In what century did Maxim Gorky live? The mysterious death of Maxim Gorky
Born in Nizhny Novgorod. The son of the manager of the shipping office, Maxim Savvatievich Peshkov, and Varvara Vasilievna, nee Kashirina. At the age of seven he was left an orphan and lived with his grandfather, a once rich dyer, who by that time had gone bankrupt.
Alexei Peshkov had to earn his living from childhood, which prompted the writer to later take the pseudonym Gorky. In early childhood he worked as an errand worker in a shoe store, then as a draftsman's apprentice. Unable to withstand the humiliation, he ran away from home. He worked as a cook on a Volga steamship. At the age of 15, he came to Kazan with the intention of getting an education, but, without any financial support, he was unable to fulfill his intention.
In Kazan I learned about life in slums and shelters. Driven to despair, he made an unsuccessful suicide attempt. From Kazan he moved to Tsaritsyn and worked as a watchman on the railway. Then he returned to Nizhny Novgorod, where he became a scribe for attorney M.A. Lapin, who did a lot for young Peshkov.
Unable to stay in one place, he went on foot to the south of Russia, where he tried himself in the Caspian fisheries, and in the construction of a pier, and other work.
In 1892, Gorky's story "Makar Chudra" was first published. The following year he returned to Nizhny Novgorod, where he met with the writer V.G. Korolenko, who took a great part in the fate of the aspiring writer.
In 1898 A.M. Gorky was already famous writer. His books sold thousands of copies, and his fame spread beyond the borders of Russia. Gorky is the author of numerous short stories, novels “Foma Gordeev”, “Mother”, “The Artamonov Case”, etc., plays “Enemies”, “Bourgeois”, “At the Demise”, “Summer Residents”, “Vassa Zheleznova”, the epic novel “ The life of Klim Samgin.
Since 1901, the writer began to openly express sympathy for the revolutionary movement, which caused a negative reaction from the government. Since that time, Gorky has been subjected to arrests and persecution more than once. In 1906 he went abroad to Europe and America.
After the October Revolution of 1917, Gorky became the initiator of the creation and first chairman of the Union of Writers of the USSR. He organized the publishing house “World Literature”, where many writers of that time had the opportunity to work, thereby escaping hunger. He is also credited with saving members of the intelligentsia from arrest and death. Often during these years, Gorky was the last hope of those persecuted by the new government.
In 1921, the writer’s tuberculosis worsened, and he went to Germany and the Czech Republic for treatment. Since 1924 he lived in Italy. In 1928 and 1931, Gorky traveled around Russia, including visiting the Solovetsky special purpose camp. In 1932, Gorky was practically forced to return to Russia.
The last years of the seriously ill writer’s life were, on the one hand, full of boundless praise - even during Gorky’s lifetime he hometown Nizhny Novgorod was named after him - on the other hand, the writer lived in practical isolation under constant control.
Alexey Maksimovich was married many times. First time on Ekaterina Pavlovna Volzhina. From this marriage he had a daughter, Ekaterina, who died in infancy, and a son, Maxim Alekseevich Peshkov, an amateur artist. Gorky's son died unexpectedly in 1934, which gave rise to speculation about his violent death. The death of Gorky himself two years later also aroused similar suspicions.
For the second time he was married in a civil marriage to the actress and revolutionary Maria Fedorovna Andreeva. Actually the third wife in last years The life of the writer became a woman with a stormy biography, Maria Ignatievna Budberg.
He died near Moscow in Gorki, in the same house where V.I. died. Lenin. The ashes are in the Kremlin wall on Red Square. The writer's brain was sent to the Moscow Brain Institute for study.
Alexey Peshkov, known in literary circles as Maxim Gorky, was born in Nizhny Novgorod. Alexei's father died in 1871, when the future writer was only 3 years old, his mother lived only a little longer, leaving her son an orphan at the age of 11. The boy was sent for further care to the family of his maternal grandfather Vasily Kashirin.
It was not the cloudless life in his grandfather’s house that forced Alexei to switch to his own bread from childhood. To earn food, Peshkov worked as a delivery boy, washed dishes, and baked bread. Later, the future writer will talk about this in one of the parts of the autobiographical trilogy called “Childhood.”
In 1884, young Peshkov sought to pass the exams at Kazan University, but was unsuccessful. Difficulties in life, the unexpected death of my own grandmother, who was good friend Alexei, lead him to despair and attempt suicide. The bullet did not hit the young man’s heart, but this incident doomed him to lifelong respiratory weakness.
In a thirst for changes in the government system, young Alexei contacts the Marxists. In 1888 he was arrested for anti-state propaganda. After his release, the future writer travels, calling this period of his life his “universities.”
The first steps of creativity
Since 1892, having returned to his native place, Alexey Peshkov became a journalist. The young author's first articles are published under the pseudonym Yehudiel Chlamys (from Greek cloak and dagger), but soon the writer comes up with another name for himself - Maxim Gorky. Using the word “bitter,” the writer strives to show the “bitter” life of the people and the desire to describe the “bitter” truth.
The first work of the master of words was the story “Makar Chudra”, published in 1892. Following him, the world saw other stories “Old Woman Izergil”, “Chelkash”, “Song of the Falcon”, “ Former people"and others (1895-1897).
Literary rise and popularity
In 1898, the collection “Essays and Stories” was published, which brought Maxim Gorky fame among the masses. The main characters of the stories were the lower classes of society, enduring unprecedented hardships of life. The author depicted the suffering of the “tramps” in the most exaggerated form, in order to create a feigned pathos of “humanity”. In his works, Gorky nurtured the idea of the unity of the working class, protecting the social, political and cultural heritage of Russia.
The next revolutionary impulse, openly hostile to tsarism, was the “Song of the Petrel.” As punishment for calling for a fight against the autocracy, Maxim Gorky was expelled from Nizhny Novgorod and recalled from the Imperial Academy. Remaining in close ties with Lenin and other revolutionaries, Gorky wrote the play “At the Lower Depths” and a number of other plays that received recognition in Russia, Europe and the United States. At this time (1904-1921), the writer connected his life with the actress and admirer of Bolshevism Maria Andreeva, breaking ties with his first wife Ekaterina Peshkova.
Abroad
In 1905, after the December armed rebellion, fearing arrest, Maxim Gorky went abroad. Gathering support for the Bolshevik Party, the writer visits Finland, Great Britain, the USA, meets famous writers Mark Twain, Theodore Roosevelt and others. But the trip to America is not cloudless for the writer, because he soon begins to be accused of supporting local revolutionaries, as well as violating moral rights.
Not daring to go to Russia, from 1906 to 1913 the revolutionary lived on the island of Capri, where he created a new philosophical system, which is vividly depicted in the novel “Confession” (1908).
Return to the Fatherland
An amnesty for the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty allowed the writer to return to Russia in 1913. Continuing his active creative and civic activities, Gorky published key parts of the autobiographical trilogy: 1914 - “Childhood”, 1915-1916 - “In People”.
During the First World War and the October Revolution, Gorky's St. Petersburg apartment became the site of regular Bolshevik meetings. But the situation changed dramatically a few weeks after the revolution, when the writer explicitly accused the Bolsheviks, in particular Lenin and Trotsky, of lust for power and false intentions of creating democracy. The newspaper “Novaya Zhizn”, which Gorky published, became the target of censorship persecution.
Along with the prosperity of communism, Gorky's criticism diminished and soon the writer personally met with Lenin, admitting his mistakes.
Staying in Germany and Italy from 1921 to 1932, Maxim Gorky wrote the final part of the trilogy called “My Universities” (1923), and was also treated for tuberculosis.
The last years of the writer's life
In 1934, Gorky was appointed head of the Union of Soviet Writers. As a token of gratitude from the government, he receives a luxurious mansion in Moscow.
In the last years of his work, the writer was closely associated with Stalin, strongly supporting the dictator’s policies in his literary works. In this regard, Maxim Gorky is called the founder of a new movement in literature - socialist realism, which has more to do with communist propaganda than artistic talent. The writer died on June 18, 1936.
Born on March 16 (28), 1868 in Nizhny Novgorod in a poor family of a carpenter. The real name of Maxim Gorky is Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov. His parents died early, and little Alexey remained to live with his grandfather. His grandmother became a mentor in literature, who led her grandson into the world folk poetry. He wrote about her briefly, but with great tenderness: “In those years, I was filled with my grandmother’s poems, like a beehive with honey; It seems that I was thinking in the forms of her poems.”
Gorky's childhood was spent in harsh, difficult conditions. WITH early years the future writer was forced to do part-time work, earning a living whatever he could.
Training and beginning of literary activity
In Gorky's life, only two years were devoted to studying at the Nizhny Novgorod School. Then, due to poverty, he went to work, but was constantly engaged in self-education. 1887 was one of the most difficult years in Gorky's biography. Due to the troubles that beset him, he tried to commit suicide, but nevertheless survived.
Traveling around the country, Gorky propagated the revolution, for which he was taken under police surveillance and then arrested for the first time in 1888.
Gorky's first published story, "Makar Chudra", was published in 1892. Then, his essays in two volumes, “Essays and Stories,” published in 1898, brought fame to the writer.
In 1900-1901 he wrote the novel “Three”, met Anton Chekhov and Leo Tolstoy.
In 1902, he was awarded the title of member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, but by order of Nicholas II it was soon invalidated.
TO famous works Gorky includes: the story “Old Woman Izergil” (1895), the plays “Philistines” (1901) and “At the Lower Depths” (1902), the stories “Childhood” (1913-1914) and “In People” (1915-1916), the novel “ The Life of Klim Samgin" (1925-1936), which the author never finished, as well as many cycles of stories.
Gorky also wrote fairy tales for children. Among them: “The Tale of Ivanushka the Fool”, “Sparrow”, “Samovar”, “Tales of Italy” and others. Remembering his difficult childhood, Gorky paid special attention to children, organized holidays for children from poor families, and published a children's magazine.
Emigration, return to homeland
In 1906, in the biography of Maxim Gorky, he moved to the USA, then to Italy, where he lived until 1913. Even there, Gorky’s work defended the revolution. Returning to Russia, he stops in St. Petersburg. Here Gorky works in publishing houses, deals with social activities. In 1921, due to worsening illness, at the insistence of Vladimir Lenin, and disagreements with the authorities, he again went abroad. The writer finally returned to the USSR in October 1932.
Last years and death
At home, he continues to actively write and publishes newspapers and magazines.
Maxim Gorky died on June 18, 1936 in the village of Gorki (Moscow region) under mysterious circumstances. There were rumors that the cause of his death was poisoning and many blamed Stalin for this. However, this version was never confirmed.
Real name Peshkov Alexey Maksimovich (1868), prose writer, playwright, publicist.
Born in Nizhny Novgorod into the family of a cabinetmaker, after the death of his father he lived in the family of his grandfather V. Kashirin, the owner of a dyeing establishment.
At the age of eleven, having become an orphan, he began to work, having replaced many “owners”: a messenger at a shoe store, a cook on ships, a draftsman, etc. Only reading books saved him from the despair of a hopeless life.
In 1884 he came to Kazan to fulfill his dream of studying at the university, but very soon he realized the unreality of such a plan. Started to work. Gorky would later write: “I did not expect outside help and did not hope for Lucky case... I realized very early that a person is created by his resistance to the environment." At the age of 16, he already knew a lot about life, but the four years spent in Kazan shaped his personality and determined his path. He began to conduct propaganda work among workers and peasants (with the populist M. Romas in the village of Krasnovidovo).In 1888, Gorky began traveling around Russia in order to get to know it better and become more familiar with the life of the people.
Gorky walked through the Don steppes, across Ukraine, to the Danube, from there through the Crimea and the North Caucasus to Tiflis, where he spent a year working as a hammer hammer, then as a clerk in railway workshops, communicating with revolutionary figures and participating in illegal circles. At this time, he wrote his first story, “Makar Chudra,” published in a Tiflis newspaper, and the poem “The Girl and Death” (published in 1917).
In 1892, having returned to Nizhny Novgorod, he took up literary work, publishing in Volga newspapers. Since 1895, Gorky's stories have appeared in metropolitan magazines; in Samara Gazeta he became known as a feuilletonist, speaking under the pseudonym Yegudiel Khlamida. In 1898, Gorky's "Essays and Stories" were published, making him widely known in Russia. He works a lot, quickly growing into a great artist, an innovator, capable of leading. His romantic stories called to fight, fostered heroic optimism (“Old Woman Izergil”, “Song of the Falcon”, “Song of the Petrel”).
In 1899, the novel Foma Gordeev was published, which promoted Gorky to the ranks of world-class writers. In the fall of this year he came to St. Petersburg, where he met Mikhailovsky and Veresaev, Repin; later in Moscow S.L. Tolstoy, L. Andreev, A. Chekhov, I. Bunin, A. Kuprin and other writers. He became close to revolutionary circles and was exiled to Arzamas for writing a proclamation calling for the overthrow of the tsarist government in connection with the dispersal of student demonstrations.
In 1901 1902 he wrote his first plays “The Bourgeois” and “At the Lower Depths”, staged on the stage of the Moscow Art Theater. In 1904 the plays "Summer Residents", "Children of the Sun", "Barbarians".
IN revolutionary events 1905 Gorky took an active part and was imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress for anti-tsarist proclamations. The protest of the Russian and world community forced the government to release the writer. For helping with money and weapons during the Moscow December armed uprising, Gorky was threatened with reprisals from the official authorities, so it was decided to send him abroad. At the beginning of 1906 he arrived in America, where he stayed until the fall. The pamphlets “My Interviews” and the essays “In America” were written here.
Upon returning to Russia, he created the play “Enemies” and the novel “Mother” (1906). In the same year, Gorky left for Italy, to Capri, where he lived until 1913, devoting all his strength to literary creativity. During these years, the plays “The Last” (1908), “Vassa Zheleznova” (1910), the stories “Summer”, “The Town of Okurov” (1909), and the novel “The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin” (1910 11) were written.
Taking advantage of the amnesty, in 1913 the writer returned to St. Petersburg and collaborated with the Bolshevik newspapers Zvezda and Pravda. In 1915 he founded the magazine "Letopis", headed the literary department of the magazine, uniting around him such writers as Shishkov, Prishvin, Trenev, Gladkoe and others.
After the February Revolution, Gorky participated in the publication of the newspaper " New life", which was the organ of the Social Democrats, where he published articles under the general title "Untimely Thoughts." He expressed concerns about unpreparedness October revolution, was afraid that “the dictatorship of the proletariat would lead to the death of politically educated Bolshevik workers...”, reflected on the role of the intelligentsia in saving the nation: “The Russian intelligentsia must again take upon itself the great work of spiritual healing of the people.”
Soon Gorky began to actively participate in the construction of a new culture: he helped organize the First Workers' and Peasants' University, the Bolshoi drama theater in St. Petersburg, created the publishing house "World Literature". In the years civil war, hunger and devastation, he showed concern for the Russian intelligentsia, and many scientists, writers and artists were saved by him from death by starvation.
In 1921, at Lenin’s insistence, Gorky went abroad for treatment (tuberculosis had returned). At first he lived in resorts in Germany and Czechoslovakia, then moved to Italy in Sorrento. He continues to work a lot: he finished the trilogy “My Universities” (“Childhood” and “In People” were published in 1913 16), wrote the novel “The Artamonov Case” (1925). He began work on the book “The Life of Klim Samgin,” which he continued to write until the end of his life. In 1931 Gorky returned to his homeland. In the 1930s, he again turned to drama: “Egor Bulychev and others” (1932), “Dostigaev and others” (1933).
Summing up my acquaintance and communication with the great people of my time. Gorky created literary portraits of L. Tolstoy, A. Chekhov, V. Korolenko, and the essay “V. I. Lenin” (new edition 1930). In 1934, through the efforts of M. Gorky, the 1st All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers was prepared and held. On June 18, 1936, M. Gorky died in Gorki and was buried on Red Square.
Material from Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia
Maxim Gorky is the literary pseudonym of Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov; the incorrect use of the writer’s real name in combination with the pseudonym - Alexey Maksimovich Gorky, (March 16 (28) 1868, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian empire- June 18, 1936, Gorki, Moscow region, USSR) - Russian writer, prose writer, playwright. One of the most significant and famous Russian writers and thinkers in the world. On turn of the 19th century and XX centuries, he became famous as the author of works with a revolutionary tendency, personally close to the Social Democrats and in opposition to the tsarist regime.
Initially, Gorky was skeptical about the October Revolution. However, after several years of cultural work in Soviet Russia (in Petrograd he directed the publishing house “World Literature”, interceded with the Bolsheviks for those arrested) and life abroad in the 1920s (Berlin, Marienbad, Sorrento), he returned to the USSR, where in recent years life received official recognition as the founder of socialist realism.
Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov was born in Nizhny Novgorod, in the family of a carpenter (according to another version, the manager of the Astrakhan office of the shipping company I.S. Kolchin) - Maxim Savvatyevich Peshkov (1840-1871), who was the son of a soldier demoted from the officers. M. S. Peshkov worked as a manager of a shipping office in the last years of his life, but died of cholera. Mother - Varvara Vasilievna, nee Kashirina (1842-1879) - from a bourgeois family; Having become a widow at an early age, she remarried and died of consumption. Gorky’s grandfather Savvaty Peshkov rose to the rank of officer, but was demoted and exiled to Siberia “for cruel treatment with the lower ranks,” after which he enrolled as a bourgeois. His son Maxim ran away from his father five times and at the age of 17 he left home forever. Orphaned early, Gorky spent his childhood in the house of his grandfather Kashirin. From the age of 11 he was forced to go “into the people”: he worked as a “boy” in a store, as a buffet cook on a steamship, as a baker, studied in an icon-painting workshop, etc.
In 1884 he tried to enter Kazan University. I became acquainted with Marxist literature and propaganda work.
In 1888, he was arrested for connections with N. E. Fedoseev’s circle. He was under constant police surveillance. In October 1888, he became a watchman at the Dobrinka station of the Gryaze-Tsaritsyn Railway. Impressions from his stay in Dobrinka will serve as the basis for the autobiographical story “The Watchman” and the story “Boredom for the Sake.”
In January 1889, at a personal request (a complaint in verse), he was transferred to the Borisoglebsk station, then as a weighmaster to the Krutaya station.
In the spring of 1891 he set out to wander and soon reached the Caucasus.
Literary and social activities
In 1892 he first appeared in print with the story “Makar Chudra”. Returning to Nizhny Novgorod, he publishes reviews and feuilletons in Volzhsky Vestnik, Samara Gazeta, Nizhny Novgorod Listok, etc.
1895 - “Chelkash”, “Old Woman Izergil”.
1896 - Gorky writes a response to the first cinematic session in Nizhny Novgorod:
And suddenly something clicks, everything disappears, and a railway train appears on the screen. He rushes like an arrow straight towards you - watch out! It seems that he is about to rush into the darkness in which you are sitting, and turn you into a torn bag of skin, full of crumpled meat and crushed bones, and destroy, turn into rubble and dust this hall and this building where there is so much wine , women, music and vice.
1897 - “Former People”, “The Orlov Spouses”, “Malva”, “Konovalov”.
From October 1897 to mid-January 1898, he lived in the village of Kamenka (now the city of Kuvshinovo, Tver Region) in the apartment of his friend Nikolai Zakharovich Vasiliev, who worked at the Kamensk paper factory and led an illegal workers' Marxist circle. Subsequently, the life impressions of this period served the writer as material for the novel “The Life of Klim Samgin.”
1898 - The publishing house of Dorovatsky and A.P. Charushnikov published the first volume of Gorky's works. In those years, the circulation of the young author's first book rarely exceeded 1000 copies. A. I. Bogdanovich advised to release the first two volumes of M. Gorky’s “Essays and Stories”, 1200 copies each. Publishers “took a chance” and released more. The first volume of the 1st edition of “Essays and Stories” was published in a circulation of 3,000 copies.
1899 - novel “Foma Gordeev”, prose poem “Song of the Falcon”.
1900-1901 - the novel “Three”, personal acquaintance with Chekhov and Tolstoy.
1900-1913 - participates in the work of the publishing house "Knowledge".
March 1901 - “Song of the Petrel” was created by M. Gorky in Nizhny Novgorod. Participation in Marxist workers' circles in Nizhny Novgorod, Sormovo, St. Petersburg; wrote a proclamation calling for the fight against autocracy. Arrested and expelled from Nizhny Novgorod.
In 1901, M. Gorky turned to drama. Creates the plays “The Bourgeois” (1901), “At the Lower Depths” (1902). In 1902, he became the godfather and adoptive father of the Jew Zinovy Sverdlov, who took the surname Peshkov and converted to Orthodoxy. This was necessary in order for Zinovy to receive the right to live in Moscow.
February 21 - election of M. Gorky to honorary academician of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in the category of fine literature.
In 1902, Gorky was elected an honorary member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences... But before Gorky could exercise his new rights, his election was annulled by the government, since the newly elected academician was “under police surveillance.” In this regard, Chekhov and Korolenko refused membership in the Academy
1904-1905 - writes the plays “Summer Residents”, “Children of the Sun”, “Barbarians”. Meets Lenin. For the revolutionary proclamation and in connection with the execution on January 9, he was arrested and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress. Famous artists G. Hauptmann, A. France, O. Rodin, T. Hardy, J. Meredith, Italian writers G. Deledda, M. Rapisardi, E. de Amicis, composer G. Puccini, philosopher B. spoke in defense of Gorky. Croce and other representatives of the creative and scientific world from Germany, France, England. Student demonstrations took place in Rome. Under public pressure, he was released on bail on February 14, 1905. Participant in the revolution of 1905-1907. In November 1905 he joined the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party.
1906, February - Gorky and Maria Andreeva travel through Europe to America. Abroad, the writer creates satirical pamphlets about the “bourgeois” culture of France and the USA (“My Interviews”, “In America”). He writes the play “Enemies” and creates the novel “Mother”. Due to tuberculosis, he settled in Italy on the island of Capri, where he lived for 7 years (from 1906 to 1913). Checked into the prestigious Quisisana Hotel. From March 1909 to February 1911 he lived at the Villa Spinola (now Bering), stayed at the villas (they have commemorative plaques about his stay) Blesius (from 1906 to 1909) and Serfina (now Pierina) ). On Capri, Gorky wrote “Confession” (1908), where his philosophical differences with Lenin and rapprochement with the god-builders Lunacharsky and Bogdanov were clearly outlined.
1907 - delegate with the right of advisory vote to the V Congress of the RSDLP.
1908 - play “The Last”, story “The Life of an Useless Person”.
1909 - the stories “The Town of Okurov”, “The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin”.
1913 - Gorky edits the Bolshevik newspapers Zvezda and Pravda, the art department of the Bolshevik magazine Prosveshchenie, and publishes the first collection of proletarian writers. Writes "Tales of Italy".
At the end of December 1913, after the announcement of a general amnesty on the occasion of the 300th anniversary of the Romanovs, Gorky returned to Russia and settled in St. Petersburg.
1914 - founded the journal “Letopis” and the publishing house “Parus”.
1912-1916 - M. Gorky creates a series of stories and essays that made up the collection “Across Rus'”, autobiographical stories “Childhood”, “In People”. In 1916, the Parus publishing house published the autobiographical story “In People” and a series of essays “Across Rus'.” The last part of the trilogy, “My Universities,” was written in 1923.
1917-1919 - M. Gorky does a lot of social and political work, criticizes the methods of the Bolsheviks, condemns their attitude towards the old intelligentsia, saves a number of its representatives from Bolshevik repression and famine.
Emigration
1921 - M. Gorky’s departure abroad. The official reason for his departure was the resumption of his illness and the need, at Lenin’s insistence, for treatment abroad. According to another version, Gorky was forced to leave due to worsening ideological differences with the established government. In 1921-1923 lived in Helsingfors (Helsinki), Berlin, Prague.
Since 1924 he lived in Italy, in Sorrento. Published memoirs about Lenin.
1925 - novel “The Artamonov Case”.
1928 - at the invitation of the Soviet government and Stalin personally, he tours the country, during which Gorky is shown the achievements of the USSR, which are reflected in the series of essays “Around the Soviet Union.”
1929 - Gorky visits the Solovetsky special purpose camp and writes a laudatory review of its regime. A fragment of A. I. Solzhenitsyn’s work “The Gulag Archipelago” is dedicated to this fact.
Return to the USSR
(From November 1935 to June 1936)
1932 - Gorky returns to the Soviet Union. The government provided him with the former Ryabushinsky mansion on Spiridonovka, dachas in Gorki and Teselli (Crimea). Here he receives Stalin’s order - to prepare the ground for the 1st Congress of Soviet Writers, and for this to carry out preparatory work among them.
Gorky created many newspapers and magazines: the book series “History of Factories”, “History of the Civil War”, “Poet’s Library”, “History young man XIX century", the magazine "Literary Studies", he writes the plays "Yegor Bulychev and others" (1932), "Dostigaev and others" (1933).
1934 - Gorky holds the First All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers, giving the main report at it.
1934 - co-editor of the book “Stalin Canal”.
In 1925-1936 he wrote the novel “The Life of Klim Samgin”, which remained unfinished.
On May 11, 1934, Gorky’s son, Maxim Peshkov, unexpectedly dies. M. Gorky died on June 18, 1936 in Gorki, having outlived his son by a little more than two years.
After his death, he was cremated and his ashes were placed in an urn in the Kremlin wall on Red Square in Moscow.
The circumstances of the death of Maxim Gorky and his son are considered “suspicious” by many; there were rumors of poisoning, which, however, were not confirmed. At the funeral, among others, Molotov and Stalin carried Gorky’s coffin. It is interesting that among other accusations against Genrikh Yagoda at the Third Moscow Trial in 1938 was the accusation of poisoning Gorky’s son. According to Yagoda's interrogations, Maxim Gorky was killed on Trotsky's orders, and the murder of Gorky's son, Maxim Peshkov, was his personal initiative. Some publications blame Stalin for Gorky's death. An important precedent for the medical side of the accusations in the “Doctors’ Case” was the Third Moscow Trial (1938), where among the defendants were three doctors (Kazakov, Levin and Pletnev), accused of the murders of Gorky and others.
The mysterious death of Maxim Gorky
“Here medicine is innocent...” This is exactly what doctors Levin and Pletnev initially said, who treated the writer in the last months of his life and were later brought in as defendants in the trial of the “right-wing Trotskyist bloc.” Soon, however, they “admitted” deliberately incorrect treatment...
and even “showed” that their accomplices were nurses, who gave the patient up to 40 injections of camphor per day. But as it was in reality, there is no consensus.
Historian L. Fleischlan directly writes: “The fact of Gorky’s murder can be considered immutably established.” V. Khodasevich, on the contrary, believes in the natural cause of the death of the proletarian writer.
On the night when Maxim Gorky was dying, a terrible thunderstorm broke out at the state-owned dacha in Gorki-10.
The autopsy of the body was carried out right here, in the bedroom, on the table. The doctors were in a hurry. “When he died,” recalled Gorky’s secretary Pyotr Kryuchkov, “the doctors’ attitude towards him changed. For them he became just a corpse...
He was treated horribly. The orderly began to change his clothes and turned him from side to side, like a log. The autopsy began... Then they began to wash the insides. They sewed up the cut somehow with simple twine. The brain was put in a bucket..."
Kryuchkov personally carried this bucket, intended for the Brain Institute, into the car.
In Kryuchkov’s memoirs there is a strange entry: “Alexei Maksimovich died on the 8th.”
The writer’s widow Ekaterina Peshkova recalls: “June 8, 6 pm. Alexey Maksimovich’s condition deteriorated so much that the doctors, who had lost hope, warned us that a near end was inevitable... Alexey Maksimovich - in a chair with eyes closed, with his head bowed, leaning on one or the other hand, pressed to his temple and resting his elbow on the arm of the chair.
The pulse was barely noticeable, uneven, breathing became weaker, the face and ears and limbs of the hands turned blue. After a while, when we entered, hiccups began, restless movements of his hands, with which he seemed to be moving something away or taking something off..."
And suddenly the mise-en-scene changes... New faces appear. They waited in the living room. Stalin, Molotov and Voroshilov enter the resurrected Gorky with a cheerful gait. They had already been informed that Gorky was dying. They came to say goodbye. Behind the scenes is the head of the NKVD, Genrikh Yagoda. He arrived before Stalin. The leader didn't like it.
“Why is this guy hanging out here? So that he wouldn’t be here.”
Stalin behaves like a master in the house. He scared Genrikh and intimidated Kryuchkov. "Why so many people? Who is responsible for this? Do you know what we can do to you?"
The “owner” has arrived... The leading party is his! All relatives and friends become only corps de ballet.
When Stalin, Molotov and Voroshilov entered the bedroom, Gorky came to his senses so much that they started talking about literature. Gorky began to praise women writers, mentioned Karavaeva - and how many of them, how many more will appear, and everyone needs to be supported... Stalin playfully besieged Gorky: “We’ll talk about the matter when you get better.
If you are planning to get sick, get better soon. Or maybe there’s wine in the house, we’d like to drink a glass to your health.”
They brought wine... Everyone drank... As they left, at the door, Stalin, Molotov and Voroshilov waved their hands. When they came out, Gorky allegedly said: “What good guys! How much strength they have...”
But how much can you trust these memories of Peshkova? In 1964, when asked by American journalist Isaac Levin about Gorky’s death, she answered: “Don’t ask me about that! I won’t be able to sleep for three days...”
The second time Stalin and his comrades came to the mortally ill Gorky on June 10 at two o’clock in the morning. But why? Gorky was sleeping. No matter how afraid the doctors were, Stalin was not allowed in. Stalin's third visit took place on June 12. Gorky did not sleep. The doctors gave us ten minutes to talk. What were they talking about? About Bolotnikov's peasant uprising... We moved on to the situation of the French peasantry.
It turns out that on June 8, the main concern of the Secretary General and Gorky, who returned from the other world, was writers, and on the 12th, French peasants became the main concern. All this is somehow very strange.
The leader’s visits seemed to magically revive Gorky. It was as if he did not dare to die without Stalin's permission. This is incredible, but Budberg will say this directly:
“He essentially died on the 8th, and if not for Stalin’s visit, he would hardly have returned to life.”
Stalin was not a member of the Gorky family. This means that the attempted night invasion was out of necessity. And on the 8th, and the 10th, and the 12th, Stalin needed either a frank conversation with Gorky, or a steely confidence that such a frank conversation would not take place with someone else. For example, with Louis Aragon traveling from France. What would Gorky say, what statement could he make?
After Gorky’s death, Kryuchkov was accused of having “killed” Gorky’s son Maxim Peshkov with doctors Levin and Pletnev, on Yagoda’s instructions, using “sabotage methods of treatment.” But why?
If we follow the testimony of other defendants, the political calculations were made by the “customers” - Bukharin, Rykov and Zinoviev. In this way, they allegedly wanted to speed up the death of Gorky himself, carrying out the task of their “leader” Trotsky. Nevertheless, even at this trial there was no talk of the direct murder of Gorky. This version would be too incredible, because the patient was surrounded by 17 (!) doctors.
One of the first to speak about the poisoning of Gorky was the emigrant revolutionary B.I. Nikolaevsky. Allegedly, Gorky was presented with a bonbonniere containing poisoned sweets. But the candy version doesn't stand up to scrutiny.
Gorky did not like sweets, but he loved to treat them to guests, orderlies and, finally, his beloved granddaughters. Thus, it was possible to poison anyone around Gorky with sweets, except himself. Only an idiot could plan such a murder. Neither Stalin nor Yagoda were idiots.
There is no evidence of the murder of Gorky and his son Maxim. Meanwhile, tyrants also have the right to the presumption of innocence. Stalin committed enough crimes to pin one more on him - unproven.
The reality is this: on June 18, 1936, the great Russian writer Maxim Gorky died. His body, contrary to the will to bury him next to his son in the cemetery of the Novodevichy Convent, was cremated by order of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, and the urn with the ashes was placed in the Kremlin wall.
Softmixer.com›2011/06/blog-post_18.html
The purpose of this article is to find out the real reason the passing away of the Russian writer ALEXEY MAKSIMOVITCH PESHKOV according to his FULL NAME code.
Watch "Logicology - about the fate of man" in advance.
Let's look at the FULL NAME code tables. \If there is a shift in numbers and letters on your screen, adjust the image scale\.
16 22 47 58 73 76 77 89 95 106 124 130 140 153 154 165 183 193 206 221 224 234 258
P E S H K O V A L E K S E Y M A K S I M O V I C H
258 242 236 211 200 185 182 181 169 163 152 134 128 118 105 104 93 75 65 52 37 34 24
1 13 19 30 48 54 64 77 78 89 107 117 130 145 148 158 182 198 204 229 240 255 258
A L E K S E Y M A K S I M O VI C H P E S H K O V
258 257 245 239 228 210 204 194 181 180 169 151 141 128 113 110 100 76 60 54 29 18 3
PESHKOV ALEXEY MAKSIMOVICH = 258.
89 = (pulmonary) HYPOK(sia)
___________________________
180 = (hypo)CSIA PULMONARY
107 = (pulmonary) HYPOXIS(ies)
___________________________
169 = (hypo)SIA PULMONARY
117 = (pulmonary) HYPOXY(s)
___________________________
151 = (hypox)PULMONARY
193 = PULMONARY HYPOXY(s)
____________________________
75 = (n)NEUMONI(s)
PE(restal) (dy)SH(at) + KO(nchina) + V(osp)ALE(nie) (lay down)K(their) + (i)S(move) (l)E(talny)Y + ( y)M(irritation) + (pulmonary)A(i) + (hypo)CSI(i) + (pneumatic)MO(niya) + B(inflammation) (pulmonary)I(x) + (con)Ch(ina)
258 = PE,SH, + KO, + V,ALE,K, + ,S,E,Y + ,M, + ,A,KSI, + ,MO, + V,I, + ,CH,.
3 18 36 42 55 69 70 75 98 99 118 133 139 149 180 194 226
V O S E M N A D C A T O E I J U N Y
226 223 208 190 184 171 157 156 151 128 127 108 93 87 77 46 32
"Deep" decryption offers the following option, in which all columns match:
BOS (burning) (pulmonary) E + (pneumatic) M (o) N (iya) + (stop) A (ser) DCA + TO (xic) (poisoning) E (mild) I (x) + (dying) Yu (shiy) + (sko)N(chals)I
226 = BOS,E + ,M,N, + ,A,DCA + TO,E,I, + ,Yu, + ,N,Ya.
77 = (i)YUNYA
194 = EIGHTEENTH JUNE(s)
77 = HIT(s...)
_______________________________
194 = DAMAGE TO TOXIN(s)
194 - 77 = 117 = (pulmonary) HYPOXY(s); (affected) by TOXINS; (reflection) OF THE LUNGS.
Reference:
Pneumonia and heart: complications, symptoms...
provospalenie.ru›legkix/i-serdce.html
Pneumonia and the heart are interconnected. The acute course of pneumonia automatically has a negative impact on...
Toxic pulmonary edema - causes, symptoms...
KrasotaiMedicina.ru›diseases/zabolevanija_…
Toxic pulmonary edema is an acute inhalation injury to the lungs caused by inhalation chemical substances, which are pulmonary toxic. The clinical picture unfolds in stages; shortness of breath, cough, frothy sputum, chest pain...
Code for the number of full YEARS OF LIFE: 177-SIXTY + 84-EIGHT = 261.
25 31 49 68 97 102 108 126 158 177 180 195 213 219 232 261
SIXTY EIGHT
261 236 230 212 193 164 159 153 135 103 84 81 66 48 42 29
"Deep" decryption offers the following option, in which all columns match:
(died)Sh(y) + (stopped)E(but) S(heart) + (death)TH + D(hyani)E (interrupted)SYA + T(oxic) (reflection)V(letion) + O(stasis ) CE(rdtsa) + (c)M(ert)b
261 = ,Ш, + ,Е, С, + ,Ть + Д,Э,СЯ + Т,В, + О, СО, + ,М,л.
Look at the column in the lower table of the FULL NAME code:
89 = DEATH
____________________________
180 = SIXTY V(eight)
89 = DEATH
______________________________
180 = EIGHTEENTH JU(nya)
89 = (pulmonary) HYPOK(sia)
___________________________
180 = (hypo)CSIA PULMONARY
180 - 89 = 91 = DYING.
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