Paintings in Japanese style. How to draw a picture in Japanese style? Houses in Japanese style Japanese house pencil drawing
Master class on drawing "Land of the Rising Sun"
Dumler Tatyana Petrovna, art teacher at MAOU gymnasium No. 56 in Tomsk
Purpose: This work is intended for 4th grade students according to the B.M. program. Nemensky, for teachers, parents and all interested people.
Target: Form an initial understanding of Japanese culture.
Tasks:
- reveal the image artistic culture Japan,
- develop artistic taste, individual creative abilities,
- cultivate a respectful attitude towards the traditions and culture of the peoples of the world.
Materials:
To complete the first part of the work you will need: drawing paper, gouache, watercolor, painting brushes of different sizes (No. 1, No. 5), a glass of water.
In 4th grade during lessons visual arts children get to know the culture different countries, master different techniques drawing and artistic work. In this lesson, children are immersed in the topic.
We begin work by preparing the background. Watercolor paints We paint the sheet with “rainbow” stripes.
While the sheet dries, the guys watch the presentation. Viewing a slide presentation introduces students to the geographical location of this country, the features of the landscape: majestic mountains, stone gardens with “humpbacked” bridges, ponds, charming flowering trees, bizarre architectural structures of vulgar centuries.
For further work choose the most memorable images. Sakura is a blossoming cherry (plum) tree. Let's start painting with gouache brown branches, curved, ornate, with a characteristic thinning at the top. (Children are familiar with this technique; we practice pressing the brush at the beginning of the line, easing the pressure and lifting the brush to the tip at the end of the line.)
To make the colors of the tree, we use white paint, mix white and a drop of red in the lid to obtain a pale pink tint. We paint flowers with a brush using the poking technique.
The pagoda is a multi-tiered structure used as a temple (Buddhist relics were kept inside). We draw the pagoda with ocher, rectangles of different sizes, lined up with a ladder. We place the building in the upper half of the sheet horizontally.
Next, we draw a roof with curved surfaces and raised corners that protrude beyond the building and reliably protect it from bad weather. Thin brush brown paint the guys draw the outline of the roof and then paint it.
You will have to spend a little more time drawing the window and doorways of the pagoda.
On the second half of the sheet (horizontally) we draw one of the most beautiful aquatic plants - LOTUS. The lotus is born in muddy swamp water, but emerges clean. Lotus is a Buddhist symbol of purity.
We paint the lotus petals with a wide brush of pale pink color. The first petal is straight, then we add petals on the sides, connecting at the bottom into one point.
Having completed the symmetrical drawing of pink petals, we begin to draw white petals on top of the previous ones in the gaps.
The children complete the drawing of aquatic plants at their own discretion. Some people draw lotus leaves, some reeds, some simply decorate with patterns.
In the next lesson, students continue their acquaintance with Japanese culture. They have to make a round Japanese fan from their drawing. For this work they will need: scissors, glue, tape, 60 cm tape for packaging, 2 strips of cardboard 1 cm by 10 cm.
To begin, I suggest the children fold their drawing in half and cut along the fold line.
Then the two halves are glued together into one long strip. Glue a ribbon to the top edge of the picture (it can be any color).
The next stage of work is a little difficult for the guys; you need to fold the entire drawing into an even accordion.
We assemble the bottom edge of the accordion, fix it with our fingers, and secure it with tape.
Glue strips of cardboard to the outer edges of the fan.
Unfold, connect, the FAN is ready!
Japan is the land of the rising sun. This amazing eastern land has always been different interesting customs and traditions. Japanese design is of great interest to fans of exotic things. Japanese private houses – the best purchase for people seeking peace and harmony. Housing made in this style is a real work of art.
Japanese houses are called differently, it all depends on the type of structure. The most common and widespread name is “minka”. A tall house is usually called a “biru”, and an apartment building is called a “mansyong”.
The traditional Japanese house is called "minka", which means "house of people". Many years ago, Japanese society was divided into classes, and such housing belonged to ordinary peasants, artisans and merchants. Over time, this division of social layers disappeared, and the word “minka” began to be used to refer to any traditional Japanese houses.
The main feature of the Japanese house is the breadth of the range of styles and sizes. First of all, buildings are closely related to geographical and climatic conditions. Housing reflects the lifestyle of its inhabitants. In the summer, the country is quite hot, so houses are built so that they can be well blown by the wind.
Traditional Japanese house called "minka"
A Japanese house is somewhat reminiscent of an ordinary shed. This is a roof that rests on a frame made of wooden posts and rafters. The walls are replaced with sliding doors, so there are no windows or doors. Sliding panels in the house can be removed by adjusting the size and shape of the room.
External walls called “shoji” act as windows, which can also be moved apart and removed. They are covered with thin white rice paper.
Many who see the inside of a Japanese house for the first time are struck by the lack of furniture. There are no decorations anywhere, there is only a painting, under which there is a beautiful vase with fresh flowers.
Construction of a traditional Japanese house
A real Japanese house is designed for the warm season. The room is well ventilated, saving its residents from the humid heat. The downside is that it is quite cold in such a house in winter. There is no general heating; in a traditional home there is only local heating.
Read also
Projects of one-story and two-story country houses with panoramic windows
The floor is covered with tatami - these are square-shaped straw mats. A wooden floor without any coating can only be used in the kitchen. But in modern rooms, to maintain Japanese design, the best option would be an artificial material that has a natural texture, for example, made to look like river pebbles or bamboo.
Shoes are not worn in Japanese homes. To avoid dirtying the floor, residents wear white socks - tabi. It is customary to leave shoes at the entrance to the room; there is a special pad here, it is called “genkan”. It must be below floor level. This type of design provides wind blowing, creating a comfortable temperature during the hot season. The supporting pillars of the house rest against stones, which act as a foundation, albeit not a solid one. Thanks to this, the vertical posts do not have direct contact with the soil, which avoids rotting.
House project in Japanese style designed according to the lifestyle of the inhabitants. The Japanese do not use beds for sleeping; for this purpose they have soft mattresses - futons. In the morning, the futon is folded and put away in special cabinets built into the walls. This is done to save space in the room. Moreover, one room can be not only a bedroom, but also a living room or dining room.
Scheme of the design of a Japanese house
When constructing housing, the factor of a possible earthquake is taken into account, so the house is a wooden structure in the form of a roof and columns. Walls are just floors between these columns; they can be of different textures and densities. Only one of the four walls is load-bearing, and the rest are used as movable panels.
The roofs of Japanese houses provide excellent protection from the scorching sun. The simplicity and ease of their construction makes it possible to quickly restore a house in the event of destruction during an earthquake. The roof is made of natural wood or straw.
Japanese style interior design
The interior of a Japanese house is, first of all, a pleasant environment with light decorative elements. This style has the main requirement - nothing superfluous. The atmosphere of a Japanese house should give serenity and tranquility. The beauty of nature is at the forefront, which means that all items are made from natural materials.
The main attribute of this style is wooden sliding doors. They protect from sun and rain, and also create a pleasant matte glow in the room. In a Japanese home you can see partitions called “fusuma”, made of a thin frame and rice paper. They are used as a division of space. They can also be called screens, which are decorated with pictures. They can depict beautiful flowering trees, militant samurai or beautiful dancing geishas.
There is, however, exactly one thing that definitely did not come to Japan from anywhere, and which, apparently, will not go anywhere. This tradition stands and holds the Japanese as roots. Real estate. , an amazing building in which everything is completely different from anywhere else.
There is such a place - Open Museum of Japanese Houses in Kawasaki. The inscriptions alone are worth it. They'll figure it out. You can't draw. Except for pencil and charcoal, for some reason. AND traditional japanese toilet costs.
And you can't use it either. They say it's an exhibition piece. And I wanted it that way. It's a shame.
In general, no other people except the Japanese have come up with the idea of sleeping, eating, sitting and living at home right on the floor, without furniture. Even the most modern fashionable and expensive Tokyo skyscrapers Only from the outside do they look like Western buildings. Inside each apartment there is always at least one bedroom room, where rice mats are laid on top of concrete, and people sleep there directly on the floor, as before, because it is convenient for the Japanese. I'm already comfortable too. Well, these beds. You can fall off them in your sleep!
In addition to the floor, you also need a roof. Amazing fluffy Japanese roofs are also made of straw. They have a lot of layers so that they leak less. Once all the thatch has been installed, a special roof barber crawls across the roof with scissors and gives the house a fashionable haircut. Each region of Japan had its own traditions regarding the fashion for home hairstyles. In the most fashionable houses, the gardener planted flowers directly on the roof. The straw quickly rots from the rains, compost is formed, grass and flowers grow well. Just sometimes you have to remember to climb onto the roof and pull out the weeds from it. That is, weeds are, of course, a concern in the summer. Clearing the roof of snow is a concern in winter, otherwise the roof risks falling through. In the snowy regions of Japan, they also made a window on the roof - it worked as a winter exit, when the rest of the house was already covered with snow.
When the roof breaks or rots, it’s all lost. An acquaintance recently rented a new apartment somewhere in Chiba, on the first floor. Because the second floor of the house is already so leaky that it’s scary to go there, let alone move. So the second floor is empty. And there, among the puddles, a family of tanuki (raccoon dogs) settled. A friend called 911, but the rescuers were afraid to go to the second floor. They said that they would then call the Ministry of Emergency Situations to clean out the tanuki. But the owner of the house forgave the rent for May, since such a stupid matter.
The best part of the house is the bathhouse. The Japanese loved to wash. Japanese bathroom- a large basin with water, and under it firewood. In the bathhouse you had to cook yourself by adding firewood. Washing in such a traditional bath is a dangerous task. A small wooden stool was placed at the bottom of the basin to sit on. After all, if your leg or butt jumps off the stool, they will touch the bottom of the basin, which is hot over an open fire: sometimes you’ll wash yourself, sometimes you’ll get burned. But even such a bath used to be an expensive pleasure. Usually there was a bath in only one house per village, and the owner allowed all the residents to wash after his family in turn. In the same water. And now in traditional “menshuku” hotels, where there is already running water and even sometimes hot water, the owner fills the bathtub once a day hot water and covers it with a wooden lid so that the water cools more slowly, then all the guests climb into this bath to wash in turn. The main thing is not to be the last.
Not only the bath, but also the kitchen, and the stove - completely different thinking in everything. Even the rice storage room is an amazing structure on 8-meter stilts with slippery steel ends. According to the idea, the mouse should slip on them and fall from a height. What samurai cunning!
This is the house that Tanaka-san built,
And this is rice hidden for the winter,
Hanging in the storeroom on high stilts,
And this is a fluffy gray mouse,
Which climbs on piles where there is rice,
Which hangs high in the closet,
In the house that Tanaka-san built.
And this is a slippery and sharp flooring,
Which the owner nailed onto piles,
From which the gray mouse falls,
Who climbed into the pantry where there was rice,
In the house that Tanaka-san built.
Classic Japanese house is a symbol of oriental culture and spirit. When depicting this architectural building, you need to take into account its features so that the drawing turns out great. The image process itself house but can be divided into several stages.
Instructions
Prepare example images. In addition to standard photos house ov, find some drawings of samurai. After all, Japanese house symbolizes a strict and strong defender of his country. If you look, you will find some similarities in the samurai's equipment and the decoration of the building. Imbued with the idea house a-defender, you can more clearly convey the atmosphere of the building.
Start with general lines. Already at this stage you are putting into the drawing what it will be like in the end. Determine the number of floors, area house A. Japanese construction is unique in that it has no restrictions on the height of one floor, or in diameter, or in anything else. Simply put, you are free to decide the size issue yourself.
Draw the details of the structure. Depending on your choice, this may be small house ik made of bamboo or stone castle. It's worth pointing out these little things. It is best not to outline light, small buildings. Leave some transparency in the walls. Stone giants, on the contrary, must “press” with their massiveness and the inaccessibility of their walls.
Pay attention to the roof. It symbolizes the head and helmet of a samurai. Try to point it upward so that it seems to be looking into the sky, waiting for the sun to come.
Decorate house. You won't find Japanese house without hieroglyphs, protective dragons, sun symbols or other important elements of Japanese architecture. Fill your drawing with the same thing - for greater realism and believability.
For more atmosphere, fill the picture with the landscape of oriental nature. Japanese, mountains covered with snow-white snow combined with fast-flowing rivers are at your disposal.
Helpful advice
Use pencils and paints for drawing. They can convey the spirit of the East much more expressively than other visual means.
Attention, TODAY only!
Everything interesting
The Japanese language contains a myriad of different characters. To easily talk with a resident of this country, it is enough to know about two thousand. But if you skillfully handle three thousand, no one will be against it. It arises...
Japanese crossword (nanogram, griddler) is special kind puzzles in which various images are encrypted. Today, Japanese nanograms are not inferior in popularity to ordinary scanwords and puzzles. Despite the apparent complexity...
Not everyone has the talent to create a pencil drawing. If you want to draw something with a pencil, try using this technique. You will need - a pencil - a picture - a landscape sheet - an eraser Instructions 1 Prepare a working paper...
Japanese culture is increasingly popular throughout the world. Japanese food, Japanese literature, Japanese comics - manga and Japanese cartoons - anime have become a common part of life. It is not surprising that many people who are passionate...
The Japanese landscape can be painted with ordinary watercolors, the main thing is to depict traditional japanese characters and when painting, use a large amount of water, and for parts use thicker paint. You will need cardboard or...
Landscape can be called the natural pattern of the area. These can be mountains, plains, plateaus, lowlands. To draw a landscape, you will need a knowledge of perspective and the ability to depict natural elements. You will need a tablet or...
A cozy wooden house next to a curly birch tree or under the shade of a spreading oak tree can become an object for your creativity. To ensure that the images on paper resemble the original, carefully examine them before drawing. What parts...
Traditional Japanese clothing, a kimono, resembles an oriental robe, however, when drawing it, you should take into account some nuances characteristic of Japanese culture, otherwise the drawing may turn out not only unreliable, but also cause confusion among...
The process of creating an image in virtual space is radically different from the usual drawing on paper, canvas and fabric. But the work of a virtual artist is no easier, and the widespread opinion is that “the machine will do everything itself”...
Samurai is a Japanese knight. A man who skillfully wields a sword, guarding his master, a kind of bodyguard. Among the samurai there are also female samurai. For a more vivid appearance of the warrior in the picture, be sure to depict him with a sword -...
Drawing a house for a child is a pleasure. If you turn on your imagination at full power and arm yourself with paper, felt-tip pens, colored pencils, paints, then the house can turn out great. How to draw a house for a child? You will need a pencil...
The pencil has a number of features that are worth considering when using it in drawing. To make the drawing expressive, you need to experiment a lot with the pressure and sharpness of the pencil. A great option for training is a test drawing...
It should be understood that the Japanese house of today and yesterday are in many ways different things. In our world, old traditions, materials, and technologies are being replaced everywhere by new ones; the Homeland of the Samurai is no exception. Architecture keeps up with the times and changes; in megacities this is more noticeable, in rural areas it is not so obvious.
🈚In urban housing you can find much more similarities with traditional design in the internal arrangement, which cannot be said about appearance.
🈵Attention! Despite the fact that the Japanese style of house building was formed largely under the influence of Chinese architecture, it has a number of important features - simplicity, good lighting and an asymmetrical layout!
🈯Minimalism is the main component of Japanese life and interior.
How a traditional house works in Japan
The classic housing of Japanese commoners is called Minka. In such buildings lived artisans, fishermen, merchants, in other words, all those segments of the population that did not belong to the samurai and nobility.
Minka can be divided into several types:
- matiya: where the townspeople lived;
- noka: lived by peasants;
- gyoka: fishermen's buildings;
- gassho-zukuri: mink in remote mountainous areas with steep and massive thatched roofs, silkworm hut.
🈚Matiya roofing - tiles or tiles. The roof of Nok is straw or shingles.
🈯Although Minka, in the classical sense of the word, implies medieval buildings, these days this term is applied to any residential building in the Country Rising Sun.
Key Features
Element Minka | Material | Peculiarities |
Basic materials | wood, bamboo, clay, grass, straw | Easily accessible and inexpensive materials. |
Roof | straw, tiles | It rests on wooden beams and can be straight, pointed at the corners or raised. |
Walls | clay, wood | Interior walls are usually omitted, and Fusuma or Shoji (movable screens) are used instead - Washi paper attached to a wooden frame. For this reason, Minka can safely be called open-plan housing. |
Foundation | stone | This is the only purpose. |
Floor | earthen or wooden, raised on stilts (50-70 cm) | Covered with tatami or musiro mats. Tatami is a more durable and beautiful option, made from special igusa bamboo and rice straw. |
Furniture | tree | There is little furniture. Built-in wardrobes. You can highlight Kotatsu. This is a kind of small Japanese table. Consists of three elements: a support, a tabletop and a spacer between them in the form of a heavy blanket or futon mattress. Often under this table in the floor there was a heat source in the form of a fireplace. The most important things are stored in special Japanese chests on Tansu wheels; in case of fire, they can be easily saved by rolling them outside. |
Windows and doors | wood and washi paper | All windows and doors, with the exception of the main entrance, are not stationary; their role is played by Fusuma or Shoji. |
Decor | calligraphy, paintings, ikebana | Everything is very meager compared to European houses. Basically, one small niche (tokonama) is allocated to the decorative elements. |
🈯There are practically no chimneys. This is explained by the floor raised by stilts and the high roof.
Increasingly traditional japanese houses are built from several floors, although previously only one level was used.
In general, the history of architecture developed according to the characteristics of climate, relief and other features. Eg, heat and humidity influenced the fact that the Japanese home was made as open, ventilated and bright as possible.
And the danger of earthquakes and tsunamis prompted the use of piles in design. They softened the shocks. They also tried to lighten the roof as much as possible so that if the house was destroyed, it could not cause critical physical damage to the owners.
Japanese style presupposes a reverent attitude towards purity and harmony. After all, the room was originally a project for a person living on the floor. And for such a philosophy, the absence of dirt and chaos is extremely important. It is not for nothing that such things as special slippers in front of the restroom and bathroom or exclusively white socks have become customary.
🈚To be fair, we note that maintaining cleanliness in Japanese square meters is easier than in our apartments. This is due to the minimal presence of furniture - the main place where dust accumulates.
The Japanese garden deserves special mention
Picture: Garden
Harmony with the surrounding world and nature is deeply rooted in the philosophy of this eastern people. And this could not but affect them Everyday life, including designing your home.
The Japanese surrounded their houses with wonderful and characteristic gardens. Travelers were amazed by the beautiful and harmonious combination of natural components and man-made products: bridges, ponds, lanterns wrapped in transparent paper, figurines and much more.
But, perhaps, Sakura is the most common element in a Japanese garden. This is not just a plant, it is a real symbol of all eras, dynasties and empires.
🈚By removing everything Fusuma or Shoji, the Japanese turns the house into a kind of “gazebo” in his own garden, thereby satisfying the innate need to think about the meaning of life. This partly explains the absence of windows and doors that are classical in our understanding.
🈯By the way, many European and American landscape garden design specialists take the Japanese style of home area design as the basis for their projects
Device diagram
So, to summarize, the device diagram traditional home Japanese will consist of the following places:
- external fence;
- kindergarten;
- tea house (usually among the nobility);
- outbuildings (barn or storage place for tools and tools);
- veranda (engawa);
- main entrance (odo);
- hallway Genkan;
- kitchen;
- toilet;
- bathroom or Japanese bathhouse ofuro;
- rooms (washitsu).
🈯The central part of the house may consist of several washitsu. If a large gathering of guests is planned, then all partitions are removed, creating one large hall!
🈵Important! The Japanese often measure rooms not by square meters, but by the number of tatami mats. A standard mat is 90 cm wide and twice as long.
In general, tatami is an important element of Japanese culture. Their number and arrangement can determine the character of the washitsu. For example, this could be a bedroom. In this case, a Japanese Futon mattress is placed on the mats and the result is a standard sleeping place for a resident of the area where Sumo wrestling originated.
Tea house or Chashitsu
Important and wealthy families had a tea house on their property. The first such structures appeared in the 15th century AD. From the name it follows that these places were intended for the tea ceremony and, in general, had the main properties and signs of culture - minimalism, asceticism, space and illumination.
🈯A pond or lake around is a classic of the genre!
At the same time, a number of features are observed:
- A low entrance requiring the person to kneel. The main message of this idea is that, regardless of status, everyone must bend down to enter this “temple of tea drinking and spiritual pleasure.” The second point is that people with weapons were not allowed here; such a door prevented a samurai from entering Tyashitsa with weapons.
- Opposite the entrance there was a place where certain attributes were concentrated. These were either traditional calligraphic designs and texts, which were the subject of discussion, or relaxing objects such as ikebanas or lavish incense sticks and incense burners.
🈚Japanese tea houses promote meditation and tranquility, or vice versa – they encourage philosophical conversations.
Picture: Tea house in Japan
Ryokan Hotels
These hotels can also be classified as traditional Japanese houses. For tourists and travelers, this is a kind of temple of traditional Japanese culture. Everything in the rooms is furnished in a manner consistent with the Mink hut.
Here you can plunge headlong into Japanese identity. Sleep on mattresses laid on tatami. Spend time in o-furo. See the traditional kimono attire that the staff wears. Taste using Japanese hashi chopsticks national cuisine, rich in seafood and vegetables.
Modern Japanese style house
As mentioned at the beginning, modern Japanese housing has changed greatly, especially on the outside, but the interior design of almost any person from the Land of the Rising Sun contains a touch of national traditions.
In the current realities, when the cost per square meter and interior elements is rising, the Japanese style with its minimalist approach to arrangement is becoming the most practical. And the free layout of their home provides people with the opportunity to realize their design fantasies and ideas.
Buildings in the city and rural areas should be considered separately.
City. The appearance of ancient and modern Japanese cities has changed dramatically. The wooden Matiyas were replaced by buildings erected using materials such as brick, concrete, iron, and bitumen.
In the central parts of the cities, business skyscrapers rise, where the foundation of a strong and stable economy is forged. World famous corporations are located here.
The majority of citizens live in apartments located in multi-storey buildings. As a rule, these are five to seven storey buildings. One-room apartments predominate. The area of the rooms does not exceed 10 square meters.
The layout of such housing is simply surprising with its rationalism when using such a limited area. Upon entering you will see this view:
- Small narrow corridor.
- On one side of the corridor there is a combined bathroom.
- On the other side there is a built-in wardrobe and a kitchen.
- Next is a small room.
- Miniature balcony with drying stick.
Space saving is evident in everything. This includes a kitchen built into a closet, placing plants on the walls, and a miniature bathroom. Well, the tradition of sitting on the floor, and, consequently, the lack of chairs and armchairs.
Entrance to the apartment
Kitchen in the closet
But some Western influence can also be identified, for example, the presence of a European bed or console under the TV.
More affluent people buy so-called family apartments (60-90 m2) or private houses on the outskirts.
🈵In Japanese houses, central heating is practically not practiced; instead, gas, electric, infrared and even kerosene heaters are used.
Countryside. Houses outside the city are less susceptible modern trends. Although many of them today are built on the model of Western society using know-how materials, it is still possible to draw an analogy with the traditional Minko.
Everyone decides for themselves to what extent their housing should correspond to classical Japanese culture and style.
Let us highlight several of the most common common features that are inherent in houses in the outback today:
- Minimum amount of furniture. Ignoring chairs and armchairs.
- Elevation of the floor half a meter above the ground.
- Free layout provided by movable screens (Fusuma or Shoji).
- High roof.
🈯The more prosperous the peasant, the more he enjoys the achievements modern science. Poor people in the village still make a roof out of thatch, sleep on a futon, and warm themselves at a kotatsu.
Frame buildings
No matter what global trends in architecture occur, the Japanese build only frame houses. This technology is simply necessary for them to survive in an earthquake zone.
A frame house is incredibly resistant to earthquakes; it seems to absorb and dampen them. There are known frame buildings that have survived a large number of earthquakes over a thousand years and were practically undamaged.
This technology has some advantages! They are relatively easy to restore when destroyed. These structures are lightweight, and if they collapse, they are unlikely to cause severe fatal damage.
There are three types of frame houses:
- Wooden. These are traditional Japanese Minka, tea houses, temples;
- Reinforced concrete. Modern skyscrapers.
- Unusual futuristic buildings. Frame technology allows you to build fancy structures of unusual shapes and their combinations.
Unusual frame structure
Dome houses are the most modern Japanese technologies in the field of architecture and construction
They have an unusual design in the shape of a hemisphere. It looks like alien earth settlements of the future.
The most unique thing is the material. Essentially, it's a home made of reinforced polystyrene foam! It endows these buildings with properties that are useful and necessary for the Japanese climate, such as strength and high thermal insulation. You can also avoid spending on the frame and foundation, which significantly reduces its cost.
In Europe, they are actively beginning to introduce this technology in the production of seasonal suburban housing.
At the end of the video on the topic:
- What documents should an individual entrepreneur have?
- Accounting for individual entrepreneurs - rules and features of independent reporting under different tax regimes Primary documentation for individual entrepreneurs
- Accounting for individual entrepreneurs: features of accounting in individual entrepreneurs?
- How to privatize an apartment, everything about privatization List of documents for privatization of an apartment