True patriotism and heroism in the understanding of L. N.
An example of completing task 17.3 on the Unified State Exam in literature with examples and quotations from the text.
It is a widely known fact that Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy was favorably received at court and for some time moved in select circles. However, with age, the writer began to realize how much lies and falsehood had accumulated in this high society, how disingenuously people behave towards each other, how dishonor covers itself with a veil of aristocratic origin. Gradually, he left the world and began to look for the truth among simple peasants and artisans, with whom he communicated and discovered a lot of simple, but at the same time, new and surprising things. That is why in his book “War and Peace” the author raises the topic of the truth and falsity of our values, concepts and principles.
Absolutely all components in the novel, from the title to the ideas, are built on contrasts: Kutuzov and Napoleon, military battles and peaceful scenes, sincere heroes and liars. By contrasting one with the other, Tolstoy makes it clear what is true and false in beauty, patriotism and love. Each person must determine this for themselves in order to better understand the world, people and, of course, themselves.
True and false patriotism in the novel War and Peace
In the novel "War and Peace" there are real and false, leavened patriots. For example, many nobles stopped speaking French and wore sundresses and caftans when the War of 1812 began. Prince Rostopchin, the Governor-General of Moscow, completely exuded tasteless, feigned, jingoistic appeals, and this was instead of really helping and supporting the frightened, desperate people who were leaving their native land.
True patriotism was shown by ordinary people who, being not rich, still burned their houses, belongings, arable land, just so as not to leave anything to the enemy, not to help him get to Moscow with their belongings and shelter. Left destitute, these unknown heroes went into the forests and organized partisan detachments, and then dealt crushing blows to the French, risking their lives for the liberation of their homeland. At the same time, many nobles did not see the difference between the Russian Tsar and the foreign invader: they put their personal interests above national ones. They calmly accepted the invaders and fawned over them in order to preserve their privileges.
True and false heroism in the novel War and Peace
Prince Andrei thinks about true and false heroism when he goes to war for glory. At Shengraben, he takes part in the battle and sees the feat of the battery of the modest and awkward captain Tushin, the breakthrough of the detachment of captain Timokhin, who put the French to flight, and the daredevil Dolokhov, who heroically captured the French officer. The hero cannot figure out which of them is the real hero, although the answer lies on the surface. For example, Dolokhov demanded a reward for his action, boasted about it during the formation, and Tushin was almost deprived of command for his modesty, and would have been deprived if Bolkonsky had not stood up for him. Which one is the hero? Selfish Dolokhov or unknown hero Tushin? How to decide, since both of them risked their lives for a common goal?
At the Battle of Austerlitz, Andrei rouses soldiers to a deadly bloody battle that could have been avoided. The hero, like Dolokhov, was flattered by the fame and did not count the heads along which he walked towards her. No wonder Kutuzov taught him to take care of life, but Bolkonsky did not heed this advice. This is false heroism, as the prince was convinced of from his own experience.
True and false beauty in the novel "War and Peace"
Tolstoy describes many ugly women, because his task is to depict the truth of life. For example, about Natasha Rostova he writes: “Ugly, thin...”, and does not forget to mention the ugly stretched mouth of the crying girl, her angularity and imperfections on her face. He speaks directly about Princess Bolkonskaya: “Ugly Princess Marya...”.
But Helen, a regular at salons and balls, is a dazzling beauty. She is superbly built, her shoulders turned even the hottest heads.
However, true beauty for Tolstov does not lie in appearance: “The ugly princess Marya always looked prettier when she cried, and she always cried not from resentment, but from sadness or pity.” The soul of this girl was beautiful and shone from within when she was given free rein. Natasha Rostova is also beautiful in her mercy and simplicity. Her incomparable charm was also manifested in her creativity, because Natasha sang superbly and danced talentedly.
Thus, true beauty is always expressed in naturalness, kindness, creativity, but not in appetizing forms devoid of spiritual content. Anyone who does not understand true beauty will not find happiness and harmony in life, like Pierre Bezukhov, who was deceived by Helen.
The meaning of the novel "War and Peace" lies in a permanent movement towards the truth, because only those heroes who were able to make this movement understood themselves and found happiness.
Interesting? Save it on your wall!During the research lesson, the following questions were resolved:
Where is the outcome of the battle determined (at headquarters or on the battlefield)?
Why were Russian troops victorious at Schöngraben and defeated at Austerlitz?
What is the role of antithesis in depicting military events?
Who is the true hero? Why is Captain Tushin reprimanded, and Dolokhov awarded?
At the lesson frontal work combined with group and individual.
Download:
Preview:
Summary of a literature lesson in 10th grade
Lesson topic. True and false heroism in the depiction of L.N. Tolstoy (based on the novel “War and Peace”).
Goals: students should know , which, according to L.N. Tolstoy is main reason military victories and defeats, what assessment does the writer give to the actions and aspirations of the “military drones” and the true heroes of the fatherland;
understand that Shengraben became a victory for the Russians because moral idea the protection of their fellows animated the warriors; Austerlitz turned into a catastrophe, for there can be no achievement outside the truth;
be able to : using the text of the novel, Internet resources (historical documents), compose a montage of events; conduct comparative analysis heroes and events, emphasizing the role in the epic novel the writer assigns to the technique of antithesis.
Equipment: multimedia projector, presentation for the lesson, handout cards for students with problematic questions of the lesson and questions - tasks for the analyzed episodes.
Predicted results:students know the content of the studied chapters of the novel; comment on excerpts from them; analyze the text containing a description of wartime, identifying the problems raised by the author in the epic novel; read and comment on fragments of text; draw conclusions about author's position writer in the depiction of true and false heroism.
During the classes.
- introduction teachers. Updating the topic.
Following the author, we must understand the nature of the military campaign of 1805. For some reason, it was not enough for Tolstoy to depict the War of 1812 in order to show the role of this most important historical event in the fate of his heroes and all of Russia.
This is what Tolstoy wrote in one of his letters(slide 2) :
“War has always interested me. But war is not in the sense of combinations of great commanders - my imagination refused to follow such enormous actions: I did not understand them - but I was interested in the very fact of war - murder. It’s more interesting for me to know how and under the influence of what feeling one soldier killed another than the disposition of troops at the Battle of Austerlitz or Borodino.”
And yet, in the course of working on the novel “War and Peace,” Lev Nikolaevich used authentic historical documents - orders, instructions, dispositions and battle plans, letters, etc.
Besides, war gives birth to heroes. But about which of the novel’s heroes can we say: “This is a real hero”?
- Statement of the lesson problem.
You have read the chapters on the War of 1805 at home. These are episodes of the review at Braunau, the crossing of Enns, the shelling of the Augest dam, the Peace of Tilsit, as well as chapters about Schöngraben and the Battle of Austerlitz.
What issues do you think the writer raises in these episodes?
(Students' answers)
I propose to dwell on such problems today(slide 3):
Where, according to Tolstoy, is the outcome of the battle determined (at headquarters or on the battlefield)? What factors does it depend on?
Why do Tushin and Timokhin, who accomplished the feat, remain without reward, while Berg and Dolokhov reap the fruits of victory?
- Student message.
(Exploring the issue from a historical perspective)
Slides 4, 5
Message from a student who prepared a historical commentary on the reasons for the Russian government’s entry into the coalition, on the Battles of Shengraben and Austerlitz.
IV.Episode research.
Let's turn to the novel.
Group assignment:
Group 1 is working on an episode of the parade near Braunau.
Group 2 considers the episode of crossing the Enns.
(Students have sheets on their desks with questions that will tell them what to pay attention to while working with the episode)
It is no coincidence that Tolstoy chose a review for the initial chapters about the war. There is an inspection of people and equipment. What will it show? Is the Russian army ready for war? Do soldiers understand the goals of war?
A complete misunderstanding of the goals of the war and the relationship with the allies and the enemy is revealed. “Soldiers’ voices were talking on all sides.”
By scheduling a review in the presence of Austrian generals, Kutuzov wanted to convince the latter that the Russian army was not ready for a campaign and should not join the army of General Mack. For Kutuzov, this war was not a sacred and necessary matter, so his goal was to keep the army from fighting.
So, the soldiers’ lack of understanding of the goals of the war, Kutuzov’s negative attitude towards it, mistrust between the allies, the mediocrity of the Austrian command, lack of provisions, the general state of confusion - this is what the review scene in Braunau gives.
Crossing the Enns.
They pay attention to Zherkov’s careerism.
Nesvitsky fears that too many people were sent to set fire to the bridge, confusion during the crossing.
« common feature irritation and anxiety"
V. Comparison of two battles.
Slide 6
1. Students work with episodes covering the Battle of Shengraben.(Based on the task in the card)
Discussion.
Dolokhov’s behavior, even his heroic deed, is driven by selfish motives.
It was not numerical superiority, not the strategic plans of the commanders, but the inspiration and fearlessness of company commander Timokhin, who carried the soldiers along with him, that influenced the course of the battle.
Artillery captain Tushin gave a completely unmilitary impression. But it is this captain and his artillerymen who decide the outcome of the battle. Acting on his own initiative, Tushin set fire to the village of Shengraben, where large numbers of the enemy were concentrated.
Searching for an answer to the question of who is the true hero here and why Tushin, who saved the situation, is reprimanded by his superiors, while Dolokhov is encouraged.
Slide 7
2.Battle of Austerlitz.
Behavior of soldiers and officers in battle.
3. Working with a table in a notebook.
Slide 8
After completing the table, students read out their options.
4. Check by key(slide 9)
VI. Conclusions.
Slide 10
Let us summarize the results of our research.
Students speak out on the issues of the lesson and generalize.
Do the problems raised in Tolstoy's novel have a modern resonance?
VII. Homework.Re-read the chapters reproducing the events of the War of 1812 (abandonment of Smolensk, Battle of Borodino)
Essay-reasoning: “The technique of antithesis in the depiction of military events as a means of solving the problem of true and false heroism”
Annex 1.
Card for students.
Problematic questions of the lesson.
Where, according to Tolstoy, is the outcome of the battle decided (at headquarters or on the battlefield)? What factors does this depend on?
Why were Russian troops victorious at Schöngraben and defeated at Austerlitz?
Why do Tushin and Timokhin, who accomplished the feat, remain without reward, while Berg and Dolokhov reap the fruits of victory?
What role does Tolstoy assign to the device of antithesis in depicting military events? For what purpose does the writer contrast appearance and the internal appearance of the novel's heroes?
Episode "View in Braunau", volume 1, part 2, chapters 1-2
What did the review show?
Is the Russian army ready for war?
Episode of crossing the Enns, volume 1, part 2, chapter 8
The behavior of ordinary soldiers during the crossing.
Motives for the behavior of Zherkov and Nesvitsky.
Battle of Shengraben
Trace the contrast between the behavior of Dolokhov and the staff officers, on the one hand, and Tushin, Timokhin and the soldiers, on the other (chapters 20-21, volume 1, part 2)
Zherkov's behavior in battle, chapter 19, volume 1, part 2
Tushin's battery in battle, chapters 20-21, volume 1, part 2
Prince Andrey in the Battle of Shengraben
Battle of Austerlitz
Conduct of soldiers and officers in battle
Tolstoy, I’m not afraid of this word, is a real masterpiece of world literature. They read it and read it with pleasure, and I read it with the same pleasure. Now I can work on an essay on the topic True and False in the novel War and Peace. By the way, already from the title we can see the contrast, where much in the novel is drawn to opposite poles. Here we see such contrasts as Kutuzov and Napoleon, war and descriptions of peaceful scenes. The author, discussing in the work about such things as beauty, purpose, love, patriotism, heroism, resorts to the concepts of true and false. At the same time, all this is clearly visible when studying the novel and its characters. That's exactly what I'll write about.
False patriotism
Since the work touches on the theme of war and describes Patriotic War 1812, then it would be fair to begin your essay with a discussion about real and false patriotism, because it is love for the Motherland, fatherland and people that plays a big role in the war with the enemy. So, having studied the novel, we were able to see both true and false patriots. The author refers to the second group as people high society, those who often liked to gather in the salons of Scherer, Bezukhova, Kuragina. All they could do to show their patriotism was to refuse to speak French. Although French dishes continued to be on their tables, and in their conversations they praised Napoleon. Few people from their society stood up to defend their homeland. But there are also those in the novel who showed true patriotism. These are Kutuzov, and Tushin, and the soldiers who fought with the French. These are the ordinary people who gave their last, helping our army, burned their acquired property so that nothing would go to the enemy. These are the partisans who, without sparing their lives, for the good and freedom of the country, went to fight the enemy.
False and true beauty
Raising the topic of contrasts, the author also touches on the topic of beauty. At the same time, Tolstoy has many ugly women in appearance. Among them we see the ugly and thin Natasha Rostova, the ugly Princess Marya, while the ball-loving Helen is dazzlingly beautiful. It’s only here that false beauty appears, where appearance is not the main thing. Appearances are just deceiving. True beauty is in actions, in spiritual qualities. We see that Natasha is beautiful in her simplicity and mercy. Marya had a beautiful soul that seemed to glow from within.
Love is real and false
Talking about love, we see that for the author true love- this is, first of all, a feeling of spiritual closeness, when a person cares not about himself, but about his loved one. Citing an example of sincere feelings, I would like to name the couple Nikolai Rostov and Marya, as well as Pierre and Natasha. But there is also false love, which manifested itself in Pierre’s love for Helen, which had only attraction. The feelings of passion between Anatole and Natasha can serve as such an example.
True and false heroism
I would also like to say about true heroism, which manifests itself in heroic deeds ordinary people, in the heroism of the soldiers. Tushin and Timokhin showed true heroism; later, during the Battle of Borodino, we will see a heroic deed from Andrei Bolkonsky. Although during the Battle of Austerlitz Andrei was only concerned with glory and this can hardly be called true heroism. Dolokhov also displays false heroism, who, with every action he takes, does not forget to remind his superiors that he is entitled to a medal for this.
True and false in the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
What rating will you give?
Patriotic theme in L. N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” True heroes and patriots in the novel “War and Peace” by L. N. Tolstoy Composition. “People's Thought” in Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace”
Usually, when starting to study a novel, teachers ask about the title of the novel “War and Peace,” and students diligently answer that this is an antithesis (although the title can be considered in several aspects - I say for objectivity), but they do not understand what the novel itself has to do with it.
And the point is this.
Much in the novel is drawn towards these opposite poles: Kutuzov and Napoleon, war and peace (peaceful scenes), true and false. Moreover, creating a picture of the life of society early XIX century, Tolstoy, using the concepts of true and false, talks about some important things, for example, goals, beauty, heroism, patriotism, and the path of a person’s spiritual quest is the path of awareness of the false and true in life.
True and false patriotism
Patriotism is a special feeling. Ask me if I love my homeland, I’ll think about it first, but I’ll answer “yes,” if only because it’s unpleasant for me when Russia is harmed or hurt, when a foreigner speaks badly about it (this is my privilege, because I live here and know my country). It is very easy to slip into leavened patriotism, and then it is not far to nationalism and chauvinism.
In the novel, the heroes are also divided into false, leavened patriots, and real ones. The first include representatives of the nobility and high society, who, in a patriotic impulse, stopped eating French broth, speaking French and dressed in sundresses and caftans. Much more patriotic! Prince Rostopchin, the Governor-General of Moscow, at the most crucial moment, issued funny posters and appeals written in pompous language, which no one needed, and this was, from his point of view, patriotic.
True patriotism was manifested in the burning of their property before the arrival of the French by the peasants and merchants of Smolensk, a wide partisan movement, which arose spontaneously, abruptly and en masse, in the “hidden warmth of patriotism” that everyone feels.
Tolstoy writes in the scenes of leaving Moscow that throughout Europe the local nobility did not leave anywhere when the French army entered their country; moreover, they adapted and later found the French to be quite pleasant people. But Tolstoy writes with pride that the Russians left because it was impossible to be under the French, and that’s all. The author emphasizes the imperative, categorical nature of “And that’s all.” There is no logic. You just can't be under a Frenchman. And in this unconditional feeling is the highest manifestation of patriotism, almost unconscious.
True and false heroism
Prince Andrei thinks about this concept, who wants to accomplish a feat and earn glory for it. At Shengraben, he observes the battle, where he sees the combat work, there is no other way to say it, the batteries of Captain Tushin, a modest and unnoticed man in another life, the heroic actions of the detachment of Captain Timokhin, who skillfully put the French troops to flight, Dolokhov, who was demoted to the ranks of soldiers and captured the French officer. Tushin doesn’t even notice when he is given the order to retreat: he does everything and does his job.
Then Tushin will almost be punished for the loss of guns, and no one will notice modest man who accomplished the feat if Prince Andrei had not stood up for the captain.
On the contrary, Dolokhov, during the formation after the battle, draws the attention of his superiors to the fact that he took the Frenchman prisoner, and that his name is Dolokhov, and that he was demoted from the officers. The implication is: “Please note, I am a hero! I need a reward." With these examples, Prince Andrei first thought about the truth of his goal. Which one is the hero? Dolokhov, driven by selfish goals, or Tushin? But the act was heroic for both of them? Although Prince Andrei thought about it, he still did not draw any conclusions. At Austerlitz, he raises soldiers with a banner in his hands to attack, who are doomed to death, while Kutuzov needs to save lives in this “battle of three emperors.” As a result, a false goal, false heroism lead Andrei to a deep mental crisis.
True and false beauty
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy is a realist, an epic writer, and the main requirement epic literature- write as in life. So he writes about Natasha Rostova: “Ugly, thin...”, mentions the ugly stretched mouth when she cries, the angularity, red spots on her face... About Princess Marya he always writes directly: “Ugly Princess Marya...”.
About Helen: a dazzling beauty, perfectly proportioned, full white shoulders, marble white skin... And so on.
But! Natasha is beautiful when she sings, sympathizes, and in an impulse gives carts to the wounded, because she is natural, unlike the completely false and vicious Helen. “Ugly Princess Marya always looked prettier when she cried, and she always cried not from resentment, but from sadness or pity.”
True beauty is in naturalness, mercy, art, but not in sculptural forms, but devoid of any content. And woe to those who do not understand what true beauty is.
Tolstoy's main idea is not even in showing these examples, but in moving towards the truth. Happiness is achieved by those who can perform this movement.
Summary of a literature lesson in 10th grade
Lesson topic . True and false heroism in the depiction of L.N. Tolstoy (based on the novel “War and Peace”).
Goals: students shouldknow , which, according to L.N. Tolstoy, is the main reason for military victories and defeats, what assessment does the writer give to the actions and aspirations of the “military drones” and the true heroes of the fatherland;
understand that Shengraben became a victory for the Russians because the moral idea of protecting their fellow men animated the soldiers; Austerlitz turned into a catastrophe, for there can be no achievement outside the truth;
be able to : using the text of the novel, Internet resources (historical documents), compose a montage of events; conduct a comparative analysis of characters and events, emphasizing what role the writer assigns to the device of antithesis in an epic novel.
Equipment: multimedia projector, presentation for the lesson, handout cards for students with problematic questions of the lesson and questions - tasks for the analyzed episodes.
Predicted results: students know the content of the studied chapters of the novel; comment on excerpts from them; analyze the text containing a description of wartime, identifying the problems raised by the author in the epic novel; read and comment on fragments of text; draw conclusions about the author’s position of the writer in the depiction of true and false heroism.
During the classes.
Teacher's opening speech. Updating the topic.
Following the author, we must understand the nature of the military campaign of 1805. For some reason, it was not enough for Tolstoy to depict the War of 1812 in order to show the role of this most important historical event in the fate of his heroes and all of Russia.
This is what Tolstoy wrote in one of his letters(slide 2) :
“War has always interested me. But war is not in the sense of combinations of great commanders - my imagination refused to follow such enormous actions: I did not understand them - but I was interested in the very fact of war - murder. It’s more interesting for me to know how and under the influence of what feeling one soldier killed another than the disposition of troops at the Battle of Austerlitz or Borodino.”
And yet, in the course of working on the novel “War and Peace,” Lev Nikolaevich used authentic historical documents - orders, instructions, dispositions and battle plans, letters, etc.
Besides, war gives birth to heroes. But about which of the novel’s heroes can we say: “This is a real hero”?
Statement of the lesson problem.
You have read the chapters on the War of 1805 at home. These are episodes of the review at Braunau, the crossing of Enns, the shelling of the Augest dam, the Peace of Tilsit, as well as chapters about Schöngraben and the Battle of Austerlitz.
What issues do you think the writer raises in these episodes?
(Students' answers)
I propose to dwell on such problems today(slide 3):
Where, according to Tolstoy, is the outcome of the battle determined (at headquarters or on the battlefield)? What factors does it depend on?
Why do Tushin and Timokhin, who accomplished the feat, remain without reward, while Berg and Dolokhov reap the fruits of victory?
Message student .
(Exploring the issue from a historical perspective)
Slides 4, 5
Message from a student who prepared a historical commentary on the reasons for the Russian government’s entry into the coalition, on the Battles of Shengraben and Austerlitz.
IV .Episode Research.
Let's turn to the novel.
Group assignment:
Group 1 is working on an episode of the parade near Braunau.
Group 2 considers the episode of crossing the Enns.
( Students have sheets on their desks with questions that will tell them what to pay attention to while working with the episode)
It is no coincidence that Tolstoy chose a review for the initial chapters about the war. There is an inspection of people and equipment. What will it show? Is the Russian army ready for war? Do soldiers understand the goals of war?
A complete misunderstanding of the goals of the war and the relationship with the allies and the enemy is revealed. “Soldiers’ voices were talking on all sides.”
By scheduling a review in the presence of Austrian generals, Kutuzov wanted to convince the latter that the Russian army was not ready for a campaign and should not join the army of General Mack. For Kutuzov, this war was not a sacred and necessary matter, so his goal was to keep the army from fighting.
So, the soldiers’ lack of understanding of the goals of the war, Kutuzov’s negative attitude towards it, mistrust between the allies, the mediocrity of the Austrian command, lack of provisions, the general state of confusion - this is what the review scene in Braunau gives.
Crossing the Enns.
They pay attention to Zherkov’s careerism.
Nesvitsky fears that too many people were sent to set fire to the bridge, confusion during the crossing.
"A common trait of irritability and agitation"
V. Comparison of two battles.
Slide 6
1. Students work with episodes covering the Battle of Shengraben.(Based on the task in the card)
Discussion.
Dolokhov’s behavior, even his heroic deed, is driven by selfish motives.
It was not numerical superiority, not the strategic plans of the commanders, but the inspiration and fearlessness of company commander Timokhin, who carried the soldiers along with him, that influenced the course of the battle.
Artillery captain Tushin gave a completely unmilitary impression. But it is this captain and his artillerymen who decide the outcome of the battle. Acting on his own initiative, Tushin set fire to the village of Shengraben, where large numbers of the enemy were concentrated.
Searching for an answer to the question of who is the true hero here and why Tushin, who saved the situation, is reprimanded by his superiors, while Dolokhov is encouraged.
Slide 7
2.Battle of Austerlitz.
Behavior of soldiers and officers in battle.
3. Working with a table in a notebook.
Slide 8
After completing the table, students read out their options.
4. Check by key(slide 9)
VI . Conclusions.
Slide 10
Let us summarize the results of our research.
Students speak out on the issues of the lesson and generalize.
Do the problems raised in Tolstoy's novel have a modern resonance?
VII . Homework. Re-read the chapters reproducing the events of the War of 1812 (abandonment of Smolensk, Battle of Borodino)
Essay-reasoning: “The technique of antithesis in the depiction of military events as a means of solving the problem of true and false heroism”
Annex 1.
Card for students.
Problematic questions of the lesson.
Where, according to Tolstoy, is the outcome of the battle decided (at headquarters or on the battlefield)? What factors does this depend on?
Why were Russian troops victorious at Schöngraben and defeated at Austerlitz?
Why do Tushin and Timokhin, who accomplished the feat, remain without reward, while Berg and Dolokhov reap the fruits of victory?
What role does Tolstoy assign to the device of antithesis in depicting military events? For what purpose does the writer contrast the appearance and internal appearance of the characters in the novel?
Episode "View in Braunau", volume 1, part 2, chapters 1-2
What did the review show?
Is the Russian army ready for war?
Episode of crossing the Enns, volume 1, part 2, chapter 8
The behavior of ordinary soldiers during the crossing.
Motives for the behavior of Zherkov and Nesvitsky.
Battle of Shengraben
Trace the contrast between the behavior of Dolokhov and the staff officers, on the one hand, and Tushin, Timokhin and the soldiers, on the other (chapters 20-21, volume 1, part 2)
Zherkov's behavior in battle, chapter 19, volume 1, part 2
Tushin's battery in battle, chapters 20-21, volume 1, part 2
Prince Andrey in the Battle of Shengraben
Battle of Austerlitz
Conduct of soldiers and officers in battle
- Drying organic liquids Wine spirit and its relatives
- Laboratory work: Production of methane and experiments with it Calcium carbide was used to dehydrate ethanol
- Model of error in the form of a random elementary function Mathematical model of measurement results of measurement error
- Questions for subject and object Basic geometric shapes