The meaning of the word Cicero in the large Russian encyclopedic dictionary. Marcus Tullius Cicero - short biography of Marcus Tullius Cicero years of life
Marcus Tullius Cicero (lat. Marcus Tullius Cicero). Born January 3, 106 BC. e. in Arpinum - died December 7, 43 BC. e. in Formia. An ancient Roman politician and philosopher, a brilliant orator.
Cicero was born into a family belonging to the equestrian class in the small town of Arpina, located more than a hundred kilometers southeast of Rome. When the future speaker was 15 years old, his father, who dreamed of a political career for his sons Mark and Quintus, moved with his family to Rome to give the boys a good education.
Wanting to become a judicial orator, young Mark studied the works of Greek poets, was interested in Greek literature, studied eloquence from the famous orators Mark Antony and Lucius Licinius Crassus, and also listened and commented on the famous tribune Publius Sulpicius Rufus speaking at the forum. The orator needed to know Roman law, and Cicero studied it with the popular lawyer of the time, Quintus Mucius Scaevola.
Having an excellent command of the Greek language, Cicero became acquainted with Greek philosophy thanks to his closeness with the Epicurean Phaedrus of Athens, the Stoic Diodorus Cronus and the head of the New Academic School Philo. From him Marcus Tullius learned dialectics - the art of debate and argumentation.
The first speech that has come down to us is Cicero, created in 81 BC. e., “In Defense of Quinctius,” the purpose of which was the return of illegally seized property, brought the speaker his first success. In it, he adhered to the Asian style, the canons of which corresponded to the work of Cicero’s well-known rival Quintus Hortensius Gortal.
More more success The speaker delivered a speech “In Defense of Russia,” in which he was forced to talk about the state of affairs in the state, where, in his words, “they have forgotten how not only to forgive misdeeds, but also to investigate crimes.” This difficult case of a modest native of the province of Russia, unfairly accused by relatives of the murder of his own father, was in fact a lawsuit between representatives of the ancient Roman families, who lost their influence under the Sullan regime (approx. 82-79 BC), and the rootless henchmen of the dictator.
It is important to note that Cicero personally visited Ameria and investigated the circumstances of the crime on the spot, as a result of which he asked the court for 108 days to prepare the trial. Such preparation was a decent reason for departure, since already in the process of Roscius, Cicero showed himself to be a talented student of the Greeks and the famous rhetorician Apollonius Molon, from whom the young orator was educated in Rome. It is necessary to point out that Cicero’s speech “In Defense of Roscius” is structured according to all the rules of oratory - with complaints about the youth and inexperience of the defense attorney, exhortations to the judges, direct speeches on behalf of the accused, as well as a refutation of the prosecution’s arguments.
It is also important that in debunking the statements of the accuser Gaius Erutius, who was trying to prove that Roscius was a parricide, Cicero resorted to the Greek art of atopoeia, which relied on the characteristics of the accused, who could not have committed such a terrible act.
In 75 BC. e. Cicero was elected quaestor and received an appointment to Sicily, where he supervised the export of grain during a period of grain shortage in Rome. With his justice and honesty, he earned the respect of the Sicilians, but in Rome his successes were practically unnoticed.
In August 70 BC. e. Cicero made a series of speeches against the propraetor of Sicily, a supporter of Sulla, Gaius Licinius Verres, who during his three years as governor (73-71 BC) plundered the province and executed many of its inhabitants. The matter was complicated by the fact that in this year Cicero applied for the position of aedile, and his opponent Verres was supported by both senior magistrates (consul Hortensius, the famous orator who agreed to act as a defender at the trial, and Verres’ friend consul Quintus Metellus), as well as the chairman of the court, praetor Marcus Metellus . “Everything is provided so that nothing can harm Verres,” wrote Cicero.
In 63 BC. e. Cicero was elected to the post of consul, being the first "new man" to achieve this post in the previous 30 years. His election was facilitated by the fact that his rival, Catiline, openly spoke about his readiness for revolutionary changes if he received the post of consul. This greatly worried the Romans, and preference was eventually given to Cicero.
In 60 BC. e. , Pompey and Crassus joined forces to seize power, forming the First Triumvirate. Recognizing Cicero's talents and popularity, they made several attempts to win him over to their side. Cicero hesitated and refused, preferring to remain loyal to the Senate and the ideals of the Republic. However, this left him open to attacks from opponents, including the tribune Clodius, who had disliked Cicero since the orator testified against him at his trial.
Clodius sought the passage of a law condemning an official who executed a Roman citizen without trial to exile. The law was directed primarily against Cicero. Cicero turned to Pompey and other influential persons for support, but did not receive it; in addition, he was subjected to physical persecution by Clodius' followers. In April 58 BC. e. he was forced to go into voluntary exile and leave Italy. In his absence, the law was passed, his property was confiscated, and his houses were burned. The exile had an extremely depressing effect on Cicero; he thought about suicide.
In September 57 BC. e. Pompey took a tougher position towards Clodius (the reason for this was the attacks of the tribune). Pompey drove him out of the forum and achieved the return of Cicero from exile with the help of the people's tribune Titus Annius Milo.
Soon after returning from exile, Cicero withdrew from active political life. He indulges in the legal profession and literary activity. In 55 he wrote the dialogue “On the Orator”, in 54 he began work on the essay “On the State”.
In 51 BC. e. He was appointed by lot as governor of Cilicia, where he successfully ruled, put an end to the rebellion of the Cappadocians without resorting to weapons, and also defeated the robber tribes of Aman, for which he received the title of “emperor.”
Returning to Rome, Cicero found the confrontation between Caesar and Pompey worsening after the death of Crassus. During the civil war, Cicero, after much hesitation, took the side of Pompey, but understood that at this stage the question was no longer whether Rome would be a republic or an empire, but who - Caesar or Pompey - would be emperor, and considered both options deplorable for the state.
After the Battle of Pharsalus (48 BC), Cicero refused the command of Pompey's army offered to him, and after a skirmish with Pompey the Younger and other military leaders who accused him of treason, he moved to Brundisium. There he met with Caesar and was forgiven by him. During the reign of Caesar, he left the political scene of Rome, unable to come to terms with dictatorship, and began writing and translating philosophical treatises.
After the assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BC. e. Cicero returned to politics, deciding that with the death of the dictator, the republic could be restored. For this reason, the last cycle of speeches was created - “Philippics against Mark Antony”, which returned the speaker to his former popularity. Cicero named these speeches so in imitation of the speeches of Demosthenes, in which he denounced King Philip II of Macedon. September 2, 44 BC e. Cicero came out with the “First Philippic against Mark Antony,” in which the speaker not only questions the laws introduced by Antony, but also proves that they have nothing to do with Caesar’s policies, because, according to Cicero, if you ask the dictator himself, “what exactly what he did in Rome, wearing a toga, he would answer that he passed many laws and, moreover, beautiful ones.”
It is important to note that this is not a eulogy for the deceased dictator, but a tribute to him as a patriot of the state; As for the assessment of Caesar's activities as a politician, Cicero considers it antisocial and immoral; he calls his murderers “liberators of the fatherland,” their act “the greatest and most beautiful deed.” In this speech, Cicero intends to “freely express everything he thinks about the state of the state.” This was the greatest act of civic courage, for an experienced politician who had lived his life in the Roman Forum, Cicero could not help but understand that Antony posed a much greater danger both to the state and to him personally than Catiline. However, the speaker accepted the challenge and brought his struggle to the end. Cicero responded to Antony's speech in the Senate on September 19 with a pamphlet, “Second Philippica against Mark Antony,” written in the form of a speech. The genius of Cicero here is restrained, powerful and beautiful in its proportionality. The entire palette of oratorical techniques and rhetorical tricks is presented in its best manifestations. Moreover, despite the fact that Cicero begins with an apology for himself, this apology is presented as a defender of the rule of law and civil interests, who defends his position only with the help of eloquence.
It is extremely important to note that Antony’s state activity, according to Cicero, is a crime against Roman freedom even more serious than the crimes of the “tyrant” Caesar, who “was distinguished by his talent, intelligence, memory, education, perseverance, ability to think through his plans, perseverance.”
According to Cicero, Antony was the one who provoked the worst deeds of the future dictator, for he and the consul Gaius Curio gave Caesar "the pretext for declaring war on his fatherland." “Like Helen for the Trojans, so Mark Antony became the cause of war, pestilence and death for our state,” the speaker emphasizes. Confident of victory and convinced of the impending liberation of Rome, Cicero could not expect betrayal on the part of Octavian Augustus, Caesar's nephew and heir, who entered into an agreement with the defeated Mark Antony and Mark Aemilius Lepidus, and, forming the Second Triumvirate, they moved troops to Rome . Deprived of protection, the Senate recognized their power. Antony ensured that Cicero’s name was included in the proscription lists of “enemies of the people,” which the triumvirs published immediately after the formation of the union.
Cicero tried to escape to Greece, but the assassins overtook him on December 7, 43 BC. e., not far from his Tuscullan villa. When Cicero noticed the killers catching up with him, he ordered the slaves carrying him: “Place the palanquin right there,” and then, sticking his head out from behind the curtain, put his neck under the sword of the centurion sent to kill him. Severed head and hands best writer of the "golden age" of Roman literature were delivered to Antony and then placed on the oratorical platform of the forum. According to legend, Antony's wife Fulvia stuck pins into the tongue of the dead head, and then, as Plutarch says, “the head and hands were ordered to be placed on the oratorical dais, above the ship’s bows, to the horror of the Romans, who thought they saw not the face of Cicero, but the image of Anthony's soul..."
Dedicated a poem to Cicero. In it the author tries to console literary hero, who regrets the decline of Rome, in that he can consider himself exalted by the gods, since he witnessed such a great and tragic historical moment.
The Roman orator spoke
Amid civil storms and anxiety:
“I got up late - and on the road
Rome was caught at night!”
So!.. But, saying goodbye to Roman glory,
From the Capitoline Heights
You saw it in all its greatness
The sunset of her bloody star!..
Blessed is he who has visited this world
His moments are fatal!
He was called by the all-good
As a companion at a feast.
He is a spectator of their high spectacles,
He was admitted to their council -
And alive, like a celestial being,
Immortality drank from their cup!
After the death of Caesar, speaking for the republic as the leader of the Senate party, he energetically attacked Antony, and he achieved the inclusion of Cicero’s name in the proscription lists. Persons included in these lists were declared outlaws, and anyone who killed or betrayed these people received a reward, their property was confiscated, and slaves received freedom.
Cicero learned that he was outlawed while he was with his brother Quintus on his estate near Tusculum. “...They decided,” writes Plutarch, “to go to Astura, the seaside estate of Cicero, and from there to sail to Macedonia to Brutus, for there were already rumors that he had large forces. They set off, overwhelmed with grief, in a stretcher; stopping at path and, placing the stretcher side by side, they bitterly complained to each other. Quintus was especially worried, thinking about their helplessness, for, said Quintus, he had not taken anything with him, and Cicero had a meager supply. So, it would be better if Cicero will outstrip him in flight, and he will catch up with him, taking what he needs from the house. So they decided, and then they embraced goodbye and parted in tears. And so, a few days later. Quintus, given out by slaves to the people who were looking for him, was killed along with son. And Cicero, brought to Astura and finding a ship there, immediately boarded it and sailed, taking advantage of a fair wind, to Circe.
The helmsmen wanted to immediately sail from there, but Cicero, either because he was afraid of the sea or had not yet completely lost faith in Caesar, got off the ship and walked 100 stades, as if heading to Rome, and then, in confusion, again changed his mind and went down to the sea in Astra. Here he spent the night in terrible thoughts about his hopeless situation, so that it even occurred to him to secretly sneak into Caesar’s house and, committing suicide at his hearth, bring the spirit of vengeance upon him; and the fear of torment distracted him from this step. And again grasping at other disorderly plans he had come up with, he allowed his slaves to take him by sea to Caieta, where he had an estate - a pleasant refuge in the summer, when the trade winds blow so caressingly. In this place there is also a small temple of Apollo, rising above the sea. While Cicero's ship was rowing towards the shore, a flock of ravens, rising from the temple, flew towards him, cawing. Having settled along the shore, some of them continued to croak, others pecked at the fastenings of the gear, and this seemed to everyone a bad omen.
So, Cicero went ashore and, entering his villa, lay down to rest. Many crows sat on the window, emitting loud cries, and one of them, flying onto the bed, began to gradually pull off the cloak with which he had covered himself from Cicero’s face. And the slaves, seeing this, reproachfully asked themselves whether they would really wait until they witnessed the murder of their master and protected him, while the animals helped him and took care of him in his undeserved misfortune. Acting either by requests or by compulsion, they carried him in a stretcher to the sea.
At the same time, the murderers appeared, the centurion Herennius and the military tribune Popillius, whom Cicero had once defended in a trial on charges of parricide; There were also servants with them. Finding the doors locked, they forced them open. Cicero was not there, and the people who were in the house claimed that they had not seen him. Then, they say, a certain young man, a freedman of Quintus, Cicero’s brother, named Philologist, educated by Cicero in the studies of literature and science, pointed the tribune at people with stretchers, along densely planted, shady paths heading towards the sea. The tribune, taking several people with him, ran around the garden to the exit; Cicero, seeing Herennius running along the paths, ordered the slaves to place the stretcher right there, and he himself, as was his habit, holding his chin with his left hand, stubbornly looked at the murderers; his neglected appearance, overgrown hair and face, worn out from care, inspired regret, so that almost all those present covered their faces while Herennius killed him. He stuck his neck out of the stretcher and was stabbed to death.
He died at the age of sixty-four. Then Herennius, following the orders of Antony, cut off Cicero's head and hands, with which he wrote the Philippics: Cicero himself called his speeches against Antony the Philippics.
The same Brutus who took part in the murder of Caesar.
That is, in Antony; The name Caesar was included in the title of the supreme rulers of the Roman Empire.
Cicero, Marcus Tullius - famous Roman statesman and orator, was born on January 3, 106 BC in Arpin in the family of a horseman, died on December 7, 43 on an estate near Formia.
Having received his initial education in Rome, the young Cicero devoted himself to the study of rhetoric and philosophy. He first acted as an orator in civil trials; his earliest surviving speech is for P. Quinctius (81). The beginning of Cicero's fame began with a speech delivered in one criminal trial in favor of S. Roscius of Amerii (Amerian), with which he spoke against one of Sulla's protégés. To improve his health and continue his philosophical and rhetorical education, Cicero undertook a two-year journey to Greece and Asia in 79. Returning to Rome, he was quaestor in Lilybaeum in Sicily in 75 and gained more and more fame in Rome thanks to his oratorical talent. Since the trial against the former praetor in Sicily Verres (70), he began to be considered the first orator. In 69, Cicero held the position of curule aedile, and in 66, as a praetor, he contributed with his first political speech (in favor of the law of Manilius) to the awarding of the main command to Pompey in the third war against Mithridates.
Marcus Tullius Cicero
From his wife Terence, whom he divorced after 38 years of marriage in 46, Cicero had two children: a daughter, Tullia, who, to her father’s great grief, died in 45 in a third unhappy marriage, and a son, Mark. This Mark initially participated in the civil war against the second triumvirate, but then went over to Octavian’s side and received the post of consul from him.
A cunning politician, a clever lawyer, a famous philosopher, a brilliant orator, Marcus Tullius Cicero left a deep mark on history. Indeed, his very name eventually became a household name. Today, any speaker is glad to hear the phrase “real Cicero!” - the highest praise for a talented speech.
Many random sayings of Cicero, made by him more than two thousand years ago, play the role of aphorisms in our lives. And although over the centuries he has been assessed differently, the personality of Marcus Tullius cannot be characterized unambiguously, it was so multifaceted.
Years of study
Cicero's family could not boast of nobility. The great-grandfather of the great orator was a peasant and was engaged in gardening. Probably, then, due to the nature of his occupation, he received the nickname “cicero” (a variety of pea), which stuck with his descendants.
By the time in January 106 BC. e. Marcus Tullius was born, the family was already wealthy and belonged to the class of horsemen. The funds allowed Cicero's father to give his sons a good education, common for the aristocracy. In Rome it was called Hellenic and included the study of languages, logic, philosophy, rhetoric and jurisprudence.
Already at an early age, Marcus Tullius Cicero surprised teachers with his phenomenal abilities. He spoke Greek perfectly, recited perfectly and had an exceptional memory. A special role in his life was subsequently played by Roman law, which he was taught by Quintus Mucius Scaevola, and rhetoric, which he mastered under the guidance of Crassus.
Career choice
After completing his studies, Cicero completed military service, mandatory for a Roman citizen, for a year. During this time, he became convinced that he did not have the talent of a military leader, so he had to choose a different career for himself.
He focuses on law, and the very first case he handled as a lawyer brought him fame. Marcus Tullius Cicero undertook to defend Roscius, accused by Chrysagon, a friend of the dictator Sulla. In essence, this meant a death sentence, but the 27-year-old lawyer, thanks to his brilliant defense, saved the accused. True, he himself had to flee to Athens to escape Sulla’s revenge.
He traveled extensively throughout Greece, studied at various philosophical schools, and honed his natural eloquence by listening to outstanding speakers. All the skills acquired in voluntary exile soon came in very handy.
Beginning of political activity
Returning to Rome after the death of Sulla, Cicero married Terence, who came from a rich and noble family. After the wedding, he set about implementing the plans he had hatched during his stay in Greece. It was about a political career.
The first position received by Cicero was that of quaestor - the manager of the region. In his case, it was western Sicily. Marcus Tullius Cicero established himself as a reasonable, and most importantly, honest quaestor, for which the Sicilians sent him gifts for a long time.
The next steps of it political career The positions of aedile and praetor became. He becomes popular in Rome, where he organizes holidays for residents at his own expense and fights corruption. Finally, in 63 BC. e. The peak of Cicero's political career comes - he is elected consul.
The killing power of words
In his consular post, Cicero became famous for his famous speech against the Catiline conspiracy. In the era of the late Roman Republic, such plots became its characteristic feature, therefore, there were many contenders for establishing sole rule.
However, the political concept of Marcus Tullius Cicero continued to remain republican. He categorically rejected the idea of a strong central government, continuing to defend democratic rule, which had already become obsolete in the vast Roman Empire. For this reason, he denounced the conspirators so vehemently.
The four speeches that Cicero made in the Senate have remained for centuries. Moreover, the scale of the conspiracy was exaggerated, and rumors about Catiline’s vices were presented as facts that did not require proof. Impressed by Cicero's eloquence, the frightened senators decided to arrest the conspirators.
Violating republican norms, their trial was carried out quickly, and the execution took place without waiting for a verdict approved by the people's assembly. Thus, in the case of the Catiline conspiracy, Cicero himself neglected the norms that he so fiercely defended.
The Tyrant's Generosity
The Romans greeted the execution of the conspirators with enthusiasm. However, not all. Julius Caesar, Crassus and Pompey, who created the first triumvirate three years later, did not share such a fierce struggle for republican ideals, moreover, with violations of the law.
Therefore, Marcus Tullius Cicero, whose statements led to the death of Catiline, was forced to flee Rome. During these years, he actively corresponded with his friend Atticus, who had gone to the north of Greece away from political intrigues. But in Rome itself there was turmoil, the city was on the verge of civil war, and the Senate asked Cicero to return.
The first triumvirate, as we know, ended with the dictatorship of Caesar. Cicero, an opponent of tyranny, again goes into voluntary exile. However, life away from the political events taking place in Rome seems insipid to him. Overcoming fear, the speaker meets Caesar and receives his generous forgiveness.
Fatal philippics
Finding himself in the thick of political events in Rome, Cicero bets on Pompey. To his great regret, the latter was defeated by Caesar, and the speaker himself fled from the camp, saving his life. From that moment on, his political ambitions came to an end.
When Julius Caesar was killed, Cicero, forgetting about the mercy shown to him earlier, rejoiced at the death of the tyrant. There is no direct evidence of his participation in the conspiracy, however, he undoubtedly bears indirect responsibility for the murder of Caesar, because he so zealously denounced the latter’s dictatorship in his speeches.
In fact, it was eloquence that destroyed Cicero. He now directed his lengthy philippics, pronounced in the Senate, against Mark Antony, presenting him as a liar, a coward and simply a stupid ruler. These speeches were supplemented and published by Cicero's old friend Atticus.
A new flight was about to take place, this time unsuccessful. Marcus Tullius Cicero, whose biography is a fascinating read historical novel, was killed by order of Mark Antony right in his own stretcher.
Works of Cicero
After the death of the famous speaker, many of his speeches, letters, as well as works devoted to rhetoric and philosophical problems. All of Cicero's works were written in classical Latin, of which he is often called the creator.
In treatises on rhetoric, for example “On the Orator,” he examines issues of style and the problem of the ideal philosopher-rhetorician. Special mention should be made of his famous philosophical works.
Thus, Marcus Tullius Cicero devoted “On Laws” to the topic of a model state. In fact, in this treatise he combined Greek philosophy with Roman state practice.
According to his views, the task of a true republic is to guarantee the equality of all citizens before the law. Rejecting private privileges, he insisted on fairness for all.
Lasting influence
Cicero wrote many of his works in exile. They glorified him not only during his lifetime. Centuries later, the philosophical treatises of the ancient Roman pagan had a huge influence on Christian authors.
Reading Jerome, it is easy to notice who his teacher was - Marcus Tullius Cicero. Quotes from his works are often found in the works of this Father of the Church, and he even borrowed some of the speaker’s philosophical thoughts.
However, Cicero's most ardent admirer was, of course, Petrarch. It was he who found a number of his works, in particular correspondence with Titus Atticus.
As already noted, many of the sayings of the ancient Roman orator are still widely used. Who among us has not heard the phrases: “paper will endure everything”, “oh times, oh morals!”, “quid pro quo”, “hold the reins of power in your hands.”
Cicero Marcus Tullius Cicero (3.1.106 BC, Arpinum, - 7.12.43 BC, near Caieta, modern Gaeta), ancient Roman political figure, speaker, writer. From the class of horsemen (See Horsemen) .
He entered political life as a “new man”, owing everything only to himself and his oratorical gift. First performed in 81-80 BC. e. with opposition to Sulla's dictatorship (See Sulla) ;
his first great success was his participation in 70 in the high-profile trial against the Sullan Verres; made his first political speech in 66 in support of G. Pompey (See Pompey). The pinnacle of C.'s successes was the consulate in 63 (his discovery of the Catiline conspiracy (See Catiline) ,
leading role in the Senate). With the formation of the 1st Triumvirate (60), C.'s influence fell; in 58-57 he even had to go into exile, then support G. Pompey and Caesar (See Caesar) in 56-50; after their breakup (in 49), Ts. tried to act as a reconciliator during the civil war 49-47; With the victory of Caesar (at 47), he retired from politics. Only after the assassination of Caesar in 44 C., overcoming hesitations, he again entered the political struggle as the leader of the Senate and the Republicans. His 14 speeches date back to this time - “philippic” against M. Anthony (See Antony). In 43, when the Senate was defeated in the fight against the 2nd triumvirate (M. Antony, Octavian Augustus, Lepidus) ,
Ts.'s name was included in the proscription lists; died among the first victims of the repressions of Anthony and Octavian Augustus. The political ideal of C. is a “mixed state system” (a state combining elements of monarchy, aristocracy and democracy, the model of which C. considered the Roman Republic of the 3rd - early 2nd centuries BC), supported by the “harmony of estates”, “unanimity of all worthy” (that is, such a bloc of the Senate and equestrian classes against democracy and pretenders to monarchical power, which rallied C. against the conspiracy of Catiline). The human ideal of Ts. is “the first man of the republic,” “the pacifier,” “the guardian and trustee” in times of crisis, combining Greek philosophical theory and Roman political (oratorical) practice. Ts considered himself an example of such a figure. The philosophical ideal of Ts. is a combination of theoretical skepticism, which does not know the truth, allowing only probability, with practical stoicism, strictly following moral duty, coinciding with the public good and world law. Ts.’s oratorical ideal is “abundance,” conscious mastery of all means capable of interest, persuasion, and captivation of the listener; These funds come in three styles - high, medium and simple. Each style is characterized by its own degree of purity of vocabulary (freedom from archaisms, vulgarisms, etc.) and harmony of syntax (rhetorical periods). Thanks to the development of these means, Ts. became one of the creators and classics of the Latin literary language. From C.'s writings, 58 speeches have been preserved (not counting excerpts) - political (against Catiline, Anthony, etc.) and mainly judicial; 19 treatises (partly in dialogical form) on rhetoric, politics (“On the State.” “On Laws”), practical philosophy (“Tusculan Conversations”, “On Duties”, etc.), theoretical philosophy (“On the Limits of Good and Evil” ”, “On the nature of the gods”, etc.); over 800 letters - an important psychological document, a monument to the Latin spoken language and a source of information about the era civil wars in Rome. Op. in Russian Transl.: Favorites soch., M., 1975; Speeches, trans. V. Gorenshtein, vol. 1-2, M., 1962; Complete collection of speeches, trans. edited by F. Zelinsky, vol. 1, St. Petersburg, 1901; Dialogues. About the state. On laws, M., 1966; About old age. About friendship. On responsibilities, trans. V. Gorenshteina, M., 1975; Letters, trans. and comments by V. Gorenshtein, vol. 1-3, M.-L., 1949-1951; Three Treatises on Oratory, trans. edited by M. Gasparova, M., 1972. Lit.: Utchenko S. L., Cicero and his time, M., 1972; Cicero. Sat. articles [ed. F. Petrovsky], M., 1958; Cicero. 2000 years since death. Sat. articles, M., 1959; Boissier G., Cicero and His Friends, trans. from French, M., 1914; Zielinski Th., Cicero im Wandel der Jahrhunderte, 3 Aufl., Lpz. - B., 1912; Kumaniecki K., Cyceron i jego współczesni, , 1959; Maffii M., Ciceron et son drame politique, P., 1961; Smith R. E., Cicero the statesman, Camb., 1966. M. L. Gasparov.
Big Soviet encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .
Synonyms:See what "Cicero" is in other dictionaries:
- (Cicero) Marcus Tullius (106 43 BC) Rome. orator and statesman, rhetorical theorist, classicist of Latin. artistic and philosophical prose. As a philosopher, he was formed under the influence of the ideas of the syncretic philosophy of Hellenism, having been influenced by... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia
CICERO- CICERO (Cicero) Marcus Tullius (106^43 BC), Roman statesman, orator and writer, who first made Latin language a full-fledged means of expressing philosophical ideas. Without being an original thinker, the founder of philosophical... Ancient philosophy
CICERO Dictionary-reference book for Ancient Greece and Rome, according to mythology
CICERO- Marcus Tullius (106 43. BC) “New Man” from Arpina, Cicero was educated in Rome and Athens. He quickly became the greatest orator of his time. As consul, he suppressed Catiline's conspiracy, and this was best time in his political... List of Ancient Greek names
I. Cicero, Marcus Tullius; Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 106 43 BC e., Roman orator, philosopher, politician. Born in Arpin in Latium, he came from a wealthy equestrian family. Together with his younger brother Quintus (see here below Quintus Tullius... ... Ancient writers
Cm … Synonym dictionary
Cicero- Cicero. CICERO (Cicero) Marcus Tullius (106-43 BC), Roman orator and writer. Supporter of the republican system. Of the works, 58 judicial and political speeches, 19 treatises on rhetoric, politics, philosophy and more than 800 letters have been preserved.... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
- (Marcus Tullius Cicero) Cicero Marcus Tullius Cicero (106 43 BC) Roman politician, orator, philosopher, writer. Originally from Arpina. He received his education in Rome and Athens. Quite quickly he became the greatest speaker of his... ... Consolidated encyclopedia of aphorisms
- (Cicero) Marcus Tullius (106 43 BC) Roman politician, philosopher, orator. Roman aedile (69), praetor (66), consul (63). Killed by political opponents. Main works: ‘Tusculan conversations’ in 5 books, ‘On the state’ (54 51), ‘On laws’ (52), ... ... History of Philosophy: Encyclopedia
- (Cicero) Marcus Tullius (106 43 BC) Roman politician, philosopher, orator. Roman aedile (69), praetor (66), consul (63). Killed by political opponents. Main works: “Tusculan Conversations” in 5 books, “On the State” (54 51), “On Laws” (52), ... ... The latest philosophical dictionary
MARK TULLius (Marcus Tullius Cicero) (106 43 BC), Roman orator and philosopher. MARK TULLIUS CICERO LIFE Cicero was born in Arpina, a small town about 100 km east of Rome, on January 3, 106 BC, into a wealthy family of a local horseman.… … Collier's Encyclopedia