Monarchy. Monarchical countries of foreign Europe In which countries is the monarchy
A monarchical state or, in other words, a monarchy is a state in which power, in whole or in part, belongs to one person - the monarch. This could be a king, king, emperor or, for example, a sultan, but any monarch rules for life and passes on his power by inheritance.
Today there are 30 monarchical states in the world and 12 of them are monarchies in Europe. A list of monarchy countries located in Europe is given below.
List of monarchy countries in Europe
1. Norway is a kingdom, a constitutional monarchy;
2. Sweden is a kingdom, a constitutional monarchy;
3. Denmark is a kingdom, a constitutional monarchy;
4. Great Britain is a kingdom, a constitutional monarchy;
5. Belgium – kingdom, constitutional monarchy;
6. The Netherlands – kingdom, constitutional monarchy;
7. Luxembourg – duchy, constitutional monarchy;
8. Liechtenstein – principality, constitutional monarchy;
9. Spain is a kingdom, a parliamentary constitutional monarchy;
10. Andorra is a principality, a parliamentary principality with two co-rulers;
11. Monaco – principality, constitutional monarchy;
12. The Vatican is a papal state, an elective absolute theocratic monarchy.
All monarchies in Europe are countries in which the form of government is a constitutional monarchy, that is, one in which the power of the monarch is significantly limited by the elected parliament and the constitution adopted by it. The only exception is the Vatican, where absolute rule is exercised by the elected Pope.
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Modern political science can give a complete description of any form of state (the structure of the political organization of society) based on the form of government, the form of state-territorial structure and the type of political regime.
Forms of government
A form of government is a way of organizing the supreme state power. There are two forms of government - monarchy and republic. Monarchy, in turn, can be of the following types:
- absolute (all executive, legislative and judicial powers are concentrated in the hands of the monarch);
- constitutional or parliamentary (the power of the monarch is limited by the constitution, the real executive and legislative power is in the hands of a parliament elected or formed by the people);
- dualistic (power is divided equally between the monarch and parliament);
- theocratic (power is in the hands of the spiritual leader who heads a particular denomination).
The republican form of government exists in such forms as
- presidential (power is concentrated in the hands of the elected president);
- parliamentary (the country is led by parliament or the prime minister; the president performs only representative functions);
- mixed (power is divided between parliament and the president).
Form of state-territorial structure
Forms of state-territorial structure are a way of interconnection and interaction of individual parts of the state, enshrined in the constitution. There are forms such as
- federation (a union of relatively independent entities subordinate to the political center in all important matters);
- unitary state (a single and indivisible state, consisting only of administrative units);
- confederation (a temporary union of states completely independent from each other).
Political regimes
A political regime is a set of methods and means of exercising state power. There are such types of political regimes as
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- democratic (power is in the hands of the people, civil rights and freedoms are both declared and actually work);
- undemocratic (power is in the hands of the ruling elite, a political minority, civil rights and freedoms are only declared, but do not work in practice).
A non-democratic political regime also has certain subtypes: authoritarian and totalitarian (the difference lies in the level of government control over society).
Most countries of Foreign Europe are republics different types with democratic political regimes. The Republics of Foreign Europe are France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Austria.
But despite this, there is a large number of countries of Foreign Europe with a monarchical form of government. How many are there?
Monarchies of Foreign Europe
Which states can be included in the list of “Monarchical countries of Foreign Europe”? It can be represented as follows.
Fig.1 The ruling royal house of Windsor
A country |
Form of political organization |
Form of government |
Norway |
Kingdom (ruling house - Gluckburg dynasty) |
A constitutional monarchy |
Kingdom (ruling house - Bernadot dynasty) |
A constitutional monarchy |
|
Kingdom (ruling house - Glucksburg dynasty) |
A constitutional monarchy |
|
Great Britain |
Kingdom (ruling house - Windsor) |
A constitutional monarchy |
Kingdom (ruling house - Saxe-Coburg-Gotha dynasty) |
A constitutional monarchy |
|
Netherlands |
Kingdom (ruling house - Oran-Nassau) |
A constitutional monarchy |
Luxembourg |
Duchy (ruling house - Bourbons of Parma) |
A constitutional monarchy |
Liechtenstein |
Principality (ruling house - Savoy dynasty) |
A constitutional monarchy |
Kingdom (ruling house - Bourbons) |
Parliamentary monarchy with a dualistic bias |
|
Principality (ruling house - Bourbons) |
A constitutional monarchy |
|
Principality (ruling house - Grimaldi) |
A constitutional monarchy |
|
Papal State |
Elective absolute theocratic monarchy |
The Vatican is not the only state with an elective theocratic absolute monarchy. The second state is Iran, where power was held for a long time by its spiritual leader, Ayatollah Khomeini.
Thus, quite a large number of large European countries are monarchies. Their share is especially large in Northern Foreign Europe (if you look at their location on the map).
Rice. 2 Political map Foreign Europe
Almost all modern dynasties are connected by blood ties. The royal house of Great Britain, the Windsors, are representatives of both the Saxon-Coburg - Gothic dynasty and the Glucksburg dynasty. The oldest uninterrupted dynasty is the princely house of Grimaldi. The throne has been passed down in a direct line from father to son for 700 years.
Fig.3 Head of the ruling house of Monaco - Prince Albert II Grimaldi
What have we learned?
Most of the monarchical countries of Foreign Europe are constitutional monarchies. This means that all legislative, executive and judicial powers are in the hands of parliament and the elected prime minister or chancellor. The monarch plays a representative role, although he can speak out on key issues of foreign and domestic policy. In some countries, such as Great Britain, the monarch is a significant figure in the political arena. Elizabeth II, the reigning queen, actively intervened in the activities of many prime ministers: Margaret Thatcher, Tony Blair and others.
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IN modern world There are just over 230 states and self-governing territories with international status. Of these, only 41 states have a monarchical form of government, not counting several dozen territories under the authority of the British Crown.
It would seem that in the modern world there is a clear advantage on the side of republican states. But upon closer examination, it turns out that these countries mostly belong to the third world and were formed as a result of the collapse of the colonial system.
Often created along colonial administrative boundaries, these states are very unstable entities. They can fragment and change, as can be seen, for example, in Iraq. They are engulfed in ongoing conflicts, like a significant number of countries in Africa. And it is absolutely obvious that they do not belong to the category of advanced states.
Today monarchy- This is an extremely flexible and diverse system ranging from the tribal form, successfully operating in the Arab states of the Middle East, to the monarchical version of the democratic state in many European countries.
Here is a list of states with a monarchical system and the territories under their crown:
Europe
Andorra - co-princes Nicolas Sarkozy (since 2007) and Joan Enric Vives i Sicilha (since 2003)
Belgium - King Albert II (since 1993)
Vatican - Pope Benedict XVI (since 2005)
Great Britain - Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
Denmark - Queen Margrethe II (since 1972)
Spain - King Juan Carlos I (since 1975)
Liechtenstein - Prince Hans-Adam II (since 1989)
Luxembourg - Grand Duke Henri (since 2000)
Monaco - Prince Albert II (since 2005)
Netherlands - Queen Beatrix (since 1980)
Norway - King Harald V (since 1991)
Sweden - King Carl XVI Gustaf (since 1973)
Asia
Bahrain - King Hamad ibn Isa al-Khalifa (since 2002, emir 1999-2002)
Brunei - Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah (since 1967)
Bhutan - King Jigme Khesar Namgyal Wangchuk (since 2006)
Jordan - King Abdullah II (since 1999)
Cambodia - King Norodom Sihamoni (since 2004)
Qatar - Emir Hamad bin Khalifa al-Thani (since 1995)
Kuwait - Emir Sabah al-Ahmed al-Jaber al-Sabah (since 2006)
Malaysia - King Mizan Zainal Abidin (since 2006)
United Arab Emirates UAE- President Khalifa bin Zayed al-Nahyan (since 2004)
Oman - Sultan Qaboos bin Said (since 1970)
Saudi Arabia- King Abdullah ibn Abdulaziz al-Saud (since 2005)
Thailand - King Bhumibol Adulyadej (since 1946)
Japan - Emperor Akihito (since 1989)
Africa
Lesotho - King Letsie III (since 1996, first time 1990-1995)
Morocco - King Mohammed VI (since 1999)
Swaziland - King Mswati III (since 1986)
Oceania
Tonga - King George Tupou V (since 2006)
Dominions
In the dominions, or Commonwealth kingdoms, the head is the monarch of Great Britain, represented by the governor-general.
America
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Antigua and Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda
Bahamas Bahamas
Barbados
Oceania
Australia
New Zealand
Papua New Guinea
Solomon islands
First place
Asia holds first place in the number of countries with monarchical statehood. This is a progressive and democratic Japan. Leaders of the Muslim world - Saudi Arabia, Brunei, Kuwait, Qatar, Jordan, Bahrain, Oman. Two monarchical confederations - Malaysia and the United Arab Emirates. And also Thailand, Cambodia, Bhutan.
Second place
Second place belongs to Europe. Monarchy here is represented not only in a limited form - in countries occupying leading positions in the EEC (Great Britain, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, etc.). But also the absolute form of government is in “dwarf” states: Monaco, Liechtenstein, Vatican.
Third place
Third place goes to the countries of Polynesia, and fourth to Africa, where currently only three full-fledged monarchies remain: Morocco, Lesotho, Swaziland, plus several hundred “tourist” ones.
However, a number of republican countries are forced to put up with the presence of traditional local monarchical or tribal formations on their territory, and even enshrine their rights in the constitution. These include: Uganda, Nigeria, Indonesia, Chad and others. Even countries such as India and Pakistan, which abolished the sovereign rights of local monarchs (khans, sultans, rajas, maharajas) in the early 70s of the 20th century, are often forced to accept the existence of these rights, which is called de facto. Governments turn to the authority of holders of monarchical rights when resolving regional religious, ethnic, cultural disputes and other conflict situations.
Stability and prosperity
Of course, the monarchy does not automatically solve all social, economic and political problems. But, nevertheless, it can provide a certain amount of stability and balance in the political, social and national structure of society. That is why even those countries where it exists only nominally, say, Canada or Australia, are in no hurry to get rid of the monarchy.
The political elite of these countries for the most part understands how important it is for the balance in society that the supreme power is a priori consolidated in one hand and that political circles do not fight for it, but work in the name of the interests of the entire nation.
Moreover, historical experience shows that the best social security systems in the world were built in monarchical states. AND we're talking about not only about the monarchies of Scandinavia, where even Soviet agitprop in monarchical Sweden managed to find a version of “socialism with a human face.” Such a system has been built in the modern countries of the Persian Gulf, where there is often much less oil than in some fields of the Russian Federation.
Despite this, in the 40-60 years since the Gulf countries gained independence, without revolutions and civil wars, liberalization of everything and everyone, without utopian social experiments, in conditions of a rigid, sometimes absolutist, political system, in the absence of parliamentarism and a constitution, when all the mineral resources of the country belong to one ruling family, from poor Bedouins herding camels, the majority of citizens of the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and other neighboring states turned into quite wealthy citizens.
Without delving into the endless enumeration of the advantages of the Arab social system, just a few points can be given. Any citizen of the country has the right to free medical care, including that provided in any, even the most expensive, clinic located in any country in the world.
Also, any citizen of the country has the right to free education, coupled with free maintenance, in any higher education institution. educational institution world (Cambridge, Oxford, Yale, Sorbonne). Young families are provided with housing at the expense of the state. The monarchies of the Persian Gulf are truly social states in which all conditions have been created for the progressive growth of the well-being of the population.
Turning from flourishing Kuwait, Bahrain and Qatar to their neighbors in the Persian Gulf and Arabian Peninsula who abandoned the monarchy for a number of reasons (Yemen, Iraq, Iran), we will see a striking difference in the internal climate of these states.
Who in monarchies strengthens the unity of the people?
As historical experience shows, in multinational states the integrity of the country is primarily associated with the monarchy. We see this in the past, for example Russian Empire, Austria-Hungary, Yugoslavia, Iraq. The monarchical regime that comes to replace it, as was the case, for example, in Yugoslavia and Iraq, no longer has the same authority and is forced to resort to cruelties that were not characteristic of the monarchical system of government.
At the slightest weakening of this regime, the state, as a rule, is doomed to collapse. This happened with Russia (USSR), we see this in Yugoslavia and Iraq. The abolition of the monarchy in a number of modern countries would inevitably lead to the cessation of their existence as multinational, united states. This primarily applies to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Malaysia, and Saudi Arabia.
Thus, the year 2007 clearly showed that in the conditions of the parliamentary crisis that arose due to the national contradictions of Flemish and Walloon politicians, only the authority of King Albert II of the Belgians kept Belgium from disintegrating into two or even more independent state entities. In multilingual Belgium, a joke was even born that the unity of its people is held together by only three things - beer, chocolate and the king. Whereas the abolition of the monarchical system in 2008 in Nepal plunged this state into a chain of political crises and permanent civil confrontation.
The second half of the 20th century gives us several successful examples of the return of peoples who experienced an era of instability, civil wars and other conflicts to a monarchical form of government. The most famous and, undoubtedly, in many ways successful example is Spain. Passed through civil war, economic crisis and right-wing dictatorship, it returned to a monarchical form of government, taking its rightful place among the family of European nations.
Another example is Cambodia. Also, monarchical regimes at the local level were restored in Uganda, after the fall of the dictatorship of Marshal Idi Amin (1928-2003), and in Indonesia, which, after the departure of General Mohammed Hoxha Sukarto (1921-2008), is experiencing a true monarchical renaissance. One of the local sultanates was restored in this country two centuries after it was destroyed by the Dutch.
Restoration ideas are quite strong in Europe, first of all, this applies to the Balkan countries (Serbia, Montenegro, Albania and Bulgaria), where many politicians, public and spiritual figures constantly have to speak out on this issue, and in some cases, provide support to the heads of the Royal Houses, formerly in exile.
This is proven by the experience of King Leki of Albania, who almost carried out an armed coup in his country, and the stunning successes of King Simeon II of Bulgaria, who created his own national movement named after him, managed to become the prime minister of the country and is currently the leader of the largest opposition party in the parliament of Bulgaria, which was part of the coalition government.
Among the currently existing monarchies, there are many that are openly absolutist in essence, although they are forced, as a tribute to the times, to dress up in the garb of popular representation and democracy. European monarchs in most cases do not even use the rights given to them by the constitution.
And here the Principality of Liechtenstein occupies a special place on the map of Europe. Just sixty years ago it was a large village, which by an absurd accident gained independence. However, now, thanks to the activities of Prince Franz Joseph II and his son and successor Prince Hans Adam II, this is one of the largest business and financial centers, which has managed not to succumb to promises of creating a “single European house”, to defend its sovereignty and an independent view of its own state device.
Stability of political and economic systems Most monarchical countries make them not only not outdated, but progressive and attractive, forcing them to be equal to them in a number of parameters.
So the monarchy is not an addition to stability and prosperity, but an additional resource that makes it easier to endure illness and recover faster from political and economic adversity.
"Without a king in my head" (former monarchies)
There is a fairly common situation in the world when there is no monarchy in a country, but there are monarchs (sometimes they are located outside the country). The heirs of royal families either lay claim (even formally) to the throne lost by their ancestors, or, having lost official power, retain real influence on the life of the country. Here is a list of such states.
Austria. The monarchy ceased to exist in 1918 after the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The contender for the throne is Archduke Otto von Habsburg, son of the deposed Emperor Charles.
Albania. The monarchy ceased to exist in 1944 after the communists came to power. The pretender to the throne is Leka, son of the deposed king Zog I.
Andorra Principality. The nominal co-rulers of which are considered to be the President of France and the Bishop of Urgell (Spain); some observers consider it necessary to classify Andorra as a monarchy.
Afghanistan. The monarchy ceased to exist in 1973 after the overthrow of King Mohammed Zahir Shah, who returned to the country in 2002 after many years in Italy, but did not actively participate in political life.
Benin Republic. Traditional kings (Ahosu) and tribal leaders play an important role in life. The most famous is the current reigning king (ahosu) of Abomey - Agoli Agbo III, the 17th representative of his dynasty.
Bulgaria. The monarchy ceased to exist after the overthrow of Tsar Simeon II in 1946. The decree on the nationalization of lands belonging to the royal family was canceled in 1997. Since 2001, the former tsar has served as Prime Minister of Bulgaria under the name of Simeon of Saxe-Coburg Gotha.
Botswana. Republic since independence in 1966. The deputies of one of the chambers of the country's parliament - the House of Chiefs - include the chiefs (Kgosi) of the eight largest tribes in the country.
Brazil. Republic since the abdication of Emperor Don Pedro II in 1889. The contender for the throne is the great-great-grandson of the abdicated emperor, Prince Luis Gastao.
Burkina Faso. Republic since independence in 1960. The country is home to a large number of traditional states, the most significant of which is Vogodogo (in the territory of the capital of the country, Ouagodougou), where the ruler (moogo-naaba) Baongo II is currently on the throne.
Vatican. Theocracy (some analysts consider it one of the forms of monarchy - an absolute theocratic monarchy - however, it should be borne in mind that it is not and cannot be hereditary).
Hungary. The republic has been a nominal monarchy since 1946; before that, since 1918, the regent ruled in the absence of the king. Until 1918, it was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (the emperors of Austria were also kings of Hungary), so the potential contender for the Hungarian royal throne is the same as in Austria.
East Timor . Republic since independence in 2002. There are a number of traditional states on the territory of the country, the rulers of which have the titles of rajas.
Vietnam. The monarchy in the country finally ceased to exist in 1955, when, following a referendum, a republic was proclaimed in South Vietnam. Previously, in 1945, the last Emperor Bao Dai had already abdicated the throne, but the French authorities returned him to the country in 1949 and gave him the post of head of state. The contender for the throne is the emperor's son, Prince Bao Long.
Gambia. Republic since 1970 (from independence in 1965 until the proclamation of the republic, the head of state was the Queen of Great Britain). In 1995, Yvonne Prior, a Dutch woman from Suriname, was recognized as the reincarnation of one of the ancient kings and was proclaimed queen of the Mandingo people.
Ghana. Republic since 1960 (from independence in 1957 until the proclamation of the republic, the head of state was the Queen of Great Britain). The Constitution of Ghana guarantees the right of traditional rulers (sometimes called kings, sometimes chiefs) to participate in the management of the affairs of the state.
Germany. Republic since the overthrow of the monarchy in 1918. The contender for the throne is Prince Georg Friedrich of Prussia, great-great-grandson of Kaiser Wilhelm II.
Greece. The monarchy officially ended as a result of a referendum in 1974. King Constantine of Greece, who fled the country after the military coup in 1967, currently lives in the UK. In 1994, the Greek government stripped the king of his citizenship and confiscated his property in Greece. The royal family is currently challenging this decision at the International Court of Human Rights.
Georgia. Republic since independence in 1991. The contender for the throne of the Georgian kingdom, which lost its independence as a result of annexation to Russia in 1801, is Georgiy Iraklievich Bagration-Mukhransky, Prince of Georgia.
Egypt. The monarchy existed until the overthrow of King Ahmad Fuad II of Egypt and Sudan in 1953. Currently, the former king, who was just over a year old at the time of the loss of the throne, lives in France.
Iraq. The monarchy ended in 1958 as a result of a revolution in which King Faisal II was killed. Claims to the Iraqi throne are made by Prince Raad bin Zeid, brother of King Faisal I of Iraq, and Prince Sharif Ali bin Ali Hussein, grandnephew of the same king.
Iran. The monarchy ceased to exist in 1979 after the revolution that overthrew Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. The contender for the throne is the son of the deposed Shah, Crown Prince Reza Pahlavi.
Italy. The monarchy ceased to exist in 1946 as a result of a referendum, King Umberto II was forced to leave the country. The contender for the throne is the son of the last king, Crown Prince Victor Emmanuel, Duke of Savoy.
Yemen. The republic emerged from the unification of North and South Yemen in 1990. In North Yemen, the monarchy ceased to exist in 1962. The sultanates and principalities in South Yemen were abolished after the declaration of independence in 1967. The contender for the throne is Prince Akhmat al-Ghani bin Mohammed al-Mutawakkil.
Cameroon. Republic since independence in 1960. The country is home to a large number of traditional sultanates, the heads of which often occupy high government positions. Among the most famous traditional rulers is Sultan Bamuna Ibrahim Mbombo Njoya, Sultan (baba) of the kingdom of Rey Buba Buba Abdoulaye.
Congo (Democratic Republic of Congo, former Zaire). Republic since independence in 1960. There are a number of traditional kingdoms throughout the country. The most famous are: the kingdom of Cuba (on the throne is King Kwete Mboke); the kingdom of Luba (king, sometimes also called emperor, Kabongo Jacques); the state of Ruund (Lunda), headed by the ruler (mwaant yaav) Mbumb II Muteb.
Congo (Republic of Congo). Republic since independence in 1960. In 1991, the country's authorities restored the institution of traditional leaders (reconsidering their decision 20 years ago). The most famous of the leaders is the head of the traditional Teke kingdom - King (UNKO) Makoko XI.
Korea. (DPRK and the Republic of Korea) The monarchy ceased to exist in 1945 due to the surrender of Japan, in 1945-1948 the country was under the control of the allied powers that won the Second World War, in 1948 two republics were proclaimed on the territory of the Korean Peninsula. Due to the fact that from 1910 to 1945 the rulers of Korea were vassals of Japan, they are usually classified as part of the Japanese imperial family. The contender for the Korean throne is the representative of this family, Prince Kyu Ri (sometimes his last name is written as Lee). On the territory of the DPRK, there is a de facto hereditary form of government, but de jure it is not stipulated in the country’s legislation.
Cote d'Ivoire. Republic since independence in 1960. On the territory of the country (and partly on the territory of neighboring Ghana) is the traditional kingdom of Abrons (ruled by King Nanan Adjumani Kuassi Adingra).
Laos. The monarchy ended in 1975 as a result of the communist revolution. In 1977 all members royal family were sent to a concentration camp (“re-education camp”). The king's two sons - Prince Sulivong Savang and Prince Danyavong Savang - were able to escape from Laos in 1981-1982. No information about the fate of the king, queen, crown prince and other family members official information No. According to unofficial reports, they all died of starvation in a concentration camp. Prince Sulivong Sawang, as the eldest surviving male of the clan, is the formal contender for the throne.
Libya. The monarchy ceased to exist in 1969. After the coup organized by Colonel Muammar Gaddafi, King Idris I, who was abroad during the coup, was forced to abdicate. The contender for the throne is the official heir of the king (the adopted son of his cousin), Prince Mohammed al-Hasan al-Rida.
Malawi. Republic since 1966 (from the declaration of independence in 1964 until the proclamation of the republic, the head of state was the Queen of Great Britain). An important role in the political life of the country is played by the paramount leader (inkosi ya makosi) Mmbelwa IV of the Ngoni dynasty.
Maldives. The monarchy ceased to exist after a referendum in 1968 (during the period of British rule, that is, before the declaration of independence in 1965, the country had already become a republic once for a short time). The formal contender for the throne, although he has never declared his claims, is Prince Mohammed Nureddin, the son of Sultan Hassan Nureddin II of the Maldives (reigned 1935-1943).
Mexico. The monarchy ceased to exist in 1867 after the execution by revolutionaries of the ruler of the empire proclaimed in 1864, Archduke Maximilian of Austria. Earlier, in 1821-1823, the country had already once been an independent state with a monarchical form of structure. Representatives of the Iturbide dynasty, whose ancestor was the Mexican emperor during this period, are pretenders to the Mexican throne. The head of the Iturbide family is Baroness Maria (II) Anna Tankle Iturbide.
Mozambique. Republic since independence in 1975. The country is home to the traditional state of Manyika, whose ruler (mambo) is Mutasa Paphiwa.
Myanmar (pre-1989 Burma). Republic since independence in 1948. The monarchy ceased to exist in 1885 after the annexation of Burma to British India. The contender for the throne is Prince Hteiktin Taw Paya, grandson of the last king Thibaw Min.
Namibia. Republic since independence in 1990. A number of tribes are governed by traditional rulers. The role of traditional leaders is evidenced by the fact that Hendrik Witbooi served as deputy head of government for several years.
Niger. Republic since independence in 1960. There are a number of traditional states on the territory of the country. Their rulers and tribal elders choose their political and religious leader, who bears the title of Sultan of Zinder (the title is not hereditary). Currently, the title of the 20th Sultan of Zinder is held by Haji Mamadou Mustafa.
Nigeria. Republic since 1963 (from independence in 1960 until the proclamation of the republic, the head of state was the Queen of Great Britain). There are about 100 traditional states on the territory of the country, the rulers of which bear both the familiar-sounding titles of Sultan or Emir, as well as more exotic ones: Aku Uka, Olu, Igwe, Amanyanabo, Tor Tiv, Alafin, Oba, Obi, Ataoja, Oroje, Olubaka, Ohimege (most often this means “leader” or “supreme leader”).
Palau (Belau). Republic since independence in 1994. Legislative branch is carried out by the House of Delegates (Council of Chiefs), which consists of the traditional rulers of the 16 provinces of Palau. The greatest authority is enjoyed by Yutaka Gibbons, the paramount chief (ibedul) of Koror, the main city of the country.
Portugal. The monarchy ceased to exist in 1910 as a result of the escape from the country of King Manuel II, who feared for his life due to an armed uprising. The pretender to the throne is Dom Duarte III Pio, Duke of Braganza.
Russia . The monarchy ceased to exist after the February Revolution of 1917. Although there are several contenders for the Russian throne, most monarchists recognize her as the rightful heir. Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna, great-great-granddaughter of Emperor Alexander II.
Romania. The monarchy ceased to exist after the abdication of King Michael I in 1947. After the collapse of communism, the former king visited his native country several times. In 2001, the Romanian parliament granted him the rights former head state - a residence, a personal car with a driver and a salary in the amount of 50% of the salary of the president of the country.
Serbia. Along with Montenegro, it was part of Yugoslavia until 2002 (the remaining republics left Yugoslavia in 1991). In Yugoslavia, the monarchy finally ceased to exist in 1945 (since 1941, King Peter II was outside the country). After his death, his son, the heir to the throne, Prince Alexander (Karageorgievich), became the head of the royal house.
USA. Republic since independence in 1776. The Hawaiian Islands (annexed to the United States in 1898, gained statehood in 1959) had a monarchy until 1893. The contender for the Hawaiian throne is Prince Quentin Kuhio Kawananakoa, a direct descendant of the last Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani.
Tanzania. The republic was formed in 1964 as a result of the unification of Tanganyika and Zanzibar. On the island of Zanzibar, shortly before the unification, the monarchy was overthrown. The 10th Sultan of Zanzibar, Jamshid bin Abdullah, was forced to leave the country. In 2000, the Tanzanian authorities announced the rehabilitation of the monarch and that he had the right to return to his homeland as an ordinary citizen.
Tunisia. The monarchy ended in 1957, the year after independence was declared. The contender for the throne is Crown Prince Sidi Ali Ibrahim.
Türkiye. Proclaimed a republic in 1923 (the sultanate was abolished a year earlier, and the caliphate a year later). The contender for the throne is Prince Osman VI.
Uganda. Republic since 1963 (from independence in 1962 until the proclamation of the republic, the head of state was the Queen of Great Britain). Some traditional kingdoms in the country were eliminated in 1966-1967 and almost all were restored in 1993-1994. Others managed to avoid liquidation.
Philippines. Republic since independence in 1946. There are many traditional sultanates in the country. 28 of them are concentrated in the area of Lake Lanao (Mindanao Island). The Philippine government officially recognizes the confederation of Sultans of Lanao (Ranao) as a political force representing the interests of certain segments of the island's population. At least six people representing two clans claim the throne of the Sultanate of Sulu (located on the archipelago of the same name), which is explained by various political and financial benefits.
France. The monarchy was abolished in 1871. The heirs of various families claim the French throne: Prince Henry of Orleans, Count of Paris and Duke of France (Orléanist pretender); Louis Alphonse de Bourbon, Duke of Anjou (legitimist pretender) and Prince Charles Bonaparte, Prince Napoleon (Bonapartist pretender).
Central African Republic. After gaining independence from France in 1960, a republic was proclaimed. Colonel Jean-Bedel Bokassa, who came to power in 1966 as a result of a military coup, proclaimed the country an empire and himself emperor in 1976. In 1979, Bokassa was overthrown and the Central African Empire once again became the Central African Republic. The contender for the throne is Bokassa's son, Crown Prince Jean-Bedel Georges Bokassa.
Chad. Republic since independence in 1960. Among the numerous traditional states in Chad, two should be highlighted: the Bagirmi and Wadari sultanates (both were formally liquidated after the declaration of independence and restored in 1970). Sultan (mbang) Bagirmi - Muhammad Yusuf, Sultan (kolak) Vadari - Ibrahim ibn-Muhammad Urada.
Montenegro. See Serbia
Ethiopia. The monarchy ceased to exist in 1975 after the abolition of the post of emperor. The last of ruling emperors was Haile Selassie I, belonging to the dynasty, the founders of which are considered to be Menelik I, the son of Solomon, king of Israel, by the Queen of Sheba. In 1988, Haile Selassie's son, Amha Selassie I, was proclaimed the new Emperor of Ethiopia (in exile) in a private ceremony in London.
South Africa. Since 1961 (from independence in 1910 until the proclamation of the republic, the head of state was the Queen of Great Britain). Tribal leaders (amakosi) play an important role in the life of the country, as well as the ruler of the traditional kingdom of KwaZulu, Goodwill Zwelithini KaBekuzulu. It is worth highlighting paramount leader The Tembu tribe Baelekhaya Dalindyebo a Sabata, who, in accordance with the customs of the tribe, is considered the nephew of former South African President Nelson Mandela. The leader of the tribe is also a well-known politician, leader of the Inkatha Freedom Party, Mangosuthu Gatshi Buthelezi from the Buthelezi tribe. During the apartheid period, the South African authorities created ten “autonomous” tribal entities called Bantustans (homelands).
- (Greek, from monos one, and archo I control). A sole-power state, i.e., where the state is ruled by one person, the monarch. Dictionary foreign words, included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. MONARCHY Greek. monarchia, from monos, one, and... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
MONARCHY (from the Greek μον κρχία autocracy) is one of the forms of monocracy and the name of the state system headed by the monarch. From other forms of monocracy (dictatorship, presidential rule, party leadership) ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia
Monarchy- (from the gr. monarchia autocracy; English monarchy) a form of government in which, unlike oligarchy and democracy, the supreme state power is concentrated in the hands of the individual head of state ... Encyclopedia of Law
- (gr. monarchia autocracy) a form of government in which the head of state is the monarch. In the modern world, two historical types of monarchy remain: absolute monarchy and constitutional monarchy. The latter exists in two forms, differing... Legal dictionary
A form of government in which the supreme government belongs to the monarch (king, prince, sultan, shah, emir) and is inherited. A monarchy can be absolute when the power of the monarch is almost unlimited (Brunei, Bahrain, Qatar, ... ... Geographical encyclopedia
MONARCHY, monarchies, women. (Greek monarchia autocracy) (book, political). The most despotic form of government, dominant in the era of feudalism, in which supreme power belongs to one person, the monarch; autocracy... ... Dictionary Ushakova
- (Greek monarchia - autocracy) - one of the forms of government. The essential characteristic of a monarchy is concentration, the concentration in the hands of one person - the monarch - of supreme power, which is inherited. Distinguish... ... Political science. Dictionary.
Monarchy- Monarchy ♦ Monarchie The power of one person, but subject to laws (as opposed to despotism, which does not recognize any norms and rules). When these laws themselves depend on the will of the monarch (called an autocrat), we speak of absolute... ... Sponville's Philosophical Dictionary
Women rule, where supreme power is in the hands of one person, monarchical truth, one or the power itself. | The state is monarchical. Russian monarchy. Monarch husband sole sovereign or autocrat. Monarch female autocrat; spouse... ... Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
Absolutism, despotism, autocracy, kingdom, monocracy Dictionary of Russian synonyms. monarchy noun, number of synonyms: 5 absolutism (7) ... Synonym dictionary
MONARCHY, a state whose head is a monarch (for example, king, king, shah, emir, kaiser), who receives power, usually by inheritance. There are unlimited (absolute) monarchies and limited (so-called... ... Modern encyclopedia
Books
- Monarchy or republic? Imperial letters to neighbors, Smolin Mikhail Borisovich. Mikhail Smolin’s book “Monarchy or Republic?” consists of texts that served as the basis for the “White Word” program, which the author hosted on the Tsargrad TV channel. The book is based on answers to...
- State of honor. Monarchy is the future of Russia, Shafran Anna. Since ancient times, humanity has been looking for an answer to the question: what form of government is closest to the ideal? Winston Churchill expressed the idea that there is no better government than...