The path of spiritual quest by Gregory Melekhov table. Essay on the topic: The path of quest of Grigory Melikhov in the novel Quiet Don, Sholokhov
1892 - 1914
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1892 - end of autumn
Grigory Panteleevich was born on the Tatarsky farm of the Vyoshenskaya village of the Don Army Region into a Cossack family. At the time of his birth, he was the second son and child in the family of a retired senior officer of the Life Guards Ataman Regiment. Older brother Peter was born in 1886
1899 - approximate date
Birth of Evdokia, younger sister of Gregory and Peter
1911 - end of February
Maslenitsa
Grigory takes part in a wall-to-wall fight between married farmsteads and single men on the latter’s side. Neighbor Astakhov felt sorry for Grigory when he ran away and did not beat him to death
1912 - May
Gregory begins trying to get closer to the wife of Astakhov, who is called up for military training
1912 - June
Grigory and Aksinya Astakhova become lovers
1912 - July
Stepan Astakhov returns home. Fight between the Melekhov brothers and Stepan over Aksinya
1912 - August 1 (old style)
Grigory is brought together with his betrothed Natalya Korshunova, their wedding day is set
1912 - early August
Gregory breaks off relations with Aksinya
1912 - September 28 (old style)
Grigory explains to Natalya and tells her that he does not love her and will not live with her as a family
1912 - early October
Grigory accidentally meets Aksinya and they realize that they cannot live without each other
1912 - mid-December
Grigory takes the military oath in the village of Vyoshenskaya. The next day, after a stormy explanation with his father, Grigory leaves his wife and leaves his parents' house. Soon he is hired as an assistant groom to the landowner Listnitsky on the Yagodnoye estate. Natalya goes to live with her parents
1912 - end of December
Grigory, through his friend’s sister, tells Aksinya where he is and offers to leave her husband for him. Aksinya runs away from home
1913 - April 12 (old style)
Palm Sunday
Grigory fell through the ice while crossing the Don; due to a cold, abscesses appeared on his back
1913 - April 19 (old style)
Bright Sunday of Christ
Grigory refuses Natalya’s request to return to her, transmitted through a note. Natalya tries to commit suicide, receives severe wounds and injury, but remains alive
1913 - May
Grigory, at the request of the son of the landowner Listnitsky, receives exemption from military training before being called up for service.
1913 - July
Grigory and Aksinya have a daughter, Tanya.
1913 - end of November
Natalya is recovering from her wounds
1913 - November 26 (old style)
Gregory is called to military service. Due to the abscesses on his back and the “wildness” of his facial features, Gregory is assigned to the 12th Don Cossack Regiment, and not to the Life Guards Ataman Regiment. The commission rejected Gregory's horse and he had to take his brother's horse into service.
1914 - early January
Gregory arrived in the regiment stationed in the town of Radzivilov, Volyn province on the border with the Austro-Hungarian Empire. From the first days of his service he makes it clear to the sergeant that he will not allow himself to be beaten
1914 - February
The child of Peter and Daria Melekhov dies from illness
1914 - March
Natalya Korshunova went to live with Grigory’s parents
1914 - end of June
Grigory's regiment was redeployed for maneuvers in the Rivne region
1914 - July 21 (old style)
After being transferred by rail, Gregory's regiment marches and at noon crosses the border of Austria-Hungary. In the area of the town of Leszniow, the regiment enters into battle, in which Gregory kills two soldiers of the Austrian army
1914 - end of July, August, beginning of September
Gregory, as part of his regiment, takes part in battles and skirmishes with the Austrian army. At the end of August, the regiment was withdrawn from the battle line for three days for rest and replenishment.
1914 - August 29 (old style)
In the battle near Shevel, the son of the landowner Listnitsky was seriously wounded
1914 - early September
In Yagodnoye, Grigory’s daughter dies of scarlet fever
1914 - September 15 (old style)
In a battle with the Hungarian cavalry near the town of Kamenka-Strumilov, Grigory is wounded in the head and concussed. He loses consciousness and remains surrounded on the battlefield. Some consider him dead and send a notice to his relatives. Waking up at night, Grigory finds the seriously wounded commander of the 9th Dragoon Regiment, and carries him to the location of the Russian units.
1914 - September 18 (old style)
Grigory voluntarily leaves the dressing station for his unit. For saving the life of a wounded officer, he is awarded the St. George Cross, IV degree and promoted to clerk*
* - rank in Cossack troops, corresponds to the rank of corporal
1914 - September 21 (old style)
During a raid by an Austrian airplane, Grigory's eye was damaged and he was sent to Moscow for treatment.
1914 - end of September
The son of landowner Listnitsky comes to Yagodnoye on vacation after being wounded. Evgeny Listnitsky and Aksinya become lovers
1914 - end of September, October
Grigory is treated at the eye clinic of Dr. Kiselyov (Moscow, Kolpachny Lane, 1), then a wound opens on his head and he is transferred to a general hospital
1914 - end of October
Influenced by conversations with one of the wounded, Gregory thinks about the reasons for the ongoing war and who benefits from it. He defies the delegation that visited the hospital with members of the imperial family and, after discharge, receives leave to go home
1914 - November 4/5 (old style)
At night, Grigory arrives in Yagodnoye and learns about Aksinya’s betrayal. In the morning he beats Evgeniy and returns to his wife at his parents' house
1914 - end of November
Grigory returns to the regiment after leave
Roman M.A. Sholokhov " Quiet Don"is a novel about the Cossacks during the era of the civil war. The main character of the work, Grigory Melekhov, continues the tradition of Russian classical literature, in which one of the main images is the truth-seeking hero (works by Nekrasov, Leskov, Tolstoy, Gorky).
Grigory Melekhov also strives to find the meaning of life, to understand the whirlwind of historical events, and to find happiness. This simple Cossack was born into a simple and friendly family, where centuries-old traditions are sacred - they work hard and have fun. The basis of the hero’s character is the love of work, native land, respect for elders, justice, decency, kindness - is laid down here, in the family.
Handsome, hard-working, cheerful, Grigory immediately wins the hearts of those around him: he is not afraid of people’s gossip (he almost openly loves the beautiful Aksinya, the wife of the Cossack Stepan), and does not consider it shameful to become a farm laborer in order to maintain a relationship with the woman he loves.
And at the same time, Gregory is a person who tends to hesitate. So, despite its great love to Aksinya, Grigory does not oppose his parents, and according to their will, marries Natalya Korshunova.
Without fully realizing it, Melekhov strives to exist “in truth.” He is trying to understand, to answer for himself the question “how should one live?” The hero's search is complicated by the era in which he happened to be born - a time of revolutions and wars.
Gregory will experience strong moral hesitations when he finds himself on the fronts of the First World War. The hero went to war, thinking that he knew whose side was right: he needed to defend the fatherland and destroy the enemy. What could be simpler? Melekhov does just that. He fights valiantly, he is brave and selfless, he does not disgrace the Cossack honor. But gradually doubts come to the hero. He begins to see in his opponents the same people with their hopes, weaknesses, fears, and joys. Why all this carnage, what will it bring to people?
The hero begins to realize this especially clearly when Melekhov’s fellow countryman Chubaty kills a captured Austrian, a very young boy. The prisoner is trying to establish contact with the Russians, openly smiling at them, trying to please. The Cossacks were pleased with the decision to take him to headquarters for interrogation, but Chubati simply out of love for violence, out of hatred, kills the boy.
For Melekhov, this event becomes a real moral blow. And although he firmly cherishes the Cossack honor and deserves a reward, he understands that he is not created for war. He painfully wants to know the truth in order to find the meaning of his actions. Having fallen under the influence of the Bolshevik Garanji, the hero, like a sponge, absorbs new thoughts, new ideas. He begins to fight for the Reds. But the murder of unarmed prisoners by the Reds pushes him away from them too.
Gregory’s childishly pure soul alienates him from both the Reds and the Whites. The truth is revealed to Melekhov: the truth cannot be on either side. Red and white are politics, class struggle. And where there is a class struggle, blood always flows, people die, children remain orphans. Truth is peaceful work in our native land, family, love.
Gregory is a hesitant, doubting nature. This allows him to search for the truth, not to stop there, and not to be limited by other people’s explanations. Gregory’s position in life is a position “between”: between the traditions of his fathers and his own will, between two loving women- Aksinya and Natalya, between the whites and the reds. Finally, between the need to fight and the realization of the meaninglessness and uselessness of the massacre (“my hands need to plow, not fight”).
The author himself sympathizes with his hero. In the novel, Sholokhov objectively describes events, talks about the “truth” of both whites and reds. But his sympathies and experiences are on Melekhov’s side. This man happened to live at a time when all moral guidelines were displaced. It was this, as well as the desire to search for the truth, that led the hero to such a tragic ending - the loss of everything he loved: “Why did you, life, cripple me like that?”
The writer emphasizes that the civil war is a tragedy of the entire Russian people. There is no right or wrong in it, because people die, brother goes against brother, father against son.
Thus, Sholokhov in the novel “Quiet Don” made a truth-seeker a person from the people and from the people. The image of Grigory Melekhov becomes the concentration of the historical and ideological conflict of the work, an expression of the tragic searches of the entire Russian people.
At the beginning of the story, young Gregory - a real Cossack, a brilliant rider, hunter, fisherman and diligent rural worker - is quite happy and carefree. He is a rebel by nature and does not tolerate violence against himself. And now he is almost forcibly married. Grigory and Natalya live outwardly peacefully, but this is only outwardly. He is burdened by his unloved wife, she feels it and suffers in silence. But this could not last long. The rebellion that had been brewing in Gregory’s soul since the wedding day burst out.
Sholokhov endows Grigory with a sensitive soul. It is revealed in the history of his relationships with two women Aksinya and Natalya. His love for Aksinya, full of dramatic moments, is amazing in its strength and depth.
By the time the First World War began, we already see a different Gregory. This is no longer that carefree young man. “Both this one and not that one,” Aksinya thinks the night before Gregory leaves for the army. Already another person, oppressed by painful thoughts, is riding in a soldier's carriage. The traditional Cossack commitment to military duty helps him out in his first trials on the bloody battlefields in 1914. What distinguishes him from his brothers in arms is his sensitivity to all manifestations of cruelty, to any violence against the weak and defenseless... The war forced Gregory to take a new look at life: in the hospital where he is after being wounded, under the influence of revolutionary propaganda, he begins to doubt his loyalty to the Tsar and his fatherland and military duty. During the civil war, Melekhov is at first on the side of the Reds, but their murder of unarmed prisoners repulses him, and when the Bolsheviks come to his beloved Don, committing robberies and violence, he fights them with cold rage. And again Gregory’s search for truth does not find an answer. They turn into the greatest drama of a person completely lost in the cycle of events. “They are all the same,” he says to his childhood friends leaning towards the Bolsheviks, “They are all a yoke on the face of the Cossacks!”
But among the white officers, Grigory feels like a stranger. In the end, he joins Budyonny’s cavalry and heroically fights the Poles, wanting to clear himself of his war before the Bolsheviks. But for Gregory there is no salvation in Soviet reality, where even neutrality is considered a crime. With bitter mockery, he tells the former messenger that he envies Koshevoy and the White Guard Listnitsky: “It was clear to them from the very beginning, but to me everything was still unclear. They both have their own straight roads, their own ends, but since 1917 I have been walking along the Vylyuzhka roads like I’m swaying like a drunken man...”
Under the threat of arrest, and, consequently, imminent execution, Grigory, together with Aksinya, flees from his native farm in the hope of getting to Kuban and starting new life. But their happiness is short-lived. On the way, they are overtaken by a horse outpost, and they rush into the night, pursued by bullets flying after them. Gregory buries his Aksinya. “There was no need for him to rush now. It was all over..."
Talking about moral choice Gregory in life, it is impossible to say for sure whether his choice was always really the only true and correct one. But he was almost always guided by his own principles and beliefs, trying to find a better path in life, and this desire of his was not a simple desire to “live better than everyone else.” It affected the interests not only of himself, but also of many people close to him. Despite his fruitless aspirations in life, Gregory was happy, although not for very long. But these short moments of happiness were enough. They were not lost in vain, just as Grigory Melekhov did not live his life in vain.
Sections: Literature
Lesson plan.
- History of the Melekhov family. Already in the history of the family, the character of Gregory is laid down.
- Portrait characteristics Gregory in comparison with his brother Peter (it was Gregory, and not Peter, who was the successor of the line of “Turks” - the Melekhovs.)
- Attitude to work (house, Listnitsky estate Yagodnoye, longing for the land, eight returns home: an ever-increasing craving for home, thriftiness.
- The image of Gregory at war as the embodiment of the author's concept of war (debt, coercion, senseless cruelty, destruction). Gregory never fought with his Cossacks, and Melekhov’s participation in the internecine fratricidal war is never described.
- Typical and individual in the image of Gregory. (why does Melekhov return home without waiting for the amnesty?)
- Points of view of writers and critics on the image of Grigory Melekhov
I
In criticism, debates about the essence of the tragedy of Grigory Melekhov still continue.
At first there was an opinion that this is the tragedy of the renegade.
He, they say, went against the people and therefore lost all human traits, became a lone wolf, a beast.
Refutation: the renegade does not evoke sympathy, but they cried over the fate of Melekhov. And Melekhov did not become a beast, did not lose the ability to feel, suffer, and did not lose the desire to live.
Others explained Melekhov's tragedy as a delusion.
Here it was true that Gregory, according to this theory, carried within himself the traits of the Russian national character, the Russian peasantry. They further said that he was half owner, half hard worker. /quote Lenin about the peasant (article about L. Tolstoy))
So Gregory hesitates, but in the end he gets lost. Therefore, he must be condemned and pitied.
But! Gregory is confused not because he is the owner, but because in each of the warring parties does not find absolute moral truth, which he strives for with the maximalism inherent in Russian people.
1) From the first pages Gregory is depicted in everyday creative peasant life:
- Fishing
- With a horse at a watering hole
- In love,
- Scenes of peasant labor
C: “His feet confidently trampled the ground”
Melekhov is merged with the world, is part of it.
But in Gregory, the personal principle, Russian moral maximalism with its desire to get to the essence, without stopping halfway, and not to put up with any violations of the natural course of life, is unusually clearly manifested.
2) He is sincere and honest in his thoughts and actions.(this is especially evident in relations with Natasha and Aksinya:
- The last meeting of Gregory with Natalya (Part VII Chapter 7)
- The death of Natalya and related experiences (Part VII Ch. 16-18)
- Death of Aksinya (Part VIII Chapter 17)
3) Gregory characterized by an acute emotional reaction to everything that happens, him responsive on the impressions of life heart. It has developed feeling of pity, compassion, This can be judged by the following lines:
- While making hay, Grigory accidentally cut off ********* (Part I Chapter 9)
- Episode with Franya part 2 chapter 11
- Vanity with the murdered Austrian (Part 3, Chapter 10)
- Reaction to the news of Kotlyarov’s execution (Part VI)
4) Staying always honest, morally independent and upright in character, Gregory showed himself to be a person capable of action.
- Fight with Stepan Astakhov over Aksinya (Part I Ch. 12)
- Leaving Aksinya for Yagodnoye (Part 2 Ch. 11-12)
- Collision with the sergeant (Part 3, Chapter 11)
- Breakup with Podtelkov (Part 3, Chapter 12)
- Collision with General Fitzhalaurav (Part VII Chapter 10)
- The decision, without waiting for an amnesty, to return to the farm (Part VIII, Chapter 18).
5) Captivates the sincerity of his motives– he did not lie to himself anywhere, in his doubts and tossing. His internal monologues convince us of this (Part VI Ch. 21,28)
Gregory is the only character who given the right to monologues- “thoughts” that reveal his spiritual origin.
6) It is impossible to “obey dogmatic rules” They forced Grigory to abandon the farm, the land, and go with Aksinya to the Listnitsky estate with a koshokh.
There, Sholokhov shows , social life disrupted the course of natural life. There, for the first time, the hero broke away from the earth, from his origins.
“An easy, well-fed life,” spoiled him. He became lazy, put on weight, and looked older than his years.”
7) But too much the people's beginning is strong in Gregory so as not to be preserved in his soul. As soon as Melekhov found himself on his own land during the hunt, all the excitement disappeared, and an eternal, main feeling trembled in his soul.
8) This abyss, fueled by man’s desire for regret and the destructive tendencies of the era, widened and deepened during the First World War. (true to duty - active in battles - rewards)
But! The more he delves into military action, the more he is drawn to the ground, to work. He dreams of the steppe. His heart is with his beloved and distant woman. And his soul is gnawing at his conscience: “... it’s difficult to kiss a child, to open and look into his eyes.”
9) The revolution returned Melekhov to the land, with his beloved, to his family, and children. And he wholeheartedly sided with the new system . But the same revolution his cruelty towards the Cossacks, his injustice towards prisoners, and even towards Gregory himself pushed again him on the warpath.
Fatigue and embitterment lead the hero to cruelty - Melekhov’s murder of sailors (it was after this that Grigory will wander around the earth in “monstrous enlightenment,” realizing that he has gone far from what he was born for and what he fought for.
“Life is going wrong, and maybe I’m to blame for this,” he admitted.
10) Having stood up with all his inherent energy for the interests of the workers and therefore became one of the leaders of the Veshensky uprising, Gregory is convinced that it did not bring the expected results: the Cossacks suffer from the white movement just as they suffered from the red ones before. (peace did not come to the Don, but the same nobles who despised the ordinary Cossack, the Cossack peasant, returned.
11) But Gregory the feeling of national exclusivity is alien: Grigory has deep respect for the Englishman, a mechanic with work problems.
Melekhov prefaces his refusal to evacuate overseas with a statement about Russia: “No matter what the mother is, she is dearer than a stranger!”
12) And salvation for Melekhov again - a return to the land, to Aksinya, and children . Violence disgusts him. (he releases relatives of the Red Cossacks from prison) drives a horse to save Ivan Alekseevich and Mishka Koshevoy.)
13) Moving on to the reds in the last years of the civil war, Gregory became , according to Prokhor Zykov, “fun and smooth " But it is also important that the roles Melekhova did not fight with his own , but was on the Polish front.
In Part VIII, Gregory’s ideal is outlined: “ He was going home to eventually get to work, live with the children, with Aksinya...”
But his dream was not destined to come true. Mikhail Koshevoy ( representative revolutionary violence) provoked Gregory to run away from home, from children, Aksinya .
15) He is forced to hide in the villages, join Fomin's gang.
The lack of a way out (and his thirst for life did not allow him to go to execution) pushes him to an obvious wrong.
16) All that Grigory has left by the end of the novel are children, mother earth (Sholokhov emphasizes three times that Grigory’s chest pain is cured by lying on the “damp earth”) and love for Aksinya. But even this little remains with the death of the beloved woman.
“Black sky and a dazzlingly shining black disk of the sun” (this characterizes the strength of Gregory’s feelings and the degree of sensation or loss).
“Everything was taken from him, everything was destroyed by merciless death. Only the children remained, but he himself still frantically clung to the ground, as if, in fact, his broken life was of some value to him and to others.”
In this craving for life there is no personal salvation for Grigory Melekhov, but there is an affirmation of the ideal of life.
At the end of the novel, when life is reborn, Grigory threw his rifle, revolver, cartridges into the water, and wiped his hands “ He crossed the Don across the blue March ice and walked briskly towards the house. He stood at the gates of his home, holding his son in his arms...”
Critics' opinions on the ending.
Critics argued for a long time about the future fate of Melekhov. Soviet literary scholars argued that Melekhov would join socialist life. Western critics say the venerable Cossack will be arrested the next day and then executed.
Sholokhov left the possibility of both paths open with an open ending. This is not of fundamental importance, because at the end of the novel, what constitutes essence humanistic philosophy of the main character of the novel, humanity inXX century: ““under the cold sun” the vast world shines, life continues, embodied in the symbolic picture of a child in the arms of his father.(the image of a child as a symbol of eternal life was already present in many of Sholokhov’s “Don Stories”; “The Fate of a Man” also ends with it.
Conclusion
The path of Grigory Melekhov to the ideal of true life - this is a tragic path gains, mistakes and losses that the entire Russian people went through in the 20th century.
“Grigory Melekhov is an integral person in a tragically torn time.” (E. Tamarchenko)
- Portrait, character of Aksinya. (Part 1 Ch. 3,4,12)
The origin and development of love between Aksinya and Gregory. (Part 1, Chapter 3, Part 2, Chapter 10) - Dunyasha Melekhova (part 1 chapter 3,4,9)
- Daria Melekhova. The drama of fate.
- Ilyinichna's maternal love.
- Natalia's tragedy.
“Quiet Don” is a work that shows the life of the Don Cossacks in one of the most difficult historical periods in Russia. The realities of the first third of the twentieth century, which upended the entire habitual way of life, seemed to travel like caterpillars through the destinies of the common people. Through the life path of Grigory Melekhov in the novel “Quiet Flows the Don”, Sholokhov reveals the main idea of the work, which is to depict the clash of personality and historical events beyond his control, his wounded fate.
The struggle between duty and feelings
At the beginning of the work main character is shown to be a hardworking guy, distinguished by his hot temperament, which he inherited from his ancestors. Cossack and even Turkish blood flowed in him. Grishka's eastern roots endowed him with a striking appearance that could turn the heads of more than one Don beauty, and his Cossack tenacity, sometimes bordering on stubbornness, ensured the stamina and steadfastness of his character.
On the one hand, he shows respect and love for his parents, on the other hand, he does not listen to their opinion. The first conflict between Grigory and his parents occurs because of his love affair with his married neighbor Aksinya. To end the sinful relationship between Aksinya and Gregory, his parents decide to marry him. But their choice in the role of the sweet and meek Natalya Korshunova did not solve the problem, but only aggravated it. Despite the official marriage, love for his wife did not appear, but for Aksinya, who, tormented by jealousy, increasingly sought meetings with him, only flared up.
Blackmail from his father with his house and property forced the hot-tempered and impulsive Grigory to leave the farm, his wife, and relatives in his heart and leave with Aksinya. Because of his action, the proud and unyielding Cossack, whose family had cultivated its own land and grown its own grain from time immemorial, had to become a mercenary, which made Gregory feel ashamed and disgusted. But now he had to answer both for Aksinya, who left her husband because of him, and for the child she was carrying.
War and Aksinya's betrayal
A new misfortune was not long in coming: the war began, and Gregory, who swore allegiance to the sovereign, was forced to leave both the old and new family and go to the front. In his absence, Aksinya remained in the manor's house. The death of her daughter and news from the front about the death of Gregory weakened the woman’s strength, and she was forced to succumb to the pressure of the centurion Listnitsky.
Having returned from the front and learning about Aksinya’s betrayal, Grigory returns to his family again. For some period of time, his wife, relatives and soon-to-be twins make him happy. But the troubled times on the Don associated with the Revolution did not allow them to enjoy family happiness.
Ideological and personal doubts
In the novel “Quiet Don”, Grigory Melekhov’s path is full of quests, doubts and contradictions, both politically and in love. He constantly rushed about, not knowing where the truth was: “Everyone has their own truth, their own furrow. People have always fought for a piece of bread, for a plot of land, for the right to life. We must fight those who want to take away life and the right to it...” He decided to lead the Cossack division and repair the supports of the advancing Reds. However, the further it continued Civil War, the more Gregory doubted the correctness of his choice, the more clearly he understood that the Cossacks were waging war with windmills. The interests of the Cossacks and their native land no one was interested.
The same pattern of behavior is typical in the personal life of the protagonist of the work. Over time, he forgives Aksinya, realizing that he cannot live without her love and takes her with him to the front. Afterwards he sends her home, where she is forced to once again return to her husband. Arriving on leave, he looks at Natalya with different eyes, appreciating her devotion and fidelity. He was drawn to his wife, and this intimacy culminated in the conception of his third child.
But again his passion for Aksinya got the better of him. His last betrayal led to the death of his wife. Grigory drowns his remorse and the impossibility of resisting his feelings in the war, becoming cruel and merciless: “I was so smeared with other people’s blood that I no longer had any regrets left for anyone. I almost don’t regret my childhood, but I don’t even think about myself. The war took everything out of me. I myself became scary. Look into my soul, and there’s blackness there, like in an empty well...”
A stranger among his own
The loss of loved ones and the retreat sobered Gregory, he understands: he must be able to preserve what he has left. He takes Aksinya with him on retreat, but because of typhus he is forced to leave her.
He again begins to search for the truth and finds himself in the Red Army, taking command of a cavalry squadron. However, even participation in hostilities on the side of the Soviets will not wash away Grigory’s past, tainted by the white movement. He faces execution, which his sister Dunya warned him about. Taking Aksinya, he attempts to escape, during which the woman he loves is killed. Having fought for his land both on the side of the Cossacks and the Reds, he remained a stranger among his own.
The path of Grigory Melekhov’s quest in the novel is fate common man, who loved his land, but lost everything he had and valued, defending it for the life of the next generation, which in the finale is personified by his son Mishatka.
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