The violin is a brief history of the instrument for children. History of the violin
The violin is the most common bowed instrument, enjoying incredible popularity since the 16th century as a solo and accompanying instrument in an orchestra. The violin is also called the “queen of the orchestra.”
Origin of the violin
Disputes about when and where this legendary musical instrument, do not subside to this day. Some historians suggest that the bow appeared in India, from where it came to the Arabs and Persians, and from them it passed to Europe. Over the course of musical evolution, there have been many different versions of bowed instruments that have influenced modern look violins. Among them are the Arab rebab, the German company and the Spanish fidel, the birth of which occurred in the 13th-15th centuries. It was these instruments that became the progenitors of the two main bowed instruments - the viol and the violin. Viola appeared earlier, it was of different sizes, they played it standing, holding it on their knees, and later - on their shoulders. This type of viol playing led to the appearance of the violin.
Rebab
Some sources indicate the origin of the violin from the Polish instrument skripitsa or from the Russian skripli, the appearance of which dates back to the 15th century. For a long time, the violin was considered a common instrument and did not sound solo. It was played by wandering musicians, and the main place for its sound was taverns and taverns.
Violin transformation
In the 16th century, Italian craftsmen who were engaged in the production of viols and lutes began making violins. They put the instrument into perfect shape and filled it with the best materials. Gasparo Bertolotti is considered the first master to make the first modern violin. The main contribution to the transformation and production of Italian violins was made by the Amati family. They made the timbre of the violin sound deeper and more delicate, and the character of the sound more multifaceted. The main task They executed the task that the masters set for themselves excellently - the violin, like the human voice, had to accurately convey emotions and feelings through music. A little later, there in Italy, they worked all over the world to improve the sound of the violin. famous masters Guarneri and Stradivari, whose instruments today are valued at entire fortunes.
Stradivarius
In the 17th century, the violin became a solo member of the orchestra. In a modern orchestra, there are about 30% violinists of the total number of musicians. The range and beauty of the sound of a musical instrument is so wide that works of all genres of music are written for the violin. The world's great composers wrote many unsurpassed masterpieces, where the main solo instrument was the violin. The first work for violin was written in 1620 by the composer Marini and was called “Romanesca per violino solo e basso”.
VIOLIN. The queen of the orchestra, the violin, is the most common bowed string instrument. "She in music is just as necessary
instrument, like our daily bread in human existence,” they said about it
musicians back in the 17th century.
Violins were made in many countries around the world, but the best violin makers lived in
Italy, in the city of Cremona. Violins made by Cremonese craftsmen XVI --
18th century Amati, Guarneri and Stradivarius are still considered
unsurpassed.
The Italians sacredly kept the secrets of their craftsmanship. They knew how to make sound
violins are especially melodious and gentle, similar to the human voice.
Not many famous Italian violins have survived to this day.
a lot, but all of them are strictly registered. The best musicians in the world play them.
The body of the violin is very elegant: with smooth curves and a thin “waist”.
On the top deck there are beautiful, f-shaped cutouts, which are called f-holes.
And the size and shape of the case, and all its smallest details, even the quality of the varnish,
with which it is covered are carefully thought out. After all, everything affects the sound of a capricious
tool. A neck is attached to the body of the violin, which ends
curl. In front of the curl, there are holes in the groove into which the pegs are inserted.
They pull the strings, which on the other hand are tightly fastened to the neck. IN
in the middle of the body, approximately between the f-holes, stands on two legs
stand. Strings pass through it. There are four of them. They are called those
sounds to which they are tuned: mi, la, re and salt or bass, counting from the most
high string.
The general range of the violin is from G minor to G fourth octave. Violinist
changes the pitch of the sound by pressing the string against the fingerboard with the fingers of the left hand. To
it was convenient to play, he puts the violin on his shoulder and holds it
chin. IN right hand he holds a bow, which he moves along the strings.
The bow is also an important detail. Character largely depends on it
sound. The bow consists of a cane or shaft, at the lower end of which
block attached. It serves to stretch the hair, which on the other
sides attached to the cane motionlessly.
If we hook the string with our finger and then let it go, the sound will quickly fade away.
The bow can be drawn along the string continuously for a long time, and
The sound will also continue continuously. That's why the violin is very melodious. on her
you can perform long, flowing melodies, as they sometimes say, “on one
breathing", that is, without interrupting them with pauses or caesuras.
They say that the violin sings. Indeed, its sound is similar to a reverent
methods, so-called strokes, which are used when playing the violin.
You can play not one, but two adjacent strings at once. Then they sound
two melodies. More than two sounds cannot be produced simultaneously, since
the strings are not placed flat, but on a rounded stand. However, violinists
play chords of three and four notes with a special technique - arpeggiato, taking
sounds not simultaneously, but one after another, quickly sliding along the strings
In an orchestra, violins are the main instruments. They are entrusted with responsibility
episodes. Remember how often violins are heard singing in orchestral pieces;
sometimes broad and calm, sometimes excited, and sometimes dramatic
tense. And in the Pizzicato Polka of the brothers Johann and Joseph Strauss and
In some other works, violins are used in a completely unusual way:
performers play them not with a bow, but by plucking the strings with their fingers, like on
plucked instruments. This technique is called pizzicato.
The violin has become very widespread as a solo instrument. For
she created a variety of works - from virtuosic etudes by Paganini to
lyrical plays by Prokofiev. Many composers have written concertos for
violins with orchestra. You've probably heard the concerts of Beethoven, Mendelssohn,
Brahms, Tchaikovsky, Glazunov, Prokofiev, Shostakovich, Khachaturian.
The history of music knows the names of famous violinists. The name is surrounded by legends
the brilliant Paganini. He was accused of witchcraft because in those days,
when he lived - in the first half of the 19th century, it was impossible to believe that an ordinary
a person himself, without the help of magical power, can play so magnificently
The first bowed instruments appeared, presumably, in India at the beginning of our era. From there they migrated to the Persians, Arabs and peoples of North Africa, and later to Europe. Bowed instruments ranged from very primitive to more complex. Over time, they began to go out of use, giving way to new bowed instruments - viols.
Viols were the predecessors of the violin. They were large and small in size and played on them different ways: held between the knees during the game, placed on a support, played standing or sitting, etc. Viols, which were played while held on the shoulder, became the prototype of the violin.
Despite the external similarity of these two instruments, the differences between them are quite significant. The neck of the viol has saddles, but the neck of the violin does not have them; the viol could have from five to seven strings, but the violin has only four. But the biggest difference lies in the sound of these instruments: the viol has a muffled and soft sound, it is not suitable for playing in large concert halls, while the violin, on the contrary, has a piercing, bright sound. This is why the violin fell in love with many peoples, becoming a national instrument in countries such as Romania, Hungary, Moldova, Belarus, etc.
The appearance of the first violin dates back to the late 15th - early 16th centuries. They were first made by viol makers, and later by violin makers. In Italy, in the city of Berscia, Gasparo Bertolotti, Giovanni Paolo Magini and their students lived and made violins. Their violins acquired approximately the same appearance as modern ones, but the truly lively sound of the violins was achieved by masters from the city of Cremona. The sound of their violins was similar to the intonation of human speech, which made the violin the most perfect musical instrument. The names of Cremonese masters will forever go down in the history of the creation of musical instruments. These are Amati, Guarneri and Stradivari, whose creations are still admired by true connoisseurs of art.
Improving the violin aroused interest among musicians, who began to master this instrument and develop techniques and techniques for playing it. The most famous violin virtuosos were Nicolo Paganini, Arcangelo Corelli, Jean-Marie Leclerc and Giuseppe Tartini.
The music of the violin was so emotional and close to the people that viols eventually faded into the background, and later stopped being used altogether. Thus, the violin has taken a leading position among musical instruments to this day.
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It is generally accepted that the first stringed instrument was invented by the Indian (according to another version, Ceylonese) king Ravana, who lived about five thousand years ago. This is probably why the distant ancestor of the violin was called ravanastron. It consisted of an empty cylinder made of mulberry wood, one side of which was covered with the skin of a broad-scaled water boa constrictor. The strings were made from gazelle intestines, and the bow, curved in an arc, was made from bamboo wood. Ravanastron has been preserved to this day among wandering Buddhist monks.
The violin appeared on the professional stage at the end of the 15th century, and its “inventor” was an Italian from Bologna, Gaspar Duifopruggar. The oldest violin, made by him in 1510 for King Franz I, is kept in the Netherland collection in Aachen (Holland). The violin owes its current appearance and, of course, sound to the Italian violin makers Amati, Stradivari and Guarneri. Violins made by Magini are also highly prized. Their violins, made from well-dried and varnished maple and spruce plates, sang more beautifully than the most beautiful voices. The instruments made by these masters are still played by the best violinists in the world. Stradivarius designed a violin that is still unsurpassed, with a rich timbre and exceptional “range” - the ability to fill huge halls with sound. It had kinks and irregularities inside the body, due to which the sound was enriched due to the appearance large quantity high overtones.
The violin is the highest timbre instrument of the bow family. It consists of two main parts - the body and the neck, between which four steel strings are stretched. The main advantage of the violin is the melodiousness of the timbre. It can be used to perform both lyrical melodies and dazzling fast passages. The violin is the most common solo instrument in the orchestra.
The Italian virtuoso and composer Niccolo Paganini greatly expanded the capabilities of the violin. Subsequently, many other violinists appeared, but no one could surpass him. Wonderful works for the violin were created by Vivaldi, Bach, Mozart, Beethoven, Brahms, Tchaikovsky and others.
Oistrakh, or, as he was called, “King David,” is considered an outstanding Russian violinist.
There is an instrument that looks very similar to a violin, but a little bigger size. This is an alt.
MYSTERY
Carved in the forest, smoothly hewn,
Singing and singing, what is it called?
Many nations have a prototype of the violin. The violin acquired its modern shape and size by the sixteenth century. At the same time, the famous Italian violin maker Nicolo Amati, as well as his students Andrea Guarneri and Antonio Stradivari, also worked. Their violin is still considered the best in the world. It is believed that the great Stradivarius created about one thousand one hundred and sixteen musical instruments and many of them were even given names. Names were given in honor famous musicians who played one violin or another at one time. After all, the violin is an individual instrument and many great violinists preferred to have one single instrument that was thoroughly known to them. Each musician put his soul into his violin, and it responded in kind, producing unique melodies, incomparable in their beauty.
Violin stimulates the brain
The great scientist Albert Einstein was known as an excellent violinist, and even performed at concerts as a child. When Einstein grew up, he still loved to play the violin, claiming that it helped him think. And the well-known Conan Doyle, the brilliant detective Sherlock Holmes, played the violin, pondering his next case.
How are the violin and the mysterious smile of Gioconda connected? According to legend, Leonardo da Vinci invited violinists every time the Mona Lisa came to sit for a portrait. And the pleasure of music was forever imprinted in the smile of Gioconda.
And the smallest violin was created by a violinist from the Chinese city of Guangzhou. Its length is only one centimeter, and it took seven whole years to create. It's a shame it's not playable.
The violin is rightfully considered an instrument because the sound it produces is very expressive and beautiful. The tonality of the violin has a gentle sound that can make any person with an ear for music fall in love with it.
The violin has its origins in India, where the first instruments with a bow appeared. Although in Europe in the Middle Ages the bow was in use, and it was played on a variety of musical instruments that had strings.
In any symphony orchestra, thirty percent of musicians play violins.