Mariinsky Theater building. State Academic Mariinsky Theater: description, repertoire and reviews Mariinsky Theater history of creation
Story
On November 9, 1917, with the change of power, the theater, which became the State Theatre, was transferred to the jurisdiction of the Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR, in 1920 it became academic and since then has been fully called “State academic theater opera and ballet" (abbreviated as GATOB). In 1935, shortly after the murder of the first secretary of the Leningrad Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) Sergei Kirov, the theater, like many other organizations, enterprises, settlements and other objects of the USSR, was named after this revolutionary.
Ballet
Orchestra
Management
Artistic director and director - Hero of Labor of the Russian Federation, People's Artist of the Russian Federation, laureate of State Prizes of the Russian Federation Valery Abisalovich Gergiev. James Cameron
Press
- Alexey Konkin.. "Rossiyskaya Gazeta" - vol. No. 5320 (241) dated October 25, 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2011.
- Maria Tabak.. RIA Novosti (02.08.2011). Retrieved February 22, 2011. .
- . RIA Novosti (01/19/2011). Retrieved February 22, 2011. .
- . Retrieved February 22, 2011. .
- . RGRK “Voice of Russia” (07/13/2010). Retrieved February 22, 2011. .
- (inaccessible link - story) . Encyclopedia "Around the World". Retrieved September 24, 2011. .
Links
- . Official site.
It is not for nothing that St. Petersburg is called the cultural capital of our country. This is a city of monuments and museums, a city of exhibitions and concerts. It is also a city of theaters, of which there are more than a hundred! Did you know that St. Petersburg once had its own Bolshoi Theater? Now it is known under the name of Mariinsky. The history of the famous Opera and Ballet Theater will be told todayAmateur. media.
The year of birth of the Mariinsky Theater is considered to be 1783. But this year, rather, the father of the Mariinsky was created. It was then that Catherine the Great issued a Decree on the creation of a theater committee “to manage spectacles and music.” On October 5 of that same year, the Bolshoi Stone Theater was opened on Carousel Square. Residents soon began to call the square the theater square, which is how it came down to us.
The year of birth of the Mariinsky Theater is considered to be 1783
The St. Petersburg Bolshoi Theater was built according to the design of the architect Rinaldi. It was huge and majestic, equipped with the latest technology. Preference was, of course, given to the French or Italian repertoire, and besides, the Russian troupe often gave up the stage to foreign ones. The first opera staged at the Bolshoi Theater was “The Lunar World” by Giovanni Paisiello. But the theater was not limited to opera: dramas and vocal and instrumental concerts were staged.
IN early XIX V. The Bolshoi Theater has become part of the cultural life of St. Petersburg
At the beginning of the 19th century, the Bolshoi Theater became not only one of the symbols of the city along with the Admiralty and the Peter and Paul Fortress, but also an important part of the cultural life of St. Petersburg. At that time, the theater was rebuilt under the leadership of the architect Thomas de Thomon and acquired a ceremonial appearance. But in 1811 there was a fire in the theater, and all the interior decoration was destroyed, and the façade of the building was also damaged. Seven years later it was restored, then the theater underwent another important reconstruction, carried out in 1836 by Alberto Cavos. It is interesting that at this time the opera of the father of the architect Kavos “Ivan Susanin” was very popular on the stage of the theater. This was, of course, even before Glinka created the opera with the same name.
The rebuilt theater opened in 1836 with the production of the same opera “A Life for the Tsar” by Glinka. And exactly 6 years later, “Ruslan and Lyudmila” by the same composer was staged for the first time on the same stage. Of course, the Bolshoi Theater became truly famous. True, the theater troupe was gradually transferred to the Alexandrinsky and the nearby Circus Theater.
The building of the modern Mariinsky Theater was erected on the site of the Circus Theater
The fact is that in 1846 a ban was introduced on the production of operas by Russian composers, and the Russian troupe was replaced by an Italian one. After 4 years, the ban was lifted, but the situation hardly improved: the Russian troupe did not have its own building, and the artists gave performances in the small wooden building of the Circus Theater.
In 1859, the Circus Theater burned down, and it was in its place that the building of the modern Mariinsky Theater was erected. The same Alberto Cavos supervised the construction. The theater was named in honor of the wife of Tsar Alexander II, Maria Alexandrovna. You probably already guessed that we celebrated the opening of the new theater by staging the opera “A Life for the Tsar.”
The second half of the 19th century was the heyday of the theater. Such famous works as “Boris Godunov” by Mussorgsky, “The Maid of Orleans”, “The Enchantress”, “The Queen of Spades” by Tchaikovsky, “The Pskov Woman”, “The May Daughter” and “The Snow Maiden” by Rimsky-Korsakov, “Prince Igor” by Borodin were staged on its stage. , “The Demon” by Rubinstein. At the very beginning of the 20th century, the Mariinsky Theater’s repertoire included Wagner’s famous theatrical works “The Ring of the Nibelung”, “Electra” by Richard Strauss, and “Khovanshchina” by Mussorgsky. All these names and titles are known even to those who are far from opera.
Ballet did not lag behind opera. Not only classics ("Corsair", "Giselle" and "Esmeralda") were staged on stage, but also "La Bayadère", "Sleeping Beauty", "The Nutcracker" and " Swan Lake" The famous choreography of Tchaikovsky’s “Swan Lake” owes to the creative union of choreographers Ivanov and Petipa.
In 1885, almost all performances from the closing stage were transferred to the Mariinsky stage. Bolshoi Theater. The St. Petersburg Conservatory was built on the site of the Bolshoi Kamenny Theater. In 1917 the theater was declared State, and in 1935 it was renamed in honor of S. Kirov. But the troupe did not sit idle, at this time new famous operas appeared (“The Love for Three Oranges” by Prokofiev, “Salome” and “Der Rosenkavalier” by Strauss) and ballets (“The Flames of Paris” and “The Fountain of Bakhchisarai” by Asafiev, “Romeo and Juliet by Prokofiev).
During the Great Patriotic War, the Mariinsky Theater was evacuated to Perm
During the Great Patriotic War the theater was evacuated to Perm, where it continued its activities. In 1944, the Mariinsky came to Leningrad and celebrated his return with guess what? Right! “Ivan Susanin” by Glinka. That's how it happened at the theater. In the 60s, famous dancers Nureyev and Baryshnikov performed on the theater stage. In 1988, Valery Gergiev took over the leadership of the theater, who still holds this post. The Mariinsky Theater actively collaborates with famous foreign opera and ballet theaters, in particular with La Scala, Covent Garden, the Metropolitan Opera and the Opera de Bastille.
The theater was named Mariinsky in honor of the wife of Emperor Alexander II, Empress Maria Alexandrovna.
Foundation of the theater
And the history of the theater began in July 1783, when Catherine II issued a Decree approving the theater committee “to manage shows and music,” and on October 5 of the same year the Bolshoi Stone Theater was inaugurated on Carousel Square, which became known as Teatralnaya Square. The theater was built according to the project Antonio Rinaldi. Its stage was equipped with modern equipment for those times; French, Italian and Russian troupes alternately performed in the theater.
In 1802-1803 architect Thomas de Thomon redesigned the theater, and it was one of the landmarks of St. Petersburg until a fire occurred in it (on the night of January 1, 1811). The interior of the theater was destroyed and the façade was seriously damaged. The restoration of the theater lasted until 1818; Thomas de Thomon did not live to see this time.
Theater repertoire
The theater's repertoire included several operas Mozart(“The Magic Flute”, “The Abduction from the Seraglio”, “The Clemency of Titus”), Rossini(“Cinderella”, “Semiramis”, “The Thieving Magpie”, “The Barber of Seville”), Weber(“Free Shooter”). The theater's repertoire also included works by Russian composers: vaudevilles Alyabyeva And Verstovsky, as well as Kavos’s opera “Ivan Susanin”. S. Didelot stages Russian ballet at the theater. It was this period creative life theater is depicted in the novel by A.S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”:
The theater is already full; the boxes shine;
The stalls and the chairs are all in full swing;
In paradise they splash impatiently,
And, rising, the curtain makes noise.
Brilliant, half-airy,
I obey the magic bow,
Surrounded by a crowd of nymphs,
Worth Istomin; she,
One foot touching the floor,
The other slowly circles,
And suddenly he jumps, and suddenly he flies,
Flies like feathers from the lips of Aeolus;
Either the camp will sow, then it will develop
And with a quick foot he hits the leg.
Theater improvement
In 1836 the architect A. Kavos(son of the composer) replaced the domed ceiling of the theater hall with a flat one, removed it in auditorium columns, which obstructed the view and distorted the acoustics, gave the hall a horseshoe shape, increased its length and height, as a result the number of spectators increased to two thousand. On November 27, 1836, the first performance took place in the rebuilt theater - it was an opera by M.I. Glinka "Life for the Tsar".
Over time, the performances of the Russian opera troupe were transferred to the stage Alexandrinsky Theater and the Circus Theatre, where performances by the ballet troupe and Italian opera continued. In 1859, the Circus Theater burned down, and in its place A. Kavos built new theater. It was this theater that became known as Mariinsky in honor of Empress Maria Alexandrovna, wife of Emperor Alexander II and mother of Emperor Alexander III.
Empress Maria Alexandrovna
F. Winterhalter "Portrait of Empress Maria Alexandrovna"
Born Princess Maximilian Wilhelmina Augusta Sophia Maria of Hesse.
On the initiative of Maria Alexandrovna, all-class women's gymnasiums and diocesan schools were opened in Russia. She founded countless shelters, almshouses and boarding houses, marked the beginning of a new period of women's education in Russia, established open all-class women's educational establishments(gymnasiums), which, according to the regulations of 1860, it was decided to open in all cities where it would be possible to ensure their existence. She organized the Red Cross in Russia, and devoted a lot of effort to expanding its activities during the Russian-Turkish War, refusing even to sew new dresses for herself, giving all her savings to benefit widows, orphans, the wounded and the sick.
Empress Maria Alexandrovna, with the support of her husband Alexander II, founded the largest theater in St. Petersburg and all of Russia (Mariinsky) and a ballet school, which was later headed by Agrippina Vaganova. Both school and famous theater were entirely supported by the imperial family, personally by the empress, and, at the insistence of Emperor Alexander II, bore her name. The theater still bears her name. A bust of Empress Maria Alexandrovna is installed in the foyer of the theater.
Theater in a new building
The first theater season in the new building has opened October 2, 1860. It was again the opera “A Life for the Tsar” by M.I. Glinka under the direction of the chief conductor of the Russian Opera K. Lyadova. In 1863, the chief conductor of the theater became E. Napravnik. Productions of the most significant operas in the history of Russian music are associated with his name: “Boris Godunov” Mussorgsky, “Pskovite”, “May Night”, “Snow Maiden” Rimsky-Korsakov, "Prince Igor" Borodin, “The Maid of Orleans”, “The Enchantress”, “The Queen of Spades”, “Iolanta” Tchaikovsky, "Daemon" Rubinstein, "Oresteia" Taneyeva... At the beginning of the twentieth century. Operas appeared in the theater's repertoire Wagner(among them the tetralogy “The Ring of the Nibelung”), “Electra” Richard Strauss, “The Tale of the Invisible City of Kitezh” Rimsky-Korsakov, "Khovanshchina" Mussorgsky…
Ballet performances
Marius Petipa
In 1869, he headed the ballet troupe of the theater Marius Petipa. He continued the traditions of his predecessors Jules Perrot and Arthur Saint-Leon, and continued to stage classic performances “Giselle”, “Esmeralda”, “Corsair”. Petipa staged ballets on the stage of the Mariinsky Theater Tchaikovsky“Sleeping Beauty” and in collaboration with Lev Ivanov – “The Nutcracker”. After Tchaikovsky’s death, Swan Lake found a second life on the stage of the Mariinsky Theater. Petipa staged the ballet here Glazunov"Raymonda" Young Mikhail Fokin staged Armida's Pavilion at the Mariinsky Theater Tcherepnina, "Swan" Saint-Saens, "Chopiniana" to music Chopin, as well as ballets created in Paris - “Scheherazade” to music Rimsky-Korsakov, "Firebird" and "Parsley" Stravinsky.
In 1886 ballet performances, which until that time continued to perform on the stage of the Bolshoi Kamenny Theater, were moved to the Mariinsky Theater. And on the site of Bolshoi Kamenny, the building of the St. Petersburg Conservatory was erected.
In 1920, the theater began to be called the State Academic Theater of Opera and Ballet, and since 1935, the name “named after S. M. Kirov” was added to this name. The theater continued to stage classics, but they also added modern operas: “The Love for Three Oranges” S. Prokofiev, "Wozzeck" A. Berg, "Salome" and "Der Rosenkavalier" R. Strauss. New ballets have also appeared in the repertoire: “The Red Poppy” R. Gliera, “Flames of Paris” and “Bakhchisarai Fountain” B. Asafieva,"Laurencia" A. Crane, "Romeo and Juliet" S. Prokofiev and others.
During the Great Patriotic War, the theater was evacuated to Perm, where the premieres of several performances took place, including the premiere of the ballet Aram Khachaturyan"Gayane". Upon returning to Leningrad, the theater opened the season on September 1, 1944 with the opera M.I. Glinka"Ivan Susanin".
General reconstruction of the theater
It was carried out in 1968–1970. according to the project of S. Gelfer, as a result, the left wing of the building was “stretched” and acquired its current appearance.
Yuri Temirkanov
From 1976 to 1988, he was the artistic director and chief conductor of the theater Yuri Temirkanov. Under his leadership, the theater staged productions of “War and Peace” S. Prokofiev(1977), “Dead Souls” R. K. Shchedrina, “Peter I” (1975), “Pushkin” (1979), “Mayakovsky Begins” (1983) A. Petrova. Yuri Temirkanov At the same time he acted as a director: he staged the operas “Eugene Onegin” and “The Queen of Spades” P. I. Tchaikovsky. With the orchestra of this theater in 1987, he performed in London with productions of these operas, as well as the opera “Boris Godunov” M.P. Mussorgsky.
Valery Gergiev
In 1988, the theater's chief conductor became Valery Gergiev. On January 16, 1992, the theater was returned to its historical name - Mariinsky. And in 2006, the troupe and orchestra of the theater received at their disposal a building built on the initiative of the artistic director and director of the Mariinsky Theater Valery Gergiev Concert hall on Dekabristov Street.
Concert Hall of the Mariinsky Theater
One of the oldest and leading musical theaters Russia. The history of the theater dates back to 1783, when the Stone Theater was opened, in which drama, opera and ballet troupes performed. Department of opera (singers P.V. Zlov, A.M. Krutitsky, E.S. Sandunova, etc.) and ballet (dancers E.I. Andreyanova, I.I. Valberkh (Lesogorov), A.P. Glushkovsky, A.I. Istomina, E.I. Kolosova, etc.) troupes from the dramatic occurred in 1803. Foreign operas were performed on stage, as well as the first works of Russian composers. In 1836, the opera “A Life for the Tsar” by M.I. Glinka was staged, which opened the classical period of Russian opera. Outstanding Russian singers O.A. Petrov, A.Ya. Petrova, as well as M.M. Stepanova, E.A. Semyonova, S.S. Gulak-Artemovsky sang in the opera troupe. In the 1840s. The Russian opera troupe was pushed aside by the Italian one, which was under the patronage of the court, and transferred to Moscow. Her performances were resumed in St. Petersburg only in the mid-1850s. on the stage of the Circus Theatre, which after a fire in 1859 was rebuilt (architect A.K. Kavos) and opened in 1860 under the name Mariinsky Theater (in 1883-1896 the building was reconstructed under the direction of architect V.A. Schröter). Creative development and the formation of the theater are associated with the performance of operas (as well as ballets) by A.P. Borodin, A.S. Dargomyzhsky, M.P. Mussorgsky, N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov, P.I. Tchaikovsky (many works for the first time). High musical culture The collective was facilitated by the activities of conductor and composer E.F. Napravnik (1863-1916). Choreographers M.I. Petipa and L.I. Ivanov made a great contribution to the development of ballet art. Singers E.A. Lavrovskaya, D.M. Leonova, I.A. Melnikov, E.K. Mravina, Yu.F. Platonova, F.I. Stravinsky, M.I. performed on the stage of the Mariinsky Theater. and N.N. Figner, F.I. Chaliapin, dancers T.P. Karsavina, M.F. Kshesinskaya, V.F. Nizhinsky, A.P. Pavlova, M.M. Fokin and others. The performances were designed by major artists , including A.Ya. Golovin, K.A. Korovin.
After the October Revolution, the theater became state, and since 1919 - academic. Since 1920 it was called the State Academic Opera and Ballet Theater, since 1935 - named after Kirov. Along with classics, the theater staged operas and ballets by Soviet composers. A great contribution to the development of musical and theatrical art was made by singers I.V. Ershov, S.I. Migai, S.P. Preobrazhenskaya, N.K. Pechkovsky, ballet dancers T.M. Vecheslova, N.M. Dudinskaya, A. V. Lopukhov, K. M. Sergeev, G. S. Ulanova, V. M. Chabukiani, A. Ya. Shelest, conductors V. A. Dranishnikov, A. M. Pazovsky, B. E. Khaikin, directors V. A. Lossky, S. E. Radlov, N. V. Smolich, I. Yu. Shlepyanov, choreographers A. Ya. Vaganova, L. M. Lavrovsky, F. V. Lopukhov. During the Great Patriotic War, the theater was located in Perm, continuing to work actively (several premieres took place, including the opera “Emelyan Pugachev” by M.V. Koval, 1942). Some theater artists who remained in besieged Leningrad, including Preobrazhenskaya, P.Z. Andreev, performed in concerts, on the radio, and participated in opera performances. In the post-war years, the theater paid great attention Soviet music. The artistic achievements of the theater are associated with the activities of the main conductors S.V. Yeltsin, E.P.Grikurov, A.I.Klimov, K.A.Simeonov, Yu.X.Temirkanov, directors E.N.Sokovnin, R.I.Tikhomirov , choreographers I.A. Belsky, K.M. Sergeev, B.A. Fenster, L.V. Yakobson, artists V.V. Dmitriev, I.V. Sevastyanov, S.B. Virsaladze and others. In the troupe ( 1990): chief conductor V.A. Gergiev, chief choreographer O.I. Vinogradov, singers I.P. Bogacheva, E.E. Gorokhovskaya, G.A. Kovaleva, S.P. Leiferkus, Yu.M. Marusin, V.M. Morozov, N.P. Okhotnikov, K.I. Pluzhnikov, L.P. Filatova, B.G. Shtokolov, ballet dancers S.V. Vikulov, V.N. Gulyaev, I.A. Kolpakova, G.T. Komleva, N.A. Kurgapkina, A.I. Sizova and others. Awarded the Order of Lenin (1939), October revolution(1983). Large-circulation newspaper “For Soviet Art” (since 1933).