Where is Khorezm located. Ancient Khorezm - the lost world
The capital is transferred to the city of Urgench.
Pre-Achaemenid period
Archaeological excavations indicate the existence of the Neolithic Kelteminar culture of ancient fishermen and hunters on the territory of ancient Khorezm (4th-3rd millennium BC). A direct descendant of this culture is dating back to the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. NS. Tazabagyab culture of the Bronze Age, cattle-breeding and agricultural. There are also reports from ancient authors about the contacts of the inhabitants of Khorezm with the peoples of Colchis on the trade routes along the Amu Darya and the Caspian Sea, along which Central Asian and Indian goods were transported to the Caucasian possessions through the Euxine Pontus (Εὔξενος Πόντος - Old Greek name of the Black Sea). This is confirmed and material culture, elements of which are found on excavations of ancient monuments of the Central Asian Mesopotamia and the Caucasus.
Since the sites of the Suyargan culture, like part of the Tazabagyab ones, are located on takyrs lying above the buried dunes, there is reason to believe that around the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. NS. the area was drained, possibly associated with the breakthrough of the Amu Darya through the western section of the Sultan-Uizdag and the formation of a modern channel. Perhaps, the colonization movement of the southern tribes that collided with the tribes of the vicinity of the South Khorezm lake and, judging by the signs of the Tazabagyab influence in the ceramics of the Suyargan and later Amyrabad culture, assimilated with them, is connected with the secondary settlement of the upper delta of the Amu Darya caused by these changes. There is every reason to believe that these tribes constituted the eastern branch of the peoples of the Japhetic system of languages, to which the modern Caucasian peoples (Georgians, Circassians, Dagestanis, etc.) belong and to which the creators of the most ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia, Syria and Asia Minor belonged.
During this period, many fortified cities were erected with powerful walls and towers, representing a single system of fortresses that protected the border of the oasis from the side of the desert. A huge number of loopholes, each of which shells only a narrow space, due to which a special archer had to stand at each loophole, suggests that the whole people were still armed and the leading role was played not by a professional army, but by a mass militia. About 175 BC n. NS. Khorezm became part of Kangyui.
In the last third of the 1st century BC. NS. Khorezm as part of Kangyuy acts as a powerful ally of the Western Huns. The power of Khorezm extended at this time far to the northwest. According to the "History of the Younger Han Dynasty" dating back to the very beginning of AD. e., Khorezm (which is described here as Kangyuy - "the country of the Kangles") subdues the country of the Alans, which at that time stretched from the northern Aral Sea region to the eastern Azov region.
According to sources in the 1st century A.D. NS. the Khorezm era was introduced and a new calendar was introduced. According to the great Khorezm scholar Abu Reikhan al-Biruni (973-1048), the Khorezm chronology was first introduced in the 13th century BC. NS.
It is believed that from the middle of the 1st century AD. NS. until the end of the II century, Khorezm was under the influence of the Kushan kingdom. This period is characterized by fortresses erected by the central government and occupied by the garrisons of a standing army. At the beginning of the IV century, under the padishah Afrig, the city of Kyat became the capital of Khorezm. In the subsequent era, between the IV and VIII centuries, the cities of Khorezm fell into desolation. Now Khorezm is a country of numerous castles of the aristocracy and thousands of fortified peasant estates. From the year 995 Khorezm was ruled by the Afrigid dynasty, whose representatives bore the title of Khorezmshah. Between 567-658, Khorezm was in a certain dependence on the Türkic Kaganate. In Chinese sources, it was mentioned under the name Husimi (呼 似 密).
From Arab conquest to Seljuq conquest
The first Arab raids on Khorezm date back to the 7th century. In 712, Khorezm was conquered by the Arab commander Kuteiba ibn Muslim, who perpetrated a cruel reprisal against the Khorezm aristocracy. Kuteiba unleashed especially cruel repressions on the scientists of Khorezm. As al-Biruni writes in the Chronicles of Past Generations, “and by all means scattered and destroyed Kuteiba all who knew the writing of the Khorezmians, who kept their legends, all the scientists who were among them, so that all this was covered with darkness and there is no true knowledge about what was known from their history at the time of the coming of Islam to them. "
Arab sources say almost nothing about Khorezm for the next decades. But from Chinese sources it is known that Khorezmshah Shaushafar in 751 sent an embassy to China, which was at war with the Arabs at that time. During this period, a short-term political unification of Khorezm and Khazaria takes place. Nothing is known about the circumstances of the restoration of Arab sovereignty over Khorezm. In any case, it was only at the very end of the 8th century that Shaushafar's grandson took the Arabic name Abdallah and minted the names of Arab governors on his coins.
State of Khorezmshahs
The founder of a new dynasty in Khorezm was the Turk Anush-Tegin, who rose under the Seljuk sultan Malik Shah (-). He received the title of Shikhne of Khorezm. Since the end of the 11th century, there has been a gradual liberation of Khorezm from the Seljuk protectorate and the annexation of new lands. The ruler of Khorezm, Qutb ad-Din Muhammad I, takes the ancient title of Khorezmshah in 1097. After him, his son Abu Muzaffar Ala ad-din Atsiz (-) ascended the throne. His son Taj ad-Din Il-Arslan completely frees Khorezm from the Seljuk guardianship in 1157.
Under the Khorezmshah Ala ad-Din Tekesh (-) Khorezm turns into a huge empire. In 1194, the army of the Khorezmshah defeated the army of the last Iranian Seljukid Togrul-bek and asserted the sovereignty of Khorezm over Iran; in the city of Baghdad Caliph Nasir is defeated in a battle with the Khorezmians and recognizes the power of Tekesh over eastern Iraq. Successful campaigns to the east, against the Karakitais, opened the road to Bukhara for Tekesh.
In 1512, a new dynasty of Uzbeks, who had fallen away from the Sheibanids, stood at the head of the independent khanate of Khorezm.
Initially, the capital of the state was Urgench.
In 1598, the Amu Darya retreated from Urgench and the capital was moved to a new location in Khiva.
In connection with the change in the channel of the Amu Darya in 1573, the capital of Khorezm was moved to Khiva.
Since the 17th century, Khorezm has been called the Khiva Khanate in Russian historiography. The official name of the state was the ancient name - Khorezm.
Khorezm in the second half of the 18th - early 20th century
In the 1770s, representatives of the Uzbek Kungrat dynasty came to power in Khorezm. The founder of the dynasty was Muhammad Amin-biy. During this period, masterpieces of architecture of Khorezm were built in the capital of Khiva. In 1873, during the reign of Muhammad Rahim Khan II, Khorezm became a vassal Russian Empire... The Kungrats ruled until 1920, when, after two wars with Soviet Turkestan, they were overthrown as a result of the victory of the Red Army.
The rulers of Khorezm
The rulers of Khorezm Name Years of reign Titles Siyavushid dynasty Kaykhusrav approx. - 1140 BC khorezmshah Saxafar approx. - 517 BC khorezmshah Farasman approx. - 320 BC khorezmshah Khusraw approx. 320 BC -? khorezmshah Afrigid dynasty Afrig - ? khorezmshah Baghra ? khorezmshah Sahhasak ? khorezmshah Askadjamuk I ? khorezmshah Askajavar I ? khorezmshah Sakhr I ? khorezmshah Shaush ? khorezmshah Hamgari ? khorezmshah Buzgar ? khorezmshah Arsamukh ? khorezmshah Sakhr II ? khorezmshah Sabri ? khorezmshah Askajavar II ? khorezmshah Askadjamuk II - ? khorezmshah Shaushafar ? khorezmshah Turkasabas ? khorezmshah Abd-Allah ? khorezmshah Mansur ibn Abd-Allah ? khorezmshah Iraq ibn Mansour ? khorezmshah Ahmad ibn Iraq ? khorezmshah Abu Abd-Allah Muhammad ibn Ahmad ? - khorezmshah Dynasty of Mamunids Abu Ali Mamun ibn Muhammad -
-Amir Gurganja
khorezmshahAbu-l-Hasan Ali ibn Mamun - khorezmshah Ain ad-Daula Abu-l-Abbas Mamun ibn Ali - khorezmshah Abu-l-Haris Muhammad khorezmshah Altuntash dynasty Altuntash - khorezmshah Harun ibn Altuntash - khorezmshah Ismail ibn Altuntash - khorezmshah Anushtegin dynasty (Bekdili) Qutb ad-Din Muhammad I - khorezmshah Ala ad-Din Atsyz - ,
-khorezmshah Taj ad-Din Il-Arslan - khorezmshah Jelal ad-Din Sultan Shah khorezmshah Ala ad-Din Tekesh - khorezmshah Ala ad-Din Muhammad II - khorezmshah Qutb ad-Din Uzlag-shah - Valiahad, Sultan of Khorezm, Khorasan and Mazandaran Jelal ad-Din Manguberdy -
-sultan of Ghazni, Bamiyana and Gur
khorezmshahRukn ad-Din Gursandjti - sultan of Iraq Giyas ad-Din Pir Shah - Sultan of Kerman and Mekran see also
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Notes (edit)
Literature
- Veselovsky N.I. Essay on the historical and geographical information about the Khiva Khanate from ancient times to the present. SPb., 1877.
- Vinogradov A.V. Millennia buried by the desert. M .: Education, 1966.
- Tolstov S.P. Materials and research on ethnography and anthropology of the USSR, 1946, 2, p. 87-108.
- B. Grozny. Proto-Indian letters and their decoding. Bulletin ancient history 2 (11). 1940.
- Tolstov S.P. In the footsteps of the ancient Khorezm civilization. M.-L .: 1948.
- Kydyrniyazov M.-Sh. Material culture of the cities of Khorezm in the XIII-XIV centuries. Nukus: Karakalpakstan, 1989.
- "Trinity Option" No. 60, p. 8 (2010)
Links
- A. Paevsky.
Antiquity Turkic states (II century BC -) Persian conquest (-) Islamic conquest (-) Turkic states (-) Mongol conquest (-) New time Newest time An excerpt characterizing Khorezm
Denisov, wrinkling his face, as if smiling and showing his short strong teeth, began to shag up his thick black hair with both hands with short fingers, like a dog.
- Chog "t me money" zero go to this kg "yse (nickname of the officer)," he said, rubbing his forehead and face with both hands. "you didn't give.
Denisov took the smoked pipe served to him, clenched it into a fist, and, scattering fire, hit the floor with it, continuing to shout.
- The sempel will give, the pag "ol beats; the sample will give, the pag" the ol beats.
He scattered fire, smashed the pipe and dropped it. Denisov paused and suddenly with his shining black eyes glanced merrily at Rostov.
- If only there were women. And then here, kg "Oh, how to drink, there is nothing to do. If only she could" get off ".
- Hey, who's there? - he turned to the door, hearing the stopped footsteps of thick boots with the clatter of spurs and a respectful cough.
- Wahmister! - said Lavrushka.
Denisov grimaced even more.
- Squag "but," he said, throwing a purse with a few gold pieces. - G'ostov, count, my dear, how many are there, but put the purse under your pillow, - he said and went out to the sergeant.
Rostov took the money and, mechanically, putting aside and leveling heaps of old and new gold, began to count it.
- A! Telyanin! Zdog "ovo! They blew me up yesterday" ah! - heard the voice of Denisov from another room.
- Who? At Bykov's, at the rat's? ... I knew, ”said another thin voice, and then Lieutenant Telyanin, a small officer of the same squadron, entered the room.
Rostov threw his purse under his pillow and shook the damp little hand extended to him. Telyanin was transferred from the guard for some reason before the campaign. He behaved very well in the regiment; but they did not love him, and especially Rostov could neither overcome nor hide his unreasonable disgust for this officer.
- Well, young cavalryman, how does my Grachik serve you? - he asked. (Hrachik was a riding horse, a porch, sold by Telyanin to Rostov.)
The lieutenant never looked into the eyes of the person with whom he spoke; his eyes were constantly running from one object to another.
- I saw you drove today ...
“Nothing, good horse,” Rostov answered, despite the fact that this horse, which he bought for 700 rubles, was not worth half that price. - She began to fall on the left front ... - he added. - Cracked hoof! It's nothing. I will teach you, I will show you which rivet to put.
- Yes, show me please, - said Rostov.
- Show, show, it's not a secret. And you will thank for the horse.
“So I will tell you to bring the horse,” said Rostov, wanting to get rid of Telyanin, and went out to tell them to bring the horse.
In the vestibule Denisov, with his pipe, huddled on the threshold, was sitting in front of the sergeant, who was reporting something. Seeing Rostov, Denisov frowned and, pointing over his shoulder with his thumb to the room in which Telyanin was sitting, winced and shook with disgust.
“Oh, I don’t like a fellow,” he said, not embarrassed by the presence of the sergeant.
Rostov shrugged his shoulders, as if saying: "Me too, but what to do!" and, giving orders, he returned to Telyanin.
Telyanin was still sitting in the same lazy posture in which Rostov had left him, rubbing his small white hands.
"There are such disgusting faces," thought Rostov, entering the room.
- Well, ordered to bring the horse? Said Telyanin, getting up and casually looking around.
- He told me to.
- Yes, let's go ourselves. I only came in to ask Denisov about yesterday's order. Got it, Denisov?
- Not yet. Where are you going?
- I want to young man teach how to forge a horse, - said Telyanin.
They went out onto the porch and into the stable. The lieutenant showed how to make a rivet and went to his room.
When Rostov returned, there was a bottle of vodka and sausage on the table. Denisov was sitting in front of the table and cracking his pen on paper. He looked gloomily into Rostov's face.
“I’m writing to her,” he said.
He leaned his elbows on the table with a feather in his hand, and, obviously delighted with the opportunity to quickly say everything he wanted to write in a word, he expressed his letter to Rostov.
- You see, dg "yo," he said. "We sleep until we love. We are children of pg`axa ... and fell in love - and you are God, you are pure as on the day of creation ... Who is this?" Drive him to the chog "that. No time!"
- But who should be? They ordered it themselves. The sergeant came for the money.
Denisov frowned, wanted to shout something, and fell silent.
“Squag, but business,” he said to himself. “How much money is left in the wallet?” He asked Rostov.
- Seven new and three old.
- Oh, squag "but! Well, what are you standing there, stuffed animals, let's go to the Wahmist," Denisov shouted at Lavrushka.
“Please, Denisov, take the money from me, because I have it,” Rostov said, blushing.
“I don’t like to borrow from my own people, I don’t like it,” Denisov grumbled.
“And if you don’t take money from me in a comradely manner, you will offend me. Indeed, I have, - Rostov repeated.
- No.
And Denisov went to the bed to get a wallet from under the pillow.
- Where did you put it, Rostov?
- Under the bottom pillow.
- No, no.
Denisov threw both pillows on the floor. There was no wallet.
- What a miracle!
- Wait, did you drop it? Said Rostov, lifting the pillows one by one and shaking them out.
He kicked off and brushed off the blanket. There was no wallet.
- Haven't I forgotten? No, I also thought that you were definitely putting a treasure under your head, ”said Rostov. - I put my wallet here. Where is he? - he turned to Lavrushka.
- I didn’t come in. Where they put it, there it should be.
- Well no…
- You are all right, throw it where, and you will forget. Look in your pockets.
“No, if I hadn’t thought about the treasure,” said Rostov, “otherwise I remember what I put.
Lavrushka ransacked the entire bed, looked under it, under the table, ransacked the whole room and stopped in the middle of the room. Denisov silently watched Lavrushka's movements, and when Lavrushka threw up his hands in surprise, saying that he was nowhere, he looked back at Rostov.
- G "skeleton, you are not a schoolboy ...
Rostov felt Denisov's gaze on him, raised his eyes and at the same instant lowered them. All his blood, which had been trapped somewhere below his throat, gushed into his face and eyes. He couldn't catch his breath.
- And there was no one in the room, except for the lieutenant and yourself. It's somewhere here, ”said Lavrushka.
- Well, you, chog "tova doll, walk around, look," Denisov suddenly shouted, turning purple and rushing at the footman with a threatening gesture. All zapog "yu!
Rostov, looking around Denisov, began to button up his jacket, whipped up his saber and put on his cap.
“I told you to have a wallet,” shouted Denisov, shaking the orderly's shoulders and pushing him against the wall.
- Denisov, leave him; I know who took it, ”said Rostov, going up to the door and not looking up.
Denisov stopped, thought, and, apparently understanding what Rostov was hinting at, grabbed his hand.
“Leap out!” He shouted so that the veins, like ropes, swelled around his neck and forehead. “I tell you, you're crazy, I won't allow it. The wallet is here; I will skim this mega-owner, and he will be here.
“I know who took it,” Rostov repeated in a trembling voice and went to the door.
- And I told you, don't you dare to do this, - Denisov shouted, rushing to the cadet to restrain him.
But Rostov pulled out his hand and, with such malice, as if Denisov were his greatest enemy, fixed his eyes directly and firmly on him.
- Do you understand what you are saying? - he said in a trembling voice, - except for me there was no one in the room. Therefore, if not that, so ...
He could not finish and ran out of the room.
- Oh, chog "t with you and with everyone," were the last words that Rostov heard.
Rostov came to Telyanin's apartment.
“The master is not at home, we have left for the headquarters,” Telyanin's orderly told him. - Or what happened? Added the orderly, surprised at the cadet's upset face.
- There is nothing.
“We missed a bit,” said the orderly.
The headquarters was located three versts from Salzeneck. Rostov, without going home, took the horse and went to the headquarters. In the village occupied by the headquarters, there was a tavern visited by officers. Rostov arrived at the tavern; at the porch he saw Telyanin's horse.
In the second room of the inn the lieutenant was sitting at a platter of sausages and a bottle of wine.
“Oh, and you stopped by, young man,” he said, smiling and raising his eyebrows high.
“Yes,” said Rostov, as if it took a lot of effort to pronounce the word, and sat down at the next table.
Both were silent; in the room were two Germans and one Russian officer. Everyone was silent, and the sounds of knives on plates and the sound of the lieutenant's champing were heard. When Telyanin finished breakfast, he took out of his pocket a double purse, parted the rings with small white fingers curved upward, took out a gold one and, raising his eyebrows, gave the money to the servant.
“Please hurry,” he said.
The gold one was new. Rostov got up and went up to Telyanin.
“Let me see the wallet,” he said in a low, barely audible voice.
With shifting eyes, but still raised eyebrows, Telyanin handed over the purse.
- Yes, a pretty wallet ... Yes ... yes ... - he said and suddenly turned pale. “Look, young man,” he added.
Rostov took the purse in his hands and looked at it, and at the money that was in it, and at Telyanin. The lieutenant looked around, according to his habit, and, it seemed, suddenly became very cheerful.
“If we’re in Vienna, I’ll leave everything there, and now there’s nowhere to go in these crappy little towns,” he said. - Well, come on, young man, I'll go.
Rostov was silent.
- What about you? have breakfast too? They are decently fed, - continued Telyanin. - Come on.
He reached out and took hold of the wallet. Rostov released him. Telyanin took the wallet and began to lower it into the pocket of his leggings, and his eyebrows were carelessly raised, and his mouth opened slightly, as if he were saying: "Yes, yes, I put my wallet in my pocket, and it's very simple, and nobody cares about this." ...
- Well, what, young man? He said, sighing and looking into Rostov's eyes from under raised eyebrows. Some kind of light from the eyes, with the speed of an electric spark, ran from Telyanin's eyes to Rostov's eyes and back, back and forth, all in an instant.
“Come here,” said Rostov, grabbing Telyanin by the hand. He almost dragged him to the window. - This is Denisov's money, you took it ... - he whispered over his ear.
- What? ... What? ... How dare you? What? ... - said Telyanin.
But these words sounded like a plaintive, desperate cry and a plea for forgiveness. As soon as Rostov heard this sound of a voice, a huge stone of doubt fell from his soul. He felt joy, and at the same instant he felt sorry for the unfortunate man standing in front of him; but it was necessary to complete the work begun.
“Here, God knows what they might think,” Telyanin muttered, grabbing his cap and heading into a small empty room, “we need to explain ...
“I know that, and I will prove it,” said Rostov.
- I AM…
The frightened, pale face of Telyanin began to tremble with all its muscles; the eyes still darted, but somewhere below, without rising to Rostov's face, sobs were heard.
- Count! ... do not ruin the young man ... this unfortunate money, take it ... - He threw it on the table. - My father is an old man, my mother! ...
Rostov took the money, avoiding Telyanin's gaze, and, without a word, walked out of the room. But at the door he stopped and came back. “My God,” he said with tears in his eyes, “how could you do that?
“Count,” said Telyanin, approaching the cadet.
“Don't touch me,” said Rostov, pulling back. - If you need it, take this money. He threw his wallet at him and ran out of the inn.In the evening of the same day, at Denisov's apartment he walked lively conversation squadron officers.
- And I tell you, Rostov, that you need to apologize to the regimental commander, - said, referring to the crimson red, agitated Rostov, the high headquarters captain, with graying hair, a huge mustache and large wrinkled features.
The headquarters captain Kirsten was twice demoted to the soldier for the cause of honor, and twice he was served.
- I will not allow myself to tell anyone that I am lying! - Rostov cried out. - He told me that I was lying, and I told him that he was lying. It will remain so. He can appoint me on duty even every day and put me under arrest, but no one will force me to apologize, because if he, as a regimental commander, considers himself unworthy to give me satisfaction, so ...
- Wait a minute, father; you listen to me, - the captain interrupted the headquarters in his bass voice, calmly smoothing his long mustache. - You tell the regimental commander in front of other officers that the officer stole ...
“It’s not my fault that the conversation turned up in front of other officers. Maybe I shouldn't have spoken in front of them, but I'm not a diplomat. I then became a hussar and went, thinking that there was no need for subtleties, but he tells me that I am lying ... so let him give me satisfaction ...
- It's all good, no one thinks that you are a coward, but that's not the point. Ask Denisov, does it look like something for the cadet to demand satisfaction from the regimental commander?
Denisov, biting his mustache, listened gloomily to the conversation, apparently not wanting to intervene in it. When asked by the captain's headquarters, he shook his head.
“In front of the officers, you tell the regimental commander about this dirty trick,” the captain went on to headquarters. - Bogdanych (they called the regimental commander Bogdanych) laid siege to you.
- I did not siege, but said that I was not telling the truth.
- Well, yes, and you told him stupid things, and I must apologize.
- Never! - shouted Rostov.
“I didn’t think that from you,” the captain of the headquarters said seriously and sternly. “You don’t want to apologize, but you, father, not only to him, but to the whole regiment, to all of us, you are all to blame. And here's how: if you thought and consulted on how to deal with this matter, and then you just, and in front of the officers, and boomed. What should the regimental commander do now? Should the officer be brought to justice and the whole regiment should be smeared? Shame the whole regiment for one scoundrel? So, what do you think? But in our opinion, not so. And Bogdanych is great, he told you that you are not telling the truth. It’s unpleasant, but what to do, father, they ran into it themselves. And now, as they want to hush up the matter, you don't want to apologize because of some fanaticism, but want to tell everything. You are offended that you are on duty, but why should you apologize to an old and honest officer! Whatever Bogdanych may be, but all honest and brave, old colonel, you are so offended; Is there nothing to dirty the regiment with? - The voice of the captain's headquarters began to tremble. - You, father, have been in the regiment for a week without a year; here today, tomorrow we have moved to aide-de-camp; you don't give a damn what they say: "there are thieves among the Pavlograd officers!" And we care. So, what, Denisov? Not all the same?
Denisov was still silent and did not move, occasionally glancing with his shining, black eyes at Rostov.
“Your own fanaticism is dear to you, you don’t want to apologize,” the captain continued, “but for us old men, as we grew up, and God willing, they will be brought to the regiment to die, so the honor of the regiment is dear to us, and Bogdanych knows it. Oh, how dear, father! And this is not good, not good! Take offense there or not, but I will always tell the truth to the uterus. Not good!
And the headquarters captain got up and turned away from Rostov.
- Pg "avda, chog" t take! - shouted, jumping up, Denisov. - Well, G "skeleton! Well!"
Rostov, blushing and turning pale, looked first at one, then at the other officer.
- No, gentlemen, no ... you do not think ... I understand very much, you should not think so of me ... I ... for me ... I am for the honor of the regiment. So what? I will show it in practice, and for me the honor of the banner ... well, anyway, it's true, it's my fault! .. - Tears stood in his eyes. - I'm guilty, I'm guilty all around! ... Well, what else do you want? ...
“That's it, count,” the captain shouted, turning around, hitting him on the shoulder with his big hand.
- I told you "yu," shouted Denisov, "he's a nice guy."
“That’s better, Count,” the captain repeated the headquarters, as if for his confession he was beginning to call him a title. - Go and apologize, your Excellency, yes p.
“Gentlemen, I’ll do everything, no one will hear a word from me,” Rostov said in an imploring voice, “but I cannot apologize, by God, I cannot, as you wish! How will I apologize, like a little one, ask for forgiveness?
Denisov laughed.
“You’re worse off. Bogdanych is vindictive, pay for your stubbornness, - said Kirsten.
- By God, not stubbornness! I cannot describe to you what a feeling, I cannot ...
- Well, your will, - said the headquarters captain. - Well, where's this bastard? - he asked Denisov.
“He said he was sick, the breakfast was ordered to be excluded by order,” said Denisov.
- This is a disease, otherwise it is impossible to explain, - said the headquarters captain.
- There is no illness there, but if he doesn’t catch my eye, I’ll kill him! - Denisov shouted bloodthirsty.
Zherkov entered the room.
- How are you? The officers suddenly turned to the newcomer.
- Hike, gentlemen. Poppy surrendered with the army, completely.
- You're lying!
- I saw it myself.
- How? Did you see the poppy alive? with arms, with legs?
- Hike! Hike! Give him a bottle for such news. How did you get here?
- They sent him back to the regiment, for the devil, for Mac. The Austrian general complained. I congratulated him on the arrival of Mack ... What are you, Rostov, exactly from the bath?
- Here, brother, we have such porridge for the second day.
The regimental adjutant entered and confirmed the news brought by Zherkov. They were ordered to speak for tomorrow.
- Hike, gentlemen!
- Well, thank God, we sat too long.Kutuzov retreated to Vienna, destroying the bridges behind him on the rivers Inna (in Braunau) and Traun (in Linz). On October 23rd, Russian troops crossed the Ens River. Russian carts, artillery and columns of troops in the middle of the day stretched through the city of Enns, on this and on the other side of the bridge.
The day was warm, autumnal and rainy. The spacious perspective, opening from the dais, where the Russian batteries were standing, protecting the bridge, was suddenly covered with a muslin curtain of slanting rain, then suddenly expanded, and in the light of the sun, objects, as if covered with varnish, became visible far and clearly. The town could be seen underfoot with its white houses and red roofs, a cathedral and a bridge, on both sides of which, crowding, poured masses of Russian troops. At the turn of the Danube, ships could be seen, and an island, and a castle with a park, surrounded by the waters of the confluence of the Ens into the Danube, the left rocky and covered pine forest the Danube bank with a mysterious distance of green peaks and blue gorges. The towers of the monastery were visible, protruding from behind a pine, seemingly untouched, wild forest; far ahead, on the mountain, on the other side of Ens, the enemy patrols were visible.
Between the guns, at a height, stood in front of the commander of the aireguard, the general with the officer of the retinue, examining the terrain through the chimney. Somewhat behind, Nesvitsky sat on the trunk of a gun, sent from the commander-in-chief to the arierguard.
The Cossack accompanying Nesvitsky handed him a handbag and a flask, and Nesvitsky treated the officers to pies and real doppelkümel. The officers happily surrounded him, some on their knees, some sitting in Turkish on the wet grass.
- Yes, this Austrian prince was not a fool who built a castle here. Nice place. What are you not eating, gentlemen? - said Nesvitsky.
- I humbly thank you, prince, - answered one of the officers, talking with pleasure with such an important staff official. - Beautiful place. We passed the park itself, saw two deer, and what a wonderful house!
“Look, prince,” said another, who really wanted to take another pie, but was ashamed, and who therefore pretended to look around the area, “look, our infantrymen have already got there. Over there, on a meadow, behind the village, three are dragging something. "They're going to take this palace," he said with visible approval.
- And then, and then, - said Nesvitsky. “No, but what I would like,” he added, chewing a pie in his beautiful wet mouth, “is to get over there.
He pointed to a monastery with towers visible on the mountain. He smiled, his eyes narrowed and lit up.
- But it would be good, gentlemen!
The officers laughed.
- If only to scare these nuns. There are Italian women, they say, there are young ones. Indeed, I would give five years of my life!
“They’re bored, after all,” said the bolder officer, laughing.
Meanwhile the officer of the suite, standing in front, was pointing something out to the general; the general looked through the telescope.
- Well, it is, it is, - the general said angrily, lowering the pipe from his eyes and shrugging his shoulders, - it is, they will start hitting the crossing. And why are they lingering there?
On the other side, the enemy and his battery were visible with the naked eye, from which a milky white smoke appeared. A long-range shot rang out in the wake of the smoke, and it was clear how our troops hurried across the crossing.
Nesvitsky, panting, got up and, smiling, went up to the general.
- Would you like to have a snack for your Excellency? - he said.
- It's not a good thing, - said the general, without answering him, - ours hesitated.
- Shouldn't I go, Your Excellency? - said Nesvitsky.
“Yes, go, please,” the general said, repeating what had already been ordered in detail, “and tell the hussars to cross the last and light the bridge, as I ordered, so that the combustible materials on the bridge still be examined.
“Very well,” answered Nesvitsky.
He called a Cossack with a horse, ordered to remove his purse and flask, and easily threw his heavy body onto the saddle.
“Really, I'll go to the nuns,” he said to the officers, who looked at him with a smile, and drove along the winding path downhill.
- Noot ka, where he will report, captain, stop ka! - said the general, referring to the gunner. - Get rid of boredom.
- Servant to the guns! - commanded the officer.
And a minute later the gunners merrily ran out of the fires and loaded them.
- First! - the command was heard.
The 1st number bounced briskly. Metallically, deafening, the gun rang, and over the heads of all our people under the mountain, whistling, a grenade flew and, not reaching the enemy far, showed the place of its fall with a smoke and burst.
The faces of the soldiers and officers cheered up at the sound; everyone got up and started observing the movements that were visible, as in the palm of your hand, the movements below our troops and in front - the movements of the approaching enemy. The sun at that very moment completely came out of the clouds, and this beautiful sound of a lonely shot and the glitter of the bright sun merged into one cheerful and cheerful impression.Two enemy cannonballs had already flown over the bridge, and there was a crush on the bridge. In the middle of the bridge, getting off his horse, pressed by his fat body to the railing, stood Prince Nesvitsky.
The northernmost region of the Republic of Uzbekistan - the Khorezm region - is located on a low-lying plain, part of which is the ancient delta of the Amu Darya River, the other part in the west and south-west adjoins the Karakum Desert, where the border with Turkmenistan passes. It also borders on the Bukhara region and the Karakalpak region of Uzbekistan.
Administrative regions
The Khorezm region is located on the border with Turkmenistan. Urgench city is its capital. A small region occupies less than 2% of the area of the whole of Uzbekistan - 6.3 thousand square meters. kilometers. On its territory there are 3 cities (Urgench, Khiva, Pitnak) and 9 villages. There are 11 administrative districts (tumanov) and the city of regional subordination Urgench. It is a modern industrial city with a developed infrastructure. It is home to 163 thousand people. Public transport operates. An intercity trolleybus runs between Urgench and Khiva.
The nature of Khorezm
The Khorezm region is located on the banks of the deep Amu Darya, which serves as a source of water in this semi-desert region. The river, flowing in flat terrain, has a large floodplain and gentle banks, which are flooded during spring floods. Thanks to its wide floods, which bring silt, poor saline soils give a rich harvest. The waters of the Amu Darya are widely used for irrigation. In Soviet times, a powerful one was created, which includes the irrigation canals Shavat, Klychbay, Palvan-Gazavat, Tashsakinsky and others.
The south of the region has many small lakes, mostly salty, swampy areas and salt marshes, overgrown with tugai - shoots consisting of poplar, willow, clematis, elk and other plants of the semi-desert zone. Lakes and swamps are formed when the territory is flooded with flood and groundwater. The river is rich in fish, catfish, asp, bream, sabrefish, silver carp, grass carp and other species are found here. Wild boars, Bukhara deer, hares, jungle cats, badgers and other representatives of the fauna are found in tugai thickets.
Agriculture and industry
The Khorezm region, the regions of which mostly cultivate cotton and agricultural products, is considered agrarian-industrial. The population is mainly engaged in agriculture on irrigated land. The main agricultural crop is cotton, which accounts for most of the total gross production. To protect the fertile soil layer from the winds, many mulberry trees were planted along the fields, which served as an incentive for the breeding of silkworms, which serves as a raw source of silkworm production. Grain, vegetables and fruits are grown in the region. World-famous sweet and aromatic Khorezm melons grow here.
The industry is mainly aimed at processing agricultural products, in addition, there are enterprises for the production of cotton and silk fabrics in the region, there are sewing and knitwear industries. The Khorezm region has always been famous throughout the world for its famous Khiva carpets. There is a large carpet weaving production in Khiva.
The subsoil of the region is rich in oil, gas, gold, silver, other rare earth metals, marble and granite. They are being mined and processed.
Ancient land of Khorezm
I would like to clarify that the land of Khorezm, as it was called and is called at the present time, is the Khorezm region. Urgench was not always its capital. Once upon a time in antiquity, a city with this name existed and was located 150 kilometers from the real Urgench. But for unknown reasons, the Amu Darya changed its course and people left it.
The nature of the region does not shine with beauty, but nevertheless the flow of tourists increases from year to year. This is facilitated by the ancient history of Khorezm, its magnificent monuments, which have been preserved, restored and appear before tourists in their pristine beauty. International archaeological expeditions are constantly working on the territory of the region, studying ancient settlements and settlements, of which there are many.
Khorezm is considered the cradle of human civilization. Archaeologists have established that the settlement of the land took place as early as the VI-V millennia BC. The first mentions of Khorezm were contained in the Avesta (1st millennium BC). According to legend, this land was the birthplace of the famous Zarathustra - the priest and prophet, the founder of Zoroastrianism, who was given the revelation of Ahura Mazda, which looks like "Avesta". This is the very first religion on Earth.
Over the millennia, the land of Khorezm has seen many events, the rise and fall of civilizations, conquests, destruction and new achievements, leading the cities to prosperity. Science and art developed in the cities of Khorezm, Urgench and Khiva. The eternal struggle for water allowed the creation of ancient irrigation structures that turned lifeless salt marshes into a blooming oasis. Legacy of the past - the ancients architectural monuments, tourists from all over the world come to see them.
Pearl of Uzbekistan - Khiva
Ancient Khiva is the former capital of the Khiva kingdom, which became part of the Russian Empire in late XIX century, - traces its history from ancient times, but reached its greatest flourishing in the XIX-XX centuries. During this time, amazing architectural structures were built on its territory, which are included in the UNESCO lists as World Heritage Sites.
Most of them are concentrated in Ichan-kale. This complex, in essence, is an ancient city surrounded by powerful fortress walls. The most outstanding architectural monuments: Kalta-Minar minaret, Muhammad Amin-khan madrasah, Muhammad-Rahim-khan palace, Bibi Khojar mosque and mausoleum, Shakhimardan mausoleum, Sheikh Mavlon Bobo mausoleum.
Khazarap district
The most southern is the Khazarasp district of the Khorezm region, it includes 15 settlements, the largest of which is the city of Pitnak. Until the mid-1990s, it was called Friendship. The Urgench-Turkmenobad railway line passes through it. An automobile plant operates here.
The center of the region is the ancient city of Khazarasp. Fragments of ancient fortress walls have been preserved on its territory, in which there are loopholes to protect the city. The corners of the walls are crowned with towers. During the excavations, fragments of pottery were discovered, the age of which was determined as the 1st millennium BC. A large canal was dug to the city from the Amu Darya, which was navigable.
Koshkupir district
Another confirmation of the ancient land was received by the Khorezm region - the Koshkupyr region, which is the most remote region of Uzbekistan. On its territory there is the village of Koshkupyr, not far from which is Imorat-bobo - an architectural complex located on the territory of an old cemetery. It includes a village mosque with a minaret and three mausoleums, standing apart from each other. The area is quite backward. They are engaged in farming here.
Tours to the sights of Urgench.
“Only one thing can be said: the ties of the peoples of Central Asia with the Near Asian ethnographic world go back to deep, pre-Indo-European antiquity, and without taking into account the role of the Central Asian tribes, the question of the origin of the Japhetic peoples of ancient Near East and the states created by them can hardly be fully resolved. - Whatever the direction of these ties, Khorezm - "The Land of Hvarri (Harri)" cannot but be taken into account in resolving the Hurrian problem in its entirety ”
S.P. Tolstov ... "In the footsteps of the ancient Khorezm civilization." Part II. Ch. V.
Photo tours on the monuments of Khorezm.
Khorezm (Uzbek. Xorazm, Pers. خوارزم) is an ancient region of Central Asia centered in the lower reaches of the Amu Darya - an area of developed irrigation agriculture, crafts and trade. The Great Silk Road passed through Khorezm.
From the end of the 3rd century the capital of Khorezm was the city of Kyat, at the end of the 10th century the capital was transferred to the city of Urgench.
Pre-Achaemenid period.
Archaeological excavations indicate the existence of the Neolithic Kelteminar culture of ancient fishermen and hunters (IV-III millennium BC) on the territory of ancient Khorezm.
A direct descendant of this culture is the Tazabagyab culture of the Bronze Age, cattle-breeding and agricultural, dating back to the middle of the 2nd millennium. There are also reports from ancient authors about the contacts of the inhabitants of Khorezm with the peoples of Colchis on the trade routes along the Amu Darya and the Caspian Sea, along which Central Asian and Indian goods were transported to the Caucasian possessions through the Euxine Pontus (Εὔξενος Πόντος - the ancient Greek name of the Black Sea).
This is confirmed by the material culture, elements of which are found in the excavations of ancient monuments of the Central Asian Mesopotamia and the Caucasus.
Since the sites of the Suyargan culture, like part of the Tazabagyab ones, are located on takyrs lying above the buried dunes, there is reason to believe that around the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. NS. the area was drained, possibly associated with the breakthrough of the Amu Darya through the western section of the Sultan-Uizdag and the formation of a modern channel.
Perhaps, the colonization movement of the southern tribes that collided with the tribes of the vicinity of the South Khorezm lake and, judging by the signs of the Tazabagyab influence in the ceramics of the Suyargan and later Amyrabad culture, assimilated with them, is connected with the secondary settlement of the upper delta of the Amu Darya caused by these changes.
“There is every reason to believe that these tribes constituted the eastern branch of the peoples of the Japhetic system of languages, to which the modern Caucasian peoples (Georgians, Circassians, Dagestanis, etc.) belong and to which the creators of the most ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia, Syria and Asia Minor belonged” S.P. ... Tolstov. “In the footsteps of the ancient Khorezm civilization. Part II. Ch. V ".
The sites of the Suyargan culture also belong to the middle of the 2nd millennium. According to al-Biruni, the ancient Khorezmian systems of chronology began counting years in the 13th century. BC NS.
A number of researchers identify with the ancient Khorezm the northern country mentioned in the Avesta "Ayryan-vejo". Here, according to legend, the founder of Zoroastrianism, the legendary Zarathushtra, was born.
By the beginning of the 1st millennium BC. NS. the emergence of the Amyrabad culture belongs. The fortifications of this period are huge enclosures for the protection of livestock with "living walls", in which several thousand people lived; descriptions of such settlements are contained in the Avesta.
The name of the country, Khorezm, is first encountered in the surviving sources from the 8th - 7th centuries BC. There are various interpretations of the name Khorezm. According to one etymology, "feeding land", according to the other - "low land". S.P. Tolstov believed that the name Khorezm translates as "Country of the Hurrians" - Khvarizam.
Around the 8th - 7th centuries BC NS. Khorezm joined new era its history, when the Khorezmians, according to al-Biruni, began to reckon with the years of the reign of the kings. During this period, Khorezm became a powerful state with noticeable centralization, as evidenced by the buildings built in the 8th - 6th centuries. BC NS. grandiose irrigation facilities.
From the Achaemenid empire to the ancient era.
In the middle of the VI century. BC NS. Khorezm becomes part of the Achaemenid Empire. Apparently, he was conquered by Cyrus. Cyrus appointed his son Tanoksiarka as governor of Khorezm, Bactria and Parthia. Khorezm is mentioned in the Behistun inscription of Darius I.
Herodotus in the "History" reports that Khorezm was part of the 16th satrapy of the Persian Empire, as well as that the Khorezmians took part in the campaign of Xerxes in 480 BC. NS. to Greece. The Khorezmians took part in the construction of the capital of the Achaemenid Empire - Persepolis.
Khorezm warriors served in the Achaemenid army in different parts of the empire. One of them, named Dargoman, is mentioned in Upper Egypt. Images of ancient Khorezmians have been preserved on the Behistun rock.
Even before the campaigns of Alexander the Great in Central Asia, Khorezm gained independence from the Achaemenids. In the V century. BC NS. on the basis of the Aramaic writing, the Khorezmian writing was developed.
At the site of the ancient settlement Toprak-kala, archaeologists discovered the remains of an archive of documents in the Khorezm language. Khorezm writing was used until the 8th century. The main religion of the ancient Khorezmians was Zoroastrianism.
During archaeological research of the monuments of ancient Khorezm, ossuaries were found - clay boxes for burying the bones of deceased people. As a result of the aggressive campaigns of Alexander the Great, the Achaemenid state was destroyed.
In 328 BC. NS. the ruler of Khorezm, Farasman, sent ambassadors to Alexander led by his son Frataphern. Alexander was asked to make a joint campaign in Transcaucasia, but the king of Macedonia had other plans and he refused.
Khorezm in the Antique Era and the Early Middle Ages.
Khorezm IV c. BC NS. - I century. n. NS. was a powerful state. Of the most ancient kings of Khorezm, the names of the rulers who issued their coins are still known. This is Artav, the ruler of the 1st century AD.
Of the subsequent kings, Artramush is known from the end of the 2nd - the beginning of the 3rd century A.D. NS. Vazamar, second half of the 3rd century AD NS. other. During this period, many fortified cities were erected with powerful walls and towers, which were a single system of fortresses that defended the border of the oasis from the side of the desert.
A huge number of loopholes, each of which shells only a narrow space, due to which a special archer had to stand at each loophole, indicates that the entire people were still armed and the leading role was played not by a professional army, but by a mass militia.
About 175 BC n. NS. Khorezm became part of Kangyuy. In the last third of the 1st century. BC NS. Khorezm as part of Kangyuy acts as a powerful ally of the Western Huns. The power of Khorezm extended at this time far to the northwest.
According to the "History of the Younger Han Dynasty" dating back to the very beginning of AD. e., Khorezm (which is described here as Kangyuy - "the country of the Kangles") subdues the country of the Alans, which at that time stretched from the northern Aral Sea region to the eastern Azov region.
According to sources in the century AD, the Khorezm era was introduced and a new calendar was introduced. According to the great Khorezmian scholar Abu Reikhan al-Biruni (973 - 1048), the Khorezm chronology was first introduced in the 13th century BC.
It is believed that from the middle of the 1st century AD. NS. until the end of the 2nd century, Khorezm was under the influence of the Kushan kingdom. This period is characterized by fortresses erected by the central government and occupied by the garrisons of a standing army. At the beginning of the 4th century, under the padishah Afrig, the city of Kyat became the capital of Khorezm.
In the subsequent era, between the IV and VIII centuries, the cities of Khorezm fell into desolation. Now Khorezm is a country of numerous castles of the aristocracy and thousands of fortified peasant estates. From 305 to 995, Khorezm was ruled by the Afrigid dynasty, whose representatives bore the title of Khorezmshah.
Between 567 - 658, Khorezm was of a certain dependence on the Türkic Kaganate. In Chinese sources, it was recalled under the name Khusimi.
From the Arab conquest to the Seljuk conquest.
The first Arab raids on Khorezm date back to the 7th century. In 712, Khorezm was conquered by the Arab commander Kuteiba ibn Muslim, who perpetrated a cruel reprisal against the Khorezm aristocracy. Kuteiba unleashed especially cruel repressions on the scientists of Khorezm.
As al-Biruni writes in the Chronicles of Past Generations, “and by all means scattered and destroyed Kuteiba all who knew the writing of the Khorezmians, who kept their legends, all the scientists who were among them, so that all this was covered with darkness and there is no true knowledge about what was known from their history at the time of the coming of Islam to them. "
Arab sources say almost nothing about Khorezm for the next decades. But from Chinese sources it is known that Khorezmshah Shaushafar in 751 sent an embassy to China, which was at war with the Arabs at that time. During this period, a short-term political unification of Khorezm and Khazaria takes place.
Nothing is known about the circumstances of the restoration of Arab sovereignty over Khorezm. In any case, it was only at the very end of the 8th century that Shaushafar's grandson took the Arabic name Abdallah and minted the names of Arab governors on his coins.
In the X century, a new flourishing of the city life of Khorezm begins. Arab sources paint a picture of the exceptional economic activity of Khorezm in the 10th century, with the surrounding steppes of Turkmenistan and western Kazakhstan, as well as the Volga region - Khazaria and Bulgaria, and the vast Slavic world of Eastern Europe becoming the arena for the activities of Khorezm merchants.
The growing role of trade with Eastern Europe pushed the city of Urgench (now Koneurgench) to the first place in Khorezm, which became the natural center of this trade. In 995, the last Afrigid Abu-Abdallah Muhammad was captured and killed by the Emir of Urgench Mamun ibn-Muhammad. Khorezm was united under the rule of Urgench.
Khorezm in this era was a city of high scholarship. Natives of Khorezm were such outstanding scholars as Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khorezmi, Ibn Iraq, Abu Reikhanal-Biruni, al-Chagmini. In 1017, Khorezm was subordinated to Sultan Mahmud Ghaznevi, and in 1043 it was conquered by the Seljuk Turks.
State of Khorezmshahs.
The founder of a new dynasty in Khorezm was the Turk Anush-Tegin, who rose under the Seljuk sultan Malik Shah (1072 - 1092). He received the title of Shikhne of Khorezm. Since the end of the 11th century, there has been a gradual liberation of Khorezm from the Seljuk protectorate and the annexation of new lands.
The ruler of Khorezm, Qutb ad-Din Muhammad I, takes the ancient title of Khorezmshah in 1097. After him, his son Abu Muzaffar Ala ad-din Atsiz (1127 - 1156) ascended the throne. His son Taj ad-Din Il-Arslan completely frees Khorezm from the Seljuk guardianship in 1157.
State of Khorezmshahs in 1220.
Under the Khorezmshah Ala ad-Din Tekesh (1172-1200), Khorezm turns into a huge empire. In 1194, the army of the Khorezmshah defeated the army of the last Iranian Seljukid Togrul-bek and asserted the sovereignty of Khorezm over Iran, in 1195 the Baghdad caliph Nasir was defeated in a battle with the Khorezmians and recognized the power of Tekesh over eastern Iraq.
Successful campaigns to the east, against the Karakitai, opened the road to Bukhara for Tekesh. Son of Tekesh Ala ad-Din Muhammad II in 1200 - 1220. completes the father's business. He takes Samarkand and Otrar from the Karakitai, extends his power to a distant region
Ghazny in the south of Afghanistan, subjugates western Iran and Azerbaijan. Muhammad's army undertakes a campaign against Baghdad, which failed, however, because of the onset of early winter, which closed the passes, and because of the news of the appearance of a Mongol army on the eastern borders of the Khorezm Empire.
Mongolian period.
In 1218, Genghis Khan sent an embassy to Khorezm with a proposal for an alliance. Khorezmshah Ala ad-Din Mohammed II refused to make a deal with the "infidels" and, at the suggestion of the ruler of Otrar, Kayir Khan, executed the merchant ambassadors, sending their heads to the khan.
Genghis Khan demanded the extradition of Kaiyr Khan, but in response, Muhammad again executed one of the participants in the next Mongolian embassy. In the spring of 1219, without completing the conquest of China, Genghis Khan sent an army of 200,000 to Khorezm.
Khorezmshah did not dare to give a general battle, leaving his army scattered in separate detachments in the cities and fortresses of the entire state. One after another, under the onslaught of the Mongols, all large Khorezm cities fell. All of them were destroyed, and many Khorezmians were destroyed.
Khorezmshah with the remnants of the army first retreated to his Persian possessions, after which he fled with a small detachment to the Caspian region and died on the Abeskun island in the Kura river delta in the Caspian Sea. The state of Khorezmshahs ceased to exist.
The son of the Khorezmshah, Jelal ad-Din Manguberdy, continued to fight the Mongols until 1231. He twice defeated the Mongol army in the territory of modern Afghanistan, but was defeated by Genghis Khan himself at the Battle of the Indus. Jelal ad-Din Manguberdy died in 1231 in the Transcaucasus.
The last descendant of the Khorezmshah-Anushteginid clan was Sayf-ad-din Kutuz, who for a short time in 1259 managed to come to power in Egypt. His troops, led by the commander Beibars, were finally able to stop the Mongols in the battle of Ain Jalut in 1260.
In 1220, Khorezm became part of the Mongol Empire, then into the Jochi ulus (Golden Horde). During this period, Urgench was rebuilt and became one of the main shopping centers. Central Asia... The culture of the Khorezmians played a significant role in the cultural development of the Golden Horde.
In 1359, Khorezm, led by representatives of the Sufi-Kungrats dynasty, gained independence from the Golden Horde. In the 1370s, the ruler of Khorezm was Husain Sufi, the son of Tongdai, from the Kungrat clan, who was at enmity with Tamerlane.
In 1372, Tamerlane undertook a campaign against Khorezm. His army left Samarkand, passed Bukhara and captured the Khorezm fortress Kyat. Husain Sufi could no longer resist Tamerlane and died in besieged Khorezm.
After the death of Husayn Sufi, his younger brother, Yusuf Sufi, sat on the throne. In 1376, Khorezm became part of Timur's empire, and its rulers fled to the Golden Horde.
Khorezm in the 16th - first half of the 18th century.
In 1505, after many months of siege (November 1504 - August 1505), Muhammad Sheibani Khan captured Urgench, and Khorezm became part of the Sheibanid state. In 1512, a new dynasty of Uzbeks, who had fallen away from the Sheibanids, stood at the head of the independent khanate of Khorezm.
Initially, the capital of the state was Urgench. In 1598, the Amu Darya retreated from Urgench and the capital was moved to a new location in Khiva. In connection with the change in the channel of the Amu Darya in 1573, the capital of Khorezm was moved to Khiva.
Since the 17th century, Khorezm has been called the Khiva Khanate in Russian historiography. The official name of the state was the ancient name - Khorezm. Khorezm in the second half of the 18th - early 20th century.
Khiva Khanate.
In the 1770s, representatives of the Uzbek Kungrat dynasty came to power in Khorezm. The founder of the dynasty was Muhammad Amin-biy. During this period, masterpieces of architecture of Khorezm were built in the capital of Khiva. In 1873, during the reign of Muhammad Rahim Khan II, Khorezm became a vassal of the Russian Empire. The Kungrats ruled until 1920, when, after two wars with Soviet Turkestan, they were overthrown as a result of the victory of the Red Army.
Khorezm is one of the oldest regions with 2,700 years of history, located between two rivers and deserts of Central Asia, and is also well known with such historical cities as Khiva and Urgench. The main aspect of visiting Khorezm is historical and cultural tours. Khorezm is not only history and culture. This is a lot of unique fortresses, natural resources, ponds (lakes), numerous museums, various arts and crafts, beautiful melons and much more. But this is not the only reason why you should visit Khorezm. What else can you see and learn - by reading the article.
The city is an open-air museum.
The main reason for visiting Khorezm is that Khorezm is one of the most ancient regions of the world. It has more than 250 historical monuments located in the territory of Khorezm and many fortresses installed throughout the region. It has preserved the unique types of most of the walls, not to mention such walls as Ichan-Kala - the first UNESCO World Heritage Site in Central Asia, symbolizing the Khorezm region. According to ancient sources, Khorezm is also considered as "the second Egypt" or "Sun country".
Homeland of great scientists.
Khorezm is called the homeland of early scientists who became known all over the world in the field of mathematics, geography and medicine, such as Muhammad al-Khorezmi, Abu Raikhonal-Beruni, Nazhmiddin Kubro, Mahmud Zamakhshari, Pakhlavon Mahmud, Ogakhi, etc. Khorezm is the cradle ancient civilization; the unique monument of writing "Avesto" was created and written in gold ink on 12 thousand ox skins. For the first time about Khorezm is mentioned in the Behistun inscription of Darius I and "Avesta"; many researchers defined Khorezm as “Aryanam-voychakh” - the first Zoroastrian country. In addition, the Great Silk Road stimulated the development of trade, agriculture, religion, folk crafts, and sciences. The Mamun Academy became one of the most famous scientific institutions in Central Asia, where famous scientists and encyclopedists like Al-Beruni, Ibn Sina (Avicena) were graduated, who made important contributions to the development of science. Khorezm is a place with a rich past and a bright future. Currently, the region has a number of conditions for research and the creation of archaeological, historical and ethnographic tours.
Sustainable tourism.
Khorezm is located between two deserts (Kyzyl Kum and Karakum) closer to the territory of the Aral Sea, biodiversity differs from other regions of Uzbekistan. During a visit to Khorezm, you will become a more responsible tourist, you will begin to respect people who live in different conditions of the Khorezm region. Plus, you can contribute to the local community by visiting their area, meeting people, connecting and experiencing everyday life. In the end, when they accompany you, you will make sure that the money you spent on your trip stays in the local community and not in the multinational network companies.
Facilities for transit guests.
Tourists who want to visit not only one region will be able to get acquainted with the history of Khorezm and continue their journey. Since the roads of Khorezm intersect with Bukhara, Karakalpakstan and Turkmenistan. Transit guests can get from Khorezm to their destination by car, bus, railway and plane. The railway is connected with the regions of Uzbekistan (Bukhara, Navoi, Samarkand, Jizzak, Syrdarya and Tashkent), as well as with some cities of Russia (Saratov, Volgograd). There is also the Urgench International Airport, which was reconstructed in 2014. There are daily flights to Tashkent, three times a week to Russia (Moscow, St. Petersburg), and during the tourist season, direct international flights from Milan and Paris to Urgench (once a week).
Gastronomy.
Gastronomy is one of the fastest growing tourism in the region. When you meet Khorezm people, they will certainly offer you to taste their national dishes. Although Khorezm is far from the capital of Uzbekistan, you can eat out on a budget or with a local family, go shopping, cheap supermarkets (especially fresh fruits and vegetables). Traveling to cities and areas, buying food from bazaars, you can settle for reasonable prices. Today, most restaurants and cafes offer a variety of vegetarian options at the request of foreign tourists. From national dishes you can try pilaf, tukhum barak, shivitoshi, kebabs, izhan and fish. Since Khorezm has 300 days of sunshine a year, you can smell the sweet smell of dishes prepared with local products at any time of the year.
Traditions.
The traditions and customs of Khorezm differ from other regions of Uzbekistan. But in many cases, it is similar to other traditions of Uzbekistan and Central Asian countries. The first tradition is when people meet, they greet each other with the words "Assalomaleikum", even if they are not friends or relatives.
When visiting Khorezm, we recommend that you be a guest with a local family. They will greet you standing, offering the best place in their home and treating you to the wonderful national dishes of Khorezm.
Almost all people (especially women) in Khorezm use tandoors in their lives. The tandoor is handmade and is often used to bake Khorezm bread (huge, round and flat). In addition, in many places, samsa (a baked dish with meat, onions and spices) and chicken are cooked in tandoors. During a visit to Khorezm, in every village, highway, you can see that people make tandoor by hand. This will give you an extraordinary chance to see the tandoor making process.
Khorezm weddings stand out for their customs. The day before the wedding, especially in areas located far from the center of the region, traditional ram and rooster fights, as well as national wrestling, are held.
Delightful melons.
Khorezm has been famous for its melons and fruits for years. There are rumors among the people that the area has a mystical peculiarity, since such delicious vegetables and fruits cannot be found anywhere else. There are many different varieties of melon (Gurvak, Kari kiz, Bol Kovun, Zamcha, Bori Kalla, etc.) growing in the region. In Khorezm bazaars, you can see various melons grown by farmers. And of course, the taste of such a melon (sweet and juicy) will quench your thirst in hot weather. Do not miss the opportunity to take part in the melon festival "Gurvak - a symbol of Khorezm melons", which is held annually in the summer.
Art and craft
Khorezm was famous in the world for its dances and music, silk costumes and handmade carpets, carved wooden doors and columns, ceramics and puppets.
"Lazgi" is a spectacular feature of Khorezm art. It enchants people with its melody and shimmery dance that will inspire you to dance without any experience. We believe that arts and crafts will be one of the main reasons to visit Khorezm.
Arts and crafts remain a worthy legacy from older ancestors to the younger generation. Today, artisans of Khorezm, especially in Khiva, work in several directions, such as wood carving, suzane embroidery, carpet weaving, doll making and ceramics. During the visit, tourists can also see the process of making handicrafts in the workshops.
Another important type of applied art is "Chugirma" - a typical fur hat worn by most of the Khorezm people. On hot sunny days in the summer and cold winters, the chugirma will help you keep warm in the cold and cool in the heat.
Since arts and crafts are the most interesting things to see in Khorezm, we hope you will admire them with your own eyes.
Urgench.
Urgench is the administrative center of the Khorezm region. In the past it was also known as "Gurgench" or "Kunya Urgench". During your visit to Khorezm, we advise you to spend one day in Urgench for a city tour, walk, shopping, food tour and more. Currently, this city is becoming a more modern and tourist center due to its attractive places such as Shavat Canal, Al-Khorezmi Square, Jaloladdin Manguberdi Park, Youth Lake, Urgench Art Gallery, Central Bazaar, Hypermarket, Bowling, restaurants, shops, supermarkets etc. In addition, visitors are offered to stay in a Turkmen fortress, Ulli Khovli - a tourist complex (on the outskirts of Urgench) to see a folk show, as well as ram and rooster fights, see typical large Turkmen dogs and try fresh fish from Khorezm. In summer, the refreshing breeze along the canal will make your stay very pleasant.
Ecotourism
Nowadays, sustainability of ecotourism is becoming popular in the region, based in the countryside and along the lakes Harroth, Korakol and the tourist complex Kalazhik, where you can enjoy fishing, boating, water scooter riding, folk games performances, a ride on camels and horses. In addition, on the banks of the Amu Darya River, there are some places focused on the study of the flora and fauna of the Khorezm region. In the Khiva desert, saxauls are preserved in order to protect the natural areas of the region. Once you agree to visit these places, you will obviously learn about rural life, flora and fauna, traditional food and traditional yurt camps in the region.
Today I want to tell you about the most ancient culture today. nationalities living on the territory Uzbekistan - Khorezmians, whose history goes back centuries. Ancient past Khorezm buried under the sand Karakumov, keeping in themselves the secrets and clues that go to those who, with their painstaking work, discover new evidence of the once majestic civilization that lay in the upper reaches Amu Darya (Oksa), civilization ancient Khorezm.
The formation of the Khorezm state belongs to VII -VI century BC Almost the first mention of Khorezm as a country is found in Mihr-: Avesta, mentioned in Behistun lettering Darius I drawn up in 520 A.D. It is known that the Khorezmians participated in Greco-Persian War on the side of the Persians, worked on the construction of Persepolis and in the shipyards of Memphis.
During excavations: archaeologists on the island Elephantine in Egypt in 1907-1908 was discovered about 100 papyri, originating from a military colony. Among them is an interesting document dated 464 BC, which sets out litigation to a Jew Makhsei on behalf of Dargamana, son Kharshina, Khorezmian from Artaban's detachment, who served in the garrison in Elephantine.
The unique natural conditions of the region have made it possible to preserve numerous and varied archaeological sites. It is enough to look backfrom the top of some hillto see the ruins of fortresses, city walls, gates, towers. With the help of aerial photography, even under a layer of sand, it is possible to find the channels of ancient irrigation structures and the fields that they irrigated.
Khorezm Is real Klondike for archaeologists,
where many mysteries lurk. One of the mostamazing, bright and mysterious ancient cities of Khorezm is settlement Toprak-kala, on the plain, on the border of the desert Kyzylkum and the irrigated zone, 4-5 km south of the spurs Sultan Uizdaga... This plain was once watered by an ancient canal Gavhorae the length 70 km. The ruins of this city were discovered by an expedition led by S.P. Tolstov in 1938 Research has shown that Toprak-Kala was erected according to a single plan during II century AD and lasted until the IV-VI centuries.
The city was a vast regular rectangle in size 500 × 350 m, elongated from north to south. The territory of the city was surrounded by fortress walls with square towers, erected every 10-12 m. The corner towers were a kind of bastions, covering the corner from both sides. Two-story defensive galleries ran inside the walls.
The lower gallery served for the hidden movement and rest of the soldiers, and the upper one was for fighting. From here, through the arrow-shaped loopholes, the city was defended. The height of the walls was over 14 m. For a greater fortification effect, the territory presented turned into deep "trap pockets" with dense flanking fire. This was achieved by moving the towers to a distance of almost 9 m from the wall.
Moreover, the towers were not folded into a bandage with the body of the fortress wall. The technique was supposed to provide an independent draft of the walls and towers, thereby contributing to the safety of both. By the way, this technique was well known in the ancient world. Its use is highly recommended Vitruvius (1st century BC) during the construction of fortresses. It is noteworthy that this method was known and used by Khorezm masters.
A characteristic phenomenon of the then military thought was the construction of ditches in front of the fortress walls as an additional barrier. Moat Toprak-kaly surrounded the city walls from all sides and was arranged at a distance of 15 meters from the walls. Its width was 16 m, and its depth reached 3 m.
The only entrance to the city was located in the center of the southern face. Since the city gates were usually considered the weakest, weakest point in the defense, the builders Toprak-kaly allocated an entrance to a special fortification with a passage in the form of a cranked labyrinth.
The inner buildings of the city are also peculiar. The central street highway, laid from north to south to the city gates, cut the city in two, and the cross-sectional grid of streets divided the urban development into 10 blocks, one of them was a temple, the rest were residential. In each block, as it turned out, there were approximately 150-200 residential and utility rooms, which ranged from three to six households. Undoubtedly, such neighborhoods differed from the neighborhoods we are accustomed to, as part of an urban development covered by streets.
On Toprak-kala, the boundaries of the quarter passed behind the houses facing opposite sides of the street. The massifs surrounded by blank walls had individual exits to the intra-quarter street. Each quarter had its own small sanctuaries. Traces of handicraft production were identified (remains of a bronze casting workshop, a bow-making workshop, etc.) Toprak-kaly was approximately 2.5 thousand adults. Moreover, most of them were engaged in the protection and maintenance of palaces.
The most interesting buildings Toprak-kaly were located in its northern part, which occupied almost a third of the urban area. The northeastern corner was set aside for a bazaar or city square. The northwest corner was citadel, which was essentially fortified "Reserved" city with an area of 3.2 hectares. In its northwestern part, a palace rose on a high platform. Within the citadel, at the foot of the platform of the high palace, archaeologists have discovered a temple of fire. Even now, the grandiose palace rises like a mighty bulk over the city territory. It is fraught with many mysteries.
Fan va turmush No. 1-3 / 2006 www.fvat.uzsci.net
A special position in ancient history Central Asia occupied Khorezm, located in the lower reaches of the Amu Darya. This country is still inIV
v. BC NS. separated from Achaemenid state, and the Khorezm king Farasman in 329-328 BC NS. came to Alexander the Great for negotiations. Even then in Khorezm there was a developed urban culture. Soon, possibly during the advance of the nomadic alliances to the south, towards Parthia and Greco-Bactria, Khorezm falls under the rule of nomadic tribes. Interestingly, when in 1st century n. NS. the first local coins were issued, on their reverse side the image of the ruler on a horse was already placed.
A typical urban center of ancient Khorezm is a settlement Toprak-Kala.
"Ancient Civilizations" edited by G.M. Bongard-Levina
Palace of the rulers Khorezm Toprak-Kala (III century) preserved the remains of paintings and sculptures that adorned the walls of its many ceremonial halls. Murals Toprak-kaly characterizes the variety of subjects and the originality of the style.
The painting was done on a thick layer of white ganch plaster, applied on clay plaster with mineral paints, ground on vegetable glue, apparently in the alsecco technique (i.e., on a dry, not wetted basis). The painting was carried out either with an evenly applied layer, or with a strong brushstroke, modeling the details of the images, with black paint, with which the painter outlined the main contours. The colorful palette is very extensive - it varies in colors and shades: black and white, blue and blue, pink, bright red and burgundy, lemon yellow and orange, pale and deep green, brown, purple; all this - in various nuances of tones, but with a predominance of bright, saturated colors.
The most significant place belongs to plot images, extremely diverse in content. Among thematic compositions, a couple, a man and a woman, sitting in solemn poses, represented in an arched niche, is characteristic. This plot will be repeated in countless replicas on Eastern medieval ceramics, - on metal XI-XII centuries, v miniatures of the XIV-XVII centuries, but its basis, as we see, goes into the depths of local antiquity.
In the murals of the hall, which was part of the northern courtyard of the palace, the figures of the musicians were placed against the background of a magnificent ornament made up of a system of intersecting stripes and hearts. A depiction of a harpist with a rounded face and a full bared hand in bracelets, whose fingers pluck the strings of a large harp pressed to her chest, has survived; a figure protrudes from the acanthus forest. ... Khorezm harpist feminine roundness of forms and a somewhat mannered grace of gesture are inherent; the location of the half-figure in the acanthus forest gives a special decorative effect to the composition. Apparently in Toprak-kale, As in Bishayur Palace, the painting is based on a palace-banquet, not a religious-Buddhist plot.
The so-called Room of Ladies of Hearts got its name from archaeologists thanks to the remains of female figures shown among the red hearts filling the background. A well-defined profile with a straight nose line, strong chin and an elongated outline of the eyes under straight eyebrows; curly heavy earrings and necklaces; braids falling on the back from under the headdress twisted over the forehead; dresses made of richly ornamented fabric - all these details convey a deeply unique look khorezmiek... As for the pictorial manner itself, the originality of the artistic interpretation in it is beyond doubt. Gives special expressiveness "To the ladies of hearts" the complexity of the posture: three-quarter or frontal position of the body with a profile position of the head, a complex gesture of the hand holding the cord in one case, in the other - the vessel.
Prominent role in decoration Toprak-kaly the sculpture played. Its material was mainly clay, occasionally ganch. It is important to emphasize, as a fundamental feature, the fundamental connection between sculpture and architecture - be it a three-dimensional statue or a high relief. It is also necessary to note its organic connection with painting, with polychromy, with color; the sculpture is painted on white primer in various colors, with the transfer of fabric ornaments, embroidery, jewelry; statues are often placed on the ornamental background of niches.
Very impressive preserved female heads - one of them was tentatively named by archaeologists "Red head", the second - "Spouse Wazamar". Especially expressive "Red head"... The pupils and eyelids of the large oblong eyes are painted in dark color. A straight nose, wide at the base, medium-sized calm mouth. The oval of the face is elongated, the chin is heavy. In the technique of modeling there is a well-known plastic generalization, which is also enhanced by an even, without nuance, reddish color. Meanwhile, an attentive, somewhat obliquely directed gaze and some kind of courageous energy of the face give it both expressiveness and vitality.
At sunset time Khorezm antiquity the art of sculpting here gives rise to a special cycle of funerary sculpture on the ossuaries. Specific for Central Asian Mazdeism the custom of preserving the bones of the deceased in terracotta coffins leads to a ceremonially decorative treatment of the latter in cases where the customer is a noble family that preserves the remains of entire generations in the family naus.
Among the various types Khorezm ossuaries - box-shaped, barrel-shaped and others - several specimens from Koy-Krylgan-kaly, decorated with images of human figures of the generalized-typed style. Such is the image of a man, somewhat less than life-size, shown seated with legs crossed in an oriental way.
The extreme generalization of the sculptural manner, which is distinguished by the laconicism of the pictorial means, the undifferentiatedness of plastic modeling, the strict frontality and numbness of the pose - all this gives ossuary sculptures from Koy-Krylgan-kaly somewhat abstract nature. The image does not convey the individual characteristics, temperament, inner essence of the depicted character, it is extremely typified, suggesting the idea of the timeless essence of the funerary statue.
"History of Arts of Uzbekistan" Pugachenkova G.A. Rempel L.I. publishing house "Art"
1965
Images taken from the magazine"Fan va turmush" No. 1-3 / 2006, from"History of Arts of Uzbekistan" Pugachenkova G.A. Rempel L.I. publishing house "Art" 1965, as well as from "Ancient Civilizations" edited by G.M.Bongard-Levin "Thought" 1989