russia. As a result, the young musician lost the opportunity to return to his homeland forever. In a fit of despair, he writes his famous "Revolutionary Study".
At some point, he fell in love with the writer Georges Sand. But their relationship brought him more emotional experiences than happiness.
But, despite this, the musician has retained a deep spiritual connection with his homeland. He drew much of his inspiration from Polish folk songs and dances. At the same time, he did not copy them at all. That did not prevent his works from becoming a national property. Asafiev wrote the following words about Chopin's work:
"In Chopin's work," the academician wrote, "all Poland: its folk drama, its way of life, feelings, the cult of beauty in man and humanity, the chivalrous, proud character of the country, its thoughts and songs."
He lived in France for a long time, and therefore the French transliteration of his name was fixed to him. He gave his first concert in Paris when he was twenty-two years old. This performance proved to be extremely successful, and Chopin's fame grew unusually quickly, although not all pianists and experts recognized his talent.
About unhappy love
In 1837, his relationship with George Sand ends, and he feels the first signs of lung disease.
In general, who was more unhappy in their union is a rather controversial issue.
The fact is that, from the point of view of Chopin's biographers, the connection with Sand brought him nothing but grief. From the point of view of the writer, the pianist was a poorly balanced person, extremely vulnerable and quick-tempered. He was also called the "evil genius" and the "cross" of the writer, as she tenderly and loyally took care of his health, despite his antics.
As for the culprit of the gap, according to sources of Chopin's adherents, it was she who left him at a difficult moment, and from the side of Sand's biographers, she decided to reduce their cohabitation towards friendship, as she was afraid for his health. It must also be for common sense.
Whether she tormented him with her tomfoolery, or whether he himself was simply completely withdrawn - this is a question, the answer to which rests in the depths of time. Sand wrote a novel in which critics saw the main characters of herself and her lover. The latter eventually became the cause of the premature death of the protagonist; Chopin himself indignantly denied that he had anything to do with the image of that inveterate egoist.
Finding out now "who is to blame" does not make the slightest sense. I cited this fact from the biographies of these people of art only to show that the habit of pulling the blanket over oneself and looking for the guilty ones, even in the one whom I loved before, nullifies all the best features of noble personalities, no matter how great they may be. Or maybe they were not so majestic? There is too much respect for the "Great" pianists and composers to recognize the origins of their genius. And in some cases, they pay for their genius with their personal qualities. And sometimes - and reason.
The end of a life path
Be that as it may, the break with Sand seriously undermined his health. He wanted to change the environment and expand his circle of acquaintances, and therefore moved to live in London. There he began giving concerts and teaching.
But it was precisely the combination of success and a nervous lifestyle that finally finished him off. In October 1849, he returned to Paris, where he died. According to his will, his heart was transported to Warsaw and buried in one of the columns of the Church of the Holy Cross. Chopin is almost the only Polish composer of this level and international scale.
He mainly worked in the chamber music genre. We can say that this particular genre best reflected his closed nature. Because precisely as a composer, he would also be a wonderful symphonist.
In his works - ballads and polonaises - Chopin talks about his beloved country - Poland. And if the founder of the genre of etudes was
Fryderyk Chopin is one of the composers who played a fundamental role in the national musical culture. Like Glinka in Russia, Liszt in Hungary, he became the first Polish musical classic. But Chopin is not only the national pride of Poles. It would not be an exaggeration to call him one of the most beloved composers by listeners all over the world.
Chopin had to live and create in a difficult era for the Polish people. From the end of the 18th century, Poland, as an independent state, ceased to exist, it was divided among themselves by Prussia, Austria and Russia. It is not surprising that the entire first half of the 19th century passed here under the banner of the national liberation struggle. Chopin was far from politics and did not take a direct part in the revolutionary movement. But he was a patriot, and all his life he dreamed of the liberation of his homeland. Thanks to this, all of Chopin's work turned out to be closely connected with the most advanced aspirations of the era.
The tragedy of Chopin's position as a Polish composer was that he, passionately in love with his native country, was cut off from it: shortly before the largest Polish uprising of 1830, he went abroad, from where he was never destined to return to his homeland. At this time, he was on tour in Vienna, then went to Paris and on the way there, in Stuttgart, he learned about the fall of Warsaw. This news caused the composer to have an acute mental crisis. Under his influence, the content of Chopin's work immediately changed. It is from this moment that the composer's true maturity begins. It is believed that under the strongest impression of the tragic events, the famous "Revolutionary" etude, preludes in a-minor and d-minor were created, the ideas of the 1st scherzo and the 1st ballad arose.
Since 1831, Chopin's life is associated with Paris, where he lived until the end of his days. Thus, his creative biography consists of two periods:
- I - early Warsaw,
- II - from 31 years old - mature parisian.
The pinnacle of the first period was the works of the years 29-31. These are 2 piano concertos (in f-moll and e-moll), 12 etudes, op.10, "Big brilliant polonaise", ballad No. I (g-moll). By this time, Chopin brilliantly completed his studies at the "Higher School of Music" in Warsaw under the direction of Elsner, won the fame of a remarkable pianist.
In Paris, Chopin met many of the greatest musicians, writers, artists: Liszt, Berlioz, Bellini, Heine, Hugo, Lamartine, Musset, Delacroix. Throughout his foreign period, he invariably met with compatriots, in particular with Adam Mitskevich.
In 1838, the composer became close to Georges Sand, and the years of their coexistence coincided with the most productive period of Chopin's work, when he created 2, 3, 4 ballads, sonatas in b-minor and h-minor, fantasy in f minor, polonaise-fantasy , 2, 3, 4 scherzo, the cycle of preludes was completed. Attention is drawn to the special interest in large-scale genres.
Chopin's last years were extremely difficult: the disease developed catastrophically, the break with George Sand (in 1847) was painfully experienced. During these years he composed almost nothing.
After the death of the composer, his heart was transported to Warsaw, where it is kept in the church of St. Cross. This is deeply symbolic: Chopin's heart has always belonged to Poland, love for her was the meaning of his life, it stimulated all of his work.
Homeland theme - Chopin's main creative theme, which determined the main ideological content of his music. In Chopin's works, echoes of Polish folk songs and dances, images of national literature (for example, inspired by the poems of Adam Mickiewicz - in ballads) and history vary endlessly.
Despite the fact that Chopin could only nourish his work with the echoes of Poland, by the fact that his memory has preserved, his music is primarily Polish. National characteristic is the most remarkable feature of Chopin's style, and it is this that determines its uniqueness in the first place. It is interesting that Chopin found his own individual style very early and never betrayed it. Although his work went through a number of stages, there is no such sharp difference between early and later works, which characterizes, for example, the style of early and late Beethoven.
In his music, Chopin is always very firmly relies on Polish folk origins, on folklore... This connection is especially clear in mazurkas, which is natural, because the mazurka genre was directly transferred by the composer into professional music from the folk environment. It should be added that direct quotation of folk themes is not at all characteristic of Chopin, as well as everyday simplicity associated with folklore. Folklore elements are surprisingly combined with inimitable aristocracy. In the same mazurkas, Chopin's music is saturated with a special spiritual sophistication, artistry, grace. The composer, as it were, raises folk music over everyday life, poeticizes it.
Another important feature of Chopin's style is exceptional melodic richness. As a melodist, he knows no equal in the entire era of romanticism. Chopin's melody is never far-fetched, artificial and has an amazing property of maintaining the same expressiveness throughout its entire length (there are absolutely no "common places" in it). It is enough to recall only one Chopin theme to be convinced of what has been said - Liszt said with delight about it: "I would give 4 years of my life to write etude No. 3".
Anton Rubinstein called Chopin “the bard, rhapsodist, spirit, soul of the piano”. Indeed, all the most inimitable in Chopin's music - its tremulousness, sophistication, "singing" of all texture and harmony - is associated with the piano. He has very few works with the participation of other instruments, a human voice or an orchestra.
Despite the fact that in his entire life the composer made public appearances no more than 30 times, and at the age of 25 he actually gave up concert activity due to his physical condition, the fame of Chopin as a pianist became legendary, only the fame of Liszt could compete with it.
How many famous and truly talented people can you name? This article will open for you one of them - the famous Polish musician Frederic Chopin.
Frederic Chopin was born in 1810 in the small town of Zelazowa Wola, located in Poland. The name Chopin was popular here, this family was respected and considered one of the most intelligent. There were 3 children in the family, 2 of whom were daughters.
The emergence of love for music
Frederick began to show his love for music from early childhood due to the fact that parents raised their children, instilling in them a love of music and poetry. Future musician already at the age of 5 I tried to perform at concerts, and at the age of 12, he reached great heights in the musical field, adult musicians could envy him.
Chopin loved to travel, in addition to the Czech Republic and Germany, he visited Russia. There, with his piano playing, he did not leave indifferent the Emperor Alexander I himself, for which he awarded the musician with a diamond ring.
Fatal tour
At the age of nineteen, Frederick gives his concerts, which are in good demand in his native country. At the age of 20, Chopin goes on his first tour of Europe. But the young musician did not manage to return from it.
In his native Poland, the supporters of the Polish uprising began to persecute, and Frederick was one of them. The young musician decided to stay in Paris. In honor of this, Frederick has a new masterpiece - the Revolutionary Sketch.
Ballads about the Motherland
The Polish writer Adam Mickiewicz, thanks to his poetry, inspired Chopin to write four ballads about his homeland. His ballads were filled with traditional folk elements, but these were not just musical works - they were a description of the author's feelings about the feelings for his people and his country.
Chopin was a real patriot of his country and, even being several thousand kilometers from his homeland, he did not stop thinking about it. Thanks to an abnormal love for his people and his land, Frederick has masterpieces that are in demand to this day.
Chopin Preludes
Chopin introduced the genre of "nocturne" to the people in a new way. In the new interpretation, the lyrical and dramatic sketch came to the fore. At the time of his first falling in love and a bitter break with his beloved, Frederick was at the peak of his creativity - then a cycle was released, consisting of 24 preludes. Chopin's Preludes are a kind of musical diary in which the author lays out all his experiences and pain.
Chopin's teachings
Thanks to Chopin's talent, not only as a performer, but also as a teacher, many pianists have reached a professional level. This was all achieved using the universal pianist technique.
His lessons were attended not only by young people, but also by young aristocratic ladies. Thanks to the lessons of Frederick many students have reached not small heights in the music field.
Trying to get married
In family life, the musician did not achieve such success as in the musical field. After he wanted to marry his peer, her parents decided to test him for financial stability and put forward a number of strict conditions. Chopin failed to live up to the hopes of the beloved's parents, so they decided to part. After that, a second sonata appeared, the slow movement of which was called Funeral March.
An affair with the baroness
The next passion of Frederick was Baroness Aurora Dudevant, who was famous throughout Paris. The couple hid their relationship, even in the paintings Chopin was never captured with his brides.
The lovers spent all their free time in Mallorca. Quarrels with Aurora and the humid climate led to the onset of tuberculosis in the musician.
Death of a musician
Parting with Aurora Dudevant finally broke down Frederick and he was bedridden. At the age of 39, a talented musician left this land with a diagnosis of complicated pulmonary tuberculosis. Even before his death, he bequeathed to remove his heart and take him home. His wish was fulfilled. The musician was buried in the French cemetery of Père Lachaise.
Interesting Musician Facts:
- His father spent time until his youth in France, where Frederic ended his life.
- Even as a child, hearing music, Chopin had tears in his eyes.
- The famous pianist Wojciech Zhivny was known as the teacher of Frederick, and at the moment of the performance of the second 12 years old, the teacher said that he could not teach the boy anything else.
- Chopin had blonde hair and blue eyes.
- The most beloved and respected composer of the Polish musician was Mozart.
- The most "intimate" works of Chopin are waltzes.
- At Frederick's funeral, Mozart's Requiem was played.
Thus, Frederic Chopin was an outstanding personality who influenced the history of not only his state, but also culture in general.
The question of the date of birth of the greatest Polish composer Frederic François Chopin still haunts the minds of his biographers, in contrast to the indisputable recognition of his talent and gratitude for his incredible musical heritage. According to his lifetime records, he was born on March 1, 1810, and according to the official record of baptism in the parish church of Brokhov, on February 22. The birthplace of the creator is beyond doubt: the town of Zelazowa Wola in the Mazovian Voivodeship, located on the Utrata River, 54 kilometers west of Warsaw. The village belonged at that time to the family of Count Skarbek.
The composer's family
His father, Nicolas, was a native of the capital of Lorraine, Marinville, an independent duchy ruled by King Stanislaw Leszczynski of Poland until his death in 1766 and then taken over by France. He moved to Poland in 1787, having a fairly good command of French, German, Polish, the basics of accounting, calligraphy, literature and music. In 1806, in Brokhov, Nicolas married Justine Krzhizhanovskaya and this marriage turned out to be quite successful and durable. The couple lived together for 38 happy years. A year after the marriage, their first daughter Ludwika was born in Warsaw, their son Fryderyk was born in Zelazowa Wola, and then two more daughters: Isabela and Emilia in Warsaw. Frequent family moves were due to the political situation in the country. Nicolas worked as a mentor to the children of the Duke of Skarbek, who, depending on the military situation during Napoleon's war with Prussia and Russia, and later during the Polish-Russian war and until Napoleon's failed attack on Russia, moved from place to place. Since 1810, Nicolas transported his family to the capital of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, receiving a teaching position at a general secondary school. The first apartment of the family is located in the Saxon Palace, in the right wing, where the educational institution was located.
Chopin's early years
From an early age, Frederick was surrounded by live music. The mother played the piano and sang, and the father accompanied her on the flute, or on the violin. According to the recollections of the sisters, the boy showed a genuine interest in the sounds of music. At an early age, Chopin began to show artistic talents: he painted, wrote poetry and performed musical works without any training. The gifted child began to compose his own music, and at the age of seven, some of his early creations had already been published.
The six-year-old Chopin took regular piano lessons under the guidance of the Czech pianist Wojciech Zhivny, who at the time was a private teacher and one of the teachers at his father's school. Despite the feeling of a certain old-fashionedness and comicity created by the teacher, Wojciech taught the talented child to play the works of Bach and Mozart. Chopin never had another piano teacher. Lessons were given to him at the same time as his sister, with whom they played four hands.
In March 1817, the Chopin family, together with the Warsaw Lyceum, moved to the Kazimierz Palace, to the right wing. This year, viewers heard his first compositions: a polonaise in B flat major and a military march. Over the years, the score of the first march was lost. A year later, he was already performing in public, playing the works of Adalbert Girovets.
In the same year, thanks to the efforts of the parish priest, the Polonaise in E minor was published with a dedication to Victoria Skarbek. One of the first marches was performed by a military band during military parades on Saxon Square. Warsaw magazine publishes the first review of the work of a young talent, focusing on the fact that at the age of eight the author has all the components of a real musical genius. He not only performs the most difficult pieces on the piano with ease, but is also a composer with an exceptional musical taste, who has already written several dances and variations that amaze even experts. On February 24, 2018, at a charity event at the Radziwills Palace, Chopin plays. The audience warmly welcomes the talented performer, naming him the second Mozart. He begins to actively perform in the best aristocratic houses.
The adolescence of a young composer
In 1821, Frederick wrote a polonaise, which he dedicated to his first teacher. The work became the earliest surviving manuscript of the composer. By the age of 12, young Chopin finishes his studies with Zhivny and begins to study the basics of harmony and music theory in private with Józef Elsner, founder and director of the Warsaw Conservatory. At the same time, the young man takes German lessons from Pastor Jerzy Tetzner. He attended the Warsaw Lyceum from September 1823 to 1826, and the Czech musician Wilhelm Würfel gave him organ lessons in his first year. Elsner, recognizing the fact that Chopin's style was extremely original, did not insist on the use of traditional teaching methods and gave the composer the freedom to develop according to an individual plan.
In 1825, the young man improvised in the Evangelical Church, on a new instrument invented by Brunner, somewhat reminiscent of a mechanical organ, in front of Alexander I, during his visit to Warsaw. Impressed by the young man's talents, the Russian tsar presented him with a diamond ring. The Polskiy Vestnik edition noted that all those present listened with pleasure to the soulful, captivating performance and admired the skill.
Subsequently, Chopin will play his works on little-known instruments more than once. According to the memoirs of his contemporaries, the composer even composed pieces for performance on new instruments, but their scores have not survived to this day. Frederic spent his holidays in the city of Torun in northern Poland, where the young man visited the Copernicus house, as well as other historical buildings and sights. He was especially impressed by the famous town hall, the biggest feature of which was that it had as many windows as there were days in a year, as many halls as months, as many rooms as weeks, and its entire structure was an incredible example of the Gothic style. In the same year he became a school organist, playing on Sundays in church as an accompanist for the choir. Among the works of this period, one can distinguish polonaises and mazurkas intended for dancing, as well as his first waltzes. In 1826 he finished his studies at the Lyceum, and in September he began to work under the wing of Rector Elsner, which, as the Faculty of Fine Arts, is part of the University of Warsaw. During this period, the first signs of a health disorder appear and Chopin, under the supervision of doctors F. Remer and V. Maltz, receives appointments for treatment, which imply adherence to a strict daily regimen and diet. He begins attending private Italian lessons.
Years of travel
In the fall of 1828, the young man went with his father's friend Yarotsky to Berlin. There, taking part in the world congress of nature researchers, he draws caricatures of scientists, complementing the images with huge shapeless noses. Frederick is also critical of excessive romanticism. However, the trip gave him the opportunity to get acquainted with the musical life of Berlin, which was the main purpose of the trip. Seeing Gaspar Luigi Spontini, Karl Friedrich Zelter and Mendelssohn, Chopin did not speak to any of them, because he did not dare to introduce himself. The acquaintance with a number of opera works in the theater left a special impression.
After visiting Berlin, Chopin visited Poznan, where, in accordance with family tradition, he attended a reception by Archbishop Theophilus Voricki, a relative of the Skarbeks, known for his patriotism, and at the residence of the Governor of the Grand Duchy of Poznan, Duke Radziwill, he plays works by Haydn, Beethoven and improv. Upon returning to Warsaw, he continues to work under the leadership of Elsner.
At the beginning of winter, he takes an active part in the musical life of Warsaw. At a concert at Frederick Buchholz's house, he plays Rondo in C on two pianos with Julian Fontana. He performs, plays, improvises and has fun in Warsaw salons, occasionally giving private lessons. Takes part in amateur home theater productions. In the spring of 1829 Anthony Radziwill visited Chopin's house, and soon the composer composed for him Polonaise in C major for piano and cello.
Feeling that Frederick needed to grow and improve professionally, the father turned to the Minister of Public Education Stanislav Grabovsky for a grant for his son so that he could visit foreign countries, in particular Germany, Italy and France, to continue his education. Despite Grabowski's support, his request is rejected by the Minister of the Interior, Count Tadeusz Mostowski. Despite the obstacles, the parents eventually send their son to Vienna in mid-July. First of all, he attends concerts and opera, listens to music performed by a local diva - pianist Leopoldina Blagetka, according to whom Frederic himself is a virtuoso capable of causing a sensation among the local public.
He made his successful debut on the Austrian stage at the end of 1829. The audience was delighted with his performing technique, complemented by poetic expressiveness. In Austria, Chopin composed a major scherzo, a minor ballad, and other works that fully demonstrated Chopin's personal writing style. In Austria, he manages to publish several of his works. In the same year, he returned home to prepare for a concert tour, this time through Germany and Italy. On February 7, 1830, to family and friends, he presents his Concerto in E minor, accompanied by a small orchestra.
Life and death in Paris
Over the next few years, Chopin performed extensively in European countries, one of which was France. He settled in Paris in 1832 and quickly established friendly relations with young musical talents, including Liszt, Bellini and Mendelssohn. Nevertheless, the longing for the Motherland made itself felt. Ardently wishing to take an active part in the political struggle of his people, he could not find a place for himself.
In France he starts working in earnest as a private piano teacher. Due to the undermined health, public speaking became less and less frequent. However, he became a prominent figure in Parisian art circles. His entourage included musicians, writers and artists, as well as rich and talented women. In the spring of 1836, the disease worsened. Most likely, the lung disease that tormented the composer was rapidly developing tuberculosis.
At a party at the Countess's residence, Chopin first meets the 32-year-old writer Amandine Aurora Dudevant, known as Georges Sand. At the end of 1837, Sand developed a close relationship with Chopin, who by that time had parted with Maria Wodzinska. Hoping for the healing climate of Spain, Frederic, Georges and her children Maurice and Solange move to Mallorca.
In the villa, among the cedars, cacti, oranges, lemons, aloe, figs, pomegranates, under the turquoise sky, by the azure sea, however, there was no improvement. Despite his illness, the composer completed his twenty-four preludes in Mallorca. They returned to France in February. By this time, bleeding had already begun to appear during coughing fits. After the course of treatment in Paris, the composer's condition improved. According to Sand's impressions, Chopin is so used to hovering in the clouds that life or death means nothing to him and he is poorly aware of which planet he lives on. Georges, realizing the seriousness of her husband's health, devoted her life to children, Chopin and creativity.
After recovering from health, the family settled for the summer in the Sand country house in the town of Noan, south of Paris. Here Chopin composes Nocturne in G major and three mazurkas from opus no. 41. He is working on the completion of the Ballad in F major and the sonata. In the summer, he does not feel stable, but at every opportunity he rushes to the piano and composes. The composer spends the next year with his family. Chopin gives five lessons a day, and his wife writes up to 10 pages per night. Thanks to his reputation and the development of publishing, Chopin successfully sells his scores. Rare Chopin concerts bring the family 5,000 francs. The audience is eager to hear a great musician.
In 1843, the musician's health continued to deteriorate. He is taking homeopathic treatment. In October 1843, Frederic and his son Sand Maurice returned from the village to Paris, while his wife and daughter stayed in nature for a month. The death, at the age of fourteen in Vienna, in 1845, of his most talented student Karl Filz, who was universally considered a brilliant pianist and the closest in style of playing, struck Chopin. The couple spends more and more time in the village. Among the regular guests appears Pauline Viardot, whose repertoire Chopin listens to with delight.
The difference in temperaments and jealousy interfered with the relationship with Sand. They parted in 1848. Chopin toured the British Isles, performing for the last time on November 16, 1848 at the London Guild for Refugees from Poland. In letters to his family, he wrote that if London were not so dark, and people would not be so heavy, and if there was no smell of coal or fog, he would have studied English, but the English are very different from the French, to whom Chopin got attached. The Scottish Mists didn't add to his health. At the beginning of 1849 his last works were published: "Waltz in minor" and "Mazurka in G minor".
He returned to Paris, his health gradually deteriorating. Sometimes there are decent days when he travels in a carriage, but more often he suffers from suffocating coughing fits. He doesn't come out in the evenings. Nevertheless, he continues to give piano lessons.
At two o'clock in the morning on October 17, 1849, at the age of 39, Chopin dies. Poland has lost its greatest musician, and the whole world has lost a real genius. His body was buried in the Parisian cemetery Père Lachaise, and his heart was taken to the Church of the Holy Cross in Poland, near Warsaw.
Places in Warsaw closely related to the composer's name:
- Saxon Palace;
- Kazimierz Palace;
- Botanical Garden;
- Krasiński Palace;
- Warsaw Lyceum;
- Conservatory;
- University of Warsaw;
- Palace of the Radziwills;
- Blue Palace;
- Morshtyn Palace;
- National Theater.
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The life and work of Frederic Chopin
abstractWriting helpFind out the cost my workThe most intimate, "autobiographical" genre in Chopin's work is his waltzes. According to the Russian musicologist Isabella Khitrik, the connection between Chopin's real life and his waltzes is extremely close, and the composer's collection of waltzes can be regarded as a kind of Chopin's “lyrical diary”. Chopin was distinguished by consistency and isolation, so his personality is revealed only ...
The life and work of Frederic Chopin ( essay, term paper, diploma, control)
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1.Biography
1.1 Origin and family
1.2 Childhood and adolescence
2.Creativity
2.1 Memory
3.Products Conclusion List of used literature Introduction Frederic Francois Chopin was born on March 1 (according to other sources, February 22) 1810 in the village of Zhelyazova Wola, near Warsaw. He died on October 17, 1849 in Paris. Polish composer and virtuoso pianist, teacher.
Due to the fact that Poland ceased to exist as a state back in 1795, and Warsaw, as a result of the Napoleonic Wars, was located on the territory that became part of the Russian Empire, Chopin, before leaving to the west, lived on the territory that was part of the Russian Empire. The exception is the first years of life, up to May 3, 1815. At this time, the area was part of the Duchy of Warsaw, a vassal of the French Empire.
Author of numerous works for piano. The largest representative of the Polish musical art. He reinterpreted many genres in a new way: he revived the prelude on a romantic basis, created a piano ballad, poeticized and dramatized dances - mazurka, polonaise, waltz; turned the scherzo into an independent work. Enriched harmony and piano texture; combined classical form with melodic richness and fantasy.
Chopin's works include 2 concertos, 3 sonatas, fantasy, 4 ballads, 4 scherzos, impromptu, nocturnes, etudes, waltzes, mazurkas, polonaises, preludes and other works for piano. There are also songs. In his piano performance, the depth and sincerity of feelings were combined with grace and technical perfection.
In 1830, news arrived of an uprising for independence in Poland. Chopin dreams of returning to his homeland and taking part in battles. The training camp was over, but on the way to Poland, he was greeted by terrible news: the uprising was suppressed, the leader was taken prisoner. Chopin deeply believed that his music would help his native people achieve victory. "Poland will be brilliant, powerful, independent!" - so he wrote in his diary. Frederic Chopin's last public concert took place on November 16, 1848 in London. The composer bequeathed that his heart be transported to Poland after his death.
1.Biography
1.1 Origin and family The composer's father, Nicolas Chopin, in 1806 married a distant relative of the Skarbks, Juliana Kirudzhina. According to surviving testimonies, the composer's mother received a good education, spoke French, was extremely musical, played the piano well, and had a beautiful voice. Frederick owes his mother his first musical impressions, instilled from infancy with a love for folk melodies. In the fall of 1810, some time after the birth of his son, Nicolas Chopin moved to Warsaw. At the Warsaw Lyceum, thanks to the patronage of the Skarbks, with whom he was a governor, he received a place after the death of the teacher Pan Mahe. Chopin was a teacher of French and German languages and French literature, he kept a boarding school for pupils of the lyceum.
The intelligence and sensitivity of the parents united all family members with love and had a beneficial effect on the development of gifted children. In addition to Frederic, the Chopin family had three more sisters: the eldest - Ludvika, married Endzheyevich, who was his especially close devoted friend, and the younger - Isabella and Emilia. The sisters had versatile abilities, and Emilia, who died early, was an outstanding literary talent.
1.2 Childhood and adolescence Already in childhood, Chopin showed extraordinary musical abilities. He was surrounded by special attention and care. Like Mozart, he amazed those around him with musical "obsession", inexhaustible fantasy in improvisation, innate pianism. His receptiveness and musical impressionability manifested themselves violently and unusually. He could cry while listening to music, jump up at night to pick up a memorable melody or chord on the piano.
In its January issue of 1818, one of the Warsaw newspapers published a few lines about the first piece of music composed by a composer who was still in elementary school. “The author of this Polonaise,” the newspaper wrote, “is a student who has not yet turned 8 years old. This is a true genius of music, with the greatest lightness and exceptional taste. Performing the most difficult piano pieces and composing dances and variations that delight connoisseurs and connoisseurs. If this child prodigy was born in France or Germany, he would have attracted more attention. "
Young Chopin was taught music, pinning great hopes on him. The pianist Wojciech Zhivny, a Czech by birth, began to study with a 7-year-old boy. Classes were serious, despite the fact that Chopin, in addition, studied at one of the Warsaw schools. The boy's performing talent developed so quickly that by the age of twelve, Chopin was not inferior to the best Polish pianists. Zhivny refused to study with the young virtuoso, declaring that he could not teach him anything else.
After graduating from college and completing his seven-year studies with Zhivny, Chopin began his theoretical studies with the composer Josef Elsner.
The patronage of Prince Anton Radziwill and the Chetvertinsky princes introduced Chopin to high society, which was impressed by Chopin's charming appearance and refined manners. Here is what Franz Liszt said about this: “The general impression of his personality was quite calm, harmonious and, it seemed, did not require any additions in any comments. Chopin's blue eyes sparkled more intelligent than they were covered with pensiveness; his soft and delicate smile never faded into bitter or sarcastic. The subtlety and transparency of his complexion enticed everyone; he had curly blond hair and a slightly rounded nose; he was short, fragile, thin build. His manners were refined and varied; the voice is a little tired, often deaf.
His manners were full of such decency, they had such a stamp of blood aristocracy that he was involuntarily greeted and accepted as a prince ... Chopin brought into society that evenness of mood of persons who are not worried about worries, who do not know the word "boredom", are not attached to no interest. Chopin was usually cheerful; his sharp mind quickly sought out the funny, even in such manifestations that not everyone catches the eye. "
Trips to Berlin, Dresden, Prague, where he attended concerts of outstanding musicians, contributed to his development. Chopin's artistic career began in 1829. He performs in Vienna, Krakow, performing his works. Returning to Warsaw, he leaves it forever on November 5, 1830. This separation from his homeland was the cause of his constant hidden grief - homesickness. Added to this in the late thirties was his love for George Sand, which gave him more grief than happiness, in addition to parting with his bride. Having passed Dresden, Vienna, Munich, he arrived in Paris in 1831. On the way, Chopin wrote a diary (the so-called "Stuttgart Diary"), reflecting his state of mind during his stay in Stuttgart, where he was gripped by despair over the collapse of the Polish uprising. During this period, Chopin wrote his famous "Revolutionary Etude". Chopin gave his first concert in Paris at the age of 22. The success was complete. Chopin rarely performed in concerts, but in the salons of the Polish colony and the French aristocracy, Chopin's fame grew extremely rapidly. There were composers who did not recognize his talent, such as Kalkbrenner and John Field, but this did not prevent Chopin from gaining a large number of loyal fans, both in artistic circles and in society. The love of teaching music and pianism was the hallmark of Chopin, one of the few great artists who devoted much time to this.
In 1837, Chopin felt the first attack of lung disease (according to the latest data - cystic fibrosis). This time coincides with the connection with George Sand. A stay in Mallorca with George Sand negatively affected Chopin's health, he suffered from bouts of illness there. Nevertheless, many of the greatest works, including 24 preludes, were created on this Spanish island. But he spent a lot of time in the countryside in France, where George Sand had an estate in Nohant.
A ten-year cohabitation with George Sand, full of moral trials, greatly undermined Chopin's health, and the break with her in 1847, in addition to causing him considerable stress, deprived him of the opportunity to rest in Nohans.
Wanting to leave Paris in order to change the environment and expand his circle of acquaintances, Chopin went to London in April 1848 to give concerts and teach. This turned out to be his last trip. Success, a nervous, stressful life, a damp British climate, and most importantly, a periodically aggravated chronic lung disease - all this finally undermined his strength. Returning to Paris, Chopin died on October 5, 1849.
Chopin was deeply grieved by the entire musical world. Thousands of fans of his work gathered at his funeral. According to the wishes of the deceased, at his funeral the most famous artists of that time performed the "Requiem" by Mozart - a composer whom Chopin placed above all others (and called his "Requiem" and the symphony "Jupiter" his favorite works), and also performed his own prelude No. 4 (E minor). At the Père Lachaise cemetery, Chopin's ashes rest between the graves of Cherubini and Bellini. Chopin's heart was, according to his will, sent to Warsaw, where it was walled up in a column of the Church of the Holy Cross.
2. Creativity In polonaises, ballads, Chopin talks about his country, Poland, about the beauty of its landscapes and the tragic past. In these works, he uses the best features of the folk epic. At the same time, Chopin is exceptionally distinctive. His music is notable for its bold pictoriality and does not suffer from whimsy anywhere. After Beethoven, classicism gave way to romanticism, and Chopin became one of the main representatives of this trend in music. If somewhere in his work one can feel reflection, it is probably in sonatas, which does not prevent them from being high examples of the genre. Chopin often reaches the heights of tragedy, as, for example, in the funeral march in the sonata op. 35, or appears as a wonderful lyricist, as, for example, in Larghetto from the second piano concerto.
The best works of Chopin include etudes: in them, in addition to the technical exercises that were the main and almost the only goal of this genre before Chopin, the listener reveals an amazing poetic world. These etudes are distinguished by their youthful, impetuous freshness, such as, for example, the etude in ges-dur, or by their drama (etudes in f-moll, c-moll). They have wonderful melodic and harmonic beauties. Etude cis-moll reaches Beethoven's heights of tragedy.
The most intimate, "autobiographical" genre in Chopin's work is his waltzes. According to the Russian musicologist Isabella Khitrik, the connection between Chopin's real life and his waltzes is extremely close, and the composer's collection of waltzes can be regarded as a kind of Chopin's “lyrical diary”. Chopin was distinguished by consistency and isolation, so his personality is revealed only to those who know his music well. Many famous artists and writers of that time adored Chopin: composers Franz Liszt, Robert Schumann, Felix Mendelssohn, Giacomo Meyerbeer, Ignaz Moscheles, Hector Berlioz, singer Adolphe Nurri, poets Heinrich Heine and Adam Mickiewicz, artist Eugene Delacroix, journalist Agathon many other. Chopin also met with professional opposition to his creative credo: so, one of his main competitors in his lifetime, Sigismund Thalberg, according to legend, went out into the street after Chopin's concert, shouted loudly and replied to the bewilderment of his companion: the whole evening was one piano, so now we need at least a little forte.
Chopin was a genius pianist. Simultaneously with F. Liszt, he paved the way for piano playing, enriching it with still unprecedented techniques. Chopin did not create any operas or oratorios, he was not attracted to the symphony orchestra. Almost all of Chopin's works are written for piano. The exception is the youth trio for violin, cello and piano, as well as several pieces for cello, including the sonata for cello and piano. Moreover, there are about two dozen charming lyrical songs, for the most part created for various reasons. Chopin did not publish his songs, but after the death of the composer, one of his friends collected them and published them in one notebook.
In his youth, Chopin created a number of concert pieces accompanied by a symphony orchestra (among them two piano concertos, Variations on a Theme by Mozart, Fantasy on Polish themes, Rondo in the spirit of Krakowiak). He later gave up writing brilliant concert pieces.
The works of his mature creative period, diverse in genre, are completely new both in content and in form.
A prominent place in Chopin's work is occupied by Polish national dances: mazurkas, polonaises.
Mazurka, or Mazur, is a Polish dance in a three-beat size, with a lively movement, with a predominance of a jumping step. For mazurkas, rhythmic fragmentation of the strong beat is characteristic, as well as the capricious variability of accents: very often they are located on weak beats of the measure. Chopin composes his first mazurkas at the age of 14-15. As a rule, these are perky and cheerful major pieces. However, very soon, along with unassuming plays that recreate the atmosphere of a Polish ball, purely lyrical mazurkas appear, pensive, gentle or imbued with a passionate impulse. Some of them are characterized by subtle psychology, for example, the very last F minor mazurka, composed by Chopin shortly before his death (op. 68, no. 4). Some of the mazurkas are a kind of pictures of rural folk life, vivid sketches from nature. Their ingenuously cheerful or touching lyrical melodies seem to sound against the background of folk instrumental tunes. The sounds of bagpipes and pipes, village violins are heard, the hum of "fat Marini" - a homemade double bass (mazurkas in C major, op ..
In composing his mazurkas, Chopin relied on the rhythm and character of the movement not only of the folk mazur, but also of other rural dances.
In some episodes of his mazurkas, soft waltz-like melodies sound like a rustic kuyaviak or a swift oberek. Very often Chopin's mazurka contains all three of these varieties of Polish folk dances in a three-beat size. In total, Chopin wrote about 60 mazurkas. Mazury rhythms can also be found in other works of Chopin, in his second Rondo, in the middle parts of polonaises, in songs (Desire, Party).
Chopin composed the first polonaises as a child. His youthful polonaises (not included in the main list of works) with their expressive melodiousness and elegant patterning are akin to the polonaises of the Polish composer of the late 18th - early 19th century Mikhail Oginsky.
Polonaise, or Polish, has become widespread in the life of Polish cities since the 16th century. It was a stately procession in three-beat size, a male "foot dance" of warriors-knights with its characteristic rhythmic fragmentation of the strong beat. In the 18th century, the polonaise became widespread in Europe as a ceremonial procession that opened the ball.
Chopin's polonaises at the time of his creative maturity are widely expanded poems of a heroic-epic or dramatic nature. F. List justly wrote that “... the energetic rhythms of the Polonaises make the most inert and indifferent ones tremble and electrify. Most of the Polonaises are of a warlike nature, combining courage and valor with simplicity of expression. They breathe calm, conscious strength, a sense of firm determination ... Listening to some of Chopin's polonaises, it is as if you see the firm, heavy tread of people who act with valiant courage against all the most unjust in human life. "
In many polonaises, Chopin narrates about the intense and dramatic struggle of the Polish people for their national independence, about their striving for victory. In some polonaises, pictures of the greatness of Poland of past centuries come to life, in others there is grief about the great suffering of the people, in their proud, fiery music, you can clearly feel the call for an inexorable struggle for a better future. Such is the E-flat-minor polonaise, in which a harsh, gloomy flavor is combined with tremendous inner tension. Rapid dynamic growth leads to a culmination - a kind of outburst of fiery anger. The music no longer resounds with complaints and cries of despair, but with a firm determination to fight.
The brilliant and courageous polonaise in A-flat major paints a monumental picture of the greatness and glory of the Polish land. In the middle episode, it is as if the measured stomp of the approaching cavalry is heard. Against this background, bellicose jubilant fanfare is heard. One gets the impression of an indomitable, mighty movement forward, capable of sweeping away all obstacles in its path.
Like other composers of the 19th century, Chopin also composed waltzes. He has seventeen of them. Originating from unpretentious Austrian and German folk dances, the waltz quickly became a favorite European dance in the 19th century. Its swirling "flying" movement immediately attracted the attention of romantic composers. Turning to the waltz, Chopin poeticizes this simple everyday dance. Most of his waltzes are broadly developed pieces of three-part structure. They have bright contrasts. They are diverse in their artistic design and images. Among them there are dreamy lyric melodies with wide melodious melodies (No 3, 10), others are characterized by a swift vortex movement, flightiness (No 14). Chopin also composed spectacular concert waltzes (No. 1, 2, 5). During his lifetime, Chopin published eight waltzes. After his death, waltzes, created in his younger years, were printed.
2.1Memory Chopin is one of the main composers in the repertoire of many pianists. Recordings of his works appear in the catalogs of the largest record companies. Since 1927, the International Chopin Piano Competition has been held in Warsaw. Among its winners were outstanding pianists Lev Oborin, Yakov Zak, Bella Davidovich, Galina Cerny-Stefanska, Maurizio Pollini, Martha Argerich.
In 1934, the Chopin University was founded in Warsaw, which was later transformed into the Society. Chopin. The society has repeatedly published works by Chopin and articles about his work.
In 1949-1962. Polish musicologist Ludwik Bronarski published the complete works of Chopin - “Fr. Chopin, Dzieia wszystkie, PWM, Kraków.
A crater on Mercury is named after Chopin.
In 1960, a postage stamp of the USSR was issued, dedicated to Chopin.
In 2001, the Okecie airport (Warsaw) was named after Frederic Chopin.
On March 1, 2010, after reconstruction and modernization, the Frederic Chopin Museum was opened in Warsaw. This event is timed to coincide with the 200th anniversary of the birth of the famous Polish composer and musician.
2010 was declared the Year of Chopin by the Decree of the Seimas of the Polish Republic.
December 2, 2010 At the Kazakh National Conservatory. Kurmangazy (in Almaty), the Polish Embassy in honor of the Year of Chopin opened a concert hall named after Frederic Chopin.
In 2011, in Russia, the Irkutsk College of Music began to bear the name of F. Chopin
3. Works by Chopin composer Mazurka For piano with ensemble or with orchestra Trio for piano, violin and cello Op. 8 g-moll (1829)
Variations on a theme from the opera "Don Juan" Op. 2 B-dur (1827)
Rondo a la Krakowiak Op. 14 (1828)
"Great Fantasy on Polish Themes" Op. 13 (1829-1830)
Concerto for piano and orchestra Op. 11 e-moll (1830)
Concerto for piano and orchestra Op. 21 f-moll (1829)
Andante spianato and the next Big Brilliant Polonaise, Op. 22 (1830-1834)
Cello Sonata Op. 65 g-moll (1845-1846)
Polonaise for cello Op. 3
Mazurkas (58)
Op. 6 - 4 mazurkas: fis-moll, cis-moll, E-major, es-moll (1830)
Op. 7 - 5 mazurkas: B major, a minor, f minor, As major, C major (1830-1831)
Op. 17 - 4 mazurkas: B major, e minor, As major, a minor (1832-1833)
Op. 24 - 4 mazurkas: g-minor, C-major, A-major, b-minor
Op. 30 - 4 mazurkas: c-moll, h-moll, Des-major, cis-moll (1836-1837)
Op. 33 - 4 mazurkas: gis-minor, D-major, C-major, h-minor (1837-1838)
Op. 41 - 4 mazurkas: cis-moll, e-moll, H-major, As-major
Op. 50 - 3 mazurkas: G-major, As-major, cis-moll (1841-1842)
Op. 56 - 3 mazurkas: H major, C major, c minor (1843)
Op. 59 - 3 mazurkas: a-minor, As-major, fis-moll (1845)
Op. 63 - 3 mazurkas: H major, f minor, cis minor (1846)
Op. 67 - 4 mazurkas: G major, g minor, C major, No. 4 a minor 1846 (1848?)
Op. 68 - 4 mazurkas: C major, a minor, F major, no. 4 in f minor (1849)
Polonaises (16)
Op. 26 No. 1 cis-moll; No. 2 es-moll (1833-1835)
Op. 40 # 1 A-dur (1838); No. 2 c-moll (1836-1839)
Op. 44 fis-moll (1840-1841)
Op. 53 As-major (Heroic) (1842)
Op. 61 As-major, "Fantasy Polonaise" (1845-1846)
WoO. No. 1 d-moll (1827); No. 2 B major (1828); No. 3 in f-moll (1829)
Nocturnes (total 21)
Op. 9 b-moll, Es-dur, H-dur (1829-1830)
Op. 15 F major, Fis major (1830-1831), g minor (1833)
Op. 27 cis-moll, Des-dur (1834-1835)
Op. 32 As-major (1836-1837)
Op. 37 No. 2 G-dur (1839)
Op. 48 c-moll, fis-moll (1841)
Op. 55 f-moll, Es-dur (1843)
Op. 62 No. 1 H-dur, No. 2 E-dur (1846)
Op. 72 e-moll (1827)
Op. posth. cis-moll (1830), c-moll
Waltzes (17)
Op. 18 "Big Brilliant Waltz" E-dur (1831)
Op. 34 No. 1 "Brilliant Waltz" As-major (1835)
Op. 34 No. 2 a-moll (1831)
Op. 34 No. 3 "Brilliant Waltz" F-dur
Op. 42 "Grand Waltz" A-dur
Op. 64 No. 1 Des-dur (1847)
Op. 64 No. 2 cis-moll (1846-1847)
Op. 64 No. 3 As-dur
Op. 69 No. 1 As-dur
Op. 69 No. 10 B-moll
Op. 70 No. 1 Ges-dur
Op. 70 No. 2 f-moll
Op. 70 No. 2 Des-dur
Op. posth. e-moll, E-dur, a-moll
Preludes (total 24)
24 Preludes Op. 28 (1836-1839)
Prelude cis-moll op "," 45 (1841)
Impromptu (total 4)
Op. 29 As-major (circa 1837)
Op, 36 Fis-dur (1839)
Op. 51 Ges-dur (1842)
Op. 66 "Impromptu Fantasy" cis-moll (1834)
Sketches (total 27)
Op. 10 C major, a minor, E major, cis minor, Ges major, es minor, C major, F major, f minor, As major, Es major, c minor (1828 -1832)
Op. 25 As major, f minor, F major, a minor, e minor, gis minor, cis minor, Des major, Ges major, h minor, a minor, c minor (1831 -1836)
WoO f-moll, Des-major, As-major (1839)
Scherzo (total 4)
Op. 20 h-moll (1831-1832)
Op. 31 b-moll (1837)
Op. 39 cis-moll (1838-1839)
Op. 54 E-dur (1841-1842)
Ballads (total 4)
Op. 23 g-moll (1831-1835)
Op. 38 F-dur (1836-1839)
Op. 47 As-dur (1840-1841)
Op. 52 f-moll (1842)
Piano Sonatas (total 3)
Op. 4 No. 1, c-moll (1828)
Op. 35 No. 2 b-moll (1837-1839).
Or. 58 No. 3 h-moll (1844)
Others Fantasy Op. 49 f-moll (1840-1841)
Barcarole Op. 60 Fis-dur (1845-1846)
Lullaby Op. 57 Des-dur (1843)
Concert Allegro Op. 46 A-dur
Tarantella Op. 43 As-major
Bolero Op. 19 C-dur
Other works Sonata for cello and piano Op. 65
Songs Op. 74
Conclusion
Chopin's composing technique is very unconventional and in many ways deviates from the rules and techniques adopted in his era. Chopin was an unsurpassed creator of melodies, he was one of the first to introduce into Western music the previously unknown Slavic modal and intonational elements and thus undermined the inviolability of the classical harmonic system that had developed by the end of the 18th century. The same goes for rhythm: using the formulas of Polish dances, Chopin enriched Western music with new rhythmic patterns. He developed purely individual - laconic, self-contained musical forms that best corresponded to the nature of his equally distinctive melodic, harmonic, rhythmic language.
Small Piano Pieces: These pieces can be roughly divided into two groups: predominantly “European” in melody, harmony, rhythm, and distinctly “Polish” in color. The first group includes most of the etudes, preludes, scherzos, nocturnes, ballads, impromptu, rondos and waltzes. Specifically Polish are mazurkas and polonaises.
Chopin composed about three dozen etudes, the purpose of which is to help the pianist overcome specific artistic or technical difficulties (for example, in performing passages in parallel octaves or thirds). These exercises are among the composer's highest achievements: like Bach's. To a well-tempered clavier, Chopin's etudes are first of all brilliant music, moreover, brilliantly revealing the capabilities of the instrument; didactic tasks fade into the background here, often they are not even remembered.
Although Chopin first mastered the genres of piano miniature, he did not limit himself to them. So, during the winter spent in Mallorca, he created a cycle of 24 preludes in all major and minor keys. The cycle is built on the principle "from small to large": the first preludes are laconic vignettes, the last are real dramas, the range of moods - from complete serenity to violent impulses. Chopin wrote 4 scherzos: these large-scale pieces, full of courage and energy, occupy an honorable place among the masterpieces of world piano literature. He wrote more than twenty nocturnes - beautiful, dreamy, poetic, deeply lyrical revelations. Chopin is the author of several ballads (this is his only programmatic genre); impromptu, rondo are also presented in his work; his waltzes are especially popular.
"Polish" genres: Chopin impressed Paris with his original mazurkas and polonaises, genres that reflect Slavic dance rhythms and the harmonious language typical of Polish folklore. These charming, colorful pieces first introduced the Slavic element to Western European music, which gradually but inevitably changed the harmonic, rhythmic and melodic schemes that the great classics of the 18th century. left to their followers. Chopin composed more than fifty mazurkas (their prototype is a Polish dance with a three-beat rhythm, similar to a waltz) - small pieces in which typical melodic and harmonic turns sound in Slavic, and sometimes something oriental is heard in them. Like almost everything written by Chopin, mazurkas are very pianistic and require great art from the performer - even if they do not contain obvious technical difficulties. Polonaises are larger than mazurkas both in length and texture. A fantasy polonaise and a polonaise known as "military" would be enough to secure Chopin one of the first places among the most original and skillful authors of piano music.
Large forms: From time to time, Chopin turned to large forms of music. Perhaps his highest achievement in this area should be considered an excellently constructed and very convincing in terms of dramaturgy fantasy in F minor, composed in 1840-1841. In this work, Chopin found a model of form that fully corresponded to the nature of the thematic material he had chosen, and thus solved a problem that was beyond the power of many of his contemporaries. Instead of following the classical patterns of sonata form, he allows the idea of the composition, the melodic, harmonic, rhythmic characteristics of the material to determine the structure of the whole and the ways of development. In the Barcarole, Chopin's only work of this genre (1845-1846), the whimsical, flexible melody in the 6/8 meter, characteristic of the songs of Venetian gondoliers, varies against the background of an unchanging accompaniment figure (in the left hand).
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