What is information technology in your own words. IT technologies - what is it and where is it applied? Information Technology
Information technologies (IT) are processes that use a set of means and methods for collecting, processing and transmitting data (primary information) to obtain information of a new quality about the state of an object, process or phenomenon (information product). Information technology is a process consisting of clearly regulated rules for performing operations, actions, stages of varying degrees of complexity over data stored in computers.
Definition of information technology - IT adopted by UNESCO
According to the definition adopted by UNESCO, IT is a complex of interrelated scientific, technological, engineering disciplines that study methods of efficiently organizing the work of people involved in processing and storing information; computing technology and methods of organizing and interacting with people and production equipment, their practical applications, as well as related social, economic and cultural problems. IT itself requires complex training, high upfront costs, and knowledge-intensive technology. Their introduction should begin with the creation of software, the formation of information flows in the systems of training specialists.
Informational resources
Informational resources Is an organized set of documented information, including databases and knowledge, arrays. Information resources include printed, handwritten, electronic publications that contain normative and reference documents on legislation, political, social spheres, industries, etc.
Information resources are divided into:
State (information resources of state economic entities, which are formed as a result of their activities; information resources of authorities and management at all levels)
Non-state (those resources that are created by non-state entities in the interests of the life of society)
There are several types of access to information resources:
· Automated information systems to support government decisions;
5. automated systems for programmed decision making.
Corporate information systems
The term "CIS" appeared relatively recently and means modern automated control systems.
CIS- an integrated system that provides users with a set of software tools of various functional content to automate various aspects of management activities.
CIS- management ideology, combining the business strategy of the enterprise and advanced information technology, providing information for making management decisions.
The structure of the CIS consists of:
Application software;
Platform software;
Operating system;
Hardware.
KIS systems software is divided into the following classes:
1.local CIS (organized for work in the local network of a small enterprise-1C, BEST)
2.small corporate information systems (low cost, flexible in adapting to the needs of users, but mostly configured for desktop DBMS (Access, Foxpro, Clipper). Small corporate information systems include Galaktika, Parus packages)
3.Medium corporate information systems (have a long life cycle, can turn into large corporate information systems, have security means and accompany software -
4.large corporate information systems (characterized by the scale and solution of complex problems, focused on global and wireless networks, have a territorial distribution)
By functional purpose, CIS are divided into
Financial and management (for accounting, sales, personnel records, etc.)
Manufacturing (focused on one or several branches of production)
Requirements for corporate information systems.
Performance and bandwidth;
Level and scalability;
Reliability and reliability of work;
Safety;
Installation, maintenance and development costs.
The analysis of the efficiency of the functioning of the corporate network is carried out in the following areas:
· Network infrastructure;
· Print file servers and web servers;
· Application servers;
· Architecture of directory services; management model;
· System of internal corporate standards;
The most obvious way to improve performance is to develop faster hardware modules, such as multiprocessor systems, new hardware architectures, state-of-the-art computers and supercomputers. Another effective way to improve performance is to build multiprocessor systems. To date, many ways have been developed to improve the reliability of computer systems:
· Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (RAID) significantly reduces the risk of system downtime due to HDD failures, one of the least reliable components of modern computers;
· Special software that regulates the coordinated use of cluster-wide resources, carries out mutual monitoring of operability and ensures the exchange of specific "cluster" information between its nodes;
· Creation of servers with fault-tolerant hardware components;
· Specialized fault-tolerant DBMS Oracle, Sybase, Informix and Teradata.
Compatibility and scalability of corporate information. technologies.
The ability to effectively increase performance, bandwidth, volumes of stored and processed data by increasing the number and power of processors, the amount of external and operational memory and other resources of the computing system. This property of the platform is commonly referred to as scalability. Scalability is provided by the architecture and design of the computer, as well as by the OS and DBMS software. Modern information systems, as a rule, are complex complexes that include products and technologies from different manufacturers - for example, Novell NetWare, UNIX, AS / 400, mainframes, etc. They are based on various technologies (such as terminal mode , client-server, file-server, etc.), use different formats for presenting and storing data, etc.
The use of heterogeneous "components" as part of the corporate information system can cause difficulties both in solving problems of enterprise management or information exchange, and in the management of these components themselves, their support and administration. All this forces us to solve the issues of compatibility of various systems. To avoid these problems, when building systems, the standard for open systems profiles must be observed - these are the rules for building software and data exchange protocols that allow using heterogeneous environments and developing the system independently of software and hardware.
Software classification
ON- a set of programs that allow to ensure the operation of a computer from the moment it is turned on until it is turned off and to carry out automated processing of information on it.
Classification:
1. by functional purpose:
· Software for the hardware part of autonomous computers and computer networks;
· Software for applied tasks of various subject areas and software development technologies, or system software;
· Packages of applied programs (PPP);
· Programming tools.
2. under the terms of distribution:
· Commercial software;
· "Free" software: public domain freeware, freeware, shareware.
Computer networks and their classification
KS is a set of several computers or computing systems, interconnected by means of communication in order to efficiently use computing and information resources when performing information and computing work.
According to the territorial location, the compressor stations are divided into:
· Local CS - LAN-networks (Local area Network) - provide the highest speed of information exchange between computers;
· Global computer networks, WAN-networks (Wide Area Network) - allow organizing interaction between computers over long distances;
· Regional CS, MAN-networks (Metropolitan Area Network) - designed to serve the territory of a large city.
Corporate network- a closed computer network, which may include LAN segments - networks of small, medium and large corporate branches, united with the central office of MAN and WAN CS and using the network technologies of global CS.
Local computer networks. Computer network architecture
The local network represents several personal computers connected by data transmission channels.
Local networks are:
o peer-to-peer, that is, all personal computers are equal and perform the same functions;
o client-server architecture, which provides for the allocation of personal computers to perform special functions (administration, network management, file server with a central database, print server, remote access server, e-mail server).
The network architecture is characterized by a topology - it is a logical diagram of the connection of network nodes with communication channels. Each topology is characterized by an access method - a protocol. The protocol includes three main components - an address for identifying nodes, delivery rules, and the messages themselves.
The following topologies are distinguished:
· Bus - a cable that connects nodes into a network, forms a broken line (computers are connected to one common cable, through which information is exchanged between computers);
· Star - network nodes are connected to the center of the cable-rays (provides for the connection of each computer with a separate cable to a common device called a hub, which is located in the center of the network);
· Ring - nodes are united in a closed curve network (data is transmitted along a ring from one computer to another, as a rule, in one direction);
· Mixed topology - a combination of the topologies listed above.
Global networks and their characteristics
Global computer networks, WAN-networks (Wide Area Network) - allow organizing interaction between computers over long distances. These networks operate at relatively low speeds and can cause significant delays in the transmission of information. The length of the global networks can be thousands of kilometers and they are integrated with the networks of the national scale.
WAN architecture
Internet-unification of many international and national computer networks widespread in different countries. It was developed in 1969 by the US Department of Defense and was called the Arpanet. Email in.
European Global Network - CompuServe
Internet structure:
NSFNet US Science Foundation Network
UUCPNet international e-mail network
EUNet European Internet
USEnet international network of e-mail and newsgroups
· Nodal computers Internet-hosts, each nodal station serves a certain number of subscribers. Each subscriber has his own address.
· The transmission protocol on the Internet is called TCP / IP - Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol.
Connection through a provider organization (for example, Belarusian - Beltelecom, Belsonet, Solo, Unibel, Atlanttelecom, etc.)
There are 3 ways to connect to the Internet:
1. via a dial-up telephone line (via a modem). In this case, the user is connected to the Internet at the time of work.
2. via a dedicated telephone line. This means a permanent connection, reception and transmission of a message over a digital line.
3. by satellite - Direc PС is an exchange of information in the request-response mode.
Most computers on the Internet have not only an IP address (a personal number for every computer on the Internet), but also their own name. The service that translates computer names into their IP addresses is called Domain Name System (DNS). Domain is a symbolic name that uniquely identifies a region on the Internet:
· Country domain - ".ru"
· Domain of government bodies - ".gav"
· Domain of military authorities - ".mil"
· Networking Organizations - ".net"
· Domain of information sites - ".info"
· Domain of professional organizations - ".pro"
· Domain of business sites - ".biz"
· Domain of sites of airlines - ".aero"
· Domain of sites of cooperative organizations - ".coop"
· Domain of personal websites and email addresses - ".name"
· Domain of museums - ".museum"
The main modern technologies for working on the Internet are as follows:
1.language of hypertext markup of documents HTML (HyperText Markup Lan-guage);
2. a universal way of addressing resources in the network URL (Universal Resource Locator);
3. HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP);
4. universal gateway interface CGI (Common Gateway Interface).
Information security methods
There are the following universal (general) methods of information security:
1. Identification and authentication;
2. Control of access to resources;
3. Registration and analysis of events taking place in the IS;
4. Control of the integrity of IP objects;
5. Data encryption;
6. Reservation of resources and components involves: organizing regular procedures for the rescue and backup storage of critical data, installing and periodically checking backup data processing devices, training specialists who can replace system administrators, registering systems and storing information carriers in strictly defined places, issuing them to authorized persons with the necessary marks in the registration documents
Identification is the process of recognizing system elements, usually using a predefined identifier or other unique information; each subject or object of the system must be uniquely identifiable.
Authentication- This is the authentication of the identification of a user, process, device or other component of the system (usually carried out before allowing access); as well as checking the integrity and authorship of data during storage or transmission to prevent unauthorized modification. Authentication is usually done before allowing access.
By the control of access to resources we mean the restriction of the possibilities of using the system resources by programs, processes or other systems (for the network) in accordance with the rules of access control
There are four main ways to separate subject access to shared objects:
· Physical - subjects refer to physically different objects (devices of the same type, data sets on different media, etc.).
· Temporary - subjects with different access rights to the object receive it at different intervals.
· Boolean - subjects get access to a shared object within a single operating environment, but under the control of access control facilities that simulate a virtual operating environment "one subject - all objects", in this case, the separation can be implemented in different ways: dividing the original object splitting with copying an object, etc.
· Cryptographic - all objects are stored encrypted, access rights are determined by the presence of a key to access the object.
Information security tools
To organize a continuous process of ensuring information security, the following are organized:
Information Security Services;
Information Security Project.
The computer security service is, created for the organization of a qualified development of an information protection system and ensuring its functioning, training users and personnel in the rules of secure information processing; organization of checks of the reliability of the functioning of the protection system; distribution between users of the necessary security details; taking measures in case of attempts by unauthorized access to information and in case of violations of the rules for the functioning of the protection system, etc.
To organize and ensure the effective functioning of an integrated computer security system, organizational and administrative documents must be developed that determine the procedure and rules for ensuring the security of information and documents that determine the responsibility for the exchange of electronic documents.
Information security projects define the company's information security strategy, the authority of the working and maintenance personnel, the mode of identification and authentication of users (i.e., which keys will be used), the correctness of access attempts and access control. Developed using CASE - funds.
Organizational and economic support of information security
Organizational measures- these are organizational, technical and organizational and legal measures for the creation and operation of equipment (projects for the protection of information systems, are developed for large corporate networks using social technologies)
Organizational measures include:
Obstacle - a physical obstruction of access
Access control through system resources
Identification of users, confirmation of registration authority
Disguise - a method of protecting communication channels when processing information
Regulation - prescription of conditions for processing, storage, transfer of protected information
Coercion - a method of compliance with safety standards and rules
Motivation - creation of conditions not to violate the conditions of compliance with information security
The best results in IP protection are achieved with a systematic approach to security issues and the integrated use of various protection measures at all stages of the system life cycle from the moment of its design.
· The main tasks to be solved by these organizational measures:
· Control of user access to IS resources;
· Protection of data transmitted through communication channels;
· Registration, collection, storage, processing and issuance of information about all events occurring in the system and related to its security;
· Control over the work of system users by the administration;
· Control and maintenance of the integrity of critical resources of the protection system and the execution environment of application programs;
· Providing a closed environment of proven software in order to protect against uncontrolled introduction of potentially dangerous programs into the system, as well as the introduction and spread of computer viruses;
· Management of means of the protection system.
Concepts of information technology types of information technology. Information technology is a process that uses a set of tools and methods for collecting, processing and transmitting data to obtain information of a new quality about the state of an object, process or phenomenon. The purpose of information technology is the production of information for its analysis by a person and making, on its basis, a decision to perform an action. The introduction of a personal computer into the information sphere and the use of telecommunication means of communication have determined a new stage in the development of information technology. New information technology is an information technology with a "friendly" user interface, using personal computers and telecommunications facilities. New information technology is based on the following main principles ... 1) Interactive (dialog) mode of working with a computer. 2) Integration with other software products. 3) Flexibility of the process of changing data and setting tasks. As instrumentation Information technology uses common types of software products: word processors, publishing systems, spreadsheets, database management systems, electronic calendars, information systems for functional purposes.
IT classification
By the type of information processed: a) data b) knowledge
By the type of user interface: a) command b) WIMP c) SILK (speech commands)
By the degree of interaction with each other: discrete; network
By field of application:
1. Information technology of data processing 2. Information technology of management 3. Information technology of an automated office 4. Information technology of decision support 5. Information technology of expert systems
Automated workstation (arm) of a specialist, concept, composition, requirements.
An automated workstation (AWP) is a workstation for a specialist operator, equipped with computer technology to automate the processing and display of information required to complete a production task. An automated workstation for a specialist is a tool for rationalizing and intensifying management activities. AWPs have a problem-professional orientation to a specific subject area and represent a means of communication between a specialist and automated information systems. AWPs created on the basis of personal computers are the simplest and most common version of an automated workplace for employees in the field of organizational management. Such an automated workplace is considered as a system that, in an interactive mode of operation, provides a specific employee (user) with all types of support exclusively for the entire session. This corresponds to the approach to the design of such a component of an automated workplace as an internal information support, according to which the information fund on magnetic media of a particular automated workplace should be at the exclusive disposal of the user of the automated workplace. The user himself performs all the functional responsibilities for the transformation of information.
An automated workstation (AWP), or, in foreign terminology, a "work-station", is a place of a user-specialist of a particular profession, equipped with the means necessary to automate the performance of certain functions. An automated workstation (AWS) is defined, as a rule, by a set of hardware and software. As a technical means, mainly a PC is used, supplemented as necessary by other auxiliary electronic devices: disk drives, printers, optical readers or bar code readers , graphics devices, means of interfacing with other workstations and with local area networks, etc.
The technical support of the automated workplace should guarantee high reliability of technical means, the organization of user-friendly operating modes (autonomous, with a distributed database, informational, with upper-level technology, etc.), the ability to process the required amount of data at a given time. Since the AWP is an individual user tool, it must provide high ergonomic properties and ease of use.
The creation of an automated workstation based on personal computers provides:
simplicity, convenience and user-friendliness;
ease of adaptation to specific user functions;
compactness of placement and low requirements for operating conditions;
high reliability and survivability;
relatively simple organization of maintenance.
An effective mode of work of the AWP is its functioning within the local area network as a workstation. This option is especially expedient when it is required to distribute information and computing resources among several users. A more complex form is an AWP using a PC as an intelligent terminal, as well as with remote access to the resources of a central (main) computer or external network. In this case, several PCs are connected via communication channels to the main computer, while each PC can work as an independent terminal device. In the most complex systems, AWPs can, through special equipment, connect not only to the resources of the main computer of the network, but also to various information services and general-purpose systems (news services, national information retrieval systems, databases and knowledge databases, library systems, etc.) ). The capabilities of the AWPs being created largely depend on the technical and operational characteristics of the computers on which they are based. In this regard, at the stage of designing an automated workplace, the requirements for the basic parameters of technical means for processing and issuing information, a set of component modules, network interfaces, ergonomic parameters of devices, etc. are clearly formulated. The synthesis of the automated workstation, the choice of its configuration and equipment for real types of economic and managerial work are of a specific nature, dictated by specialization, set goals, and scope of work. However, any configuration of the AWP must meet the general requirements for the organization of information, technical, software. The information support of the AWP is guided by a specific, familiar to the user, subject area. Document processing should imply such a structuring of information that allows for the necessary manipulation of various structures, convenient and quick correction of data in arrays. The technical support of the automated workplace should guarantee high reliability of technical means, the organization of user-friendly operating modes (autonomous, with a distributed database, informational, with upper-level technology, etc.), the ability to process the required amount of data at a given time. Since the AWP is an individual user tool, it must provide high ergonomic properties and ease of use. The software is primarily focused on the professional level of the user, combined with his functional needs, qualifications and specialization.
The modern development of society leads to an increase in the volume and complication of tasks solved in the field of production organization, planning and analysis processes, financial work, relations with suppliers and consumers of products, the operational management of which is impossible without the organization of modern automated information technology.
The term "technology" (from the Greek techne - art, craftsmanship, skill) in the industrial sense is understood as a set of methods of processing, manufacturing, changing the state, properties, form of raw materials, materials or semi-finished products carried out in the production process. In the broadest sense of the interpretation of this concept, the term "technology" implies the production of material goods, which includes the following three components:
The unity of the concepts of "technology" and "information technology" lies, first of all, in the fact that both are based on process, which is understood as a certain set of actions aimed at achieving the set goal. Moreover, any technological process should be determined by the strategy chosen by a person and implemented using a combination of various methods and means.
Information technology methods are the methods of processing and transmitting information.
Information technology tools- these are technical, software, information and other means, with the help of which information technology is implemented at an economic facility.
Comparison of material production technology and information technology is given in table. 1.1.
Material production technology | Information technology |
---|---|
Technology changes the quality or original state of matter to produce a tangible product | Information technology, based on primary data, receives information of a new quality for making optimal management decisions |
Applying different technologies to the same material resource, you can get different products, products | Using different technological processes for processing the same information, information of different quality can be obtained |
The means and methods of processing, manufacturing, changing the state, properties, form of raw materials or materials are used | The means and methods are used by which the operations of collecting, processing, accumulating, storing and transmitting data at an economic object are implemented. |
The goal is to release products that meet the needs of a person or a system | The goal is the production of information for its analysis by a person and making a decision on this basis to perform an action |
The fundamental difference between information technology and material production technology is that in the first case, the technology cannot be continuous, since it combines routine work (analysis, operational accounting) and creative work that is not yet amenable to formalization (management decisions) ... In the second case, the production function is continuous and reflects the strict sequence of all operations for the release of products (technological production process). Technological concepts used in the industrial sphere (norm, standard, etc.) can currently be extended only to the simplest, routine operations with information.
In general, the main features of information technology can be identified (Fig.1.1):
- the purpose of the information technological process is to obtain information;
- the subject of the technological process (subject of processing) is data;
- the means that carry out the technological process are various computing systems (software, hardware, software and hardware);
- data processing processes are divided into operations in accordance with the selected subject area;
- control actions on the processes are carried out by the management staff of the organization;
- the criteria for the optimality of the information technological process are the timeliness of delivery of information to users, its reliability, reliability and completeness.
Rice. 1.1.
Information technology is aimed at the expedient use of information resources and their supply to all elements of the organizational structure. Information resources are the initial "raw material" for the management system of any organization, institution, enterprise, and the final product is the decision made. Decision-making in most cases is carried out in conditions of lack of information, therefore, the degree of use of information resources largely determines the effectiveness of the organization.
Thus, the main goal of automated information technology is to receive information of a new quality through the processing of primary data, on the basis of which optimal management decisions are developed.
The main goal of information technology is achieved through:
- integration of information;
- ensuring the relevance and consistency of data;
- the use of modern technical means for the introduction and functioning of qualitatively new forms of information support for the activities of the management apparatus.
Information technology copes with a significant increase in the volume of processed information, leads to a reduction in the processing time and is the most important component of the process of using information resources in management.
Directly related to the peculiarities of the functioning of an enterprise or organization.
The choice of a strategy for organizing automated information technology is determined by the following factors:
- the area of operation of the enterprise or organization;
- type of enterprise or organization;
- production and economic or other activities;
- the accepted model of management of the organization or enterprise;
- new management tasks;
- existing information infrastructure, etc.
The fundamental factor for the construction of automated information technology with its linking to the adopted management model and the existing information infrastructure is the area of operation of an economic object, in accordance with which enterprises and organizations can be divided into groups presented in table. 1.2.
In turn, manufacturing enterprises that have the specifics of industrial activities can be classified according to six main classification criteria, presented in Fig. 1.2.
Depending on the requirements for solving problems of managing an economic object, a technological process information processing in organizations and enterprises of various types. At the same time, when introducing automated information technologies, the main criteria are the size of the enterprise and the area of operation, depending on which the choice of software and hardware is made for solving specific functional tasks, on the basis of which the appropriate management decisions are made.
In accordance with this provision, the main criterion for the introduction of modern automated information technology is the capacity of production potential, according to which enterprises can be divided into three groups - small, average and big.
On the small businesses automation of information technology, as a rule, is associated with the automation of accounting tasks, the accumulation of information on certain types of business processes, the creation of information databases by the direction of the firm's activities and the organization of the telecommunications environment for communication between users and with other enterprises and organizations.
V medium-sized enterprises the organization of electronic document flow and its linking to specific business processes is of great importance for the management level. Such enterprises are characterized by the expansion of the range of functional tasks to be solved related to the activities of the company, the organization of automated repositories and archives of information that allow the accumulation of documents in various formats, suggest the presence of their structuring, search capabilities, protection of information from unauthorized access, etc.
On the large enterprises automated information technology is built on the basis of a modern software and hardware complex, which includes telecommunication means of communication, multi-machine complexes, a developed "client-server" architecture, the use of high-speed corporate computer networks.
Corporate automated information technology, organized at a large enterprise, has a three-level hierarchical structure, organized in accordance with the structure of territorially dispersed divisions of the enterprise: the central server of the system is installed in the central office, local servers - in divisions and branches, client stations organized in local computer networks of a structural division, branch or branches - from company personnel.
An indispensable condition for increasing the efficiency of production, economic, managerial and other processes occurring in enterprises, institutions and organizations is information technology, which has flexibility, mobility and adaptability to external influences.
Information technology presupposes the ability to competently work with information, software products and computers. The efficiency of information technology functioning is determined by its main properties, which include the following, presented in Fig. 1.3.
Rice. 1.3.
Interaction with the external environment involves the organization of the relationship of information technology with management objects, external enterprises, organizations, including consumers and suppliers of products, financial and credit authorities, etc. The interaction of information technologies of various economic objects is organized through software and hardware automation.
Integrity. Information technology is an integral system capable of solving problems that are not characteristic of any of its components.
Development in time- this is ensuring the dynamism of the development of information technology, the possibility of its modernization and modification, changing the structure, including new components, the ability to solve new problems, etc.
Expediency- consists in increasing the efficiency of production through the introduction of modern computer technology, distributed databases, various computer networks, which allows for effective circulation and processing of information.
The presence of components and structure.
The structure of a specific automated information technology for its implementation presupposes the presence of three main interrelated components:
Complex of technical means (KTS) | consisting of means of computing, communication and organizational technology |
---|---|
Software | consisting of general (system), applied (programs for solving functional tasks of specialists) and instrumental software (algorithmic languages, programming systems, specification languages, programming technology, etc.) |
Organizational and methodological support system | including regulatory, methodological and instructive materials for organizing the work of management and technical personnel of a specific IT |
The use of automated information technologies made it possible to present in a formalized form suitable for practical use, a concentrated expression of scientific knowledge and practical experience for the implementation and organization of social processes. In this case, it is assumed that the cost of labor, time and other material resources necessary for the implementation of these processes will be saved. Therefore, automated Information Technology play an important strategic role that is constantly growing. There are seven main areas in which information technology has a direct impact on the development of the economy and society.
Information technologies make it possible to activate and effectively use the information resources of society, which today are the most important strategic factor in its development.
Experience shows that the activation, dissemination and effective use of information resources (scientific knowledge, discoveries, inventions, technologies, best practices) allow you to obtain significant savings in other types of resources: raw materials, energy, minerals, materials and equipment, human resources, etc. ...
Information technologies make it possible to optimize and in many cases automate information processes, which in recent years have taken an increasing place in the life of human society.
It is well known that the development of civilization is taking place in the direction of the formation of an information society, in which the objects and results of labor of the majority of the employed population are no longer material values, but mainly information and scientific knowledge. At present, in most developed countries, a large part of the employed population is in one way or another connected with the processes of preparation, storage, processing and transmission of information and, therefore, is forced to master and practically use information technologies corresponding to these processes.
Information technologies act as components of the corresponding production or social technologies.
This is explained by the fact that information processes are important elements of other more complex production or social processes. Moreover, they, as a rule, implement the most important, "intellectual" functions of these technologies. Typical examples are computer-aided design systems for industrial products, flexible automated and robotic production, automated control systems for technological processes, etc.
Information technologies today play an extremely important role in ensuring information interaction between people, as well as in the systems of preparation and dissemination of mass information.
In addition to the already traditional means of communication (telephone, telegraph, radio and television), electronic telecommunication systems, e-mail, facsimile transmission of information and other forms of communication are increasingly used in the social sphere. These funds are quickly assimilated by the culture of modern society, since they not only create great convenience, but also remove many industrial, social and everyday problems caused by the processes of globalization and integration of world society, the expansion of domestic and international economic and cultural ties, population migration and all of it. more dynamic movement around the planet.
Information technologies occupy a central place today in the process of intellectualization of society, the development of its educational system and culture.
In almost all developed and many developing countries, computer and television equipment, educational programs on optical discs and multimedia technologies are becoming common attributes not only of higher educational institutions, but also of ordinary schools of the primary and secondary education system. The use of educational information technologies has turned out to be a very effective method for self-education systems, continuing education, as well as for systems of advanced training and retraining of personnel.
Information technologies now play a key role in the processes of obtaining and accumulating new knowledge.
The traditional methods of information support for scientific research through the accumulation, classification and dissemination of scientific and technical information are being replaced by new methods based on the use of the newly discovered opportunities for information support of fundamental and applied science, which are provided by modern information technologies.
Modern methods of obtaining and accumulating knowledge are based on the theory of artificial intelligence, methods of information modeling, cognitive computer graphics, which make it possible to find solutions to poorly formalized problems, as well as problems with incomplete information and fuzzy initial data.
The use of information technologies can provide significant assistance in solving global problems of mankind and, first of all, problems associated with the need to overcome the global crisis of civilization that the world community is experiencing.
It is the methods of information modeling of global processes, especially in combination with the methods of space information monitoring, that can provide today the possibility of predicting many crisis situations in regions of heightened social and political tension, as well as in areas of ecological disaster, in places of natural disasters and major man-made accidents, representing increased danger to society.
2.1 Definition of Information Technology
Technologywhen translated from Greek (techne) means art, craftsmanship, skill, and these are nothing more than processes.
A process should be understood as a certain set of actions aimed at achieving the set goal. The process should be determined by the strategy chosen by the person and implemented using a combination of various means and methods.
The concept of technology means a complex of knowledge about methods, methods of labor, sets of material and technical factors, ways of combining them to create a product or service.
With regard to industrial production, the concept of industrial industrial technology is used.
The application of the concept of technology to information processes led to the emergence of the concept of information technology as a body of knowledge about the methods of automated processing of information using computers to automate management activities.
In modern society, the main technical means of information processing technology is a personal computer, which has significantly influenced both the concept of building and using technological processes and the quality of the resulting information. The introduction of a personal computer into the information sphere and the use of telecommunication means of communication determined a new stage in the development of information technology and, as a result, a change in its name due to the addition of one of the synonyms: “new”, “computer” or “modern”.
Information technology (IT), like any other technology, can be divided into two distinct components:
Hardware. This part of information technology includes the physical structure, configuration of computers, systems and other equipment.
Software. It is a set of rules, guidelines and algorithms required to ensure the operability of technical equipment. This can also include programs, agreements, standards and rules of use aimed at coordinating individual tasks and the process as a whole.
The so-called algorithmic (intellectual) support plays a significant role. It, depending on the intentions, expected results and goals, should justify the feasibility of using and deploying hardware and software, as well as its configuration in each specific case.
Information technology is a set of methods and software and hardware, united in a technological chain, providing collection, processing, storage, distribution and display of information in order to reduce the labor intensity of the processes of using information resources, as well as to increase their reliability and efficiency.
2.2 Evolution of information technology
Information processing has a long history of development, rooted in the invention of the first counting and printing devices. The modern term information technology originated in the late 1970s. and began to denote the processing of information using computers. The development of computer technology took place in several stages, each of which was the result of innovative technological solutions and led to the creation of computers of a new generation. Evolutionary processes have affected both hardware and software. Advances in information technology have undoubtedly been reflected in their application in the economy. And if at the stages of the formation of computer technology, their use was limited to scientific and technical calculations, mainly in the military direction, then as information technologies improved, various areas of the economy, and then the entertainment sector, became areas of use.
Computers of the first generation, created on the basis of vacuum tubes, had low performance and, as a result, limited use. The invention of transistors and their mass production led to the emergence of second generation computers. The high performance of such computers, as well as serious advances in the development of software, made it possible to use them in economic activity for processing and storing economic information.
Since the mid-1960s. for the production of computers, electronic circuits of medium and high degree of integration began to be used, which marked the beginning of the third stage in the development of computer technology. New technical solutions based on microprocessors served as the basis for the creation of the first personal computers, which were characterized by small size and low cost. During this period, the production of computers acquires an industrial scale, and the development of operating systems and software contributes to an increase in the number of users of computer technology and the expansion of its areas of application. High functionality and affordable price ensured the introduction of computer technology in almost every division of enterprises to solve such local problems as accounting and data processing.
The modern generation of computers originated in the mid-70s. XX century and still exists. Large and very large integrated circuits (LSI and VLSI) and microprocessors became the basis of these computers.
In parallel with hardware, software (software) was formed, both systemic and applied, which also passed through several generations in its evolution. The first generation software was a basic programming language that only the computer scientists knew. The procedural-oriented languages FORTRAN, COBOL, ALGOL of the second generation of programming languages allowed scientists and specialists from various fields of science and technology to join the development of applied programs. The third stage in the development of software is characterized by the use of advanced operating systems (OS), database management systems (DB) and structured programming languages such as Pascal. The fourth generation is marked by the development and application of object-oriented languages, software for distributed computer systems, an improved graphical interface and an integrated programming environment, as well as advanced software tools for working with databases. The fifth generation is focused on knowledge processing, support for network architectures and technologies.
The widespread use of computer technology, the need for data exchange between remote computers became an impetus for the creation and development of computer networks. At the initial stage, a variety of non-standard devices were used, capable of connecting only those computers for which they were designed, and in the mid-1980s. established standard technologies for connecting computers into a network - Ethernet, Arcnet, Token Ring, which greatly simplified the process of creating network structures.
Models for organizing computations and information processing were also improved. Since the 1950s. the model of centralized computing was used, when dumb terminals were connected to a powerful computer, and users worked in a split-time mode. Subsequently, the centralized model could include personal computers as intelligent terminals. In the 1980s. The distributed computing model has become widespread, one of the most popular versions of which is called the "client-server" architecture.
All advances in IT have been used in business process management in enterprises and organizations. At the same time, integrated with organizational solutions and aimed at meeting the needs of business, they formed a class of economic information systems for managing economic objects (enterprises, banks, trade organizations, government agencies, etc.).
Economic information systems have also undergone significant changes in their development. If in the 50s. computer technology was used mainly for processing large amounts of information, then 60-ies. marked the beginning of complex automation of enterprise management and the integration of information support based on databases. The full-scale use of automated control systems dates back to the 70s, when on the basis of third-generation electronic computers it became possible to create computing systems with a distributed terminal network. 80s marked by the widespread use of personal computers by management workers, the creation of a large set of automated workstations. However, it should be noted that this kind of local ("island") automation did not contribute to an increase in the efficiency of management at enterprises and organizations. Only in the 90s. the development of telecommunication technologies led to the creation of flexible local and global networks and, as a result, to the development and implementation of integrated systems that provided a real opportunity for collective work of both direct performers of business operations and managers who make managerial decisions.
2.3 Structure of information technology
Structure of information technology includes the following procedures: collection and registration of data; preparation of information arrays; processing, accumulation and storage of data; formation of result information; transfer of data from sourcesoccurrence to the place of processing, and the results (calculations) - to consumers of information for acceptance management decisions.
As a rule, economic information undergoes all transformation procedures, but in some cases some procedures may be missing. The sequence of their implementation is also different, while some procedures may be repeated.... The composition of the transformation procedures and the peculiarities of their implementation largely depend on the economic entity that carries out automated information processing. Let us consider the features of performing the basic procedures for converting information.
Collection and registration of information occur in different ways in different economic entities. This procedure is most difficult in automated management processes industrial enterprises, firms where the collection and registration of primary accounting information, reflecting the production and economic activities of the object, is carried out. This procedure is no less complicated in financial authorities, where the flow of cash resources is registered.
At the same time, particular importance is attached to the reliability, completeness and timeliness of the primary information. At the enterprise, the collection and registration of information occurs when performing various business operations (receiving finished products, receiving and dispensing materials, etc.), in banks - when performing financial and credit transactions with legal entities and individuals. Credentials can arise at workplaces as a result of counting the number of processed parts, assembling units, products, detecting defects, etc. In the process of collecting factual information, measurements, counting, weighing material objects, counting banknotes, obtaining time and quantitative characteristics of the work of individual performers are carried out. The collection of information is usually accompanied by its registration, i.e. fixing information on a material carrier (document, machine carrier), entering it into a PC. Recording in primary documents is mainly carried out manually, therefore, the collection and registration procedures remain the most laborious so far, and the process of automating the workflow is still relevant. In the context of enterprise management automation, special attention is paid to the use of technical means for collecting and recording information, combining operations of quantitative measurement, registration, accumulation and transmission of information via communication channels, input directly into a computer to generate the necessary documents or accumulate the received data in the system.
Transfer of information carried out in various ways: by courier, mailing, delivery by vehicles, remote transmission via communication channels using other means of communication. Remote transmission through communication channels reduces the time of data transmission, however, for its implementation, special technical means are required, which increases the cost of the transmission process. It is preferable to use technical means of collection and registration, which, collecting automatically information from sensors installed at workplaces, transmit it to a computer for subsequent processing, which increases its reliability and reduces labor intensity.
Remotely can be transmitted as primary information from its places emergence , and the resultant in the opposite direction. In this case, the resulting information is recorded by various devices: displays, scoreboards, printing devices. The receipt of information through communication channels to the processing center is mainly carried out in two ways: on a machine carrier or directly by entering it into a computer using special software and hardware.
Remote transmission of information using modern communication means is constantly developing and improving. This method of transferring information is of particular importance in multi-level interbranch systems, where the use of remote transmission significantly speeds up the passage of information from one control level to another and reduces the overall processing time.
Machine Coding - procedure for machine representation (recording) of information on machine media in codes accepted in a PC. Such coding of information produced by transferring the data of primary documents to magnetic disks,information from which is then entered into a PC for processing.
Recording information on computer media is carried out on a PC as an independent procedure or as a result of processing.
The storage and accumulation of economic information is caused by its repeated use, the use of conditionally constant, reference and other types of information, the need to complete primary data before processing them. Storage and accumulationinformation is carried out in information bases, on computer media in the form of information arrays, where the data are located according to the order established in the design process.
Directly related to storage and accumulation data search, those. selection of the required data from the stored information, including the search for information to be corrected or replaced. The information search procedure is performed automatically on the basis of a request for the required information compiled by the user or personal computer.
Processing of economic information is produced on a PC, as a rule, decentralized, in the places of origin of primary information, where automated workstations of specialists of one or another management service (department materially -technical supply and sales, chief technologist department, design department, accounting department, planning department, etc.). The processing, however, can be carried out not only autonomously, but also in computer networks, using a set of PC software and information arrays for solving functional problems.
V In the course of solving problems on a computer, in accordance with a computer program, summary reports are formed, which are printed by a machine on paper or displayed on a screen.
Printing summaries can be accompanied by a replication procedure if the document with the resulting information needs to be provided to several users.
Decision-making in an automated system of organizational management, as a rule, is carried out by a specialist with or without the use of technical means, but in the latter case on the basis of a thorough analysis of the resulting information obtainedon a PC. The task of making decisions is complicated by the fact that a specialist has to look for the most acceptable from the set of feasible solutions, minimizing the loss of resources (time, labor, material, etc.). Thanks to the use of personal computers and terminal devices, the analyticity of the information being processed increases, as well as a gradual transition to the automation of the development of optimal solutions in the process of the user's dialogue with the computer system. This is facilitated by the use of new technologies of expert decision support systems.
2.4. Technological support of information technologies
Pithy the aspect of consideration of the AIT elements allows us to identify the subsystems that provide the technology of functioning.
TechnologicalAIT software consists of subsystems that automate information services for users, solving problems using computers and other technical means of control in established operating modes.
Mandatory elements of information technology provision are information, linguistic, technical, software, mathematical, legal, organizational and ergonomic.
Information support (IO) is a set of design solutions in terms of volumes, placement, forms of organization of information circulating in AIT. It includes a set of indicators, reference data, classifiers and codifiers of information, unified documentation systems specially organized for automatic maintenance, arrays of information on appropriate media, as well as personnel ensuring the reliability of storage, timeliness and quality of information processing technology.
Linguistic support (LO) combines a set of linguistic means for the formalization of a natural language, the construction and combination of information units in the course of communication between the AIT personnel and computer facilities. With the help of linguistic support, human-machine communication is carried out. LO includes information languages for describing the structural units of the AIT information base (documents, indicators, details, etc.); control and manipulation languages data information base AIT; language tools of information retrieval systems; language means of design automation AIT; special-purpose conversational languages and other languages; a system of terms and definitions used in the development and operation of automated control systems.
Technical support (TO) is a set of technical means (technical means of collecting, registering, transferring, processing, displaying,reproduction of information, office equipment, etc.), ensuring the work of AIT. The central place among all technical means is a personal computer. Along with technical means, structural elements of technical support are also methodological and guidance materials, technical documentation and personnel serving these technical means.
Software (SW) includes a set of programs that implement the functions and tasks of AIT and ensure the stable operation of complexes of technical means. The programsupport includes system-wide and special programs, as well as instructional and methodological materials on the use of software tools and personnel involved in its development and maintenance for the entire life cycle of AIT.
System-wide software includes programs designed for a wide range of users and designed to organize the computing process and solutions to frequently encountered information processing problems. They allow you to expand the functionality of the computer, automate the scheduling of the sequence of computing work, monitor and control the process. processing data, as well as automate the work of programmers. Special software is a set of programs developed when creating an AIT for a specific functional purpose. It includes software packages that organize data and process them when solving functional problems.
Mathematical support (MO) is a set of mathematical methods, models and algorithms for information processing used in solving functional problems and in the process of automating the design work of AIT. Mathematical security includes tools for modeling management processes, methods and tools for solving typical management problems, methods for optimizing the management processes under study and decision-making (methods of multicriteria optimization, mathematical programming, mathematical statistics, queuing theory, etc.). Technical documentation for this type of AIT software contains a description of tasks, tasks for algorithms, economic and mathematical models of tasks, text and test examples of their solution. The staff consists of specialists in the organization of object management, directors of management tasks, specialists in computational methods, designers of AIT.
Organizational support (OO) is a set of documents regulating the activities of AIT personnel in the conditions of AIS functioning. In the process of solving management problems, this type of support determines the interaction of employeesmanagement services and personnel of AIT with technical means and among themselves. Organizational support is implemented in various methodological and guidance materials on the stages of development, implementation and operation of AIS and AIT, in particular, during a pre-design survey, the formation of technical specifications for design and a feasibility study, the development of design solutions in the design process, the choice of automated tasks, typical design solutions and application programs (PPP), the introduction of the system into operation.
Legal support (OL) is a set of legal norms governing legal relationswhen creating and implementing AIS and AIT. Legal support at the stage of development of AIS and AIT includes regulations related to the contractual relationship between the developer and the customer in the process of creating AIS and AIT, with the legal regulation of various deviations in the course of this process, as well as due to the need to ensure the development process of AIS and AIT with various types of resources. Legal support at the stage of functioning of AIS and AIT includes the determination of their status in specific branches of government, the legal provision on the competence of the AIS and AIT links and the organization of their activities, the rights, duties and responsibilities of personnel, the procedure for creating and using information in AIS, the procedure for registering it, collection, storage, transfer and processing, the procedure for the acquisition and use of electronic computers and other technical means, the procedure for the creation and use of mathematical and software.
Ergonomic support (EO) as a set of methods and tools used at different stages of development and functioning of AIT is intended to create optimal conditions for highly efficient and error-free human activity in AIT, for its fastest development. The AIT ergonomic support includes: a set of various documentation containing ergonomic requirements for workplaces, information models, conditions of personnel activity, as well as a set of the most expedient ways to implement these requirements and carry out an ergonomic examination of the level of their implementation; a set of methods, educational and methodological documentation and technical means that provide justification for the formulation of requirements for the level of personnel training, as well as the formation of a system for the selection and training of AIT personnel; a set of methods and techniques that ensure high efficiency of human activity in AIT.
AIS and AIT implement the solution of functional management tasks, the totality of which makes up the so-called functional part of the economic object as a system. The composition, order and principles of interaction of functional subsystems, tasks and their complexes are established proceeding from and taking into account the achievement of the goal of functioning facing the economic object. The main principles of decomposition - the allocation of independent functional subsystems of complexes of tasks - are: the relative independence of each of them, i.e. the presence of a specific control object; the presence of an appropriate set of functions and functional tasks with a clearly expressed local purpose of functioning; minimization of the composition of the elements included in the subsystem; the presence of one or more local criteria that contribute to the optimization of the operating mode of the subsystem and are consistent with the global criterion for optimizing the functioning of the AIS and the system as a whole.
2.5 Classification of information technology
Information technologies can now be classified according to a number of characteristics, in particular by:
- the way of implementation in the AIS;
- the extent to which management tasks are covered;
- class of realized technological operations;
- type of user interface;
- the method of building a computer network;
- served subject areas.
According to the method of implementation of AIT in AIS, traditionally established and new information technologies are distinguished. If traditional AIT existed in conditions of centralized data processing, before the mass use of PCs, and were focused mainly on reducing labor intensity in the formation of regular reporting, then new information technologies are associated with information support of the management process in real time.
New information technology - a technology that is based on the use of computers, active participation of users (non-professionals in the field of programming) in the information process; high level of friendly user interface; widespread use of application packages for general and problematic purposes, the ability for the user to access remote databases and programs thanks to computer networks.
According to the degree of AIT's coverage of management tasks, electronic data processing is distinguished, when data processing is carried out using a computer, without revising the methodology and organization of management processes, individual economic problems are solved that provide partial automation of management activities. In the second case, computing facilities, including supercomputers and personal computers, are used for the complex solution of functional tasks, the formation of regular reporting and work in the information and reference mode for the preparation of management decisions. This may include AIT decision support. They provide for the widespread use of economic and mathematical methods, models and PPP for analytical work and the formation of forecasts, drawing up business plans, reasonable estimates and conclusions on the studied processes of industrial and economic practice. This group also includes the currently widely implemented AIT, which are called electronic office and expert decision support. These two AIT options are focused on using the latest advances in the integration of the latest approaches to automating the work of specialists and managers, creating the most favorable conditions for them to perform professional functions, high-quality and timely information services using a full automated set of management procedures implemented in a specific workplace. and the office as a whole.
The electronic office provides for the availability of integrated software packages, including specialized programs and information technologies, providing a comprehensive implementation of the tasks of the subject area.
Nowadays, electronic offices are becoming more and more widespread, the equipment and employees of which can be located in more than one room. The need to work with documents, materials, databases of a particular organization or institution at home, in a hotel and in vehicles led to the emergence of AIT virtual offices. Such AIT is based on the operation of a local network connected to a territorial or global network. Thanks to this, the subscriber systems of the employees of the institution, regardless of where they are located, are included in a common network for them.
Automated information technologies for expert support form the basis for the automation of the work of analysts. These employees, in addition to analytical methods and models for the study of market situations in the sale of products, services, the financial situation of an enterprise, firm, financial institution, are forced to use the experience of assessing situations accumulated and stored in the system, i.e. information that makes up the knowledge base in a specific subject area. Information processed according to certain rules allows you to prepare informed decisions for behavior in the financial and commodity markets, develop a strategy in the areas of management and marketing.
According to the class of technological operations implemented, AIT is considered essentially in a programmatic aspect and includes: text processing, spreadsheets, automated data banks, processing of graphic and sound information, multimedia systems, expert systems and artificial intelligence, online information search in external databases, hypertext systems , automation of programming technology, etc.
By the type of user interface, AIT can be considered from the point of view of the user's ability to access information and computing resources. So, batch AIT eliminates the user's ability to influence the processing of information while it is being reproduced in automatic mode. This is due to the organization of processing, which is based on the execution of a programmed sequence of operations on the data previously accumulated in the system and combined into a package. In contrast to the batch, interactive AIT provides an unlimited opportunity for the user to interact with the information resources stored in the system in real time, while receiving all the necessary information for solving functional problems and making decisions. The network AIT interface provides the user with a means of tele-access to geographically distributed information and computing resources thanks to the advanced communication facilities, which makes such AIT widely used and multifunctional.
Currently, there is a tendency to combine various types of information technologies into a single computer-technological complex, which is called integrated. A special place in it belongs to means of communication, which provide not only extremely broad technological capabilities for automating management activities, but also being the basis for creating various network versions of AIT (local, multi-level distributed, global computer networks, e-mail, digital integrated service networks). All of them are focused on the technological interaction of a set of objects formed by devices for transmitting, processing, accumulating, storing and protecting data, and are integrated computer systems for processing data of great complexity with practically unlimited operational capabilities for the implementation of management processes in the economy.
Integrated computer data processing systems are designed as a complex information technology and software complex. It supports a unified way of presenting data and user interaction with system components, provides information and computing needs of specialists that arise in the course of their professional work. Particular importance in such systems is attached to the protection of information during its transmission and processing.
The most widespread in the protection of economic information are hardware and software methods, in particular, the use of a communication system, selected for its protective properties and quality of service, which guarantees the safety of information in the process of transmission and delivery to its addressee; encryption and decryption of data by subscribers of public networks (telephone, telegraph) upon agreement of users on common technical means, encryption algorithms, etc.
Communication and information technology is a relatively new industry in the Russian economy. This industry can be called new based on the fact that modern communication services are fundamentally different from the services provided 25-30 years ago. An interesting fact is that the total volume of communication services in monetary terms is increasing every year, mainly due to the provision of new services, such as, for example, mobile communication services. But at the same time, the volume of seemingly outdated postal services remains at the same level and even grows slightly, occupying about 8% of the communications market.
At the end of 2014, the total volume of communication services amounted to RUB 1,654 billion. Compared to 2013, this amount increased by 0.5%. The largest share in the turnover is occupied by mobile communication services - 38.7%. This term refers to services for the provision of radiotelephone mobile communications and mobile satellite radio communications for various subscribers. The most striking example is the provision of cellular services by various operators.
Of the total volume of communication services provided, 55% were provided to the population. In monetary terms, this amounts to 909.1 billion rubles. Tellingly, the share of communication services provided to the population has remained practically unchanged over the past 6 years. Since 2009, this indicator has been kept within the range of 54-56%. This tendency speaks about the uniform development of the market of communication services and information technologies.
The very structure of communication services for the population has a slightly different form than the general one. This is primarily due to the fact that special communication services are practically not provided to the population, and services for connecting networks and traffic transmission are completely absent. The first type of communication is the delivery of various valuable goods, weapons, cash, etc. And the second type of service is provided to telephone operators and Internet providers.
As for other types of services, the population was provided from the total:
- Mobile services - 86% (553.2 billion rubles);
- Documentary services - 60.5% (192.6 billion rubles);
- Local telephone communication services - 59.9% (RUB 83 billion);
- Radio and TV broadcasting services - 43.4% (36.2 billion rubles);
- Postal services - 19.4% (26.1 billion rubles);
- Long-distance and international telephone communication services - 24.7% (17.9 billion rubles)
More than 750 thousand people work in the communications and information technology industry. At the end of 2014, the average salary in the industry amounted to 31,900 rubles. This is 700 rubles less than the average salary in all sectors of the economy in the Russian Federation over the past year.
At the end of 2013, 96.13 billion rubles were allocated from the budgets of the Russian Federation at all levels for the development of communications and information technologies. Of these: from the federal budget - 41.89 billion rubles. (43.6%) and from the consolidated budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation - 54.24 billion rubles. (56.4%).
The year 2014 was marked by the closure of the large-scale state program “Creation of technoparks in the field of high technologies in the Russian Federation”. The program was launched in March 2006 with the aim of accelerating the development of high-tech sectors of the economy. The result of this program was the construction of 12 technoparks on the territory of the Russian Federation, which will house more than 800 companies working in the field of high technologies. The total volume of investments exceeded 30.4 billion rubles. Of these, 13.4 billion were allocated from the federal budget and 17 billion from the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The total turnover of resident companies at the end of 2014 amounted to 40.5 billion rubles, and for the entire period of the program's implementation, the total revenue exceeded 130 billion rubles. As a result of the implementation of the program, more than 18.5 thousand jobs were created.
Postal communication
The operator of the Russian postal network is the state-owned Russian Post company. This organization employs a little less than half of all employees in the field of communications and information technology. According to the data for 2014, the staff of the Russian Post amounted to 342 thousand people. The company's average annual turnover is 120 billion rubles.
Despite the fact that the postal service is gradually being replaced by more modern information technologies and communications, the dependence of the Russian population on postal services is very high. This is especially true for residents of rural areas and remote areas of the country. At the end of 2014, the following was sent and delivered by mail:
- Printed editions - 1,050 million pieces.
- Written correspondence - 1,650 million pieces.
- Parcels - 73 million.
- Money postal orders - 69 mln. things
- Pensions and benefits - 409 million.
As can be seen in the diagram, since 2010 there has been a decrease in the number of postal services provided in these segments. This is primarily due to the vigorous activity of banking institutions in these market segments. But the decrease in services for the delivery of printed publications and correspondence is directly related to the increase in the influence of the Internet.
At the end of 2014, the total cost of postal services amounted to 134.3 billion rubles. At the same time, services were rendered to the population for a total of 26.1 billion rubles. In the total turnover of postal services, the largest share is occupied by operations with receipt, forwarding and delivery of funds - more than 34%.