Unity of design and decor in folk housing. Presentation on the topic "Isaac Newton"
- Home is space. Unity of designs and decor in folk housing.
- To introduce students to the concept of a hut as a traditional Russian dwelling, the unity of its design and decor.
- To cultivate love for the Motherland, its traditions and folk culture.
- Foster respect for the preservation and restoration of folk crafts;
- Develop creative and cognitive activity;
- To develop practical skills in working with specific materials, the ability to convey the unity of the form and decor of the hut (using an accessible given image).
- Develop the ability to work in a team.
- Watching the film “Kizhi”;
- Acquaintance with the main elements of Russian housing, their symbolic meaning;
- Setting an artistic task;
- Practical completion of the task;
- Summing up and receiving assignments to prepare for team work.
- Guys! Since ancient times, the voice of the bell has accompanied the entire life path person. He convened the Novgorodians and Pskovites for a meeting, warned about the appearance of enemies and called for battle. If there is a fire, a special bell ringing will call for help. If you get lost in the forest in bad weather, the ringing of a bell will lead you to your home.
- By this day, the last sheaves were taken from the fields and piled on the barn, where threshing was going on, vegetables were harvested from the gardens, and the plowing of the plowed land was completed.
- The villages were filled with the usual crowds of people at this time, and rural artisans returned home from their waste trades. Prosperity entered every home. With the Intercession came the time for merry games and festivities. The veil was an indispensable part of rural weddings.
- Families in Rus' were large, patriarchal; fathers, grandfathers, and grandchildren gathered under one roof. It’s easier to keep a house together, work in the fields, and go fishing. And if the need for division came (the hut became cramped for everyone), the youngest son and his young wife were separated, the eldest continued the family and took over the family after his father. The younger one created the foundations of his family.
- New life - new home. And the construction does not tolerate haste, everything has its own turn and its own order, which was established by the grandfathers and great-grandfathers; if you break the foundation, you will not be able to live in the new house.
- The ancient Slavs invested the deepest meaning in the construction of a house, because in this case a person is likened to the gods who created the Eternal Universe. Man built his world, creating from scattered parts from scratch something new, which did not exist in nature and which should serve and protect the entire race.
- Since ancient times, man has built his own home. Having walked the path from the cave to the palace, people tried to create a safe space. “HOUSE” why did this space come to be called that way?
- In fact, these three letters are very symbolic:
- D - looks like a structure, structure;
- O – among almost all nations, it is a symbol of amulet;
- M - reminds us of a fence, a fence separating us from the outside world.
- How did the pagan Slavs imagine their world? They divided it into three parts: the upper world - RULE, the world of goodness and gods, where supplies of living water are stored, an inexhaustible source of rain - “heavenly abyss”. In the abyss of heaven there is the island of Iriy, where the ancestors of all birds and animals live, they fly there migratory birds, they are also the messengers of the Right world. Rule is the world of the gods, where the gods rode across the sky in chariots drawn by winged horses. The symbol of this world is a bird, which also symbolizes the feminine principle.
- The middle world is REALITY, the living world, the world of people and domestic animals. Reality is the world where you and I live. We came into this world to do good. The World of Reveal is the union of heaven and earth, the birth of the human race. The symbol of the middle world is the horse - it is strength, valor, goodness and courage. It symbolizes the masculine principle.
- The lower world is NAV, the world of the dead, the night side, the world of evil, darkness and the dead. The dead were treated in two ways in Rus'. They respected their dead relatives, called them “grandfathers”, “ancestors”, they patronized and helped the whole family.
- There were also foreign dead - “Navy souls” - these are foreign souls of enemies and ill-wishers, the souls of people who were punished by the forces of nature for something (the souls of drowned people, eaten by wolves, fallen from trees, killed by lightning, suicides). These navy souls fly into the Living World of man on the “evil winds”, bringing death and disease. They can attack a person anywhere and everywhere. The symbol of this world is the snake.
- But a person has reliable protection - his world, his home. “My home is my fortress,” they said in Rus'. And to ensure this fortress of inaccessibility during the construction of a house great importance given importance to the start time of work, the choice of construction site, and the preparation of building materials; Each stage of construction was subject to a special ritual, the roots of which are in the legends of our distant ancestors.
- After the Pokrovsky holidays, they chose a place for the estate, trying not to end up on an abandoned old road (after all, along it, you'll see, wealth and life will leave the house), in the place where the bathhouse used to stand, where there was once a fire, where there was a breakdown or - worst of all - blood was spilled. It is clear that this can only happen in a “bad” place, where it is best for a person not to be, but to live - and even more so!
- After choosing a plot, the young owner “cleansed” it and consecrated it with special symbols: he plowed the plot in a circle (a circle is a closed line, infinity, a symbol of the sun), marked the square of the estate inside the circle, and divided it into four parts with a cross-shaped figure. Then the head of the house went “in all four directions” and brought a hardened boulder stone from each side; these stones were placed under the corners of the house. Rolled by ice and blown by winds for thousands of years, these stones will be a strong foundation for a new home.
- In order for the family to be happy, it must be built according to all the rules and signs: the forest chosen for construction is special, clean (oak, birch, ash were considered), strong, construction begins on the day of the vernal equinox (March 21), and ends on the day summer solstice, or, later, to the Trinity (“Without the Trinity, a house is not built”). As a rule, a hut was cut down right in the forest, the logs were numbered, transported, and assembled and laid on the spot. The grooves between the logs were lined with marsh moss, which not only serves as a heat insulator, but also has the property of killing microbes, making the wood last longer.
- Stupid
- Prichelina
- Roof
- Lay down
- Chicken
- Waterman
- Red window
- Males
- Zavalinka
- Volokovy window
- Joining logs
- "to the oblo"
- Joining logs
- "in the paw"
- There are two loopholes into the human world: a window and a door, they require additional protection. There is a platband on both the window and the door. There is always a threshold in front of the door. The threshold is the boundary between worlds, the world of the living and the world of the dead. The housewife, entering the house, wipes her feet on the threshold, shakes off the ashes of the world; When entering someone else's house, guests step over the threshold, showing that they came to this house with goodness.
- Much more attention was paid to the windows through which the ubiquitous Navyas could penetrate. The hut had windows facing south or east, but in no case facing west or north.
- Slots in the windows, drafts, winter cold, everything that could cause illness - all this was transformed in the minds of ancient people into images of invisible, intangible navy. In this regard, such an important element of enchantment decor arose as the frame, the framing of windows, usually saturated with pagan symbolism, because a window opening is not only a “window to the world” and into the “white light” for the inhabitants of the hut, but also a peephole for strangers. living people and third-party evil forces that can peek into life inside the home, penetrate inside, or at least jinx those who can be seen through the window.
- The roof of the hut could mean the whole house, “father’s roof”, “living under one roof - walking under one sky.” It was completed "stupid" or "horse".
- Carved board covering the exit to the façade - prichelina.
- The pier on the left edge of the roof contained symbols of the rising morning sun; on the right edge is the evening setting sun. A carved board attached at the intersection of two piers - towel- midday sun at its zenith.
- The Russian land is rich in forests. It is not surprising that since ancient times, houses have been built of wood, and, in order to make them elegant, they were decorated with carved patterns.
- Wooden lace seems to be hanging over the windows, and the pillars on the porch are decorated with patterns. The inside of the house was also decorated.
- "Kolobok"
- "Ryaba Chicken"
- "Teremok"
- "Turnip"
- Draw a fairy-tale house, illustrating one of the fairy tales “Kolobok”, “Snow Maiden”, “Geese and Swans”, etc.
Slide 1
Unity of designs and decor in folk housing, grade 5 Prepared by Teacher visual arts Kuznetsova E.S.Slide 2
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Slide 3
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Slide 4
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Slide 5
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Slide 6
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Lesson summary for 5th grade
Russian hut, its design and decor, their unity
(1 of 2 topic lessons)
Shelkova Natalya Sergeevna
The purpose of the lesson:- tell students in detail about a traditional Russian house: its design, layout, purpose of individual parts, decorations and methods of construction;
Arouse interest in Russian history and traditional Russian life;
- show the value of the Russian tradition of building a house for modern times.
Material support: laptop and TV for demonstrating the presentation, illustrations for Russian fairy tales (V. Konashevich, I. Bilibin), reproductions of paintings by Russian artists (V. Vasnetsov, N. Roerich). Paper, pencils, paints (gouache, watercolor).
Lesson Plan:
1. Organizational part: checking readiness for the lesson.
2. Studying new material: teacher’s story, showing illustrations for fairy tales, conversation with students. Show a presentation with a detailed explanation of the slides.
3. Reinforcing new material: questions for students. Repetition of new concepts and terms simultaneously with their display on the screen
4.Drawing of a Russian hut (pencil). Sketch of the composition (small). , depicting several houses in a landscape.
During the classes
Learning new material. The topic of our lesson is the traditional Russian hut - still the usual dwelling of a villager. This is the name of a warm house made of logs (log house) necessarily with a stove, i.e. designed for our rather harsh climate. The main building material in Rus' was wood - there was always enough of it, it is easy to process and retains heat perfectly. Houses were built from resinous conifers (pine, spruce) - they rot less and have straight trunks. But the wood chips and ploughshares for the roof were made from aspen, which, when exposed to moisture, becomes compacted and becomes silvery.
The quality of the material in construction also determines the design of the structure - the basis of its reliability and longevity. The hut was made of four horizontal logs (crowns) connected at the corners. The rectangular frame was called a quadrangle, and the covered quadrangle was called a cage. The simplest dwelling is a hut made of one log house with a vestibule. To keep animals and valuable supplies, a large log house was built on the side or back of the house. For the children, a smaller log house was cut down, a second floor was added - and the house grew in width and height and was called a mansion. A residential hut was often built on a basement - a low utility floor with small half-log windows for lighting. There was a light room under the roof - a room with windows on 3 sides and therefore bright. There the girls embroidered, weaved and wove dowry belts. A high porch was attached to the house, which led to the vestibule, connecting the utility and living spaces. Along the façade in front of the windows was a balcony with carved balusters.
The peculiarity of the design of the ancient Russian hut was that it was built without a single nail. The roof was also built without nails. The side walls above the quadrangle were built in the form of a triangle and the floors were laid on them, and the roof planks were laid on them. The bottom edge of the plank rested against the weirs that held the chickens, and on top it was pressed by the booby.
Thus, the hut was a collapsible structure, all parts of which were replaced as needed - rotten lower logs, roof planks, and spillways were replaced. New cages of the required size were also added to the house. The simplicity and ease of construction and operation explains why the traditional house has survived to this day and is now very popular.
But besides convenience, the Russian hut is beautiful. Not only because of the proportions, variety of shapes and beauty of the material, but also because of its decoration. Let's look at the main ones - trims, towels, and curtains. Let us remember that all decorations in folk clothes, dishes, fabrics were at first magical, had symbolic meaning. Circles on the roof and façade represented the sun, diamonds and squares represented earth and fields with seeds, wavy lines represented water and clouds with rain, and birds, horses and deer also represented the same. All this was an image of the deified forces of nature, which were supposed to protect the house and fit it into the universe. At the same time, it is striking how beautifully these signs fit into the overall rhythm of the lines, the proportions of the individual parts of the house, without disturbing, but emphasizing their harmony. If you look closely, the decorative details are inextricably linked with the structure of the house - they emphasize the main verticals (supports) and horizontals (roof line) of the house. The variety of textures of the images of the platbands add to the monotony of the texture of the log wall. They cover the gaps between different parts, protecting the house from wind and rain. In other words, decorations are an integral part of the house, connected with both its layout and design, creating one harmonious whole with it. This is the quality of real architecture, which does not tolerate empty decoration at the expense of constructiveness and convenience.
Let's repeat some necessary new concepts and terms.
Hut - tes design
Log house decor
Crown - light
Hen cage
Chetverik - towels
Podklet - platbands
4. Children make a drawing of a Russian hut.
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