Ural tiles of the 17th-18th centuries Antique Materials Antique Tiled Stoves
Tile is a native Russian word, derived from the ancient "sample" - until the end of the 17th century they called ceramic decorations for the outer walls of temples, palaces and facing stoves in the state chambers. The very art of architectural ceramics has a long history, its roots go back to the times Ancient egypt, Assyria and Babylonia. The widespread use of ceramic tiles in the architecture of different countries could not bypass Russia either. However, Russian craftsmen used tiles in their own way in decorating the exterior and interior of the building, which made this art form unique and inimitable. Tiled decors were an integral part of the architectural design of buildings, tiled stoves played an important role in decorating the interiors of temples, palaces, princely and boyar chambers.
The origins of Russian tile art should be sought in ancient Kiev of the 10th-11th centuries, Ryazan and Vladimir of the 12th century. During archaeological site in these cities, the first Russian ceramic items were found covered with transparent multicolored glazes.
Almost in parallel, in Russia in the 17th century, several types of different designs of tiles developed in parallel. These are the so-called terracotta, which were made from red varieties of clay, etched (tiles covered with green lead glaze) and colored, covered with different kinds colored glaze, mainly turquoise, yellow, green and white.
In the 18th century, Peter I brought to Russia the famous "Dutch" tiles painted with cobalt on white enamel, which for many decades became trendsetters in tile stove fashion.
A magnificent fireplace in the Bishops' House in Krasnoyarsk was decorated with German tiles, which was later destroyed. These few photographs are practically all that remains of this fireplace, and in many ways they were the ones that I used when creating my first tiles.
For the production of stove tiles, wooden forms were used, the rumpa (leg) of the tile was made either by hand or with the help of a potter's wheel.
By the way, a tiller is one of the biggest and most important "secrets" of a tile, because it is thanks to the presence of a tiller that the tile is not simply glued to the surface of the stove or fireplace, but is mounted using a wire during the installation of the product, which undoubtedly increases the reliability of fastening - this not tile glue that can fall off Look at the Dutch women in the Hermitage or the fireplaces that adorn Menshikov's palace - some of them are already several centuries old!
In addition, the hollow inside of the rumpa becomes a wonderful source of long-term warmth. During the heating of the stove, the air inside the tiller heats up, and then evenly gives off heat to the room for several hours. The temperature in these voids reaches 100 ° C, which, however, has absolutely no effect on either the brick or the tile. Stable heat transfer of lined stoves and fireplaces, which is much higher than that of brick stoves, persists for several tens (or even hundreds) of years.
The environmental friendliness of the tiles also plays a significant role. Due to shrinkage, the tiles do not have microcracks, and the furnace gases do not escape into the room. The installation method developed hundreds of years ago also contributes to this.
Today, tiles are also made by hand, but the molding is no longer in wooden, but in plaster molds. How the tile model is developed, and then the tiles themselves are made - in the next master class.
In preparing this master class, materials from the book by S.A. Maslikh "Russian tile art of the 15th-19th centuries"
Interior is a multifaceted word that evokes its own associations for each person - someone sees himself in a room with a classic design, for someone historical motives are the main in the style, and some imagine how they will place a stove in the living room, which will be decorated with antique tiles ...
The beauty of the tiles successfully complements the modern interior. A modern fireplace, which is found in most country houses, can be easily turned into a luxurious source of heat at the request of the owner; for this, it is enough to lay tiles.
Tiles: what is it?
Tiles are ceramic products that differ from the usual tiles in that they are a work of art, since the production process uses the technique of hand painting, which makes them a unique product and arouses genuine interest among connoisseurs of antiquity.
The patterns on the tiles are not repeated, the brightness of the colors allows you to preserve the glaze. These elements are made of a certain type of clay, are fired in a kiln, traditional for ceramics, but they are distinguished from others by an unusual shape - a box. It allows the finishing material to save heat more efficiently. The tile fits snugly into the masonry, leaves no gaps, which makes it strong, durable and unique. Thanks to this material, old stoves, which have an unpresentable appearance, can be brought back to life.
Variety of antique finishing materials
Tiled stoves have a long history, therefore it is not surprising that there are a lot of styles and trends in design. The most unusual and original is Russian - it is based on bright color combinations and unusual, intricate ornaments.
The Dutch style is based on monochrome painting, emphasized austere, but betraying the room comfort. Used in the homes of wealthy citizens. The Flemish style is similar to the Dutch, but the main colors of the painting are blue and brown.
Stylized plants and flowers, fairy-tale characters or animals, mythical plots were often depicted on ancient tiles, so everyone can choose an option for themselves.
The firing process is complex and cannot be done by hand without special devices. The blanks are filled with chamotte clay, then they are dried within two weeks and only because they are sent to an electric furnace, where they are fired at very high temperatures. The first batch is called the title batch, according to which the quality of all other elements is determined. Then comes the turn of applying the glaze and re-firing, after which the appropriate pattern is applied and another firing is carried out.
Furnace cladding: features
There is a modern or antique stove in the house - they are all part of the art that is passed down from generation to generation. In order to keep it in good condition, it is necessary to make the cladding, which must be performed according to certain rules, which give a guarantee of durability.
Tiling of already folded and functioning stoves, as well as modern fireplaces, is a matter that requires special skill and knowledge. Specialists who can carry out all work taking into account the norms and requirements are respected and appreciated, since they not only decorate the stove, but also improve its functionality. Lined with tiles, it increases its heat transfer several times.
The main and most important feature of the masonry process that exists is that first, ceramic products are installed directly - tiles, and only then the brick body of the furnace itself is mounted to them. Cladding ceramics can be flat, cornice and even angular.
Common to all ceramic elements used in the cladding of stoves and fireplaces is that they all have the shape of a box, are coated with glaze (plain or colored) and special system mounts called rumpa. If a stove or fireplace in the interior is only planned, then you should not abandon the cladding, since it will allow you to integrate them as harmoniously into the interior of the room as possible, and also preserve the strength of the structure. It is important to remember that hallmark These finishing elements are a time-saver - they can be stolen immediately, that is, the stove is decorated with tiles simultaneously with its laying. However, the work is very time consuming, therefore, making it with your own hands, you should prepare as much as possible or trust it to professionals who know all the nuances and subtleties of this building art.
Preparation of materials for work
The peculiarity of the preparation of materials is directly related to the fact that tiles are inherently a piece, exclusive product. That is why the first stage of the preparatory work is sorting, which includes the type and size, as well as color and pattern, if ornamental laying is planned. Particular attention should be paid to sorting defective products - all tiles that will be used in the facing process must be of high quality, defective glaze or cracks are unacceptable, since the effect of their use will be lost. Doing all these actions with your own hands is not difficult.
When doing the masonry with your own hands, you should remember the rule - dark colors are laid down, light rows up, so you can decompose the existing ceramic products according to shades in advance to save time. An inconspicuous "marriage" is allowed for laying in the lateral zones.
The next stage of preparation is "fitting" in size and grinding the sides. For convenience, it is recommended to make a standard according to which all other elements should be processed.
Immediately before laying, the material is soaked in water - this will improve the adhesion of ceramics with clay mortar.
Cladding process
The do-it-yourself cladding process itself begins with the careful laying out of the first row of ceramic elements. This step is the same for both stoves and fireplaces. After the oven is decorated with the first row, a brick oven body is attached to it. Recommendations for laying: at the beginning, laying is done without using clay mortar, the position of the elements is fixed, then you need to disassemble the row and, starting from the corners, work with the mortar. Next, you should act according to the following not complicated scheme, which is not difficult to reproduce with your own hands:
- 1 row - brickwork
- 2 row - tiles
- 3 row - rumpa
- 4 row - pin
- 5 row - staple
- 6 row - wire
- 7 row - loops for fasteners.
The trough should be filled with ½ volume of clay solution and, as tightly as possible, press small pebbles into it - it is better to use river pebbles. A layer of masonry mortar is applied on top, which should reach the sides. Next, you need to press the brick to the product. At the moment when the brickwork becomes equal in height to the level of the tiled row, the finishing material needs to be pulled together with wire.
Advice: it is best to pass the wire through the bends of the fasteners, which should then be upset, and the ends of the wire should be carefully brought out into the brickwork.
It is recommended to fasten the vertical rows of the tiller with steel brackets for better stability of the stove, it is important to make sure that they snap into place. The thickness of the seam between two horizontal rows, which is allowed when laying masonry, should be at least 3 mm, since the decorative part will settle together with the brick base. In order for a stove or fireplace to look attractive, these recommendations must be strictly followed.
Having completed the finishing and the creation of brickwork, it is required to thoroughly clean all the seams formed in the process using an awl, and then rinse the surface from the remnants of the solution and dry it well.
The next step in improving stoves or fireplaces is the application of gypsum dough to the seams. It should dry out for a few minutes, and the excess amount is simply removed with a dry cloth. The final stage of decorating stoves and fireplaces with your own hands is drying, which lasts 14-21 days, depending on the microclimate in the room. Attention - it is forbidden to heat the stove or fireplace all this time..
Conclusion
You can save today ancient art decorating stoves by contacting a master or by doing all the necessary actions with your own hands. Among the main decorative styles, you can choose the most suitable one for the existing interior. If you want something unusual, then the painting can have oriental motives or be based on a mythological plot.
The front side of the volumetric ceramic decoration for the stove has a pattern, which is additionally covered with glaze, which performs not only a decorative, but also a protective function. The unusual shape of the open box allows you to increase the strength of the product, and with it the reliability of the entire masonry. The durability of the structure is ensured by the air cushion between the layers, which prevents the formation of mold or mildew. It is not difficult to do such a laying with your own hands, but if experience is not enough, then it is best to contact a professional.
In the event that you want to create an exclusive version of decoration for the fireplace, then you need to contact the master, who, according to the sketches provided, will be able to work on creating the tiles.
Tile art and architectural ceramics have existed in Russia for more than ten centuries. The earliest Russian tiles date back to the 10th century. The 17th century became the peak of tiled art in Russia.
Early stoves were decorated with terracotta and glazed tiles, often the stove was assembled from self-supporting tiles, and eventually the concept of "tiled stove" appeared, suggesting that tiles are the main building material of such a stove.
A multitude of multi-colored and glazed tiles adorned Russian stoves. The Moscow Kremlin has a large collection of tiled Russian stoves. Very interesting tiled stoves are installed in the Novodevichy Convent, in the Trinity-Sergius Lavra.
In general, many of them survived in varying degrees of preservation, largely due to the selfless devotion of museum staff and restorers.
One of the largest collections of Russian tiled stoves is located in Kolomenskoye, where very high-quality reconstructions were carried out by MGOMZ restorers. These furnaces have become a symbol and a colorful monument of Boyar Rus - an era that disappeared in Peter's times.
The Russian stove underwent cardinal changes at the beginning of the 18th century with the decree of Peter forbidding the construction of poultry (fired "in black") fire-hazardous stoves, which was very timely, since the fires caused great damage.
At the same time, the first regulations were issued for the construction of stoves in residential buildings and the industrial production of bricks, tiles and other stove elements.
In the same period, at the behest of Peter, the production of "Dutch" tiles, new for Russia, was launched - white "tiles" painted with cobalt. Peter's order sounded: "to make immediately the Swedish manner of stove tiles smooth white, and on them the grass with blue paint."
ANTIQUE TILED STOVES OF EUROPE: CZECH REPUBLIC, POLAND, AUSTRIA, LITHUANIA, GERMANY
This article focuses on the ancient European tiled stoves preserved in numerous castles scattered across the picturesque hills of Europe. The story will focus on tiled stoves in the Czech Republic, Poland, Germany, Austria and Lithuania. These stoves are not at all like the old Russian tiled stoves, although they have a lot in common. However, they are extraordinarily beautiful and we want to show them to you on the pages of our site. Well, and at the same time tell a little about the estates themselves and the buildings where these ovens are located.
Zinkov Castle was built by the Drslavice family in 1192 as a fortress. Initially, the castle had two defensive towers and two residential buildings. The founder of the castle, Ulrich Zinkov, lived there until the beginning of the 13th century. In the 13th century, he built a second castle, Potenshten, nearby. Throughout its history, Zinkov Castle has passed from hand to hand many times.
The castle has a beautifully preserved Renaissance tiled stove, made in the technique of Italian majolica, and probably dating back to the period when the house was rebuilt by the Klenovs in 1679. The tiled facing of the stove has absolutely amazing bas-reliefs with half-naked female sculptures, rich relief tiles with floral ornaments, flowerpots and grotesques.
The Ploskovice Castle in Bohemia is very interesting. The history of its founding refers to the Hussite revolutionary movements of 1424-1440. Then there was the first mention of this estate in connection with the stop of Emperor Sigismund in Ploskovice, with the aim of creating there the headquarters of the Crusader army in Bohemia.
V modern form the castle was founded by the architect Octaviano Brigioni in 1720 by order of the owner of the local estate, Princess Anne Marie Francis of Tuscany. This elegant Baroque house was built around 1730. A tiled stove in the same style has been preserved in the building. Its preservation, unfortunately, leaves much to be desired and it is not functional, however, the amazingly thin monograms and sculptures are completely preserved, as well as the glaze on the surface of the ceramics.
Is perhaps the largest Russian company that specializes in naturally aged building materials. She started by supplying historical bricks for interior projects. Unique material of the 18th-19th centuries is being rescued from destroyed old houses, estates and manufactories, which perish from time and are actively destroyed by the authorities.
For those who are not going to build, but would like to imitate old brickwork, offer finishing tiles. In this case, the historic brick is cut into plates. Just such a tile was laid on the wall in the KV project.
In addition to the brick at the "Brothers Germans" you can order genuine glass blocks from the 60s and 70s, windows, doors, boards and beams from old wood, as well as ancient radiators and even a cast iron floor with a century of history.
Barn board
Ebony & co- Toompa niya, where can i buy not just a barn board for interior projects, but also products made from it: floorboards and parquet, wall panels, cladding for houses and terraces. A dozen of treatments and textures are offered to choose from. The material is supplied not just from North America, but literally from the Middle Ages: the age of such a board is about 400 years.
Viewers of our programs this stuff is familiar. Designers of "Peredelka" quite often use a barn board, both for historical allusions, as it was done in projects, and for the decor of quite modern interiors - remember and
Stove with tiles- one of the most picturesque. Home and cozy, it leaves no one indifferent. It causes an irresistible desire to lean against a warm wall, run your hand over a convex pattern. Peace and tranquility emanate from her.
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Tiles make it so attractive.
- the original name of the tiles for facing. The word tile has ancient roots. Comes from the Old Slavonic "izraz", which means to cut, because the tiles originally had a convex (cut) pattern.
Later, under the influence of the German language, they received a second name - tile (kachel), which is not entirely correct, because the tile had a smooth surface. But it was this word that was finally fixed in the language, they began to call all ceramic tiles.
The history of tiles
Facing stoves with tiles has very ancient history- The findings indicate the 8th century.
Stove tiles began to develop especially rapidly in Russia in the 17th century, thanks to the interest in them of Peter I. The Tsar-reformer, striving to modernize all spheres of the country's life, carried out a transformation in the tiling business.
On his personal instructions, Dutch and German ceramists were invited to work in St. Petersburg under construction, and talented Russian craftsmen were sent to study in Europe.
Peter I also defined a new direction in the painting of tiles. According to his decree, all the palace furnaces were to be decorated in a picturesque style. The tiles began to be painted with images of flowers and animals, genre scenes. As well as sailboats, cityscapes, figures of officers and court ladies and much more, which reflected the life, tastes and preferences of the aristocracy, wealthy townspeople and merchants.
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And these were not just images. Each drawing contained a meaning that was understandable to contemporaries. Then the craftsmen began to sign the tiles. Most often these were explanatory inscriptions, but proverbs and sayings were also applied. Now the meaning of many allegorical pictures is unclear to us, especially without captions. One can only guess what the author meant by this or that drawing.
Old tiles of that era can be seen in the A. Menshikov Museum in St. Petersburg. White, painted with cobalt paints, they attract admiring glances. Not a single drawing is repeated, each has its own plot.
Carpets were used in the design of the stoves. To create such a decor, a new type of tile was needed. The pattern on the tiles was no longer framed; rectangular or rounded patterns were placed in the corners. When laying tiles at the joints of the tiles, the elements are connected and create a single carpet ornament.
For each stove, an individual set of tiles was always made, because the laying of the stove and the cladding with tiles take place at the same time. Not a single stove was repeated - neither in design nor in cladding.
The production of tiles was such a laborious process that the masters were called painters. The work was highly valued - on a par with the work of icon painters.
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Despite the great influence of foreign craftsmen, Russian tiles had their own differences. The masters did not abandon their traditions. Therefore, the drawings show the interweaving of Western European art and the Russian style.
Russian tiles differed not only in the material and size used, but also in the design. The main difference from European chees is the rump from the back. This is a clay ledge with a hole for a wire, which connects the tiles to each other and to the masonry itself. This cladding technique is still used today.
After rapid development in the XVII - early. XVIII century, followed by a more calm rhythm of the development of tile production. The blue and white tiles have been replaced by multi-colored tiles.
With the development of technical progress, the production of tiles became more and more massive. New techniques were invented, the fashion for painting tiles was simplified and changed. Interest in the theme painting of tiles, in multi-color and monochrome styles arose and faded.
Over time, tile stoves became so popular that the production of tiles did not keep pace with the construction of stoves. Therefore, the painting of tiles has been greatly simplified. In the first third of the 19th century, tiles covered with white enamel replaced painted ones. Only a few workshops remained, continuing to paint the tiles.
Thanks to modern materials and paints, tile painting is becoming more accessible. Enterprises specializing in the production of tiles appeared. Tile laying of fireplaces and stoves is becoming popular. It remains to be hoped that the ancient folk art will be able to survive and adapt to modern conditions.
Today tiles for stoves and fireplaces popular again. Although many painting technologies have been irretrievably lost, those that have remained are being successfully used today.