Marcus Tullius Cicero, ancient Roman politician: biography, statements. Cicero - biography, facts from life, photographs, background information Full name of Cicero

- (106 43 BC) statesman, orator, writer I (...) with my valor illuminated the path for my ancestors, so that, even if they were not known earlier, they owe their memory to me. Our tears dry quickly, especially if we shed them over... ... Consolidated encyclopedia of aphorisms

- (10643 BC), Roman politician, orator and writer. Cicero’s political ideal was a “mixed state system” (a state combining elements of monarchy, aristocracy and democracy), the model of which he considered ...

Marcus Tullius Cicero Marcus Tullius Cicero Bust of Cicero consul 63 BC uh... Wikipedia

- (lat. Marcus Tullius): Marcus Tullius Decula, ancient Roman politician, consul of 81 BC. e. Marcus Tullius Cicero (January 3, 106 BC, Arpinum December 7, 43 BC, Formia) ancient Roman politician and philosopher, brilliant orator ... Wikipedia

Cicero, Marcus Tullius- (lat. Marcus Tullius Cicero) (3.I.106 7.XII.43 BC) famous Roman orator, politician, writer, ideologist Rome. slave owner republics. Ts. came from the equestrian class; he and his parents moved from Latvia. town... ... Ancient world. Dictionary-reference book.

Cicero (Marcus Tullius Cicero) (106 43 BC), Roman politician, orator and writer. Supporter of the republican system. Of the works, 58 judicial and political speeches, 19 treatises on rhetoric, politics, philosophy and more have been preserved... encyclopedic Dictionary

- (Marcus Tullius Cicero) (January 3, 106 Arpinum December 7, 43 BC, near Caieta, now Gaeta), Roman orator, politician, philosopher. Author of numerous philosophical and legal treatises, letters and court speeches, from which students studied... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (Cicero, M. Tullius). The greatest Roman orator, b. January 3, 106 BC Having received an education under the guidance of the best Roman teachers, he entered the field of orator and soon became consul; During his consulate, a conspiracy was discovered... ... Encyclopedia of Mythology

- (Marcus Tullius Cicero) (3.1.106 BC, Arpinum, ≈ 7.12.43 BC, near Caieta, modern Gaeta), ancient Roman politician, orator, writer. From the class of horsemen. He entered political life as a “new man”, obliged to everything... ... Big Soviet encyclopedia

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• , Marcus Tullius Cicero. Marcus Tullius Cicero, an outstanding Roman lawyer and statesman, was elected consul, was proclaimed father of the fatherland by the Senate, and emperor by the soldiers of the province entrusted to him. However…
• Marcus Tullius Cicero. Thoughts and statements, Butromeev V.. Marcus Tullius Cicero is an ancient Roman politician, philosopher and brilliant orator, known for his philosophical treatises, speeches and aphorisms. The works of Cicero that have come down to us have an exceptional...

CICERO

CICERO, Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 BC), Rome. watered activist, speaker and writer. Supporter of the Republic building. From op. 58 courts have survived. and watered. speeches, 19 treatises on rhetoric, politics, philosophy and more than 800 letters. Op. Ts. is a source of information about the civil era. wars in Rome.

Large Russian encyclopedic dictionary. 2012

See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what CICERO is in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

• CICERO in the Wiki Quote Book:
  Data: 2009-09-11 Time: 12:07:21 Navigation Topic = Cicero Wikipedia = Cicero Wikisource = Cicero Wikimedia Commons = Cicero Wiktionary = Category: Quotes/Cicero ...
• CICERO in the Newest Philosophical Dictionary:
  (Cicero) Marcus Tullius (106-43 BC) - Roman politician, philosopher, orator. Roman aedile (69), praetor (66), consul (63). Killed by political...
• CICERO in Sayings of Great Men:
  Living means thinking. Cicero - If there is anything honorable, it is the integrity of all life. Cicero - Nature did not give...
• CICERO in the Dictionary of Generals:
  (lat. Cicero) Marcus Tullius (106-43 BC), an outstanding Roman. speaker, writer. He was elected quaestor, praetor, and consul. Adjoined Pompey, but was...
• CICERO in the Dictionary-Reference Book of Who's Who in the Ancient World:
  Marcus Tullius (106-43 BC) "New Man" from Arpina, Cicero was educated in Rome and Athens. Quickly became the greatest...
• CICERO in Ancient literature:
  (Cicero), Marcus Tullius (106 - 43 BC) - Roman orator, writer and politician, ideological and literary opponent...
• CICERO
  (Cicero) Marcus Tullius (106-43 BC) Roman politician, orator and writer. Supporter of the republican system. Of the works, 58 have survived...
• CICERO V Encyclopedic Dictionary Brockhaus and Euphron:
  (M. Tullius Cicero) - Roman orator, philosopher and statesman. Both for internal reasons (the versatility of his abilities and activities), so...
• CICERO in the Modern Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  
• CICERO in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  (Cicero) Marcus Tullius (106 - 43 BC), Roman orator and writer. Supporter of the republican system. Of the works, 58 have survived...
• CICERO in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
  (M. Tullius Cicero) ? Roman orator, philosopher and statesman. Both for internal reasons (the versatility of his abilities and activities), so...
• CICERO in Abramov's Dictionary of Synonyms:
  cm. …
• CICERO in the dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian language.
• CICERO in Lopatin’s Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  Cicero, ...
• CICERO in the Spelling Dictionary:
  Cicero, ...
• CICERO in Modern explanatory dictionary, TSB:
  (Cicero) Marcus Tullius (106-43 BC), Roman politician, orator and writer. Supporter of the republican system. Of the works, 58 have survived...
• CICERO
  m. A person who is too eloquent or talks too much (usually with a hint of irony or blame) ...
• CICERO in the Large Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  m. 1. Ancient Roman orator Cicero (106 - 43 BC). 2. Used as a poetic symbol...
• CICERO, MARK TULLIUS V Brief dictionary mythology and antiquities:
  (Cicero, ?. Tullius). The greatest Roman orator, b. January 3, 106 B.C. Having received an education under the guidance of the best Roman teachers, ...
• CICERO MARCUS TULLIUS in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  (Marcus Tullius Cicero) (January 3, 106 Arpinum - December 7, 43 BC, near Caieta, now Gaeta), Roman orator, ...
• CICERO, MARK TULLIUS: CREATIVITY in Collier's Dictionary.
• CICERO, MARK TULLIUS: LIFE in Collier's Dictionary:
  To the article CICERO, MARK TULLIUS Cicero was born in Arpina, a small town about 100 km east of Rome, 3 ...
• LATIN PROVERBS in Wiki Quotation Book.
• CAESAR in the Directory of Characters and Cult Objects of Greek Mythology:
  Roman Emperor in 49-44. BC Founder Yuliev-Klavdiev. Genus. OK. 100 BC Died March 15, 44...

CICERO, MARK TULLIUS(Marcus Tullius Cicero) (106–43 BC) - Roman statesman, supporter of the ideals of the Republic, outstanding orator and writer, popularizer of Greek philosophy. Peak political career Cicero - 63 BC, this was the year of his consulate and the exposure of the Catiline conspiracy, for which he was triumphantly proclaimed "father of the fatherland." But due to his refusal to support the triumvirate of Caesar - Pompey - Crassus, Cicero gradually lost more and more influence and retreated from active politics, as a result in April 58 BC. Cicero was forced to go into exile in Macedonia. He returns in September 57 BC, joins the party of Pompey, and after the latter’s defeat in the Battle of Pharsalus (48 BC) he surrenders to the mercy of Caesar, who actually became the sole dictator. Having approved the murder of Caesar, he finds himself in opposition to Mark Antony, whom he considers to continue the cause of usurpation of power. A series of famous speeches against Antony (“philippics”) mark a line that summed up both Cicero’s political career and his life.

Cicero's literary heritage consists of his public speeches, works on oratory, philosophical treatises, poetic works and private letters. He did it for the first time Latin language full means of expression philosophical ideas, seeking to provide the Roman enlightened public with material for serious reading and self-education. Cicero gives an overview of his works on philosophy in his treatise About divination (The art of fortune telling), book 2, ch. 1. This review begins with the words: “More than once I asked myself how I could be most useful for the republic, without abandoning my concerns about it, after many and long reflections, I came to this conclusion: it would be best if I open my fellow citizens the path to noble sciences.” In the 19th–20th centuries. Cicero's legacy was of interest to historians of philosophy mainly as a source of information about Platonic philosophy of the Hellenistic period (the most valuable material is about Philo of Larissa and Antiochus of Ascalon); Cicero reflected in his works the contemporary ideas of the Stoics and Epicureans (Panaetius, Posidonius), and deliberately imitated the dialogues of Aristotle.

Cicero addressed issues of the relationship between rhetoric and philosophy, government and, in particular, “the best state and the best citizen.” Following the Greek historian Polybius and the Stoic Panaetius, he sees in the Roman Republic during its heyday that “mixed polity” in which democracy (the free will of the people and their genuine participation in public affairs) is optimally combined with elements of aristocracy (leadership from the wisest and most worthy ). Among theoretical epistemological questions, I dealt with the question of the nature and status of knowledge: are there criteria for the truth of knowledge? Can knowledge about anything be final? In accordance with the teachings of the New Academy, and in contrast to the Stoics, he answers this question in the negative. In progress About the limits of good and evil Cicero consistently refutes the teachings of the highest good of the Epicureans and Stoics, remaining skeptical about the impossibility of theoretical justification greater good. In the field of practical morality, Cicero finds such a final defining concept - this is the concept of nature: “he who follows nature does not make mistakes,” which brings his position closer to the Stoic. Stoicism was only partially spiritually close to Cicero: agreement on moral issues is accompanied by sharp criticism of the belief in traditional gods, Stoic fatalism and the associated belief in the art of fortune-telling (see. On the nature of the gods, About witchcraft And About fate). One of the most significant works of Cicero - Tusculan conversations in 5 books, which touches on a wide range of philosophical issues. In it, he calls philosophy “the science of healing the soul,” “a seeker of virtue, a persecutor of vices,” a force that united “people scattered throughout the earth into a society.”

Cicero believed that true philosophy, as the pursuit of wisdom and moral improvement, enriches the basis of everyday existence - friendship, and softens and fills with meaning the inevitable hardships of every life: old age, pain, death of loved ones and the expectation of one's own ( About old age, About friendship). For all subsequent eras, Cicero one way or another remained an enlightenment philosopher, a representative of humanism - this very word goes back to his favorite concept of humanitas.

Photo of Cicero

Cicero Marcus Tullius was during his life the greatest Roman orator, philosopher, excellent statesman, poet, writer, theorist of eloquence, whose surviving teachings are of great interest in modern life. In his works he paid special attention to problems and issues of state and law.

Cicero - orator biography

He was born in the city of Arpina into a family of horsemen. His parents sent him to study the beauty and technique of speech in Rome, where he lived. Then Cicero clearly moved up the career ladder. Initially, he becomes a member of the Senate, then governor of the province of Cilicia.

Throughout his life, Cicero spoke to a wide audience with his texts containing a political and judicial slant. And gradually gained the status of the best speaker.

Later, he begins to deal with issues of government activities. The most famous works are “On the State” and “On Laws”. From 49 to 44 BC he does not reside in Rome, but is active in the countryside. This period of Cicero's life is marked by the most ambitious works in the field of philosophy, theory of eloquence, and other humanities. Over time, the need arose to learn the Greek language in more depth, so he went to live in Greece for long periods three times.

Rome was Cicero's favorite city and in 44, after the death of Caesar, Cicero returned to defend the republican system that existed at that time from attempts to change it by Caesar's heirs. But everything was pointless, he was blacklisted, after which, in 43 BC, he was killed.

But despite this attitude towards him at that time, his works are still revered. Many of the teachings of modern philosophers are based on the writings of Cicero. His ability to beautifully and clearly convey information was the meaning of life and its purpose.

Cicero political activity

In the Roman Empire, the moral code was based on loyalty to traditions and customs, on obedience to existing laws, on respect. And Cicero, as a true admirer of these norms, always tried to follow them. But sometimes, he still had to write texts for speech, not in order to defend moral standards, but to gain some benefit.

Exploring the traditions of the ancient Greek idea, Cicero tried to identify the most correct form of government. He was attracted to the teachings of Plato, Aristotle and other great philosophers. And he regarded the state as the common property of the people.

Marcus Tullius Cicero (lat. Marcus Tullius Cicero). Born January 3, 106 BC. e. in Arpinum - died December 7, 43 BC. e. in Formia. An ancient Roman politician and philosopher, a brilliant orator.

Cicero was born into a family belonging to the equestrian class in the small town of Arpina, located more than a hundred kilometers southeast of Rome. When the future speaker was 15 years old, his father, who dreamed of a political career for his sons Mark and Quintus, moved with his family to Rome to give the boys a good education.

Wanting to become a judicial orator, young Mark studied the works of Greek poets, was interested in Greek literature, studied eloquence from the famous orators Mark Antony and Lucius Licinius Crassus, and also listened and commented on the famous tribune Publius Sulpicius Rufus speaking at the forum. The orator needed to know Roman law, and Cicero studied it with the popular lawyer of the time, Quintus Mucius Scaevola.

Having an excellent command of the Greek language, Cicero became acquainted with Greek philosophy thanks to his closeness with the Epicurean Phaedrus of Athens, the Stoic Diodorus Cronus and the head of the New Academic School Philo. From him Marcus Tullius learned dialectics - the art of debate and argumentation.

The first speech that has come down to us is Cicero, created in 81 BC. e., “In Defense of Quinctius,” the purpose of which was the return of illegally seized property, brought the speaker his first success. In it, he adhered to the Asian style, the canons of which corresponded to the work of Cicero’s well-known rival Quintus Hortensius Gortal.

More more success The speaker delivered a speech “In Defense of Russia,” in which he was forced to talk about the state of affairs in the state, where, in his words, “they have forgotten how not only to forgive misdeeds, but also to investigate crimes.” This difficult case of a modest native of the province of Russia, unfairly accused by relatives of the murder of his own father, was in fact a lawsuit between representatives of the ancient Roman families, who lost their influence under the Sullan regime (approx. 82-79 BC), and the rootless henchmen of the dictator.

It is important to note that Cicero personally visited Ameria and investigated the circumstances of the crime on the spot, as a result of which he asked the court for 108 days to prepare the trial. Such preparation was a decent reason for departure, since already in the process of Roscius, Cicero showed himself to be a talented student of the Greeks and the famous rhetorician Apollonius Molon, from whom the young orator was educated in Rome. It is necessary to point out that Cicero’s speech “In Defense of Roscius” is structured according to all the rules of oratory - with complaints about the youth and inexperience of the defense attorney, exhortations to the judges, direct speeches on behalf of the accused, as well as a refutation of the prosecution’s arguments.

It is also important that in debunking the statements of the accuser Gaius Erutius, who was trying to prove that Roscius was a parricide, Cicero resorted to the Greek art of atopoeia, which relied on the characteristics of the accused, who could not have committed such a terrible act.

In 75 BC. e. Cicero was elected quaestor and received an appointment to Sicily, where he supervised the export of grain during a period of grain shortage in Rome. With his justice and honesty, he earned the respect of the Sicilians, but in Rome his successes were practically unnoticed.

In August 70 BC. e. Cicero made a series of speeches against the propraetor of Sicily, a supporter of Sulla, Gaius Licinius Verres, who during his three years as governor (73-71 BC) plundered the province and executed many of its inhabitants. The matter was complicated by the fact that in this year Cicero applied for the position of aedile, and his opponent Verres was supported by both senior magistrates (consul Hortensius, the famous orator who agreed to act as a defender at the trial, and Verres’ friend consul Quintus Metellus), as well as the chairman of the court, praetor Marcus Metellus . “Everything is provided so that nothing can harm Verres,” wrote Cicero.

In 63 BC. e. Cicero was elected to the post of consul, being the first "new man" to achieve this post in the previous 30 years. His election was facilitated by the fact that his rival, Catiline, openly spoke about his readiness for revolutionary changes if he received the post of consul. This greatly worried the Romans, and preference was eventually given to Cicero.

In 60 BC. e. , Pompey and Crassus joined forces to seize power, forming the First Triumvirate. Recognizing Cicero's talents and popularity, they made several attempts to win him over to their side. Cicero hesitated and refused, preferring to remain loyal to the Senate and the ideals of the Republic. However, this left him open to attacks from opponents, including the tribune Clodius, who had disliked Cicero since the orator testified against him at his trial.

Clodius sought the passage of a law condemning an official who executed a Roman citizen without trial to exile. The law was directed primarily against Cicero. Cicero turned to Pompey and other influential persons for support, but did not receive it; in addition, he was subjected to physical persecution by Clodius' followers. In April 58 BC. e. he was forced to go into voluntary exile and leave Italy. In his absence, the law was passed, his property was confiscated, and his houses were burned. The exile had an extremely depressing effect on Cicero; he thought about suicide.

In September 57 BC. e. Pompey took a tougher position towards Clodius (the reason for this was the attacks of the tribune). Pompey drove him out of the forum and achieved the return of Cicero from exile with the help of the people's tribune Titus Annius Milo.

Soon after returning from exile, Cicero withdrew from active political life. He indulges in the legal profession and literary activity. In 55 he wrote the dialogue “On the Orator”, in 54 he began work on the essay “On the State”.

In 51 BC. e. He was appointed by lot as governor of Cilicia, where he successfully ruled, put an end to the rebellion of the Cappadocians without resorting to weapons, and also defeated the robber tribes of Aman, for which he received the title of “emperor.”

Returning to Rome, Cicero found the confrontation between Caesar and Pompey worsening after the death of Crassus. During civil war Cicero, after much hesitation, took the side of Pompey, but understood that at this stage the question was no longer whether Rome would be a republic or an empire, but who - Caesar or Pompey - would be emperor, and considered both options deplorable for the state.

After the Battle of Pharsalus (48 BC), Cicero refused the command of Pompey's army offered to him, and after a skirmish with Pompey the Younger and other military leaders who accused him of treason, he moved to Brundisium. There he met with Caesar and was forgiven by him. During the reign of Caesar, he left the political scene of Rome, unable to come to terms with dictatorship, and began writing and translating philosophical treatises.

After the assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BC. e. Cicero returned to politics, deciding that with the death of the dictator, the republic could be restored. For this reason, the last cycle of speeches was created - “Philippics against Mark Antony”, which returned the speaker to his former popularity. Cicero named these speeches so in imitation of the speeches of Demosthenes, in which he denounced King Philip II of Macedon. September 2, 44 BC e. Cicero came out with the “First Philippic against Mark Antony,” in which the speaker not only questions the laws introduced by Antony, but also proves that they have nothing to do with Caesar’s policies, because, according to Cicero, if you ask the dictator himself, “what exactly what he did in Rome, wearing a toga, he would answer that he passed many laws and, moreover, beautiful ones.”

It is important to note that this is not a eulogy for the deceased dictator, but a tribute to him as a patriot of the state; As for the assessment of Caesar's activities as a politician, Cicero considers it antisocial and immoral; he calls his murderers “liberators of the fatherland,” their act “the greatest and most beautiful deed.” In this speech, Cicero intends to “freely express everything he thinks about the state of the state.” This was the greatest act of civic courage, for an experienced politician who had lived his life in the Roman Forum, Cicero could not help but understand that Antony posed a much greater danger both to the state and to him personally than Catiline. However, the speaker accepted the challenge and brought his struggle to the end. Cicero responded to Antony's speech in the Senate on September 19 with a pamphlet, “Second Philippica against Mark Antony,” written in the form of a speech. The genius of Cicero here is restrained, powerful and beautiful in its proportionality. The entire palette of oratorical techniques and rhetorical tricks is presented in its best manifestations. Moreover, despite the fact that Cicero begins with an apology for himself, this apology is presented as a defender of the rule of law and civil interests, who defends his position only with the help of eloquence.

It is extremely important to note that Antony’s state activity, according to Cicero, is a crime against Roman freedom even more serious than the crimes of the “tyrant” Caesar, who “was distinguished by his talent, intelligence, memory, education, perseverance, ability to think through his plans, perseverance.”

According to Cicero, Antony was the one who provoked the worst deeds of the future dictator, for he and the consul Gaius Curio gave Caesar "the pretext for declaring war on his fatherland." “Like Helen for the Trojans, so Mark Antony became the cause of war, pestilence and death for our state,” the speaker emphasizes. Confident of victory and convinced of the impending liberation of Rome, Cicero could not expect betrayal on the part of Octavian Augustus, Caesar's nephew and heir, who entered into an agreement with the defeated Mark Antony and Mark Aemilius Lepidus, and, forming the Second Triumvirate, they moved troops to Rome . Deprived of protection, the Senate recognized their power. Antony ensured that Cicero’s name was included in the proscription lists of “enemies of the people,” which the triumvirs published immediately after the formation of the union.

Cicero tried to escape to Greece, but the assassins overtook him on December 7, 43 BC. e., not far from his Tuscullan villa. When Cicero noticed the killers catching up with him, he ordered the slaves carrying him: “Place the palanquin right there,” and then, sticking his head out from behind the curtain, put his neck under the sword of the centurion sent to kill him. Severed head and hands best writer of the "golden age" of Roman literature were delivered to Antony and then placed on the oratorical platform of the forum. According to legend, Antony's wife Fulvia stuck pins into the tongue of the dead head, and then, as Plutarch says, “they ordered the head and hands to be placed on the oratorical dais, above the ship’s bows, to the horror of the Romans, who thought they saw not the face of Cicero, but the image of Anthony's soul..."

Dedicated a poem to Cicero. In it the author tries to console literary hero, who regrets the decline of Rome, in that he can consider himself exalted by the gods, since he witnessed such a great and tragic historical moment.

The Roman orator spoke
Amid civil storms and anxiety:
“I got up late - and on the road
Rome was caught at night!
So!.. But, saying goodbye to Roman glory,
From the Capitoline Heights
You saw it in all its greatness
The sunset of her bloody star!..

Blessed is he who has visited this world
His moments are fatal!
He was called by the all-good
As a companion at a feast.
He is a spectator of their high spectacles,
He was admitted to their council -
And alive, like a celestial being,
Immortality drank from their cup!