The concept of the human psyche. What is the human psyche? Mental and spiritual in the human psyche
There are many secrets and stereotypes associated with this mysterious human structure. This article is an attempt to answer the most frequently asked questions: what is the psyche, how is it structured and how does it work?
Psyche concept
The physiological carrier of the psyche is the human nervous system.
Psyche is a property and function of the brain, which consists in the subjective reflection of objective reality in ideal images. On the basis of these ideal images, a person builds his life and his relationships with the external environment. Nerve cells and receptors connect the center of the brain with the outside world.
Structure of the psyche
Animals also have a psyche. However, the human psyche is the highest form of the psyche and is also called “consciousness” and includes the area of the subconscious and superconscious (“super-ego”).
- Mental properties
Everyone has their own mental properties. They form the individuality of a person. Anyone can forget something, but forgetfulness is not a characteristic feature of everyone. Any of us can be irritated, but not all of us have this trait as a personality trait.
Mental properties are permanent manifestations of personality that are inherited and practically do not change during life. These include properties nervous system:
- strength of the nervous system - the resistance of nerve cells to prolonged irritation or excitement;
- mobility of nervous processes - the speed of transition from excitation to inhibition;
- balance of nervous processes - relative balance of processes of excitation and inhibition;
- lability – flexibility of the nervous system under the influence of various stimuli;
- resistance – resistance to the effects of unfavorable stimuli.
Mental properties determine the types of the nervous system, or types of higher nervous activity. They differ from each other in a different combination, a combination of mental properties.
- Mental processes
Mental processes are relatively stable formations that develop and are formed under the influence of external living conditions. These include the following processes:
- Cognitive
- Feeling. The development of the psyche directly depends on contacts with the outside world. Sensations - the source of all our knowledge about the world around us - constitute the initial form of the psyche.
- Perception. Creating an image of a thing or phenomenon depends on perception. Perception is also necessary for deeper knowledge of an object.
- Attention.
- Memory is the ability to reflect experience in recognition and reproduction.
- Imagination.
- Performance.
- Speech.
- Thinking. Thinking is the highest cognitive mental process, the essence of which is the knowledge of the world and the person in it.
Emotional and motivational
- Emotions and feelings;
- conditions (mood, anxiety, etc.);
- motivation;
- will.
A person’s attitude towards the phenomena and things of the world is expressed by spiritual experiences, or emotions.
Emotions are the reactions of a particular person to internal and external stimuli, which manifest themselves in the form of positive and negative feelings (pleasure or displeasure, joy, fear, etc.). Emotions arise as a result of subcortical excitations of the brain, which are formed on the basis of hereditary or acquired experience.
Over time, emotions lose their instinctive basis and develop into more stable and complex mental processes - feelings that are formed as a result of a person’s relationship to something and constant specific experiences.
- Mental qualities, or personal characteristics
These are relatively stable formations that arise and are formed under the influence of the educational process and life activity. The qualities of the psyche are most clearly represented in character. These include:
- character;
- temperament;
- intelligence.
- Mental conditions
They represent a relatively stable dynamic background of activity and mental activity.
Functions of the psyche
- Communicative – a mental reflection of reality, which provides, for example, the opportunity to communicate.
Mental reflection is addressed simultaneously to the present, past and future. That is, the reflection of the present is influenced by both past experience stored in memory and a person’s thoughts about the future. Moreover, the same external influence, thanks to this function of the psyche, can be reflected differently different people and even by the same person at different times and under different conditions.
- Cognitive – the ability to understand the external world around us and a person’s awareness of his place in it.
This function ensures correct adaptation and orientation of a person in the real world.
- Regulatory – ensuring regulation of all forms of human behavior and all types (game, educational, work) of his activities.
The human psyche, on the one hand, reflects the influences of the external environment, adapts to it, and on the other, regulates this process, composing the internal content of activity and behavior. Behavior is external shape manifestations of the psyche.
Psyche- characteristic of highly organized vertebrate animals with a cerebral cortex, mental reflection of objective reality and objectification of what is reflected in behavior, and by humans - in activity.
The human psyche develops as a result of his practical interaction with the outside world in the process of activity, which determines the further progress of all mental processes.
The main feature of higher mental processes is their mediation. This quality is most directly related to the socio-historical determination of the psyche, since the mediation function is provided by “psychological tools”, the role of which is played by signs. Through signs, on the one hand, mastery of one’s own behavior occurs, that is, arbitrariness develops; on the other hand, familiarization with culture occurs.
In a mental reflection unfolded over time, forms, mechanisms and content are distinguished.
Forms of mental reflection characterize the type of response of the human psyche to external influence. There are three forms of mental reflection:
Emotional Form- this is a reflection of a person’s interaction with the environment, when the main response from the psyche is an experience (emotion of joy or grief, anger or fear, etc.);
Cognitive form implemented in the form of knowledge formation;
Volitional reflection is realized in the form of action aimed at overcoming various difficulties.
If emotion reflects the world from the point of view of the biological survival of the organism, then knowledge as a form of reflection reveals objective laws for a person. In the simplest case, it is realized by forming in the psyche an ideal similarity (image, model) of an object or phenomenon perceived by a person.
The conscious level of the psyche (consciousness) is the highest level of reflection, in which a person sets in advance a certain goal that corresponds to his needs, the objective conditions of reality (including his abilities and capabilities and an adequate forecast of the consequences of achieving the intended goal), and firmly controls his internal ( mental) and external (practical) activity to achieve it (goal).
Consciousness- this is knowledge together with someone, this is the ability to respond to external stimuli and decipher them in the way that is accepted by society. Realize- means acquiring the potential opportunity to communicate, transfer with the help of signs (symbols) your knowledge to another, including other generations, in the form of cultural monuments.
However, in addition to the openly recognized (that is, conscious) reasons that guide our actions, there are also secret reasons that we do not admit to ourselves, and behind these secret ones there are even more secret ones, because they are unknown to ourselves.
Unconscious the level of mental reflection is the lowest level at which a person is not aware of how his psyche reflects reality. For example, a finger suddenly touches an unusually hot object - the hand instantly withdraws before we feel pain or realize the danger. We are not aware, and therefore do not notice, how our pupil reacts to light and darkness.
Subconscious the level of reflection is intermediate between the unconscious and the conscious. For example, actions that have become automatic are repressed into the subconscious. However, in extreme situations this “material” can be “requested” into consciousness. You go home, climb the stairs, approach the door... The required key is already in your hand - you didn’t notice how it ended up in it, it happened by itself, your consciousness only noted the result.
If the form of reflection characterizes the type of reaction of the body, and the level - the degree of awareness, then the mechanism of mental reflection answers the question: how, in accordance with what patterns, when a person interacts with the surrounding reality, the response of the body is formed? There are mechanisms of emotional, cognitive and volitional reflection.
So, the forms, levels and mechanisms of mental reflection are organically interrelated characteristics that describe different aspects of a single phenomenon, a single open hierarchized system - the human psyche. Sometimes instead of the word “psyche” the phrase “mental phenomena” is used, which are divided into the following:
- mental processes - elementary mental phenomena included in more complex species mental activity (they are most short-lived - from a fraction of a second to tens of minutes); this is the internal “mechanics” of mental life (emotional, cognitive and volitional processes);
- mental states - more complex mental phenomena lasting from several hours to several weeks (for example, states of wakefulness, performance, fatigue, irritability, absent-mindedness, etc.);
- personality traits - character, temperament, abilities, skills, abilities, beliefs, worldview, ideals.
It is important to note that mental processes, states and personality traits are interconnected and interdependent. Temperament properties and mental processes, for example, predetermine one or another mental state, and the state, in turn, often repeating itself, can become a tendency, habit or character trait. States of vigor and activity sharpen attention and sensations, while depression and passivity lead to absent-mindedness, superficial perceptions and cause premature fatigue. Mental processes can also be included in one another, for example, sensation excites attention and thinking; perceptions are accompanied by ideas and imagination; emotions can cause or suppress volitional efforts.
Thus, we come to the following conclusions:
1. Psychology is the science of the psyche and mental activity of man. She studies the facts, patterns and mechanisms of human mental activity.
2. Psyche- this is the inner world of a person: images, his thoughts, feelings, aspirations, desires, beliefs, worldview, ideals.
3. Psyche- this is the highest form of reflection inherent in matter represented by a multimillion-dollar ensemble of brain cells. It's just property the highest form of organized matter.
However, there are two features of our psyche that are not yet fully recognized.
Feature one: being a property of the brain, the psyche reflects not its work directly, but external world, objective reality. In other words, we do not feel the “work” of the nerve cells of the brain, not the transmission of nerve impulses from individual parts of the brain to others, but only the final result of the activity of the brain, due to which images of the surrounding external world are recreated in our consciousness, that is, a picture of the external world. AND we're talking about not about a “photographic” representation of reality, but about an active process in which images the external world are refracted through the individual experience of the subject.
Feature two: the picture of the external world appears in consciousness as something separate from the subject, that is, images of the external world do not merge with the experience of one’s “I,” which is felt as something separate from the environment and, to a certain extent, opposed to it.
It is interesting that this property of the psyche has a certain analogy with one of the simplest manifestations of living things, namely immune reactions. The essence of these reactions, as you know, is the body’s ability to separate “its” protein from “foreign” protein. By opposing itself to the external environment, the body seems to resist its chaotic influences. At the mental level, the ability to oppose oneself to the external environment provides individuality the mental sphere of man, the uniqueness of his inner world.
This feature of the psyche is reflected in the semantic structure of the word “ consciousness" , that is " along with the meaning" Consciousness differs from knowledge in that it presupposes the presence of a subject possessing knowledge, which can be conveyed by the phrase: “ I know…»
Attention! For those who want to test themselves in their ability to adequately assess the behavior of other people, the test “Are you a good psychologist?” is offered.
For the work, 12 proposals and three answer options are presented. Choose your answer for each sentence (write down the corresponding letter). You should work with each proposal “promptly”, without thinking for a long time. It is imperative to respond to all 12 proposals without exception.
1. People who give a lot great importance compliance with the rules of behavior and never violate a polite tone - these are: a) polite people; c) strictly educated people; c) insincere because they hide their true character.
2. You know spouses who almost never quarrel. Do you think that: a) they are happy; c) indifferent to each other; c) do not completely trust one another.
3. You meet a person for the first time, and he immediately starts telling jokes. You will think that he is: a) a joker; c) feels insecure and tries to overcome his condition in this way; c) wants to make a good impression.
4. You are talking with someone about a topic that interests both of you. Your interlocutor accompanies the conversation with nervous hand movements, expressed by gestures and pantomimes. You are convinced that: a) this reveals his internal tension; c) he is very tired; c) he is insincere with you.
5. You decided to get to know someone you know better. Do you think that the most useful thing for this is: a) to be in the same company with him; c) watch how it works; c) see him in a difficult situation.
6. You are in a restaurant with a person who gives the waiter a large tip. You are convinced that he wants: a) to impress; c) earn the respect of staff; c) that he is a good-natured person.
7. You know many people who never start conversations first. Do you think that: a) they are secretive and deliberately do not want to talk; c) they are suspicious and do not consider it necessary to talk to you; c) they are fearful.
8. There are people with whom you have not even spoken, but have made a judgment based on their physiognomy. In your opinion, a low forehead means: a) stupidity; c) stubbornness; c) doesn't mean anything special.
9.What do you think about a person who does not look his interlocutor in the eyes? Do you think that he has: a) an inferiority complex; c) that he is insincere; c) that he is absent-minded.
10. You also know people who, if something happens, immediately declare that they knew it in advance and for this reason did not do anything. Do you consider them: a) to be particularly characteristic individuals; c) for people who do not feel very confident and therefore boast; c) for people who do not want to burden themselves with anything.
11. You know a person who is very well off financially, but who always buys the cheapest things. Do you think that: a) he is modest; c) he is thrifty; c) he is stingy.
12. You probably have had occasion to judge others only by their appearance. In your opinion, fat people: a) prettier than others, because they are cheerful and kind-hearted; c) completely unlikable, because they are lazy and unceremonious; c) they are the same as the rest: some are kind, others are lazy, others are hypocritical.
Human needs
Carrier folk wisdom- language connects the word “ need"with what is missing, with what is in this moment no, what is needed, needed. It is no coincidence that the word “satisfaction” most often appears next to the word “need.”
Satisfying a need means eliminating the lack of something and giving what is needed. Satisfying a need, therefore, as a rule, presupposes the active activity of the subject in need, the purpose of which is to fill what is missing, to remove the contradiction between what is desired and what is actually present.
So we can take note of the first "working" definition of need:
Need- this is the state of the subject, which develops on the basis of a contradiction between what is available and what is necessary (or seems necessary to the subject) and encourages him to take action to eliminate this contradiction. Other definitions are also informative:
- need as a person’s experience of a lack of something, which is reflected in his consciousness and causes a desire to eliminate this lack;
- need arises as an experience of need for certain objects, activities, relationships, etc.;
- need reflected in a person’s consciousness as a motive for his possible behavior;
- need- this is a state of personality, expressing its dependence on specific conditions of existence, which acts as a source of personality activity;
- need- the property of the human body to “require” strictly certain conditions for its normal functioning, without which it cannot maintain a state of internal balance ( homeostasis). For a person, these conditions are:
Conditions necessary for the life and development of man as a natural organism (at the individual level);
Conditions necessary for the life and development of a person as an individual (social, etc.);
Conditions necessary for the life and development of a person as an individual (spiritual).
Thus, need- this is the need (need) to equalize deviations from the parameters of life that are optimal for a person as a biological being, as an individual and as a person. Human needs determine focus his psyche, cause her increased sensitivity to certain aspects of reality (“Who is the priest, who is the priest’s daughter”).
When we say “need,” we mean a reality of our psyche that consists, as it were, of 2 “halves.” The first of them is located in the body itself and is called the “need state” (this is the subjective experience needs!). The second one half"(what I woke up in need) is located outside our body, in the external, complex world (object of need).
"Need state" has its own specific language": here the words we use in everyday life have no meaning. The state of need “makes itself felt” primarily through emotions, and the main form of such a “cry” of an awakened need will be subjectively experienced emotional tension, emotional discomfort, anxiety (“something is not right,” “something is missing”). In other cases " need state"is experienced by us as " blues», « bad mood" and so on.; We sometimes do not realize that in such cases, in essence, everything is connected with the absence of a specific object of some of our needs.
True, in a long, centuries-long evolution, vital needs, such as the need for water, food need, and the need for self-preservation, have been assigned specific and equally understood emotional experiences. For example, if this person began to feel hungry, which means he must take food, and if he does not do this, the body will suffer and may die. But we don’t have many such vital needs. By the way, they all relate to instincts, that is, genetically fixed adaptation mechanisms.
But modern man there are many other needs. How does he know about them? It has been discovered that each of the needs “breaks through” into our consciousness with great difficulty, that is, we are not aware of it immediately, but in stages, by “ steps»:
- attraction– vague, poorly differentiated emotional experience of need;
- wish– the beginning of awareness of what we are potentially drawn to;
- interest– concentration of attention, colored by positive emotion, on objects closely related to the actual need;
- inclination– here the interest is already joined by a volitional desire (tendency to act) in the direction of the object of interest;
- passion- a strong, persistent, all-encompassing feeling that dominates a person’s other impulses and leads to the concentration of all his forces and aspirations on the subject of passion.
Each of these steps» can motivate human behavior.
So, the need that cyclically “awakens” in the human body under certain conditions often does not “inform” the consciousness about the subject of this need. In psychology it is customary to designate this subjectively experienced
need as a state of need. With the reflection of the object of need in a person’s consciousness, the state of need passes into a qualitatively different psychological rank - the rank of an objectified need, that is, a need that has found its object - motive. From this moment on, a person is encouraged to engage in activities, the ultimate goal of which is to satisfy the need. Let's try to schematize what was said:
The paradox is that a person, as a rule, is not aware of this entire chain of 5 links. At stage 4 of this sequence (thinking) he sets a goal for himself. And in the future, this very moment of awareness of the goal seems to him to be the starting point, the motivation for action. At the same time, the sensory (emotional) motivation for this activity remains undisclosed. Meanwhile, as I pointed out F. Engels, a person’s actions stem from his needs, and not from his thinking. Thinking only an intermediate stage between the need and the achieved result.
« Attraction sets a task thinking(intellect) for his own satisfaction and uses it as a working apparatus. It ( attraction) puts pressure on thinking, chains it to finding ways to satisfy itself and forces it to work in the right direction until a successful outcome is found.”
The great Russian scientists I.M. Sechenov and I.P. Pavlov discovered and experimentally “verified” one of the main mechanisms of the brain and the “functioning” of the psyche. This basic mechanism is the conditioned reflex. How was this mechanism discovered experimentally in animals?
Simultaneously with giving the feeder with food to the hungry dog, a bright light bulb is lit. After the animal eats food, the light turns off. And so every time at every feeding. After 15-20 such combinations, they don’t give food, but just turn on the electric light bulb - the dog salivates! A conditioned connection was formed (in the cerebral cortex) between an unconditioned stimulus (food) and a conditioned one (light from a light bulb). And if now, every time you turn on the light bulb, you simultaneously turn on the electric bell, then after 20-25 such combinations the dog will salivate just for the bell (“2nd floor of conditional communication”). And so you can continue this path (“third floor”, etc.).
Now let's get back to talking about needs. How is this principle of brain operation - the development of a conditioned connection - implemented here? So, the state of need... is often falsely realized by a person, and then this person will be convinced that he allegedly understands the goal of his actions, or rather, his activity, but...
For example, sometimes, due to the body's previous experience, the release of digestive juices associated with hunger and spasms of the stomach walls are mistaken for stomach pain, as a result of which this person deliberately refuses to eat (believing that eating will increase the pain).
What's in it secret? The individual is in a state voltage, caused by the dissatisfaction of some need that has not yet “made its way” into consciousness, that is, has not been realized. If the action of some external stimulus and the activity carried out by the individual reduce or relieve this tension, a conditional connection is formed between this stimulus, the activity and the reduction (removal) of this emotional tension. “Learning” has occurred. From now on, each time a similar stress is repeated, the individual will strive for this particular stimulus and will believe that he “knows” how to behave in such cases.
Here's another example: " traps" The child, whom his parents fed on his lap, grows up so much that he can feed himself at the table. Parents eat... A child, left to his own devices in a situation in which he has always been the subject of the exclusive attention of others, begins to act up. Now parents just need to start feeding him again for the child to develop conditional connection between his whims and the concentration of his parents' attention on him. In this way, the child’s whims will be rewarded and obedience will be punished.
It is along this path, depending on the environment and one’s own personality traits, that an individual set of ways to satisfy needs can be formed.
A need is not only a need, but also a reflection of this need in consciousness, that is, awareness of it, “ internal image» necessary. Formed in awareness, this “ image of the necessary» can be quite different from person to person.
Habits, ideas, views, lifestyle formed by a specific social environment - all this informs “ the image of the necessary» pronounced individual coloring.
Let's say the need for food is an objective need of the body. What is vital for our body? Just this: proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, mineral salts. Now let's remember the breakfast scene of the heroes of the novel by L.N. Tolstoy “Anna Karenina” by Konstantin Levin and Stiva Oblonsky. How differently this need manifests itself in them, if the first is completely indifferent to what and how to satisfy hunger (“I don’t care. Cabbage soup and porridge are best for me.”), then the sybarite Oblonsky treats the choice of menu as the most serious matter (“ Oysters should not be Ostend, but Flenburg, champagne should have a “white seal.”).
« Hunger is hunger , - writes K. Marx - however the hunger that is satisfied cooked meat eaten with a knife and fork is a different hunger than that in which raw meat is swallowed with the help of hands, nails and teeth».
From this statement follows an extremely important point for us: ways of satisfying a need can themselves become a need. For example, collecting books, which initially satisfied the cognitive need for knowledge, can become itself (that is, the very fact of collecting) a need in itself, turning into bibliophilia (the passion for collecting books is already a subject of interest for psychiatrists). By the way, K. Marx drew attention to this pattern:
“The satisfied need itself, the action of satisfaction and the already acquired instrument of satisfaction lead to new needs, and this generation of new needs is the first historical matter.”
If you are going to learn to understand the motives of people’s behavior, you need to know that based on the satisfaction of basic physiological (common to all people) needs, new needs are formed in each individual person - individual ones, the list of which is infinitely large.
The process of individualization of needs is influenced by the following factors:
1.Specification methods of satisfying needs is based on the fact that each need is satisfied in a certain way and that the number of these methods is limited for a particular person, since the willingness to use ineffective or harmful methods fades away, while the use of other methods is consolidated. By the way, this is the formation of individual character traits.
2. Mentalization(awareness) is based on the reflection in consciousness of the content of the need or several of its aspects. It is the awareness of the subject of the need that makes it possible for the person himself to participate in specifying ways to satisfy needs and can significantly influence the course of activities that satisfy the need. For example, if I manage to realize that my way of behaving in a given situation is the result of satisfying a certain need, I may begin to creatively search for other ways of acting that are more consistent with my self-awareness.
3. Socialization ways of satisfying needs is based on their subordination to certain values of the culture within which our life flows.
So, concretization, mentalization and socialization define what can be called individual style the life of a particular person. And for every person it is an indicator of his life experience, personal capabilities and the richness of transformation.
Viennese psychologist and psychiatrist Sigmund Freud once said that the “most important” human need is sexual need. However, his students did not agree with this. A. Adler, for example, called “the desire for superiority” as a fundamental human need, Sullivan - “the need for tenderness”, Horney - “escape from initial fear”, etc.
In the 50-60s of our century, the theory of motivation of the American social psychologist Maslow became widespread. His merit was that he was one of the first to try to build system needs of the individual, that is, the principle of hierarchy was used as the basis:
1) the need for self-realization (self-affirmation);
2) the need for respect;
3) the need for love (belonging to someone);
4) the need for safety and well-being;
5) physiological needs.
Hierarchy principle According to Maslow, the needs of a higher level become relevant for an individual only after the lower ones are satisfied. Figuratively, this can be compared to a five-stage rocket, from which, in the process of “flight,” the lower stages are successively separated, until, finally, the leading motive for the individual becomes one, the main need - for self-realization.
To popularize knowledge on this issue, N.N. Mikhailov proposes to represent the structure of human needs in the form of a multi-story building. On the lower floors of this house there are material (physiological) needs, which serve as a foundation, a basis on which a person’s spiritual needs grow. And the stronger this “foundation” is, that is, the more fully a person’s material needs are satisfied, the more real opportunities there will be for spiritual activity, the freer he will be, the more independent of material concerns.
The “upper floors” of this building are occupied by spiritual needs (socio-political, cognitive, moral, aesthetic, the need for a worldview, etc.). The “framework” of the building of needs is the need for labor - this is the dominant human need, according to the author. And a person’s generic need is the need for self-realization. (Hegel called it “universal and material”).
So, in this “building of needs” of a person, the need for self-realization will act as an elevator running between floors. Depending on the satisfaction of what needs a person’s self-realization is achieved (that is, on what floor the “elevator” stopped), we can judge the direction of the social orientation of this person’s personality. In other words, the need for self-realization is polyvalent (“multivalent”). What is "valence"? “Valence” is the property of needs, in the process of their satisfaction, to enter into combinations (connect) with other needs, as a result of which the initially satisfied needs are often replaced by others that are more pressing for the subject. We can talk about three forms of manifestation valency needs:
Cumulation(accumulation) - since the same activity of an individual can be motivated multivalently, then in the process of this activity a variety of needs are often satisfied. In the process of carrying out activities, as a result of this, the accumulation (cumulation) of needs occurs. For example, the same activity - taking care of clothes - can be dictated by the need for warmth and the need for self-affirmation.
Compensation- the same need can be satisfied different ways, V various types activities. For example, playing with a dog, watching a TV show, receiving guests, a philosophical discussion - all these very different concepts can nevertheless be a way of realizing one need - the need for communication. In other words, the dissatisfaction of a certain need in one type of activity and the associated feeling of dissatisfaction can be at least partially compensated for by satisfying this (or close to it) need in another type of activity, in a different way. Another example: a person may be a bad worker and not enjoy respect in the team, but the need for respect and self-esteem can be compensated by him in another area, say, in a family or a friendly company. The basis for satisfying this need in this case will no longer be work activity, but leisure activities.
A special manifestation of the replacement of needs is an attitude that is associated with the suppression of needs and which can be called sublimation. Suppression of a need may result from the absence of an object of satisfaction, the unacceptability of a method of satisfaction for the individual, or the inability to realize a given need in the most adequate way. The suppressed need remains unsatisfied, although the subject tries to realize it, choosing a different object and a different method of satisfaction for this. Life is full of examples of such sublimation, and it is no coincidence that artists and writers turn to it so often. The impossibility of satisfying the need for love gives rise to the sublimation of this need in Turgenev's Gerasim into attachment to a dog. Nastya from Gorky’s play “At the Lower Depths” seeks to “replace” a similar need by reading pulp novels and writing romantic stories.
Thus, cumulation, compensation and sublimation are mechanisms for transforming real needs into false, unreasonable ones. It is clear that this mechanism is activated only under certain conditions; sometimes there is a regressive influence of social factors: a certain moral atmosphere in the family, negative influence on the individual’s immediate personal environment, improper upbringing.
In modern psychology textbooks, it is customary to divide all human needs into three blocks: physiological needs, social needs and spiritual needs. Each of the blocks in turn includes its own “ fan» needs. Thus, the physiological block includes the needs for food, water, oxygen, temperature control, etc.; into the social block - in communication, prestige, social status, in authority, sympathy, mutual understanding, etc.; into the block of spiritual needs - in aesthetic pleasure, in the meaning of life, in self-realization, etc.
In humans, this set of needs forms a complex need-motivational system that ensures the realization basic law of life– the process of satisfying needs.
So, if a lawyer has the intention (and it will be dictated by the nature of his professional activity) to understand the motives for the illegal (and law-abiding) behavior of a particular person, he must know that “no one can do something without doing it at the same time for the sake of any of your needs” (K. Marx). And thoughts, feelings, and actions of people depend on this basic law of life. Whether a person understands this is a different question.
It follows that it would not be entirely correct to equate the concepts of “behavioral motive” and “behavioral motivation.”
Emotions and illegal behavior
Chapter 1. Introduction to Psychology
2. The concept of the psyche
Traditionally, the concept of psyche is defined as a property of living, highly organized matter, consisting in the ability to reflect with its states the surrounding objective world in its connections and relationships.
Any joint work of people presupposes a division of labor, when different members of collective activity perform different operations; Some operations immediately lead to a biologically useful result, other operations do not give such a result, but act only as a condition for its achievement, i.e. these are intermediate operations. But within the framework of individual activity, this result becomes an independent goal, and a person understands the connection between the intermediate result and the final motive, i.e. understands the meaning of the action. meaning, as defined by A.N. Leontiev, and is a reflection of the relationship between the purpose of an action and the motive.
Table 2.
The most important features of the activity | |
animals | person |
Instinctive-biological activity | Driven by cognitive and communication needs |
There is no joint activity, group behavior of animals is subordinated exclusively to biological purposes (feeding, reproduction, self-preservation) | Human society arose on the basis of cooperative labor activity. Each action acquires meaning for people only due to the place it occupies in their joint activity |
Guided by visual impressions, acts within the framework of a visual situation | Abstracts, penetrates into connections and relationships of things, establishes causal dependencies |
Hereditary behavioral programs (instincts) are typical. Learning is limited to the acquisition of individual experience, thanks to which the hereditary species behavior programs adapt to the specific conditions of the animal’s existence | Transfer and consolidation of experience through social means of communication (language and other sign systems). Consolidation and transmission of the experience of generations in material form, in the form of objects of material culture |
Can create aids, tools, but do not preserve them, do not use tools constantly. Animals are unable to make tools using another tool | Making and preserving tools, transferring them to subsequent generations. Making a tool with the help of another object or tool, making a tool for future use presupposed the presence of an image of a future action, i.e. emergence of the plane of consciousness |
Adapt to the external environment | Transform the outside world to suit their needs |
Activity is the active interaction of a person with the environment in which he achieves a consciously set goal that arose as a result of the emergence of a certain need or motive (Fig. 1.5).
Motives and goals may not coincide. Why a person acts a certain way is often not the same as why he acts. When we are dealing with activity in which there is no conscious goal, then there is no activity in human sense words, but impulsive behavior takes place, which is controlled directly by needs and emotions.
Behavior in psychology is usually understood as the external manifestations of a person’s mental activity.
Fig. 1.5 Activity structure
Behavioral facts include:
- individual movements and gestures (for example, bowing, nodding, squeezing a hand),
- external manifestations of physiological processes associated with the state, activity, communication of people (for example, posture, facial expressions, glances, redness of the face, trembling, etc.),
- actions that have a certain meaning, and finally,
- actions that have social significance and are associated with norms of behavior.
An act is an action, performing which a person realizes its significance for other people, i.e. its social meaning.
The main characteristic activity is its objectivity. By object we mean not just a natural object, but a cultural object in which a certain socially developed way of acting with it is recorded. And this method is reproduced whenever objective activity is carried out. Another characteristic of activity is its social, socio-historical nature. A person cannot independently discover forms of activity with objects. This is done with the help of other people who demonstrate patterns of activity and include the person in joint activities. The transition from activity divided between people and carried out in external (material) form to individual (internal) activity constitutes the main line of interiorization, during which psychological new formations (knowledge, skills, abilities, motives, attitudes, etc.) are formed. .
Activity is always indirect. The role of means is played by tools, material objects, signs, symbols (interiorized, internal means) and communication with other people. Carrying out any act of activity, we realize in it a certain attitude towards other people, even if they are not actually present at the moment of performing the activity.
Human activity is always purposeful, subordinated to a goal as a consciously presented planned result, the achievement of which it serves. The goal directs the activity and corrects its course.
Activity is not a set of reactions, but a system of actions cemented into a single whole by the motive that motivates it.
A motive is what an activity is carried out for; it determines the meaning of what a person does. Basic knowledge about activities, motives, and skills are presented in diagrams.
Finally, activity is always productive, i.e. its result is transformations both in the external world and in the person himself, his knowledge, motives, abilities, etc. Depending on what changes are playing main role or have the greatest specific gravity, stand out different types activities (work, cognitive, communication, etc.).
Human activity has a complex hierarchical structure. It consists of several levels: top level - level special types activity, then the level of actions, the next - the level of operations, and finally, the lowest - the level of psychophysiological functions.
Action is the basic unit of activity analysis. Action is a process aimed at achieving a goal.
Action includes, as a necessary component, an act of consciousness in the form of setting a goal, and at the same time, action is at the same time an act of behavior, realized through external actions in inextricable unity with consciousness. Through actions, a person shows his activity, trying to achieve his goal, taking into account external conditions.
Action has a structure similar to activity: goal - motive, method - result. There are actions: sensory (actions to perceive an object), motor (motor actions), volitional, mental, mnemonic (actions of memory), external objective (actions aimed at changing the state or properties of objects in the external world) and mental (actions performed in internal plane of consciousness). The following components of action are distinguished: sensory (sensory), central (mental) and motor (motor) (Fig. 1.6).
Rice. 1.6 Action components and their function
Any action is a complex system consisting of several parts: indicative (control), executive (working) and control and correction. The indicative part of the action provides a reflection of the totality of objective conditions necessary for the successful implementation of this action. The executive part carries out the specified transformations in the action object. The control part monitors the progress of the action, compares the results obtained with given samples and, if necessary, provides correction of both the indicative and executive parts of the action.
An operation is a specific way of performing an action. The nature of the operations used depends on the conditions in which the action is performed and the experience of the person. Operations are usually little or not realized by the person, i.e. This is the level of automatic skills.
Speaking about the fact that a person carries out some kind of activity, we must not forget that a person is an organism with a highly organized nervous system, developed organs feelings, complex musculoskeletal system, psychophysiological functions, which are both prerequisites and means of activity.
For example, when a person sets a goal to remember something, he can use different actions and memorization techniques, but this activity is based on the existing mnemonic psychophysiological function: none of the memorization actions would lead to the desired result if the person did not have a mnemonic function. Psychophysiological functions constitute the organic foundation of activity processes.
Sensorimotor processes are processes in which perception and movement are connected. In these processes, four mental acts are distinguished:
- sensory moment of reaction - the process of perception;
- the central moment of the reaction is more or less complex processes associated with the processing of what is perceived, sometimes discrimination, recognition, evaluation and choice;
- motor moment of reaction - processes that determine the beginning and course of movement;
- sensory motion corrections (feedback).
Ideomotor processes link the idea of movement with the execution of the movement. The problem of the image and its role in the regulation of motor acts is the central problem of the psychology of correct human movements.
Emotional-motor processes- these are processes that connect the execution of movements with emotions, feelings, and mental states experienced by a person.
Interiorization- this is the process of transition from external, material action to internal, ideal action.
Exteriorization is the process of transforming internal mental action into external action.
The main types of activities that ensure the existence of a person and his formation as an individual are communication, play, learning and work.
It has already been noted that our needs push us to action, to activity. Need is a state of need for something experienced by a person. States of the organism's objective need for something that lies outside it and constitutes a necessary condition for its normal functioning are called needs. Hunger, thirst, or the need for oxygen are primary needs, the satisfaction of which is vital for all living beings. Any disturbance in the balance of sugar, water, oxygen or any other component needed by the body automatically leads to the emergence of a corresponding need and to the emergence of a biological impulse, which seems to push a person to satisfy it. The primary impulse thus generated triggers a series of coordinated actions aimed at restoring balance.
Maintaining a balance in which the body does not experience any needs is called homeostasis. From here homeostatic behavior- this is behavior that is aimed at eliminating motivation by satisfying the need that caused it. Often human behavior is caused by the perception of certain external objects, the action of some external stimuli. the perception of certain external objects plays the role of a stimulus, which can be as strong and significant as the internal drive itself. The need for movement, for receiving new information, new stimuli (cognitive need), new emotions allows the body to maintain an optimal level of activation, which allows it to function most effectively. This need for stimuli varies depending on the physiological and mental state of the person.
The need for social contacts, to communicate with people is one of the leading needs in a person, only over the course of life does it change its forms.
People are constantly busy with something, and in most cases they decide for themselves what they will do. To make a choice, people resort to a thinking process. We can consider motivation as a “selection mechanism” for some form of behavior. This mechanism, if necessary, responds to external stimuli, but most often it selects the opportunity that at the moment best corresponds to a physiological state, emotion, memory or thought that has come to mind, or an unconscious attraction, or innate characteristics. The choice of our immediate actions is guided by the goals and plans we have set for the future. The more important these goals are for nagas, the more powerfully they guide our choices.
Thus, there is a hierarchy of different needs from the most primitive to the most refined. The hierarchical pyramid of needs was developed by the famous psychologist Maslow: from innate physiological needs (the need for food, drink, sex, the desire to avoid pain, parental instinct, the need to explore the surrounding world, etc.) - to the needs for safety, then to the needs for affection, love , then to the needs for respect, approval, recognition, competence, then to cognitive and aesthetic needs (for order, beauty, justice, symmetry) - and, finally, the need for understanding the meaning of one’s life, for self-improvement, for self-development, self-realization.
But the same need can be satisfied with the help of different objects, with the help of different actions, i.e. in various ways objectified. In the process of objectifying a need, two important features of the need are revealed: 1) initially there is a fairly wide range of objects that can satisfy this need; 2) the need is quickly fixed on the first item that satisfies it. In the act of objectification, a motive is born as an object of need.
A motive is an objectified need, it is a need for a given object, which encourages a person to take active action. One and the same motive can be satisfied by a set of different actions, and on the other hand, the same action can be motivated by different motives. Motives give rise to actions, i.e. lead to the formation of goals. These are motives-goals. But there are also unconscious motives that can manifest themselves in the form of emotions and personal meanings. emotions arise only about such events or results of actions that are associated with motives. The leading main motive determines personal meaning - the experience of increased subjective significance of an object or event that finds itself in the field of action of the leading motive.
A set of actions that are caused by one motive is called a special type of activity (play, study or work).
CONTROL QUESTIONS
- What is the subject of psychology as a science?
- List and give a brief description of the main views on the psyche and its role.
- What are the main functions and manifestations of the psyche?
- How is the development of forms of behavior and reflective function interconnected in the process of evolution? Is this related to the development of the nervous system?
- Why can't the complex behavior of ants be called work? What are the character traits labor that played an important role in the development of human consciousness?
- What circles of influence of nature on the psyche exist?
- What research methods are used in psychology?
- What connection exists between the psyche and the body, between the psyche and the brain?
LITERATURE
- Hegel. Encyclopedia of Philosophical Sciences. T. 3. M., Mysl, 1977
- Vygotsky L.S. History of the development of higher mental functions. Collection Op. T. 3. M., Pedagogy, 1983
- Leontyev A.N. Problems of mental development. M., 1987
- Godefroy J. What is psychology. In 2 vols. M., Mir, 1992
- Jarvilekto T. Brain and psyche. M., Progress, 1992
- Platonov K.K. Interesting psychology. M., 1990 , M., 1997
- Shibutani T. Social Psychology . Rostov n/d, 1998
- Romanov V.V. Legal Psychology. M., 1998
- Research methods in psychology: quasi-experiment. M., 1998
- Chufarovsky Yu.V. Legal Psychology. M., 1998
Mental processes are processes of subjective continuous reflection of objective reality of different modalities, the construction of its multilateral integral mental images (sensations and perception, attention, memory, thinking and speech, emotions, feelings). Mental states are mental processes that take place for a certain time in the same conditions: controlled by one or another need for one or another external possibility of its implementation by one or another ability in one or another biological cycle of metabolic processes in the body. The main variable parameters of the state are related to a person’s performance (mental, physical, emotional). Mental property is the individual quality of communicative, cognitive, regulatory mental functions, individual aspects of the human psyche, including the quality of his mental processes and the typicality of mental states. A person’s mental activity and psyche function simultaneously at three interconnected levels: unconscious, subconscious and conscious. The unconscious level of mental activity is an innate instinctive-reflex activity. Behavioral acts at the unconscious level are regulated by unconscious biological mechanisms. They are aimed at satisfying biological needs. The subconscious level of mental activity is generalized, automated in the experience of a given individual stereotypes of his behavior (skills, skills, habits, intuition); the behavioral core of an individual, formed in the early stages of its development. This also includes the impulsive-emotional sphere, structurally localized in the limbic (subcortical) system of the brain. Here the unconscious aspirations of the individual, his attractions, passions, and attitudes are formed. The subconscious itself obviously has a multi-level structure: automatisms and their complexes at the lower level and intuition at the highest. The conscious level of mental activity is the sphere of knowledge and cultural socialization of the individual. It largely controls and inhibits instinctive drives and habits. So, the mental self-organization of an individual, his adaptation to the external environment is carried out by three types of relatively autonomous behavioral programs: 1. evolutionarily formed unconscious-instinctive; 2. subconscious, subjective-emotional 3. conscious, arbitrary, logical-semantic programs. In the activity, its object and result, the embodiment of a previously formed mental image, an ideal model of objective activity, occurs. The very mental reflection of objects of reality depends on their place in the structure of activity. The activity coverage of objects ensures the adequacy of their mental reflection. Human activity is associated with understanding the meanings of objects, and the tools used in it contain a historically developed scheme of human action.
3. Clinical (syndromic) classification of mental disorders by degree gravity.
F0 Organic, including symptomatic, mental disorders
F1 Mental disorders and behavioral disorders associated with (caused by) the use of psychoactive substances
F2 Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders
F3 Mood disorders (affective disorders)
F4 Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders
F5 Behavioral syndromes associated with physiological disorders and physical factors
F6 Personality and behavioral disorders in adulthood
F7 Mental retardation
F8 Disorders of psychological (mental) development
F9 Emotional and behavioral disorders, usually beginning in childhood and adolescence
F99 Unspecified mental disorder
4. Perception disorders. The main types of hallucinations, the concept of psychogenic hallucinations. Perception is a holistic reflection of those phenomena or objects of the surrounding world that directly affect our senses.
The main perception disorders include:
1. Illusions are a distorted perception of a real object. For example, illusions can be auditory, visual, olfactory, etc. Based on the nature of their occurrence, three types of illusions are distinguished: 1) physical; 2) physiological; 3) mental.
2. Hallucinations are disturbances of perception that occur without the presence of a real object and are accompanied by the belief that this object is real at a given time and place. exists. All hallucinations are divided into true and pseudohallucinations. True hallucinations are always projected outward, associated with a real, concretely existing situation (“a voice” sounds from behind a real wall; the “devil,” wagging its tail, sits on a real chair, entwining its legs with its tail, etc.), most often not cause patients to have no doubts about their actual existence, and are just as vivid and natural for the hallucinating person as real things. Pseudohallucinations are most often characterized by the following: distinctive features: a) most often projected inside the patient’s body, mainly in his head; b) even if pseudohallucinatory disorders are projected outside one’s own body, then they lack the character of objective reality characteristic of true hallucinations and are completely unrelated to the real situation; c) the appearance of pseudohallucinations, without causing the patient any doubts about their reality, is always accompanied by a feeling of being done, arranged, induced by these voices or visions. (Auditory, imperative, Antagonistic (contrastive), Visual, Olfactory, Tactile, Visceral, Hypnagogic, Functional, Suggested and evoked hallucinations). Psychogenic hallucinations are deceptions of perception that occur after a mental shock and the content of which reflects both the content of the traumatic situation and the patient’s attitude towards it.
3. Eidetism is a disorder of perception in which a trace of just ended excitation in some analyzer remains in the form of a clear and vivid image.
4. Depersonalization is a distorted perception of both one’s own personality as a whole and individual qualities and parts of the body. Based on this, two types of depersonalization are distinguished:
1) partial (impaired perception of individual parts of the body); 2) total (impaired perception of the whole body).
5. Derealization is a distorted perception of the surrounding world. An example of derealization is the symptom of “already seen” (de ja vu).
6. Agnosia refers to impaired recognition of objects, as well as parts of one’s own body, but at the same time consciousness and self-awareness are preserved.
The following types of agnosia are distinguished: 1. Visual agnosia - disorders of recognition of objects and their images while maintaining sufficient visual acuity. They are divided into: a) subject agnosia; b) agnosia for colors and fonts; c) optical-spatial agnosia (patients cannot convey the spatial characteristics of an object in a drawing: further - closer, more - less, higher - lower, etc.). 2. Auditory agnosia – impaired ability to distinguish speech sounds in the absence of hearing impairment; 3. Tactile agnosia - disorders characterized by failure to recognize objects by feeling them while maintaining tactile sensitivity.
Related information.
Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below
Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.
Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/
Introduction
1. The essence of the human psyche
1.1 The concept of the psyche
1.2 Features of the psyche
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
Man as a product of nature and society is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. In relation to the topic under discussion, we are interested in a person as an integral part of a control system that is capable of making decisions and developing control actions, as well as executing them.
The state and behavior of a person is always determined by his thoughts and feelings, reflecting reality, and the will that directs his behavior. The science of the mental reflection of reality in human activity and behavior is called psychology.
Psyche (Greek: “spiritual”) is the property of the human brain (highly organized matter) to reflect reality. This is something intangible, but inherent in man (soul). The inner world of a person, his consciousness. This is a set of mental phenomena and processes. A specific product of human activity in its interaction with the environment.
An individual’s sensations, ideas, and thoughts create subjective images and models of the external world, which, transformed in the brain, transform into various forms of activity and behavior. A person, by studying the functions of the brain and his psyche, thereby learns the mechanisms of his own activity, knows himself.
The mental life of a person, his inner world cannot be understood regardless of his activities. And vice versa, a person always expresses an attitude towards what he learns or does. The state of a person’s psyche (confidence, cheerfulness, hope or, conversely, anxiety, irritation, worries) have a strong influence on his behavior and the results of his work.
The purpose of the work is to consider the characteristics of the human psyche and behavior.
1. The essence of the human psyche
1.1 The concept of the psyche
Psyche - general concept, which unites many subjective phenomena studied by psychology as a science. In accordance with the idealistic understanding of the psyche, there are two principles in the world: material and ideal. They are independent, eternal, not reducible and not deducible from each other. While interacting in development, they nevertheless develop according to their own laws.
A normal, healthy human psyche should be distinguished by:
1) The necessary set of receptors, coupled with a mechanism for adequate reception of all stimulating signals coming from the bio- and infosphere, while the breadth and depth of sources of irritation should cover at least half of the spheres of the macro- and microcosm. The process should figuratively resemble the reports of special correspondents from the scene.
2) Balanced reflectivity, including an average strength of reactions, both excitation and, if necessary, inhibition of the corresponding RADs. At the same time, evaluative and analytical processing of information coming from the reception system through the relationship with consciousness must be clearly carried out, thus ensuring the breadth and direction of reflectivity towards rationality and noosphere.
3) The presence of all four signaling subsystems, the development of which and their relationship with consciousness would be confirmed by the everyday practice of judgments, decisions made, actions taken, lifestyle and behavior patterns.
The resulting parameters of the individual psyche of each person depend, as we have already said, on the organization of the neuropil of the cerebral cortex and are reflected on the indicated ordinates, reflecting the degree of adequacy of reflectivity and the infosphere orientation of the psyche, more precisely:
Reflectivity - from complete non-perception to ultra-high excitability.
The state of the signal subsystems ranges from having only the first to having a complete set of all four.
Infosphere orientation - noospheric direction, non-haspheric influence, mixed.
Any deviations from the designated area characterize one or another degree of its underdevelopment or distortion. In other words, a person’s psyche should be considered normal for the present time, which is extremely reflective, while the person is able to restrain his emotions, if necessary, under any circumstances. In addition, his psyche must have the ability to adequately respond to stimuli from all four signal subsystems according to to a wide circle macro- and microcosmic spheres, functioning in a noospheric mode, reflecting the influence of non-gaspheric phenomena.
What methods of assessing mental parameters (one’s own, someone else’s) are currently known? A psychiatrist, using his hammer with a banal blow to the knee, can only determine the degree of reflexivity of some AFCs of the first signal subsystem. Nothing more. Even how a person reacts to the beautiful or the ugly, a psychiatrist is not able to find out right away. The functional centers of other signaling subsystems can be reliably assessed only in the process of long-term observations of human behavior in life, which is difficult for specialists outside the walls of the clinic to do. Other methods of checks and tests, including interviews, are not yet effective.
Therefore, it should be borne in mind that the normal operation of the functional centers of the second signal subsystem, for example, is expressed in obedience, discipline, and reasonable submission of the individual. Balancing of these centers and filling the corresponding RADs with content is carried out in the process of educating a person, and an imbalance or absence of the required RADs manifests itself with a lack of education or its complete absence.
Mental abnormality of a person entails a wide range of mental disorders - from mild short-term behavioral deviations (neuroses and other so-called borderline states) to severe long-term illnesses associated with deep significant disorders and functional changes in psychoneurotic activity, accompanied by a violation of the reflection of reality and behavior ( psychosis, areflexia, etc.).
These deviations affect, first of all, the adequacy of the individual’s reflexivity to certain events and phenomena of life, which in one way or another is reflected in the character and manner of his behavior (violations of calm, balance, forethought, prudence, rationality, etc.), and also, ultimately, on all the parameters of his mentality.
The cumulative effects of individual psyches are ultimately reflected in the indicators of the social psyche, the mental climate, the atmosphere of a given society, and the breadth of the macrocosmic spheres of its reflectivity.
The results of these summative phenomena give us the normal mental state of a given society, society: either social calm, accompanied by its harmonious development, or social unrest, social psychosis up to hysteria, often accompanied by some kind of social cataclysms (up to revolutions), public euphoria, public apathy, panic in society, etc.
1.2 Features of the psyche
The psyche is the main, basic, historically earliest component of mentality. The rest (algorithmic module, intelligence and consciousness) emerged later in the process of human evolutionary development. The psyche should be understood as a kind of reflection of the organism, that is, its ability to make various reflexes, or more precisely, its manifestation of reactionary abilities to stimuli from both the internal and external worlds of a person. Being the most important, if not the main sign of Life in general and an indicator of the development of any organism, the psyche itself has a phylogenetic period of development, historically comparable in time only to the duration of Life itself from the moment of its origin on planet Earth, and continues its improvement to this day. Let us dwell on the peculiarities of the development of the psyche from a philosophical, strictly scientific point of view in a little more detail.
About the psyche at present we can say that this is the most studied part of the human mentality (see the mass of literature on psychiatry and psychology). But, first of all, I would like to give a description of the essence of mental processes made by V.M. Bekhterev: “Another feature of the functional activity of the cerebral cortex, identified already during the initial studies in relation to the brain centers, is the mutual change of the phenomena of excitation and inhibition, which we encounter with the repeated resumption of irritations that cause combination reflexes, for each combination reflex, with its repeated resumption gradually fades away or is inhibited and, on the other hand, the inhibited reflex, after the cessation of stimulation, after one time or another is disinhibited again. Regardless of such internal inhibition and internal disinhibition, we also have the process of external inhibition, which occurs under the influence of some third-party external irritation during the period of detection of the reflex, just as we have external disinhibition, carried out under the influence of external irritation produced during the period of inhibition of the reflex.
Thus, the matter is about replacing one process with another, and this proves that there is no opposition between both processes, because these two processes, being active, are in conditions of a functional relationship. This relationship between both processes is revealed not only in time in the form of the replacement of one by the other, but also in space, because under normal conditions the excitation of one brain function is accompanied by inhibition of other functions and vice versa (the so-called Sherrington induction). But this is not enough. We meet here also with a special relationship between both processes, because in the case of particularly strong excitation of one of the functions, not only all other areas of the cerebral cortex are inhibited, but it also attracts impulses from other parts of the cortex. In this case, any external irritation does not cause the usual local reflexes , and further enhances the degree of excitation of the active center.
Thus, these processes of generalization of the reflex and its sequential differentiation seem to be closely related to each other, being an expression of the same process of excitation and inhibition in different phases of its development.
From the above, it is clear that the effect of the stimuli does not seem to be the same, because the same stimulus, under some conditions, can excite a combination reflex or disinhibit a temporarily extinct combination reflex; under other conditions, it can act in an inhibitory manner on a trained combination reflex. In other words, not a single stimulus has an absolute significance in relation to the nature of the influence, but only a relative one, for its action is determined not at all by its properties, but by its relationship with the state of the apparatus on which this action falls. This is what I designate as the law of relativity in the activity of centers.
Further, in combination reflexes a very important process of substitution is revealed, which consists in the fact that a stimulus that previously acted in the sense of causing a differentiated combination reflex can be replaced by another stimulus capable of causing such a differentiated combination reflex.”
So, according to most definitions, the psyche, first of all, means the ability of the central nervous system of the human brain to interact with its environment - the biosphere and infosphere, that is, to maintain its body in an active functioning mode and the ability to adequately respond to phenomena and events occurring around, in the interests of the given organism itself, in the interests and for the benefit of the society of which it is a member, in the interests of the environment itself, as its habitat. Elemental aspects of the psyche: sensations, perceptions, feelings, will, mental analysis, adequate speech or motor reaction in the form of excitation or inhibition. The psyche is in unity with somatic (bodily) processes and is characterized by activity-passivity, integrity, correlation, self-regulation, communication, adaptation, etc.
The psyche is not a function of the body with initially specified parameters. It, like other components of mentality, appeared at a certain stage of the biological evolution of organic forms of matter and is in a stage of constant increasing improvement. Its elemental base is the spectrum of reflex and reflex-algorithmic arcs common to the entire human mentality, as well as analytical-initiative-associative functions of centers in all their combinations and interrelations.
Let’s not go too deep into the initial period of the emergence of the psyche, i.e. describe its signs in protozoa - amoebas, slippers, bacteria, etc. We will omit this period, only noting that these signs existed and exist, as their vitality obviously exists, in general, characterized precisely by the reaction of the organization of their organisms to changing environmental factors. Proof that their reflectivity is adequate to these changes is the very fact that modern representatives of protozoa (bacteria, viruses, microbes, fungal spores, etc.) still exist. At the same time, to understand the nature of the psyche, it is still necessary to know how it originated, developed, and still functions in organisms of the first generation, i.e., in representatives of the plant world.
As is known, one very important feature of the structure of plant stems in the process of their evolution was the inclusion in the structure of their organisms of a signaling subsystem, which has its branches in almost all plant organs. However, the main communication channels pass through the stems. Through these channels, internal information of the body flows from one subsystem to another, thus coordinating in time the onset and cessation of certain reactions programmed by the algorithms of the corresponding functional cells. These same signals serve to make corrections to these algorithms.
It should be noted that the very concept of organism includes the presence of a conditionally integral biological system with the obligatory presence of a signaling subsystem. It is thanks to the signaling subsystem that a certain accumulation of organic cells is united into the system of a single organism. In the simplest plant organisms, the signaling subsystem also arose at first in a rather rudimentary state, developing over time into the primitive first signaling subsystem, which at the same time marked the beginning of the emergence of spirituality in the body.
2. Individual behavioral characteristics
A person lives and acts by performing certain actions. His activities and communication with other people are united by the single concept of “behavior.” In the behavior, actions and deeds of a person, his basic socio-psychological properties are manifested.
A person’s behavior, his actions and actions depend on:
biological and psychological characteristics his body;
living conditions and from various influences on it, from how a person’s interaction is organized with the world of material and spiritual culture, as well as with the people around him.
To properly explain human behavior it is necessary:
know their mental life;
understand the interaction between the environment and consciousness;
be able to observe external manifestations of the human psyche;
be able to interpret them correctly.
It is this knowledge and skills that form the basis of the socio-psychological qualities of a leader.
There are two types of orientation of human behavior:
reactive;
active.
Reactive behavior is basically a reaction to various internal and external stimuli.
Active behavior is associated with a person’s ability to consciously choose goals and forms of behavior to achieve the chosen goals.
To control human behavior, adequate means of navigation are needed: ideas, faith, methods, etc. It is impossible to control people's behavior without knowing and taking into account their mental characteristics.
For a long time in psychological science, personality as a certain isolated phenomenon was taken as the basis for theoretical analysis. Connections with personality were implied, but were not the subject of specific research. But man is a product of nature and society. Throughout his life, he experiences the influence of a vast set of social factors, which are defined as the social environment. Therefore, the psychology and behavior of an individual cannot be understood without connections (relationships) with other people.
On the one hand, people act, being endowed with consciousness and will. For them, any social phenomenon has its own “psychological aspect,” since social patterns manifest themselves only through other people.
On the other hand, in the joint activities of people, certain types of connections (relationships) arise between them. These relationships have a great influence on the psychology of people and are manifested in their actions, actions and behavior. Without analyzing a person's connections with other people, it is impossible to understand the behavior of an individual.
The science of society as an integral system and its individual processes and social groups is called sociology (Latin “society, -logy”). Sociologists have identified a number of values that any normal person strives for.
These common needs and interests are:
material living conditions; interesting job;
social stability.
These common needs and interests need to be known and satisfied! But how?
The diverse and complex characteristics of man can only be studied through the combined efforts of psychology and sociology. A branch of psychology that studies the laws of behavior and activity of people determined by the fact of their belonging to social groups, is called social psychology.
The decisive role in the development of the human psyche belongs to work - the most characteristic way for a person to interact with the environment. Man, like animals, adapts himself to the environment. But unlike them, he subjugates the external environment, that is, he carries out a purposeful, conscious transformation of the natural, industrial and social environment. It is this ability of a person that determines the main feature of his behavior - the ability to foresee events, plan actions and strive to achieve certain goals.
There are two really and functionally interconnected aspects of human behavior:
1. Incentive, which provides (stimulates) direction and activity of behavior. Stimulation of behavior is associated with the concept of motivation, which includes ideas about the interests, needs, goals, motivations, intentions and aspirations of a person;
2. Regulatory, which is responsible for how behavior develops from beginning to end (until the goal is achieved) under certain conditions. Regulation of behavior is provided mainly by various types of processes and states.
Modern production is a complex and dynamic system, the basis of which is labor collectives. The success of their production activities largely depends on the active attitude of ordinary team members to work, on the moral and psychological climate in the team, and on the manager’s ability to manage people’s behavior.
Leading people requires taking into account not only your own thoughts and feelings, but the thoughts and feelings of other people.
The ability of a manager to correctly understand the behavior of subordinates, to create a creative mood and enthusiasm (emotion) in the team when solving production problems - this is the essence of the socio-organizational function of management.
A necessary condition for the successful performance of such a function is the manager’s knowledge of the fundamentals of psychology, sociology and pedagogy. A manager is often faced with tasks that cannot be solved without socio-psychological knowledge.
A leader in his work with people must distinguish between such concepts as man, individuality, personality, group, collective. Orientation in these concepts will help him more accurately imagine the totality of factors that influence the employee and determine his behavior, which will help him better understand the need for an integrated approach to the organization of work and management.
In developing technology and organizing work, it is necessary to observe the most important qualitative characteristics of a person: his physical structure, his mental properties. The manager should always keep in mind that each employee has his own needs and interests, which determine his life position and motivate his attitude to work.
The problem of individual awareness of the conditions and goals of human activity is of great interest for organizational (social) management, for a correct understanding of the behavior of a subordinate, for establishing scientifically qualified relations between a manager and subordinates.
Conclusion
IN Everyday life We are quite often convinced of the dependence, or more precisely, the interdependence of physical well-being and mental state. There are many observations about the direct influence of the psyche on human health. Science now knows that the human body is highest degree self-organizing and self-regulating system. During its evolution, the human brain has acquired a special property - the highest plasticity, that is, the ability to adapt to the most diverse and unexpected conditions of existence.
The development of the psyche is, first of all, a natural change in mental processes over time, expressed in their quantitative, qualitative and structural transformations.
Like any phenomenon in nature, the psyche has its own history of development and the laws according to which this development occurred. Development was long, it went a long way from lower and, therefore, primitive forms to the highest perfect ones. There are two ways of the history of the development of the psyche: phylogenesis - historical development(covers the entire process of evolution of a species, more global), phylogeny determines ontogeny by creating the natural prerequisites and social conditions necessary for it; ontogenesis - development from birth to death of a species, more specific and shorter for a particular individual. The ontogenesis of the human psyche is stage-specific. The sequence of its stages is irreversible and predictable.
Human development represents a continuous dynamic of change. These changes are especially obvious when comparing an infant, a schoolchild, an adult and an old person. For many centuries there has been a mystery of the emergence of consciousness, emotional experiences, creative upswings, and a complex inner world in a person who at birth is so fragile and helpless, deprived of the opportunity to talk about his experiences and needs.
Bibliography
psyche individual behavioral
1. Kudryavtsev V.T. Dialectics of appropriation of culture by man: universality and creativity // Philosophy of man: dialogue with tradition and prospects. M., 1988.
2. Kudryavtsev T.V. Psychology of vocational training and education. M., 1985.
3. Leontyev A.N. Problems of mental development. 4th ed. M., 1981.
4. Matyushkin A.M. Main directions of research of thinking and creativity // Psychol. magazine. 1984. No. 1.
5. Godefroy J. What is psychology. T.2: Transl. from French - M.: Mir, 1996. - 376 p.
6. Stetsenko A.P. Psychological structure of meaning and its development in ontogenesis: Author's abstract. dis. ...cand. psychol. Sci. M., 2004.
Posted on Allbest.ru
Similar documents
Improving the mental mechanisms of adaptation of organisms to the environment in the process of evolution. The human psyche as a reflective-regulatory activity. Characteristics of human memory processes. Concept and analysis of sensation, perception and representation.
test, added 09.20.2010
The main functions of the human psyche: reflective, regulating, stimulating, meaning-forming, controlling and orienting. Development of the psyche in phylogenesis and ontogenesis. The world of human mental phenomena: processes, properties, states and formations.
presentation, added 11/10/2015
The problem of interaction between body and psyche. Thoughts, feelings and volitional impulses as manifestations of the inner essence, the human psyche. The work of scientists in search of a correspondence between the structure of the body or its individual parts and the characteristics of the human psyche.
abstract, added 11/05/2009
Definitions of human character traits, types of temperament and the influence of these properties on mental state. Psyche as a result of the evolution of matter. Development of higher mental functions in humans. The state of stress in a person, the manifestation of anxiety.
course work, added 10/28/2015
The human psyche and his brain are the most important part of the mental reflection and activity of the individual. Motivational function of the psyche, encouraging a person to be active and maintain it at a certain level. Quality of work and salary, management style and team.
test, added 05/17/2012
Human mental phenomena, their classification. Mental state in the functional level of mental activity depending on the person’s activity at the moment and his characteristics. Laws characterizing the structure of mental phenomena.
test, added 03/09/2013
Development of ideas about the influence of melody on the human condition. A study of the correlates of responses to music of different styles in the context of individual personality characteristics. Studying the physiological understanding of the structure of the human psyche.
course work, added 05/29/2015
Physiological foundations of the psyche. Laws of functioning of human mental activity. Specific and nonspecific reaction of the body. The socio-historical nature of the human psyche and its formation in ontogenesis. Personality formation.
test, added 05/07/2012
Emotions are unique mental states that leave an imprint on a person’s life, activity, actions and behavior. Varieties of emotional states. The concept of affect, stress, frustration. The problem of control depending on the characteristics of a person.
abstract, added 03/23/2011
The human psyche is a complex system consisting of individual hierarchically organized subsystems. Mental processes, properties, states. Structure of the brain. Interaction between the psyche and the characteristics of the brain. The structure of the nervous system.