Elena Stasova: family, biography, revolutionary activity. The most closed people
Stasova, Elena Dmitrievna
Stasova E. D.
(1873-1966; autobiography). - I was born in 1873, October 16 (3). I was the fifth child in the family; two sisters and two brothers were older than me. The brothers closest to me in age at home were my brothers, and the youngest in the family was also a boy. I lived in great friendship with both the eldest and the youngest, which did not stop us from fighting intensely with each other. Growing up among boys, I did not lag behind them in anything. I remember that I was very friendly with the Auerbach boys (the sons of mining engineer Alex. Andreevich Auerbach), Seryozha and Volodya, and that when their mother asked who to invite to their birthday party, they answered: “The best is Lelya Stasova, she plays better than all the boys.” into Cossack robbers."
From early childhood I retained in my memory the impression of a constantly ill mother, and even later, at the age of 9-10, I remember how she often had nervous attacks and how I had to help my older sisters bring her to her senses. My father, Dmitry Vasilyevich, a lawyer by training (he graduated from the School of Law in St. Petersburg in 1847 as a 19-year-old youth), quickly moved forward in his service in the Senate and would probably have reached high official positions, judging by the beginning, since in During the coronation of Alexander II he was a herald. However, his views and interests did not go in the direction desired by the government, and in 1861, a month after his marriage, his father was arrested for collecting signatures against the matriculation of students during the student movement and, of course, flew out of the service. Since then, he never again served in public service, but worked first as a sworn solicitor, and then as a sworn attorney. He is together with Vlad. You. Samarsky-Bykhovets, Knierim, Gaevsky, Prince and other young lawyers worked on new legal norms of the “era of great reforms,” and his father was the first chairman of the first council of sworn attorneys in Russia (in St. Petersburg). With short breaks, he remained in this post until his death in 1918, since the attorneys at law considered him the “conscience” of the class. Enormous civil practice did not prevent my father from constantly arguing in political cases both in the old courts and in the reformed ones (the trial of 50, the trial of 193, the Karakozov trial, etc.). For his activities in this direction, for the endless number of defendants whom he took on bail, my father was repeatedly subjected to arrests and searches, and in 1880 to expulsion from St. Petersburg to Tula, since Alexander II once declared that “you can’t spit , so as not to get into Stasov, he is involved in everything.” Along with his activities as a sworn attorney, he devoted a lot of time and effort to music, as he played the piano beautifully and was a highly educated musician. He, together with Anton Rubinstein and Kologrivov, founded the St. Petersburg Conservatory and the Russian Musical Society, which organized symphony concerts in St. Petersburg and in major cities until the revolution and contributed to the introduction of music in Russia.
I write so much about my father because he had a huge influence on me, and I owe him very, very much. The father approached the children surprisingly skillfully, gently, I would say femininely, but for all that he was very demanding and strict; however distinctive feature his attitude towards us was equal and always the same treatment. He prepared all of us for grammar school in geography, and I remember how diligently I prepared his lessons, since it went without saying that it was impossible to come to his lesson without knowing what was unmistakably assigned. My father read a lot and had a huge library, which we used widely. When reading newspapers and magazines, my father always noted interesting articles and notes and pointed them out to us. In his youth, he studied political economy a lot, and his library contained all the classics of bourgeois political economy, who were also my first teachers. In the 1900s, when the Social-Democratic movement. began to play a major role in public life, my father began to feel a gap in his knowledge. I remember how he once turned to me with a request to explain to him the difference in the Social-Democratic program. and s.-r. and after that he concluded: “I need to read Marx, otherwise you’re groping around.”
Besides him, my uncle, Vladimir Vasilyevich Stasov, my father’s brother, a music and art critic, had a great influence on me. I have preserved his letters to me, dating back to my childhood, and one must be amazed at how this extremely educated man, engaged in major scientific and artistic work, knew how to approach a child without imitating childish language, but combining sweet chatter with serious artistic and broad humanitarian issues. Undoubtedly, he contributed greatly to the development of self-criticism and endurance in me.
Until the age of 13, I studied at home, by that time I already spoke two languages (French and German) and entered the fifth grade of the Tagantseva private girls’ gymnasium in the spring of 1897. I studied very well and graduated from high school with the right to the first gold medal and with the title of home teacher. mentors Already in the 8th grade, my teaching abilities were discovered, and one of our class mentors convinced me to enroll in a Sunday school for working women, but at that time I dreamed of medical courses, on the one hand, and of continuing my education in the field of history, on the other , and refused. The years 1892-1893 turned out to be very significant for me in terms of my mental development. This year, at the same gymnasium, I attended a special course on the history of primitive human culture, taught by Professor A. S. Lappo-Danilevsky. I remember now what a huge impression his account of the emergence of primitive man concepts of property. I immediately decided that in order to understand life it was necessary to become acquainted with political economy, and since none of the people around me could help me in how to approach this issue, I simply began to study the political economy of John Stuart Mill. Of course, the work was very difficult, but since I had a lot of persistence and patience, I completed both volumes. Since then, I have adopted the habit of taking notes on what I read, which made my work much easier.
Life in a highly humanitarian family, which retained all the best that was in the Russian intelligentsia of the 60s, constant contact with the elite in cultural and artistic sense people (we had all the Russian musicians and Peredvizhniki artists) undoubtedly had a great influence on me. I remember that I began to feel a stronger and stronger sense of duty towards the “people”, towards the workers and peasants who gave us, the intelligentsia, the opportunity to live the way we lived. I think that these thoughts, thoughts about our unpayable debt, were formed partly under the influence of reading. Looking back, I remember what an impression Ivanyukov’s book “The Fall of Serfdom in Russia” made on me. She pointed out to me the gap in my education, and I began studying Semevsky’s “History of the Peasantry.” Obviously, the result of all the internal work on oneself plus the events of external life, in which at that time they played a significant role student stories, forced me to look for applications of my strength to practical work, and this was, on the one hand, work in the “Lithuanian Sunday evening classes for adult workers and teenagers”, and on the other hand, work in the “Mobile Museum of Teaching Aids”. Working among tobacco and textile workers brought me close and directly into contact with the workers, and my acquaintance with Krupskaya, Yakubova and Nevzorova, on the one hand, and Ustrugova and Sibileva, on the other, brought me into contact with comrades who were already working in the political field.
Gradually, I began to work in the political Red Cross, and lectures (for a fee) were held at our home more than once for this purpose, which was in great vogue at that time and to which our humanitarian intelligentsia, including my relatives, willingly contributed and helped. At the same time, active comrades began to use me and my acquaintances to store both literature and the archive and press of the party. This work led to the fact that after one of the failures of a comrade who was in charge of the literature warehouses, I was assigned to be in charge of all the warehouses of the St. Petersburg committee. This was in 1898, and therefore I consider the time of joining the party to be 1898, although already in the spring of 1896 I had in my possession: “Working Day”, “Who lives by what”, “Nothing can be done with us "and others. Little by little, the work increased, and I was in charge not only of literature warehouses, but in general everything that related to the technical side of the PC, i.e., delivery of all kinds of apartments for meetings, appearances, overnight stays, receipt and distribution of literature, installation technology (hectographs, printing houses, etc.), and then correspondence with abroad.
Since the emergence of Iskra and the beginning of the campaign to gather the party, I have worked a lot together with I. I. Radchenko in this area.
I. I. Radchenko (Arkady), who came from Geneva directly to me at the request of I. K. Krupskaya, asked me to give him connections with the “Union of Struggle”. Iv. Iv. was a representative of the Iskra organization. I connected him then with Nick. Alekseevich Anosov, but personally kept in touch with him all the time, and all correspondence between Iskra and St. Petersburg was conducted by Iv and I. Iv. together. Varvara Fedorovna Kozhevnikova-Stremer and Nick also helped a lot. Nick. Stremer. This was our close “Iskra” company, which waged an intense struggle with the “economists” - Tokarev, Anosov and others. The “Union of Struggle” and “Iskra” did not merge in St. Petersburg, but were represented at the Second Congress by two separate representatives.
I worked at the PC until January 1904, when, as a result of failure and being passed over, due to inexperience, as a technical assistant who had just started working, I was forced to leave St. Petersburg. This departure coincided with G. M. Krzhizhanovsky, a member of the Central Committee, calling me to Kyiv. However, I did not have to stay there, since the day before my arrival in Kyiv there was a failure, and I, together with M. M. Essen (The Beast), left for Minsk, where we were sheltered by a friend, engineer M. N. Kuznetsov. M. M. Essen soon went abroad, and I received the task of working together with Mark (Lyubimov) on the Central Committee technique. For this purpose, I had to move to Orel, and from there travel for passports, connections with the military organization and crossing the border to Smolensk to F.V. Gusarev and to Vilno to Klopov. And in early spring I moved to Moscow, where Krasikov, Lengnik, Galperin, Bauman and I were entrusted with organizing and conducting work in the north. Bureau of the Central Committee. In June, Bauman, his wife Medvedeva, Lengnik, and I were arrested and had to move the northern bureau to Nizhny Novgorod. But at the same time as the Moscow failure, the southern bureau in Odessa also failed, and Mouse (Kulyabko) moved to Moscow. It was decided that Kulyabko would take over the secretaryship of the Northern Bureau, and I would take over the Southern Bureau. In Nizhny Novgorod, where I went to give Mysha (Kulyabko) communications, I was arrested, and a day later I was transported to Moscow, to Taganka, where I stayed until December 1904, when I was released on bail. She left Moscow for St. Petersburg and immediately went back to work. The countrywoman passed on all her connections to me, and I again began to serve as secretary in the St. Petersburg committee, and in the spring, when Alexei (Central Committee member A.I. Rykov) was arrested immediately upon his arrival from the congress, I also carried out the work of the secretary of the Central Committee throughout the summer. In the fall, I transferred the secretaryship of the St. Petersburg committee to V. Ksandrov, the management of technology to V.S. Lavrov (engineer), but continued to serve as secretary until August 1905. Then I was sent to Geneva as a representative for technical affairs of the Central Committee.
In January 1906, I returned to St. Petersburg and worked until the end of February as secretary of the PC. In February 1906, I was instructed to go to Finland and accept from German Fedorovich (H. E. Burenin) work on communication with abroad (transportation to Sweden, receiving weapons, both land border - Torneo-Haparanda, and sea border - Abo, Ganges, Vasa-Stockholm). At the same time, I had to organize the affairs of the unification congress in Sweden and the transportation of comrades to the congress and back. At the end of this work, I returned to St. Petersburg and until my arrest on July 7, 1906, I was the secretary of the PC, together with Raisa Arkadyevna Karfunkel, a Menshevik, for after the unification congress the PC was united. Together with her, we held a citywide conference, which first met at the Society of Engineers on Zagorodny Prospekt, 21, once in Terijoki, in the hall People's House, and then at the Society of Technologists on English Avenue. This meeting did not take place, because too few participants arrived, and upon leaving the building, Karfunkel, Krasikov and I were arrested on the street and taken: Karfunkel and I to the Lithuanian Castle, and Krasikov to Kresty. Since they found nothing except an article about the organization that was supposed to be published for our legal newspaper “Echo,” I was only expelled from St. Petersburg, but already in January 1907 I was allowed to return, through the efforts of my father, and I I worked in PC again until March, when illness forced me to move to the Caucasus. From the fall of 1907, I worked in Tiflis as a propagandist in various circles, until the fall of 1910, when Spandaryan and Sergo Ordzhonikidze involved me in the work of the Central Committee, first in preparing the Prague Conference, and then in terms of publishing and the technology of the Central Committee in general.
In November 1913, I went into exile from Tiflis and on January 9, 1914, I arrived at my destination - the village of Rybinskoye, Kansky district, Yenisei province. I received the exile by the verdict of the Tiflis court chamber, and was prosecuted together with Vera Schweitzer, Maria Vokhmina, Armenui Hovvyan, Vaso Khachaturyants, Suren Spandaryan and Nerses Nersesyan under Article 102. Corner. Lay., 1st part.
We were all arrested during May-June 1912, and evidence regarding me was established only after the arrest of Ovvyan and Vokhmina. As a result of this search, there was an order for my arrest in St. Petersburg, where I arrived, not expecting anything, straight to my parents’ apartment. It turned out that the police had already been there, and all the rooms, except for the walk-through dining room and the rooms occupied by the old footman Roman Smirnov, were sealed. I arrived sick, with a temperature of about 40°. Roman warned me about the search. I gave him several copies of theses to hide, since he was always privy to my illegal work and more than once hid my things, I washed my face and wanted to go to my brother-doctor, when the police showed up, examined my things, found nothing, but still arrested me. and took me to the station (Furshtadskaya, 26), however, giving me the opportunity to telephone my brother, the magistrate, about my arrival and arrest. My brother immediately arrived at the police station, and I managed to give him both money (some of it was party money), as well as various addresses and cases, so that my comrades were immediately notified of my arrest and Stalin (Koba) had the opportunity to receive money from my brother. After two weeks of sitting in Predvarilka and Peresylnoy prison, I was sent to Tiflis, thanks to the efforts of my father and brother - at my own expense. The situation of this trip was such that I could safely escape, and my brother suggested this to me, although he vouched for me, but I rejected the escape, since I was confident in my complete cleanliness, and only at the security department in Tiflis, having seen my briefcase with letters, a metric certificate, a high school diploma - on the one hand, and with the Central Committee archive, copied in my hand - on the other, I realized that I sat down firmly. Our trial took place on 2 May 1913, and according to it we all received a link to the settlement.
In September, confirmation of my sentence took place, and on November 25, Ovvyan and I set off through Baku, Kozlov, Ryazhsk, Samara and Chelyabinsk to Krasnoyarsk, since the Yenisei province was designated as the place of exile. In Samara we met a number of male comrades (Serebryakova, V.M. Sverdlova, etc.), and in Chelyabinsk we were joined by Semyon Schwartz, Anna Trubina and Marusya Cherepanova; Together with the latter, I found myself in exile in the village of Rybinsk, Kansk district.
In the fall of 1916, I was allowed to go on vacation to St. Petersburg “to visit my elderly parents,” because this was the clause according to which, in general, according to the letter of the law, exiles and settlers had the right to leave the borders of Siberia.
In St. Petersburg, I immediately contacted Shlyapnikov, Molotov, Zalutsky, M.I. Ulyanova and others, so I was able to enter party life. I did not return back to Siberia, because I became seriously ill and my stay in St. Petersburg was extended, and there came a revolution. However, the tsarist police did not leave me alone and on the night of February 25-26, 1917, they came to me, carried out an unsuccessful search and sent me to the Liteiny precinct, where at first I found only one political prisoner, who was brought in an hour before me, and then during the day 16 more people were delivered.
I was released by the rebel people on March 12 (February 27) in the evening. On March 13 (February 28), 1917, she went to the Tauride Palace and, on behalf of Shlyapnikov, organized the secretariat of the Central Committee Bureau. From that time until the IX Party Congress, she worked as secretary of the Central Committee, first in Petrograd and then in Moscow. From May 1920, she moved to Petrograd and worked as an organizer in the provincial party committee, until its merger with the Petrograd committee. On behalf of the Central Committee, she went to Baku to organize the first Congress of the Peoples of the East and to work in the Caucasian bureau of the Central Committee. After the Congress of the Peoples of the East, she was elected a member of the Council for Propaganda and Action of the Peoples of the East and its secretary, while also working in the Caucasian Bureau of the Central Committee. From April 1921 to February 1926 it was at the disposal of the Comintern; Currently I work in the secretariat of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.
[In 1927-37, Deputy Chairman of the Executive Committee of the International Organization for Assistance to Fighters of the Revolution (IOPR) and Chairman of the Central Committee of the USSR MOPR. In 1930-34, member of the Central Control Commission of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. In 1935-43, member of the International Control Commission of the Comintern. In 1938-43 editor of the magazine "International Literature". Since 1946 she has been engaged in social and literary activities.]
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Elena Dmitrievna Stasova E.D. Stasova. 1920s ... Wikipedia
Activist of the Russian and international communist movement, Hero of Socialist Labor (1960). Member of the Communist Party since 1898. Daughter of D. V. Stasov. After graduating from high school, she worked with... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Elena Dmitrievna Stasova(party pseudonyms: “Absolute”, “Thick”, “Varvara Ivanovna”, “Delta”; October 3 (15), 1873, St. Petersburg - December 31, 1966, Moscow) - Russian revolutionary, Soviet figure international communist, women's, anti-war and anti-fascist movement.
Party member since 1898, member of the Russian Bureau of the Central Committee (1912, 1917), member of the Central Committee (1918-1920, candidate 1912, 1917-1918), secretary of the Bureau of the Central Committee (02/28/1917-03/25/1919), executive secretary of the Central Committee (03/25/1919). 1919-29.11.1919), Secretary of the Central Committee (29.11.1919-20.03.1920), member of the Bureau of the Central Committee (11.03.1919-25.03.1919), member of the Politburo of the Central Committee (13.04.1919-26.09.1919), member of the Organizing Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP ( 03.25.1919-03.20.1920), member of the Central Control Commission (1930-1934), Chairman of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Azerbaijan (09.09.1920-15.09.1920), Chairman of the Central Committee of the International Organization for Assistance to Fighters of the Revolution (IOPR) (1927-1937) , Hero of Socialist Labor (1960), holder of four Orders of Lenin.
Biography
She was born into the noble family of a Russian public figure, lawyer Dmitry Stasov, who participated in major trials of that time, one of the organizers and directors of the Russian Musical Society (1859). She was the fifth child out of six in the family. Sister of musicologist V. Stasova. Niece of Vladimir Stasov, N.V. Stasova. Granddaughter of the famous architect Vasily Stasov.
Her mother was often ill; according to the recollections of the revolutionary herself, her father and the already mentioned uncle Vladimir, a prominent critic, had a great influence on her in childhood.
Until the age of 13, she was raised and educated at home. In the spring of 1887, she immediately entered the fifth grade of the private women's gymnasium of L. S. Tagantseva, from which she graduated in 1890 with a gold medal. In those years, she subsequently developed friendly relations with A. Kollontai.
Having received the right to teach Russian language and history, she became a teacher at the Sunday school where her mother had previously worked.
Life in a highly humanitarian family, which retained all the best that was in the Russian intelligentsia of the 60s, constant contact with people chosen in a cultural and artistic sense (we visited all Russian musicians and Peredvizhniki artists) undoubtedly had a great influence on me . I remember that I began to feel a stronger and stronger sense of duty towards the “people”, towards the workers and peasants who gave us, the intelligentsia, the opportunity to live the way we lived. I think that these thoughts, thoughts about our unpaid debt, were formed partly under the influence of reading... Obviously, the result of all the internal work on oneself plus the events of external life, in which student stories played a significant role at that time [demonstrations, beating of students police], forced me to look for the application of my strength to practical work...
At the age of 20, Stasova met Nadezhda Krupskaya, together they taught in Sunday schools for workers and conducted Social Democratic propaganda. Krupskaya attracted her to work in the illegal political Red Cross. Since 1898, Stasova has been an active member of the Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class. Since 1901, she was an agent of Iskra and worked closely with I. I. Radchenko. Until 1905, she conducted underground party work in St. Petersburg, Orel, Moscow, Minsk, Vilna (now Vilnius). In the spring of 1904, her first meeting with N. E. Bauman took place in Moscow. Also in 1904, she was arrested for the first time. In 1904-06 she was secretary (technical employee) of the St. Petersburg Party Committee and the Northern Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP, the Russian Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP.
There are few comrades left who saw with their own eyes the beginning of your underground work in St. Petersburg in the 90s - 900s, and I worked under your leadership for about 4 years, saw your first steps as a party leader and can safely say that before I have never met workers who, having entered the field of underground activity, immediately turned out to be such great conspirators and organizers - completely mature, skillful and failure-free.From a letter to the 60th anniversary from before. OGPU V. R. Menzhinsky
Elena Stasova is really interesting historical figure worthy of special attention. This woman, who was an ideological Bolshevik and held the post of Secretary of the Central Committee (which was headed by Stalin after her), managed to live to the age of 93 and avoid reprisals during the legendary political purges.
There is an assumption that Joseph Vissarionovich did not touch Stasova, since with her devoted work she completely refuted the opinion that irreplaceable people do not exist.
The virtues of a fragile woman
Elena Dmitrievna had an unspoken nickname “Absolute”, which made it clear that she was always precise in carrying out her work, and her ideological position was unshakable. Many who knew her personally said that Elena Stasova was a born and talented teacher who knew how to clearly systematize information and teach competently.
She was also a professional in conspiracy and had enormous experience in organizing underground work. Even Stalin himself did not want to be left without a man who had many necessary contacts and kept in his memory all the most subtle nuances and hidden secrets of the Central Committee.
Stasova Elena Dmitrievna: biography and family
This woman was born in St. Petersburg in October 1873 into a family whose members were of significant importance to Russian history. Her father, Dmitry Stasov, was a very talented and famous lawyer in Russia. He participated in high-profile trials. In addition, he was directly involved in the preparation of judicial reforms of Alexander II, thanks to which he went down in history.
It is known that Elena’s mother was at one time the chairman of the Children’s Aid organization, which was actively involved in solving humanitarian issues. Recalling her childhood, Stasova wrote that her mother was often sick, and therefore her father and uncle, Vladimir Stasov, who was a well-known public figure in St. Petersburg, musical and literary critic. He had an impeccable knowledge of art history. It was his influence that largely determined the further development of Elena as a person.
Since intelligent and highly educated people lived in the Stasovs’ house, they were always interested in literature and read a lot. They also often played music in the Stasovs’ house. One of the sisters, Varvara, was a musicologist, and the father, Dmitry, in addition to being a lawyer, was at first at the origins of the creation, and then became the director of the Russian Musical Society organization.
Education received
Until the age of thirteen, Elena Stasova was educated at home. But in 1887 it was decided to give it to standard educational institution. The girl was immediately enrolled in the 5th grade of the Tagantseva girls’ gymnasium. Three years later, she graduated from high school with a gold medal and received the right to work as a history teacher, as well as a Russian language teacher.
Revolutionary activities
Elena Stasova, whose biography takes on a pronounced revolutionary imprint after meeting Krupskaya, decided to use her diploma by teaching children in Sunday school. It was there that her mother once worked, and in this place the girl meets Nadezhda Konstantinovna.
Since 1898, Elena Stasova has been active in the ranks of the organization “Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class.” She conducts large-scale party activities in many cities: St. Petersburg, Vilna, Minsk, Orel and Moscow.
To avoid possible political repression and arrest, the woman travels abroad for some time, where she continues to be active. While in Switzerland, she takes part in the publication of the newspaper Proletariat. In 1906, Elena Dmitrievna Stasova found herself in Finland. She takes part in illegal shipments of party workers across the border, transports weapons to Russia and raises funds for the revolution.
She returned to her homeland in 1907, but a few years later she was arrested. For almost 3 years, starting in 1913, Elena Dmitrievna was in exile until she was released during the 1917 revolution.
Political career
After her release, she becomes a devoted follower of Lenin's ideas. At first she is elected secretary of the party's Central Committee, and a little later - a member of the Central Committee. In addition, Stasova managed to work in the Caucasus Bureau of the Central Committee, was engaged in propaganda in the Berlin representative office of the Comintern, and was also the chairman of the MOPR, an organization that was responsible for providing international assistance to revolutionaries.
For 8 years, Stasova served as editor at the journal International Literature. She founded an orphanage in Ivanovo, which still bears her name. And only after the war, in 1946, Elena Stasova, whose biography was truly rich and interesting, officially retired. Until the end of her days she lived in the famous House on the Embankment. Elena Dmitrievna died at the age of 93, having written her memoirs entitled “Pages of Life and Struggle.”
Lua error in Module:CategoryForProfession on line 52: attempt to index field "wikibase" (a nil value).Elena Dmitrievna Stasova(party pseudonyms: "Absolute", "Thick", "Varvara Ivanovna", "Delta"; October 3 (15), 1873, St. Petersburg - December 31, 1966, Moscow) - Russian revolutionary, Soviet leader of the international communist, women's, anti-war and anti-fascist movements.
Party member since 1898, member of the Russian Bureau of the Central Committee (1912, 1917), member of the Central Committee (1918-1920, candidate 1912, 1917-1918), secretary of the Bureau of the Central Committee (02.28.1917-03.25.1919), executive secretary of the Central Committee (03.25. 1919-29.11.1919), Secretary of the Central Committee (29.11.1919-20.03.1920), member of the Bureau of the Central Committee (11.03.1919-25.03.1919), member of the Politburo of the Central Committee (13.04.1919-26.09.1919), member of the Organizing Bureau of the Central Committee (25.03 .1919-20.03.1920), member of the Central Control Commission (1930-1934), chairman of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan (09.09.1920-15.09.1920), chairman of the Central Committee of the International Organization for Assistance to Fighters of the Revolution (IOPR) (1927-1937), Hero of Socialist Labor (1960), holder of four Orders of Lenin.
Biography
She was born into the noble family of a Russian public figure, lawyer Dmitry Stasov, who participated in major trials of that time, one of the organizers and directors of the Russian Musical Society (1859). She was the fifth child out of six in the family. Sister of musicologist V. Stasova. Niece of Vladimir Stasov, N.V. Stasova. Granddaughter of the famous architect Vasily Stasov.
Her mother was often ill; according to the recollections of the revolutionary herself, her father and the already mentioned uncle Vladimir, a prominent critic, had a great influence on her in childhood.
Until the age of 13, she was raised and educated at home. In the spring of 1887, she immediately entered the fifth grade of the private women's gymnasium of L. S. Tagantseva, from which she graduated in 1890 with a gold medal. In those years, she subsequently developed friendly relations with A. Kollontai: 74-75.
Having received the right to teach Russian language and history, she became a teacher at the Sunday school where her mother had previously worked.
Life in a highly humanitarian family, which retained all the best that was in the Russian intelligentsia of the 60s, constant contact with people chosen in a cultural and artistic sense (we visited all Russian musicians and Peredvizhniki artists) undoubtedly had a great influence on me . I remember that I began to feel a stronger and stronger sense of duty towards the “people”, towards the workers and peasants who gave us, the intelligentsia, the opportunity to live the way we lived. I think that these thoughts, thoughts about our unpaid debt, were formed partly under the influence of reading... Obviously, the result of all the internal work on oneself plus the events of external life, in which student stories played a significant role at that time [demonstrations, beating of students police], forced me to look for the application of my strength to practical work...
At the age of 20, Stasova met Nadezhda Krupskaya, together they taught in Sunday schools for workers and conducted Social Democratic propaganda. Krupskaya attracted her to work in the illegal political Red Cross. Since 1898, Stasova has been an active member of the “Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class”. Since 1901, she was an agent of Iskra and worked closely with I. I. Radchenko. Until 1905, she conducted underground party work in St. Petersburg, Orel, Moscow, Minsk, Vilna (now Vilnius). In the spring of 1904, her first meeting with N. E. Bauman took place in Moscow. Also in 1904, she was arrested for the first time. In 1904-06 she was secretary (technical employee) of the St. Petersburg Party Committee and the Northern Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP, the Russian Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP.
There are few comrades left who saw with their own eyes the beginning of your underground work in St. Petersburg in the 90s - 900s, and I worked under your leadership for about 4 years, saw your first steps as a party leader and can safely say that before I have never met workers who, having entered the field of underground activity, immediately turned out to be such great conspirators and organizers - completely mature, skillful and failure-free.
From a letter to the 60th anniversary from before. OGPU V. R. Menzhinsky
Stasova recalled how, when discussing with M. M. Essen the question of what nickname she should take, she suggested: “I would most willingly give you the nickname “Categorical Imperative,” but it’s too long, let’s take “ Absolute“» .
In 1905-1906 she lived in exile in Switzerland, where she worked in the Central Committee of the RSDLP and participated in the publication of the newspaper “Proletariat”. Lenin himself came to inform her about the murder of Nikolai Bauman. In 1906, Finland was involved in transporting weapons, money and party workers across the border. The same year she was arrested again.
In August 1907 she left for the Caucasus, moving there due to illness. In 1907-1912, at party propaganda work in Tiflis. In 1911, she participated in the work of the Russian Organizational Commission (ROC). At the Prague Conference (1912) she was approved as a candidate member of the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party and became a member of the Russian Bureau of the Central Committee. In July 1912, she left Tiflis for St. Petersburg, where she was arrested at her parents’ apartment.
In March 1917, it again became part of the Russian Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP. From 28.02 (13.03) 1917 Secretary of the Central Committee Bureau, executive secretary of the Central Committee 03.25-29.11.19, secretary of the Central Committee 11.29.19-20.03.1920
In March 1919 she moved to Moscow:90.
In 1920, the Central Committee sent Stasova to Baku, where she took part in the preparation of the 1st Congress of the Peoples of the East and worked in the Caucasus Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP(b).
From September 9 to 15, 1920, Chairman of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan.
Since September 1920 - Secretary of the Presidium of the Council for Propaganda and Action of the Peoples of the East, member of the Caucasian Bureau of the Central Committee.
In 1921-1925, he worked illegally in the apparatus of the Communist Party of Germany and the representative office of the Executive Committee of the Comintern in Berlin.
Since 1926 she worked in the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks.
In 1927-1937 - deputy pres. Executive Committee of the International Organization for Assistance to Revolutionary Fighters (MOPR) and Chairman of the Central Committee of the USSR MOPR.
In 1932, at the Amsterdam Anti-War Congress, she was elected a member of the World Anti-War and Anti-Fascist Committee, and in 1934 she participated in the creation of the World Anti-War and Anti-Fascist Women's Committee.
In 1933, on the initiative of her and the workers of Ivanovo, an Interhome for the children of foreign revolutionaries and workers who ended up in prison was founded. Subsequently he began to bear her name.
With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War asked to go to the front, citing knowledge of foreign languages, but she was refused, sent to the rear, but returned to Moscow in 1942.
Retired from the same year. Lived in a famous House on the embankment.
She died on December 31, 1966 in Moscow. After her death, she was cremated and her ashes were placed in an urn in the Kremlin wall on Red Square in Moscow.
Memory
- On the wall of the house in which she lived, there was a memorial plaque with the text: “In this house from 1932 to 1966 lived a professional revolutionary, an active participant in the Great October Socialist Revolution, a member of the CPSU since 1898, Hero of Socialist Labor Elena Dmitrievna Stasova.” .
- On the house in Bey, where she served her exile in 1914, there is a memorial plaque with the text: “In 1914, Elena Dmitrievna Stasova, a figure in the Russian international communist movement, lived in this house.”.
- The Ivanovo international orphanage, founded by MOPR in 1933, is named after Stasova.
- Streets in different localities bear her name, in Moscow (in the area of Leninsky Prospekt), St. Petersburg, Krasnoyarsk (Vetluzhanka microdistrict), in Bey, in Abakan, in Minusinsk, etc.
- In 1973, a USSR postage stamp dedicated to Stasova was issued.
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Links
- Berezhkov V.I., Pekhtereva S.V. Women security officers. M., 2003.
- Stasova Elena Dmitrievna // Great Soviet Encyclopedia: [in 30 volumes] / ch. ed. A. M. Prokhorov. - 3rd ed. - M. : Soviet encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
- hpj.asj-oa.am/168/1/60-1(139).pdf
- http://www.istoriacccr.ru/stasova_elena_dmitri.html
- Fully available online, see also
Excerpt characterizing Stasov, Elena Dmitrievna
Isidora's eyes became dark and deep, like a golden night. Apparently, everything pleasant that earthly life gave her ended there and something else began, terrible and dark, which we were soon to find out about... I suddenly felt a sudden “sick feeling in the pit of my stomach” and began to have difficulty breathing. Stella also stood quiet - she did not ask her usual questions, but simply listened very carefully to what Isidora was telling us.– My beloved Venice has risen. People grumbled indignantly in the streets, gathered in squares, no one wanted to humble themselves. Always free and proud, the city did not want to accept priests under its wing. And then Rome, seeing that Venice was not going to bow to him, decided to take a serious step - it sent its best inquisitor, a crazy cardinal, to Venice, who was the most ardent fanatic, the real “father of the Inquisition,” and who could not be ignored. .. He was " right hand"The Pope, and his name was Giovanni Pietro Caraffa... I was then thirty-six years old...
(When I began to look through the story of Isidora in my own way, which seemed interesting enough to me to write about, I was very pleased with one detail - the name Pietro Caraffa seemed familiar, and I decided to look for him among the “historically important” personalities. And what is was my joy when I found him right there!.. Caraffa turned out to be a genuine historical figure, he was the real “father of the Inquisition”, who later, having already become Pope (Paul IV), set the better half of Europe on fire. About the life of Isidora I, unfortunately, I found only one line... In Caraffa’s biography there is a one-line mention of the case of the “Venetian Witch”, who was considered the most beautiful woman Europe of that time... But, unfortunately, this was all that could correspond to today's history).
Isidora was silent for a long time... Her wonderful golden eyes shone with such deep sadness that a black melancholy literally “howled” inside me... This wonderful woman still kept within herself the terrible, inhuman pain that someone very evil had once made her suffer. And I suddenly became afraid that right now, in the most interesting place, she would stop, and we would never know what happened to her next! But the amazing storyteller did not even think about stopping. Apparently there were just some moments that still cost her too much strength to get over them... And then, in defense, her tormented soul closed tightly, not wanting to let anyone in and not allowing her to remember anything “out loud”... afraid to awaken the burning, extreme pain sleeping inside. But apparently, being strong enough to overcome any sadness, Isidora collected herself again and quietly continued:
– I first saw him when I was calmly strolling on the embankment, talking about new books with merchants I knew well, many of whom had long been mine good friends. The day was very pleasant, bright and sunny, and no trouble, it seemed, should have appeared in the middle of such a wonderful day... But that’s what I thought. But my evil fate has prepared something completely different...
Calmly talking with Francesco Valgrisi, the books that he published were adored by all of Europe at that time, I suddenly felt a strong blow to my heart, and for a moment I stopped breathing... It was very unexpected, but, bearing in mind my long experience, I in no way I could have, I had no right to miss this!.. I turned around in surprise - right point blank, deep burning eyes were looking at me. And I recognized them immediately!.. Those eyes tormented me for so many nights, making me jump up in my sleep, drenched in cold sweat!.. It was a guest from my nightmares. Unpredictable and scary.
The man was thin and tall, but looked very fit and strong. His thin, ascetic face was framed, heavily touched with gray, by thick black hair and a neat, short-cropped beard. The scarlet cardinal's cassock made him alien and very dangerous... A strange golden-red cloud hovered around his flexible body, which only I saw. And if he were not a loyal vassal of the church, I would have thought that a Sorcerer was standing in front of me...
His whole figure and his gaze burning with hatred expressed rage. And for some reason I immediately realized that this was the famous Caraffa...
I didn’t even have time to figure out how I managed to cause such a storm (after all, not a single word had been spoken yet!), when I immediately heard his strange, hoarse voice:
– Are you interested in books, Madonna Isidora?..
In Italy, women and girls were called “Madonna” when they were addressed with respect.
My soul went cold - he knew my name... But why? Why was I interested in this creepy man?!. I felt dizzy from intense tension. It seemed as if someone was squeezing my brain with an iron vice... And then suddenly I realized - Caraffa!!! It was he who tried to mentally break me!.. But why?
I looked straight into his eyes again - thousands of fires were blazing in them, carrying innocent souls into the sky...
– What books are you interested in, Madonna Isidora? – his low voice sounded again.
“Oh, I’m sure, not the kind you’re looking for, Your Eminence,” I answered calmly.
My soul ached and fluttered in fear, like a caught bird, but I knew for sure that there was no way to show him this. It was necessary, no matter what the cost, to stay as calm as possible and try, if possible, to get rid of him as quickly as possible. There were rumors in the city that the “crazy cardinal” persistently tracked down his intended victims, who later disappeared without a trace, and no one in the world knew where and how to find them, or whether they were even alive.
– I’ve heard so much about your refined taste, Madonna Isidora! Venice only talks about you! Will you honor me with this honor and share your new acquisition with me?
Caraffa smiled... And this smile made my blood run cold and I wanted to run wherever my eyes were looking, just so as not to see this insidious, sophisticated face ever again! He was a real predator by nature, and right now he was on the hunt... I felt it with every cell of my body, every fiber of my soul, frozen in horror. I have never been cowardly... But I had heard too much about this terrible man, and I knew that nothing would stop him if he decided that he wanted to get me into his tenacious clutches. He swept away any barriers when it came to “heretics.” And even kings were afraid of him... To some extent, I even respected him...
Isidora smiled when she saw our frightened faces.
- Yes, I respected it. But it was a different respect than what you thought. I respected his tenacity, his ineradicable faith in his “good deed.” He was obsessed with what he was doing, not like most of his followers, who simply robbed, raped and enjoyed life. Caraffa never took anything and never raped anyone. Women, as such, did not exist for him at all. He was a “soldier of Christ” from beginning to end, and until his last breath... True, he never understood that in everything he did on Earth, he was absolutely and completely wrong, that it was terrible and an unforgivable crime. He died like that, sincerely believing in his “good deed”...
And now, this man, fanatical in his delusion, was clearly determined to get my “sinful” soul for some reason...
While I was frantically trying to come up with something, they unexpectedly came to my aid... My old acquaintance, almost a friend, Francesco, from whom I had just bought books, suddenly turned to me in an irritated tone, as if losing patience with my indecision:
– Madonna Isidora, have you finally decided what suits you? My clients are waiting for me, and I can’t spend my whole day just on you! No matter how nice it would be to me.
I stared at him in surprise, but fortunately, I immediately caught his risky thought - he suggested that I get rid of the dangerous books that I was holding in my hands at that moment! Books were Caraffa’s favorite hobby, and it was for them, most often, the smartest people pleased in the network that this crazy inquisitor set for them...
I immediately left most of it on the counter, to which Francesco immediately expressed “wild displeasure.” Caraffa watched. I immediately felt how much this simple, naive game amused him. He understood everything perfectly, and if he wanted, he could easily arrest both me and my poor risky friend. But for some reason he didn’t want to... He seemed to sincerely enjoy my helplessness, like a contented cat holding a caught mouse in a corner...
- May I leave you, Your Eminence? – Without even hoping for a positive answer, I asked cautiously.
– To my great regret, Madonna Isidora! – the cardinal exclaimed with feigned disappointment. -Will you allow me to come see you sometime? They say you have a very gifted daughter? I would really like to meet and talk with her. I hope she is as beautiful as her mother...
“My daughter, Anna, is only ten years old, my lord,” I answered as calmly as possible.
And my soul was screaming in animal horror!.. He knew everything about me!.. Why, well, why did crazy Karaffa need me?.. Why was he interested in my little Anna?!
Is it because I was known as the famous Vidunya, and he considered me his worst enemy?.. After all, for him it didn’t matter what they called me, for the “Grand Inquisitor” I was simply a witch, and he burned witches at the stake.. .
I loved Life deeply and selflessly! And for me, as for everyone to a normal person, I really wanted it to last as long as possible. After all, even the most notorious scoundrel, who may have taken the lives of others, cherishes every minute he lives, every day he lives, his life, precious to him!.. But it was at that moment that I suddenly understood very clearly that it was he, Caraffa, who will take her, my short and so valuable to me, unlived life...
– A great spirit is born in a small body, Madonna Isidora. Even Saint Jesus was once a child. I will be very glad to visit you! – and bowing gracefully, Caraffa left.
The world was collapsing... It crumbled into small pieces, each of which reflected a predatory, subtle, intelligent face...
I tried to somehow calm down and not panic, but for some reason it didn’t work. This time my usual confidence in myself and my abilities failed me, and this made it even worse. The day was as sunny and bright as just a few minutes ago, but darkness settled in my soul. As it turned out, I had been waiting for this man to appear for a long time. And all my nightmare visions about bonfires were only a harbinger... for today's meeting with him.
Returning home, I immediately persuaded my husband to pick up little Anna and take her somewhere far away, where Caraffa’s evil tentacles could not reach her. And she herself began to prepare for the worst, because she knew for sure that his arrival would not take long. And I was not mistaken...
A few days later, my favorite black maid Kay (at that time it was very fashionable to have black servants in rich houses) reported that “His Eminence, the Cardinal, is waiting for me in the pink drawing room.” And I felt that something would happen right now...
I was wearing a light yellow silk dress and knew that this color suited me very well. But if there was one person in the world in front of whom I did not want to look attractive, it was certainly Caraffa. But there was no time left to change clothes, and I had to go out that way.
He waited, calmly leaning on the back of his chair, studying some old manuscript, of which there were a countless number in our house. I put on a pleasant smile and went down to the living room. Seeing me, for some reason Karaffa froze, without uttering a word. The silence dragged on, and it seemed to me that the cardinal was about to hear my frightened heart beating loudly and treacherously... But finally, his enthusiastic, hoarse voice was heard:
– You are amazing, Madonna Isidora! Even this sunny morning is playing next to you!
– I never thought that cardinals were allowed to compliment ladies! – with the greatest effort, continuing to smile, I squeezed out.
- Cardinals are people too, Madonna, and they know how to distinguish beauty from simplicity... And where is your wonderful daughter? Will I be able to enjoy double beauty today?
– She is not in Venice, Your Eminence. She and her father went to Florence to visit her sick cousin.
- As far as I know, in this moment there are no sick people in your family. Who fell ill so suddenly, Madonna Isidora? – there was an undisguised threat in his voice...
Caraffa began to play openly. And I had no choice but to face the danger face to face...
As can be seen from its composition, it was supposed to deal with some organization of the technical apparatus of the party and some distribution of its forces.
Source - Wikipedia
Elena Dmitrievna Stasova
E.D. Stasova. 1920s.
3rd Chairman of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Azerbaijan SSR
September 9, 1920 – September 15, 1920
Predecessor: Viktor Ivanovich Naneishvili
Successor: Vladimir Elizbarovich Dumbadze
Birth: November 3, 1873 Fatezh, Kursk Province, Russian Empire
Death: December 31, 1966 (93 years old) Moscow, USSR
Buried: Necropolis near the Kremlin wall
Elena Dmitrievna Stasova (party nicknames Absolute, Varvara Ivanovna, Gushcha, Delnaya, Delta, Zelma, Gerta. October 3, 1873, St. Petersburg - December 31, 1966, Moscow) - Russian and Soviet revolutionary, figure in the international communist, women's, anti-war and anti-fascist movements.
Activist of the Russian and international communist movement, Hero of Socialist Labor (1960)
She was born into the family of a Russian public figure, lawyer Dmitry Stasov, who participated in major trials of that time, one of the organizers and directors of the Russian Musical Society (1859). Niece of V.V. Stasov. Granddaughter of the architect Vasily Petrovich Stasov.
Until the age of 13, Elena was raised and educated at home. Afterwards I entered the 5th grade of the gymnasium; She graduated from it in 1890 with a gold medal.
Having received the right to teach Russian language and history, she became a teacher at the Sunday school where her mother had previously worked.
At the age of 20, Elena met Nadezhda Krupskaya, together they taught in Sunday schools for workers and conducted Social Democratic propaganda.
Since 1898, she became an active member of the Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class, which later became the basis of the RSDLP. She conducted party work in St. Petersburg, Orel, Moscow, Minsk, Vilno, and was a secretary (technical employee) of the St. Petersburg Committee and the Northern Bureau of the Central Committee of the RSDLP.
“A very energetic, dedicated, conspiratorial person with a wide circle of acquaintances” (Ivan Radchenko).
In 1905-1906 she lived in exile in Switzerland, where she worked in the Central Committee of the RSDLP and participated in the publication of the newspaper Proletariat.
In 1906, Finland was involved in transporting weapons, money and party workers across the border.
In 1907-1912 she was a representative of the Central Committee of the RSDLP in Tiflis.
From 1913 to 1916 she was in exile in the Yenisei province.
In February 1917 - March 1920 - Secretary of the Party Central Committee. From 1917 a candidate member of the Central Committee, in 1918-1920 a member of the Central Committee of the party.
In 1918, member of the Presidium of the Petrograd Cheka and secretary of the Petrograd Committee of the RCP (b).
Since September 1920 - Secretary of the Presidium of the Council for Propaganda and Action of the Peoples of the East, member of the Caucasian Bureau of the Central Committee.
In 1921-1925, he worked illegally in the apparatus of the Communist Party of Germany and the representative office of the Executive Committee of the Comintern in Berlin.
In 1927-1937, Chairman of the Central Committee of the International Organization for Assistance to Fighters of the Revolution (IOPR) of the USSR and Deputy Chairman of the Executive Committee of the IOPR.
In 1932, at the Amsterdam Anti-War Congress, she was elected a member of the World Anti-War and Anti-Fascist Committee, and in 1934 she participated in the creation of the World Anti-War and Anti-Fascist Women's Committee.
In 1933, on her initiative and the initiative of the workers of Ivanovo, an Interhome was founded for the children of foreign revolutionaries and workers who were imprisoned.
In 1930-1934, member of the Central Control Commission of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks. In 1935-1943 member of the International Control Commission of the Comintern.
In 1938-1946 editor of the magazine “International Literature”.
Retired since 1946. She lived in a famous house on the embankment.
She died on December 31, 1966 in Moscow. After her death, she was cremated and her ashes were placed in an urn in the Kremlin wall on Red Square in Moscow.
Memory
On the wall of the house in which she lived, there was a memorial plaque with the text:
“In this house from 1932 to 1966 lived a professional revolutionary, an active participant in the Great October Socialist Revolution, a member of the CPSU since 1898, Hero of Socialist Labor Elena Dmitrievna Stasova”
The Ivanovo International Orphanage, founded by MOPR in 1933, is named after Stasova; streets in Moscow (in the area of Leninsky Prospekt), St. Petersburg (in the area of Energetikov Avenue), Krasnoyarsk (Vetluzhanka microdistrict).
In 1973, a USSR postage stamp dedicated to Stasova was issued.
Awards
Hero of Socialist Labor.
Four Orders of Lenin.