Reflection of Raskolnikov after visiting the Marmeladov family. "Shocked, unsettled hero" or Raskolnikov among the humiliated and offended Resurrection of man in Raskolnikov through love
Publications of the section Literature
Fyodor Dostoevsky lived in St. Petersburg for 28 years. In his books, the gloomy gloomy city became the backdrop for sad destinies and one of the main characters. In the novel Crime and Punishment, Dostoevsky described many places in St. Petersburg that Rodion Raskolnikov visited: Sennaya Square, streets, lanes and even individual houses. "Kultura.RF" invites you to walk along the roads of Raskolnikov, and if you get a little lost, check the map at the end of the article.
Sennaya Square
Sennaya Square. St. Petersburg. Photo: Dmitry Neiman / Lori Photo Bank
Let's start our walk from Sennaya Square. It was here that the main character, Rodion Raskolnikov, had the idea of killing the old woman-pawnbroker. He overheard the conversation of her sister - Lizaveta Ivanovna - and learned that "The old woman ... at exactly seven o'clock in the evening she will stay at home alone".
It was here that Raskolnikov repented of the crime he had committed. When Sonya Marmeladova told him: "Go to the crossroads, bow to the whole world and say:" I am a murderer "- he again came to Sennaya. He knelt in the middle of the square and kissed "This dirty land with pleasure and happiness"... However, the attention of passers-by did not allow him to confess aloud to the murder.
“He entered the Haymarket.
<...>
He suddenly remembered Sonya's words: “Go to the crossroads, bow to the people, kiss the earth, because you have sinned against it too, and say aloud to the whole world:“ I am a murderer! ”... He trembled all over at the recollection. And before that, the hopeless longing and anxiety of all this time, but especially the last hours, had already crushed him, that he rushed into the possibility of this whole, new, full sensation. With some kind of fit, it suddenly came to him: it caught fire in his soul with one spark and suddenly, like fire, it engulfed everything. Everything in him softened at once, and tears gushed down. As he stood, he fell to the ground. "
Kokushkin bridge
Kokushkin Bridge. Griboyedov Canal. St. Petersburg. Photo: Litvyak Igor / photobank "Lori"
From Sennaya Square, all the heroes of the novel walked to their homes across the Kokushkin Bridge: the Senniy Bridge, which could have shortened the path, did not yet exist. Here, on the left side of the embankment of the Griboyedov Canal, today is the "Dostoevsky Quarter" with the houses of Sonechka Marmeladova and Rodion Raskolnikov.
Civil, 19. House of Raskolnikov
Raskolnikov's house. St. Petersburg. Photo: Alexander Shchepin / Lori Photo Bank
Stolyarny Lane leads from Kokushkin Bridge to Raskolnikov's house, a yellow four-story building. The writer did not indicate this address directly in the novel.
"In early July, in an extremely hot time, towards evening, one young man went out of his little room, which he hired from tenants in S-m lane, into the street and slowly, as if in indecision, went to the K-n bridge."
Fyodor Dostoevsky, "Crime and Punishment"
However, Fyodor Dostoevsky described many details of the house and its surroundings. For example, there are 13 steps in the upper flight of the stairs, a closet that today resembles a large attic, and a janitor's room in the courtyard where Raskolnikov found an ax. After a major overhaul of the building, many of the details have changed, but they were restored according to old descriptions by researchers of Dostoevsky's work. One of them, Daniil Granin, wrote about the author's love for small details: “This was the originality of his method. At some point, he stopped composing and began to live, incarnating in his heroes ".
In 1999, a high relief with the image of a wanderer and an inscription composed by Dmitry Likhachev and Daniil Granin was placed on the facade: Raskolnikov's House. The tragic fate of the people of this area of St. Petersburg served as the basis for Dostoevsky's passionate preaching of goodness for all mankind. ".
Kaznacheyskaya, 7. House of the merchant Alonkin
House of the merchant Alonkin. St. Petersburg. Photo: Alexander Shchepin / Lori Photo Bank
Raskolnikov walked to the house of the old money-lender Raskolnikov along Stolyarny Lane. He walked past the building where Dostoevsky himself lived in 1864-1867 - the apartment building of the merchant Ivan Alonkin.
Here the writer worked on "Crime and Punishment", "Notes from the Underground" and the novel "The Gambler", which was written under his dictation by stenographer Anna Snitkina - Dostoevsky's future wife. Today the house of Ivan Alonkin is declared a monument of history and architecture.
“On October 4, on the momentous day of the first meeting with my future husband, I woke up vigorous, in joyful excitement from the thought that today my long cherished dream will come true: from a schoolgirl or student to become an independent figure in my chosen field.
<...>At twenty-five minutes past eleven I went to Alonkin's house and asked the janitor who stood at the gate where apartment No. 13 was. He showed me to the right, where under the gate was the entrance to the stairs. The house was large, with many small apartments inhabited by merchants and artisans. He immediately reminded me of that house in the novel "Crime and Punishment", in which the hero of the novel Raskolnikov lived.
Apartment No. 13 was on the second floor. I rang the bell, and the door was immediately opened by an elderly servant wearing a green checkered shawl draped over her shoulders. I have read Crime so recently that I involuntarily wondered if this scarf was the prototype of that Dgrandad's scarf that played such a big role in the Marmeladov family. "Anna Dostoevskaya, "Memories"
Griboyedov Canal Embankment, 104. House of an old woman-lender
House of the old woman-pawnbroker. St. Petersburg. Photo: Alexander Alekseev / Lori Photo Bank
“He didn't have much to go; he even knew how many steps from the gate of his house: exactly seven hundred and thirty. Once he counted them, when he was already very much dreaming.
<...>
With a sinking heart and a nervous tremor, he approached an enormous house, one wall facing the ditch, and the other into the street. This house was all in small apartments and was inhabited by all sorts of industrialists - tailors, locksmiths, cooks, various Germans, girls living on their own, petty bureaucrats, and so on. "Fyodor Dostoevsky, "Crime and Punishment"
The house had two exits: to Srednaya Podyachevskaya and the Griboyedov Canal. Raskolnikov entered the courtyard through Srednaya Podyacheskaya Street. But dostoevist researchers think he was supposed to go to the channel. Otherwise, Dostoevsky would not have indicated that there were two entrances: the writer was always very scrupulous and consistent in details.
Voznesensky bridge
Voznesensky bridge across the Griboyedov canal. Photo: Alexander Alekseev / Lori Photo Bank
Back Rodion Raskolnikov could return through the Voznesensky Bridge. During the course of the novel, the hero often indulged in reflections here. On the Voznesensky Bridge, before his eyes, the bourgeois woman Afrosinyushka rushed into the Griboyedov Canal, and Katerina Marmeladova made her children sing and dance for the sake of alms.
“The hoarse, strained voice of Katerina Ivanovna was heard even from the bridge. Indeed, it was a strange sight that could interest the street audience. Katerina Ivanovna, in her old dress, in an old-fashioned shawl and in a broken straw hat that had strayed to one side in an ugly lump, was really in a real frenzy ... She rushed to the children, shouted at them, persuaded them, taught them right there in front of the people how to dance and what to sing, I began to explain to them what it was for, I came to despair because of their incomprehension, I beat them ... ”.
Fyodor Dostoevsky, "Crime and Punishment"
Griboyedov Canal Embankment, 73. House of Sonya Marmeladova
House of Sonya Marmeladova. St. Petersburg. Photo: Alexander Alekseev / Lori Photo Bank
Moving from the Voznesensky Bridge along the left embankment of the Griboyedov Canal, we come to the house of Sonya Marmeladova - “the house on the ditch”. The writer invariably called the Griboyedov Canal itself a ditch (until 1923 - Ekaterininsky). In this house, according to the descriptions of Dostoevsky, Sonya Marmeladova rented a room. The main feature of the building is the obtuse angle.
“And Raskolnikov went straight to the house on the ditch where Sonya lived. The house was three-storeyed, old and green.
<...>
Son's room looked like a barn, had the appearance of a very irregular quadrangle, and this gave it something ugly. A wall with three windows, overlooking the ditch, cut the room somehow obliquely, which is why one corner, terribly sharp, ran away into the depths, so that, in low light, it was not even possible to see it well; the other corner was already too ugly dull. ""Crime and Punishment", Fyodor Dostoevsky
Griboyedov Canal Embankment, 67. Police office
Griboyedov Canal. St. Petersburg. Photo: Alexander Alekseev / Lori Photo Bank
Another address that Raskolnikov visited was 67 Griboyedov Canal Embankment. Researchers believe that this was the office of the quarter warden, where Raskolnikov was summoned for non-payment of a debt to the owner of the apartment - almost immediately after the murder. At the end of the novel, Raskolnikov came to the same office to confess.
“The office was about a quarter of a mile from him. She just moved to a new apartment, a new house, on the fourth floor. He was once in a glimpse of his former apartment, but for a very long time.
<...>
The staircase was narrow, steep, and covered in slops. All kitchens of all apartments on all four floors opened onto this staircase and stood like that for almost the whole day. That was why there was a terrible stuffiness. "Fyodor Dostoevsky, "Crime and Punishment"
At the time of Dostoevsky, the police office of the 3rd quarter of the Kazan part was really located here (this part included the Raskolnikov house in Stolyarny Lane).
Rodion Raskolnikov's route in the novel "Crime and Punishment"
Ch.Aitmatov
HOMEWORK.
Until 11.05.15 16.00 create a class collection: presentation, drawing, test or other (optional)
- What doubted the hero?
- Read the thoughts of Raskolnikov when he goes to the old woman-centre, in the tavern, after sleep. What do they testify to?
- Review Raskolnikov's reflections after visiting the Marmeladov family and reading a letter to his mother (part 1, chapter 2-4). What contradictions can you name? What can you say about the character of the hero based on this?
- What caused these contradictions, the struggle between the two principles?
5. The theory of Raskolnikov and the ideological "doubles" of the hero.
Social: extreme poverty of the hero himself and his mother and sister; his heart breaks with sympathy and a desire to help others (Marmeladov, his wife, his children, Sonya, a drunk girl on the boulevard)
Moral: the desire to test his theory, according to which strong people for the great goal of changing the imperfect world have the right to step over "the blood" of other people.
Historical: Raskolnikov's theory grew out of the disappointment of the younger generation after the collapse of the revolutionary situation of the 60s on the basis of the crisis of utopian theories.
- What is the main cause of the crime?
- What is the essence of the hero's theory, in which he believes?
- Where was it stated?
- What kind of people does the hero belong to?
Raskolnikov's theory of "dividing people into two categories."
Being at the mercy of this theory, Raskolnikov is convinced that there is no injustice on earth and that a savior must come who will destroy an unjust society and create a society of happy people, even at the cost of violence and bloodshed.
"Ordinary" or "extraordinary" he himself is the question that worries Rodion Raskolnikov most of all.
"Ordinary People".
- People are conservative. Such people live in obedience and love to be obedient.
- This material serves solely for the birth of their own kind.
- They are weak, powerless and unable to change their fate.
- Such people cannot deserve regret. Their life is worthless - it can only be a sacrifice to "special people" to achieve their great goals. This is abundant material for a few Napoleons.
"Extraordinary People".
- These people establish new laws of life, change life, boldly destroy the old, they are not even stopped by the need to shed someone's blood on their way to achieve their goals.
- They have a talent for saying a new word and breaking the law in the name of a better one.
- These are the chosen people. Such personalities were, for example, Mohammed, Napoleon.
"Doubles" by Raskolnikov.
They consider themselves "the mighty of this world", they live according to the principle "everything is permitted."
Arkady Ivanovich Svidrigailov "
1. Who is Svidrigailov? How is it characterized by the first information in the novel?
2. Is Svidrigailov right when he asserts that he and Raskolnikov are “one field of the berry”, that there is a “common point” between them?
Deeds | Common with Raskolnikov's theory |
The gambler has a very controversial character: he commits a number of kind and noble deeds (he gives money to Katerina Ivanovna and Sonya so that she can accompany Rodion to hard labor). But on his conscience is the insulted honor of Dunya and the death of his wife, bringing Philip's servant to suicide. Having overheard Rodion's confession of the crime, he tries to blackmail Dunya, threatening to inform her brother. In his soul, as in the soul of Raskolnikov, there is a struggle between good and evil (evil takes over: Svidrigailov commits suicide). | “We are of the same berry field,” Svidrigailov says to Rodion. And Rodion understands that this is so, because both of them, albeit for different reasons, "passed through the blood." |
Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin.
- Who is Luzhin?
- What reasoning from the mother's letter about Luzhin attracted Raskolnikov's special attention? What thoughts and feelings do they give rise to in Raskolnikov and why?
- Impressions about Luzhin are aggravated when analyzing the "explanation" scene between Luzhin and Dunya. Compare the behavior of Luzhin and Dunya in the scene of their explanation.
- What did Luzhin appreciate above all in life and why did he annoy the break with Dunya?
- Luzhin cannot reconcile himself and makes a decision, which, in his opinion, could return Dunya. How Luzhin Carried Out His Decision.
Deeds | Common with Raskolnikov's theory |
The villain Luzhin is a voluptuous nonentity who seeks to rule. Tries to defame Sonya (slipping her a hundred-ruble bill to embroil Rodion with his family). He wants to marry Rodion's sister Duna and enjoys her addiction. Dunya is ready to marry this successful businessman without love. She decides to take this step for the same reason as Sonya - to pull the family out of poverty and help her brother complete his education. | "Love, above all, one yourself, for everything in the world is based on personal interest." Luzhin calmly steps over all obstacles in his path. |
- What is the meaning of comparing Raskolnikov with Luzhin and Svidrigailov?
6. Raskolnikov and "Eternal Sonechka". The hero's dreams as a means of his inner self-disclosure.
- What is Sonya's "truth", what principles does she live by, in the name of what did the heroine "overstep"?
- Life is hard for both Raskolnikov and Sonya. But how do the heroes perceive her?
- Why did Raskolnikov choose Sonya as his interlocutor?
- What seemed strange to Raskolnikov at Sonya, why?
- What is the result of the first conversation between Raskolnikov and Sonya?
- Why does Raskolnikov make Sonya read the Gospel?
- Why does Raskolnikov come to Sonya a second time?
- Is Sonya always meek, quiet in conversation with Raskolnikov? What is the main thing in Sonya's behavior?
- What in a conversation with Sonya makes Raskolnikov understand the falsity of his theory?
- Prove that writing asserts the "truth" of Sonya Marmeladova in the novel.
Let's trace how the resurrection of a person takes place in Raskolnikov through love.
- How did Sonya's stay in hard labor affect Raskolnikov?
- How do you answer the questions that Raskolnikov asks himself about the attitude of convicts towards him and Sonya?
Sonya.
An 18-year-old girl whose entire education is several books of romantic content. From an early age, I saw around me only drunken quarrels, illness, debauchery and human grief. Sonya is a “harlot,” as Dostoevsky writes about her. She is forced to sell herself to save her family from starvation. To help her stepmother and her children, she actually kills herself as a person, but surprisingly maintains her purity. Her soul is overflowing with Christian love for people, readiness for self-sacrifice.
The main features of Sonya Marmeladova.
Self-sacrifice.
To make life easier for her family, her loved ones, the girl sacrifices herself. Her whole life is self-sacrifice. When Raskolnikov talks to her about suicide as the only worthy way out, she interrupts him with a reminder of her family: "What will happen to them?" Love for her neighbors deprives her of even such an outlet as death.
Humility.
The girl is not indignant and does not protest - she resigned herself to fate. Dostoevsky contrasts Sonia's humility with Raskolnikov's rebellion. Sonya's patience and her vitality are largely derived from her faith. She believes in God, in justice blindly, without going into complex philosophical reasoning. All her actions are determined by Christian commandments and religious laws. Belief in God helps to keep the spark of the human in oneself.
Forgiveness.
It was Sonia who owes Rodion Raskolnikov his spiritual rebirth. Her exhausted, but pure soul is capable of seeing a person even in a killer, empathizing with him, suffering with him. In essence, Sonya's attitude to Raskolnikov is God's attitude to man, i.e. forgiveness. She brought Rodion back to the truth with the words of the Gospel and the example of her own life. Religion in the novel is a way of solving moral problems, and Sonya, according to the author's plan, bears the Divine principle.
Sleep as an artistic device.
Subconscious.
Sleep is a person's communication with his consciousness. Dreams depend on the mental state of a person and have a huge impact on his inner world. He is often a continuation of the events that happened during the day. In a dream, a person continues to feel, experience and reflect.
Artistic technique.
Introduction to the work of a dream is a favorite technique of many writers (dreams of Tatiana Larina, Ilya Ilyich Oblomov). The technique makes it possible to penetrate into the most hidden properties of the hero's soul, into his subconscious.
Raskolnikov's first dream.
Exposition.
Rodion sees a dream before the crime, at a time of painful meditation. The dream serves as an exposition: it acquaints the reader with people who will meet throughout the novel.
This is a painful dream, its action takes place in Rodion's childhood. She dreams that she and her father walk past a tavern on a festive evening and see how drunken men beat a little horse harnessed to a huge cart. The boy tries to intercede, but in front of the crowd, the unfortunate nag is finished off with an iron crowbar. Rodion is crying, wants to scream.
Meaning.
The dream carries a semantic load: it reveals the true state of Rodion's soul, shows that the violence he conceived contradicts his own nature.
Symbolism.
In the dream, there are two opposite places: a tavern and a church in the cemetery. The tavern is the personification of drunkenness, evil, meanness, filth of its inhabitants. But any Russian starts living in a church and ends it there. It is no coincidence that the church is located 300 meters from the pub. This small distance shows that a person can stop sinning and start a new, righteous life at any time.
The meaning of Raskolnikov's dreams.
Sleep after murder.
The dream-cry is filled with scary sounds: “…. such unnatural sounds, such screaming, grinding, tears, beatings and curses, he had never heard before ”. The whole being of the hero opposed the murder committed, and only an inflamed brain assures itself that the theory is correct, that murder is as common as the change of day and night. In this dream, the scene of action is the staircase, which symbolizes the struggle between good and evil in Raskolnikov's soul.
A dream in which Rodion repeats the murder.
The atmosphere in a dream resembles the kingdom of the dead. But everything is dead only for Rodion - for the rest of the people the world has not changed. People were standing below, and Rodion was above the whole crowd, all these "trembling creatures." He is Napoleon, a genius and cannot stand on the same level with cattle. But the people below condemn Raskolnikov, laugh at his attempts to change the world through the murder of an old woman. He sees that he has not changed anything: the old woman is alive and laughs at him along with the crowd.
Raskolnikov's theory divides people into "weak" and "strong". Rodion is tormented by the question of who he is: "trembling creature" or "has the right." The hero does not take into account the main thing: murder is contrary to the very nature of man. Having committed a crime, he acutely feels the impossibility of staying with people and suffers from the impossibility of communicating with his mother and sister. Where can they be attributed according to their theory, to what category of people? Logically, they belong to "weak people", to the "lower class", which means that the ax of another Raskolnikov can fall on their heads at any moment. It turns out that, according to his theory, he should despise and kill everyone he loves. These thoughts are unbearable to him and the fact that his theory is similar to the theories of Luzhin and Svidrigailov. Raskolnikov himself becomes a victim of what he had done: "I killed myself, not the old woman." He comprehends his erroneous delusions through severe suffering and is gradually reborn to a new life.
- What prevented Raskolnikov from living according to the theory created by him?
- Does Raskolnikov repent of the crime?
- Does he feel in the position of "strong"? What does Raskolnikov reproach himself for?
The central episodes of the novel, revealing the struggle of the hero with his "nature", capable of compassion and sensitive to the misfortunes of people, are Raskolnikov's meetings with Porfiry Petrovich.
- Tell us about the first meeting of Raskolnikov with the investigator (reasons, behavior, conclusion).
- Read the author's remarks in the conversation between Raskolnikov and Porfiry Petrovich.
- Raskolnikov goes to the second duel with Porfiry Petrovich, pursuing a single goal: "... although this time, by all means, defeat his irritated nature." Tell us about the second meeting with the investigator, make a conclusion.
- The third meeting (part 4, chapter 2). Why does Raskolnikov demand that Porfiry Petrovich interrogate him "in form"?
- Read the episode where Porfiry Petrovich explains to Raskolnikov why "the criminal will not run away." Analyze it.
- What prevented Raskolnikov from living according to his theory, why did the hero "make a confession"? Why does Porfiry Petrovich say: “He lied, he was incomparable, but he couldn’t figure it out for nature”?
Raskolnikov is disappointed in himself, not in his theory. The hero despises himself for the fact that he could not bear his crime and made a confession, suffers from the consciousness that he cannot classify himself as “having the right”, that he is a “louse” like everyone else. Raskolnikov's cold thought ("arithmetic", "dialectics") collided with his "nature", capable of compassion, sensitive to the misfortune of people. Raskolnikov could not overcome the feeling of criminality, defeat "nature". In the internal struggle of Raskolnikov, "nature" takes over, and he has no choice but to "make a confession."
Let's trace this struggle through the text of the novel.
- What feelings did Raskolnikov have on the first day after the murder?
- Tell us about Raskolnikov's meeting with his family (part 3, chapter 3). What did Raskolnikov feel and understand with particular strength when he met his mother and sister? What is the meaning of the author's remarks?
- Why does Rodion Raskolnikov suffer and torment after the crime?
The collapse of Raskolnikov's theory.
Raskolnikov's theory of the right of the strong to commit a crime turned out to be absurd. It is built on the chosenness of some and the humiliation of others. Raskolnikov understands that he is not Napoleon, that unlike his idol, who calmly sacrificed the lives of tens of thousands of people, he is unable to cope with his feelings after the murder of “one nasty old woman”: “…. I did not kill a person, I killed a principle! " This principle is his conscience. The call of good, which he drowns in every possible way, prevents him from becoming a "master". Rodion's human nature opposes an inhuman, immoral theory.
Feeling of time.
Time in the novel is now infinitely stretched, now compressed, now it disappears altogether. In the first part of the novel, it is stretched out (three days), after the committed crime the rhythm accelerates, but Raskolnikov himself loses the sense of time (he falls ill, falls into unconsciousness), and the events described in the third and fourth parts of the novel last only two days.
The symbolism of color in the novel.
Yellow is the main color of the novel.
- Rodion Raskolnikov lives in a yellow closet-like closet with yellow wallpaper
- Sonya Marmeladova lives on a yellow ticket, there is also yellow wallpaper in her room.
- The old usher is dressed in a yellowed katsaveika, her room is furnished with yellow wood furniture.
- From constant drunkenness, Marmeladov's face turned yellow.
- The houses of St. Petersburg are painted yellow-gray.
- Porfiry Petrovich has furniture made of "polished yellow wood" in his house.
- Svidrigailov stayed in a hotel in a room with yellow wallpaper.
- Luzhin's ring with a yellow stone.
- A suicidal woman with a yellow, lean face meets Raskolnikov on the street.
- Yellow color is a symbol of illness, poverty, squalor of life, it enhances the atmosphere of hopelessness, anguish, hysteria. All the "yellow" details in the novel are harbingers of bad events.
In today's world…. Dostoevsky's alarming alarm bell rings, incessantly appealing to humanity and humanism.
1. F.M. Dostoevsky. Life, creativity. The history of the creation of the novel "Crime and Punishment", genre, composition.
Find answers to questions:
1. What family secret largely determined the consciousness of Dostoevsky?
2. With what work does the creative path of the writer begin?
3. Who of the figures of Russian culture played a big role in his destiny?
4. What are the tasks and activities of the Petrashevsky circle? What part did Dostoevsky take in it?
5. What is the meaning of the spiritual rebirth experienced by Dostoevsky in hard labor? What book is based on his hard labor experience?
6. What are the forms of participation of F.M. Dostoevsky in public life of the 1870s?
The evolution of the worldview of F.M. Dostoevsky.
1840s |
|||
Life events |
Acquaintance with Belinsky, Petrashevsky circle |
"Execution" and hard labor |
After hard labor |
Worldview |
Socialism, a test of faith |
People, Christ |
"The idea of man" - to find God in yourself |
Creation of the novel "Crime and Punishment".
The idea of the novel was hatched for more than 6 years and was formed from the spiritual experience of F.M. Dostoevsky during his stay in hard labor.
On October 9, 1859, he wrote to his brother: “In December I will begin a novel ... I completely decided to write it immediately ... My whole heart will rely with blood on this novel. I conceived it in hard labor, lying on a bunk, in a difficult moment of sadness and self-decay ... Confession will finally confirm my name. "
The novel was published in the journal "Russian Bulletin" during 1866.
Content.
Dostoevsky himself defined the content of his work as follows: “This is a psychological account of one crime ... A young man expelled from university students and living in extreme poverty, succumbing to some“ unfinished ”ideas, decided to get out of his bad situation at once. He decided to kill one old woman who gives money for interest. " The "psychological account" of one crime was gradually saturated with philosophical and religious reflections.
Composition and genre.
The novel consists of six parts and an epilogue. Part one - committing a crime; the next five parts - punishment ("psychological report" of the offender); epilogue - remorse.
Contemporaries talked about the combination of several genres in the novel: detective (a crime has been committed, which is solved), social genre (pictures of the life of the humiliated and insulted are given), the presence of a love affair, serious philosophical and religious reflections and psychological research. The novel is recognized as the greatest philosophical and psychological novel in world literature.
Dostoevsky's novel is, first of all, a philosophical novel, a novel of controversy, a novel of ideas.
Main ideas.
Dostoevsky's main idea is that one cannot come to the good through crime. He was the first in world literature to show the perniciousness of the individualistic ideas of a "strong personality" and their immorality.
The meaning of some names and surnames.
Raskolnikov. The split is a “split”. It symbolizes the duality of the protagonist, his inner struggle with himself.
Sophia.
Sophia means "humility". The heroine of the novel humbly carries her cross and does not cease to believe in goodness and justice.
Lebeziatnikov.
A man capable of fooling around, fawning over, assenting.
Avdotya Romanovna.
The prototype of Raskolnikov's sister is Avdotya Yakovlevna Panaeva - the first love of F.M. Dostoevsky.
Lizaveta Ivanovna.
2. The image of St. Petersburg and the means of its recreation in the novel.
Petersburg of Dostoevsky.
Read the first pages of the novel.
How did Dostoevsky surprise you in this description of Petersburg, familiar to you from the works of Pushkin, Gogol, Goncharov?
- Referring to the text of the novel, write down the "Dostoyevsky" details, from your point of view.
- For what purpose does Dostoevsky give an allusion (an allusion, a reminiscence - an echo, a phenomenon suggestive of recollection, comparison with something) to Pushkin's text?
- How is the image of Dostoevsky's Petersburg formed in the novel?
- Where does the action take place? What is this area of the city? Why is the action taken to city streets?
- What are the most characteristic details of the appearance of the city that you remember when reading the novel?
- What details are repeated in the description of St. Petersburg and why?
- What evaluative statements of the author and the characters about the city have you chosen? What image of St. Petersburg grows out of these assessments?
- What epithets in the description of city blocks did you pay attention to? Can they be called "psychological"?
- Continue the phrase: "Dostoevsky's Petersburg is ... ..."
Raskolnikov's room.
Closet, coffin, wardrobe: "It was a tiny cage, ten paces long, which had the most pitiful appearance with its yellow dusty and everywhere lagging wallpaper, and so low that a slightly tall person felt creepy in it ..."
Sonya's room.
"Barn": “Son's room looked like a barn, had the appearance of a very irregular quadrangle, and this gave it something ugly. A wall with three windows, overlooking the ditch, cut the room somehow obliquely, which is why one corner, terribly sharp, ran away somewhere deep ... the other corner was already too ugly dull. There was almost no furniture in this whole large room. "
Home of the Marmeladovs.
Passing angle: “The stub illuminated the poorest room about ten paces long ... A leaky sheet was stretched across the back corner. There was probably a bed behind it. In the room itself there were only two chairs and a very tattered oilcloth sofa, in front of which there was an old pine kitchen table ... ... on the edge there was a burning greasy candle in an iron candlestick. "
- What was the most significant detail in the description of each room?
- What naming does Dostoevsky give Raskolnikov's dwelling? What should a person living in such conditions feel?
- As in the description of Raskolnikov's closet and his habitat near Sennaya, the motive of a "dead end" can be traced.
3. The world of the "humiliated and insulted" and the revolt of the individual against the cruel laws of society.
"Humiliated and Insulted" in the novel.
The Marmeladov family.
(one of thousands of poor families like her)
Semyon Zakharovich.
- Tell the story of the life of the Marmeladov family. What is the cause of the plight?
- Analyze Marmeladov's monologue (part 1, chapter 2). How does this character make you feel?
- What is the author's attitude to Marmeladov?
- Why Marmeladov was at the mercy of drunkenness, why can he break out of this swamp?
- Did Dostoevsky achieve the effect of the presence of Marmeladov's fate in the general atmosphere of hopelessness in the city of St. Petersburg?
- How does the fall of Marmeladov begin? Why does he blame Katerina Ivanovna in many ways?
- How does Marmeladov die? What do you think was the reason for his death?
Semyon Zakharovich - degraded, who has lost all human dignity, a retired official. His drunken confession in a tavern about his fate is the life drama of a man who was crushed by a cruel world. He loves his wife and children (after death, a mint cockerel was found in his pocket). But the soul of a happy person cannot bear the daily humiliation. Marmeladov knows that his daughter, honest and pure Sonya, lives on a yellow ticket. Before us is a man completely crushed by poverty and his own impotence.
Katerina Ivanovna.
- Describe Katerina Ivanovna.
- How is it characterized by the words: "Paul washes herself and sits on black bread, but will not allow disrespect to himself"?
- Why is she so unfair to Sonya, to her children?
- What are the character traits of Katerina Ivanovna.
- Do Katerina Ivanovna and Raskolnikov have something in common?
- Tell us about the last episodes of Katerina Ivanovna's life. How did she die? What impressed you about these descriptions?
- Why does Katerina Ivanovna refuse God and repentance before her death?
Katerina Ivanovna - an exhausted woman to the limit, Sonya's stepmother. She is of noble birth (from a ruined noble family), so it is much harder for her than for her stepdaughter and husband. And the point is not in everyday difficulties, but in the fact that she has no outlet (Sonya finds consolation in the Bible, in prayers, Marmeladov is forgotten in a tavern). Katerina Ivanovna is a passionate, proud, rebellious nature. Everything that surrounds her seems to her like hell, and she does not know how to humble herself, endure and be silent, like Sonya. Exhausted by poverty, she dies of consumption.
Comparative analysis of the episodes "Raskolnikov on the Nikolaevsky Bridge" (Part 2, Chapter 2) and "The Drowned Woman Suicide" (Part 2, Chapter 6).
- What are the similarities and differences between these episodes?
- Why "inexplicable cold blew ... always" on Raskolnikov from "this magnificent panorama; with a dumb and deaf spirit, was this magnificent picture full for him? Why doesn't the beauty of the city affect Raskolnikov? Why is “ceremonial” Petersburg, as it were, excluded by the author from the topography of the novel?
- Think why Dostoevsky calls the city “fantastic”?
- What would you draw if you had the opportunity to illustrate Crime and Punishment?
4. The image of Raskolnikov and the theme of the "proud man" in the novel.
Portrait.
The protagonist of the novel is a commoner, a poor student. Endowed with an attractive appearance: "remarkably good-looking, with beautiful dark eyes .... Height above average, thin and slender."
Before us is a young, talented, proud, thinking man, in whom there are no bad and low features. In his actions, statements and experiences one can see a high sense of human dignity, nobility, selflessness. He perceives someone else's pain more acutely than his own: risking his life, he saves children from the fire; shares the latter with the father of a deceased comrade; a beggar himself, he gives money for the funeral of Marmeladov, barely known to him.
Raskolnikov among the humiliated and insulted.
- Why did Raskolnikov leave the closet?
- Remember the conversation between a student and an officer in a tavern. What is the reason for the appearance of the hero's "ugly" dream?
- What doubted the hero?
- Read the thoughts of Raskolnikov as he goes to the old woman-centre, in the tavern, after sleep. What do they testify to?
- Review Raskolnikov's reflections after visiting the Marmeladov family and reading a letter to his mother (part 1, chapter 2-4). What contradictions can you name? What can you say about the character of the hero based on this?
- What caused these contradictions, the struggle between the two principles?
5. The theory of Raskolnikov and the ideological "doubles" of the hero.
Social: extreme poverty of the hero himself and his mother and sister; his heart breaks with sympathy and a desire to help others (Marmeladov, his wife, his children, Sonya, a drunk girl on the boulevard)
Moral: the desire to test his theory, according to which strong people for the great goal of changing the imperfect world have the right to step over "the blood" of other people.
Historical: Raskolnikov's theory grew out of the disappointment of the younger generation after the collapse of the revolutionary situation of the 60s on the basis of the crisis of utopian theories.
- What is the main cause of the crime?
- What is the essence of the hero's theory, in which he believes?
- Where was it stated?
- What kind of people does the hero belong to?
Raskolnikov's theory of "dividing people into two categories."
Being at the mercy of this theory, Raskolnikov is convinced that there is no injustice on earth and that a savior must come who will destroy an unjust society and create a society of happy people, even at the cost of violence and bloodshed.
"Ordinary" or "extraordinary" he himself is the question that worries Rodion Raskolnikov most of all.
"Ordinary People".
- People are conservative. Such people live in obedience and love to be obedient.
- This material serves solely for the birth of their own kind.
- They are weak, powerless and unable to change their fate.
- Such people cannot deserve regret. Their life is worthless - it can only be a sacrifice to "special people" to achieve their great goals. This is a plentiful material for a few Napoleons.
"Extraordinary People".
- These people establish new laws of life, change life, boldly destroy the old, they are not even stopped by the need to shed someone's blood on their way to achieve their goals.
- They have a talent for saying a new word and breaking the law in the name of a better one.
- These are the chosen people. Such personalities were, for example, Mohammed, Napoleon.
"Doubles" by Raskolnikov.
They consider themselves "the mighty of this world", they live according to the principle "everything is permitted."
Arkady Ivanovich Svidrigailov "
1. Who is Svidrigailov? How is it characterized by the first information in the novel?
2. Is Svidrigailov right when he asserts that he and Raskolnikov are “one field of the berry”, that there is a “common point” between them?
Deeds |
Common with Raskolnikov's theory |
The gambler has a very controversial character: he commits a number of kind and noble deeds (he gives money to Katerina Ivanovna and Sonya so that she can accompany Rodion to hard labor). But on his conscience is the insulted honor of Dunya and the death of his wife, bringing Philip's servant to suicide. Having overheard Rodion's confession of the crime, he tries to blackmail Dunya, threatening to inform her brother. In his soul, as in the soul of Raskolnikov, there is a struggle between good and evil (evil takes over: Svidrigailov commits suicide). |
“We are of the same berry field,” Svidrigailov says to Rodion. And Rodion understands that this is so, because both of them, albeit for different reasons, "passed through the blood." |
Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin.
- Who is Luzhin?
- What reasoning from the mother's letter about Luzhin attracted Raskolnikov's special attention? What thoughts and feelings do they give rise to in Raskolnikov and why?
- Impressions about Luzhin are aggravated when analyzing the scene of the "explanation" between Luzhin and Dunya. Compare the behavior of Luzhin and Dunya in the scene of their explanation.
- What did Luzhin appreciate above all in life and why did he annoy the break with Dunya?
- Luzhin cannot reconcile himself and makes a decision, which, in his opinion, could return Dunya. How Luzhin Carried Out His Decision.
Deeds |
Common with Raskolnikov's theory |
The villain Luzhin is a voluptuous nonentity who seeks to rule. Tries to defame Sonya (he slips her a hundred-ruble bill to embroil Rodion with his family). He wants to marry Rodion's sister Duna and enjoys her addiction. Dunya is ready to marry this successful businessman without love. She decides to take this step for the same reason as Sonya - to pull the family out of poverty and help her brother complete his education. |
"Love, above all, one yourself, for everything in the world is based on personal interest." Luzhin calmly steps over all obstacles in his path. |
- What is the meaning of comparing Raskolnikov with Luzhin and Svidrigailov?
6. Raskolnikov and "Eternal Sonechka". The hero's dreams as a means of his inner self-disclosure.
- What is Sonya's "truth", what principles does she live by, in the name of what did the heroine "overstep"?
- Life is hard for both Raskolnikov and Sonya. But how do the heroes perceive her?
- Why did Raskolnikov choose Sonya as his interlocutor?
- What seemed strange to Raskolnikov at Sonya, why?
- What is the result of the first conversation between Raskolnikov and Sonya?
- Why does Raskolnikov make Sonya read the Gospel?
- Why does Raskolnikov come to Sonya a second time?
- Is Sonya always meek and quiet in conversation with Raskolnikov? What is the main thing in Sonya's behavior?
- What in a conversation with Sonya makes Raskolnikov understand the falsity of his theory?
- Prove that writing asserts the "truth" of Sonya Marmeladova in the novel.
Let's trace how the resurrection of a person takes place in Raskolnikov through love.
- How did Sonya's stay in hard labor affect Raskolnikov?
- How do you answer the questions that Raskolnikov asks himself about the attitude of convicts towards him and Sonya?
Sonya.
An 18-year-old girl whose entire education is several books of romantic content. From an early age, I saw around me only drunken quarrels, illness, debauchery and human grief. Sonya is a “harlot,” as Dostoevsky writes about her. She is forced to sell herself to save her family from starvation. To help her stepmother and her children, she actually kills herself as a person, but surprisingly maintains her purity. Her soul is overflowing with Christian love for people, readiness for self-sacrifice.
The main features of Sonya Marmeladova.
Self-sacrifice.
To make life easier for her family, her loved ones, the girl sacrifices herself. Her whole life is self-sacrifice. When Raskolnikov talks to her about suicide as the only worthy way out, she interrupts him with a reminder of her family: "What will happen to them?" Love for her neighbors deprives her of even such an outlet as death.
Humility.
The girl is not indignant and does not protest - she resigned herself to fate. Dostoevsky contrasts Sonia's humility with Raskolnikov's rebellion. Sonya's patience and her vitality are largely derived from her faith. She believes in God, in justice blindly, without going into complex philosophical reasoning. All her actions are determined by Christian commandments and religious laws. Belief in God helps to keep the spark of the human in oneself.
Forgiveness.
It was Sonia who owes Rodion Raskolnikov his spiritual rebirth. Her exhausted, but pure soul is capable of seeing a person even in a killer, empathizing with him, suffering with him. In essence, Sonya's attitude to Raskolnikov is God's attitude to man, i.e. forgiveness. She brought Rodion back to the truth with the words of the Gospel and the example of her own life. Religion in the novel is a way of solving moral problems, and Sonya, according to the author's plan, bears the Divine principle.
Sleep as an artistic device.
Subconscious.
Sleep is a person's communication with his consciousness. Dreams depend on the mental state of a person and have a huge impact on his inner world. He is often a continuation of the events that happened during the day. In a dream, a person continues to feel, experience and reflect.
Artistic technique.
Introduction to the work of a dream is a favorite technique of many writers (dreams of Tatiana Larina, Ilya Ilyich Oblomov). The technique makes it possible to penetrate into the most hidden properties of the hero's soul, into his subconscious.
Raskolnikov's first dream.
Exposition.
Rodion sees a dream before the crime, at a time of painful meditation. The dream serves as an exposition: it acquaints the reader with people who will meet throughout the novel.
This is a painful dream, its action takes place in Rodion's childhood. She dreams that she and her father walk past a tavern on a festive evening and see how drunken men beat a little horse harnessed to a huge cart. The boy tries to intercede, but in front of the crowd, the unfortunate nag is finished off with an iron crowbar. Rodion is crying, wants to scream.
Meaning.
The dream carries a semantic load: it reveals the true state of Rodion's soul, shows that the violence he conceived contradicts his own nature.
Symbolism.
In the dream, there are two opposite places: a tavern and a church in the cemetery. The tavern is the personification of drunkenness, evil, meanness, filth of its inhabitants. But any Russian starts living in a church and ends it there. It is no coincidence that the church is located 300 meters from the pub. This small distance shows that a person can stop sinning and start a new, righteous life at any time.
The meaning of Raskolnikov's dreams.
Sleep after murder.
The dream-cry is filled with scary sounds: “…. such unnatural sounds, such screaming, grinding, tears, beatings and curses, he had never heard before ”. The whole being of the hero opposed the murder committed, and only an inflamed brain assures itself that the theory is correct, that murder is as common as the change of day and night. In this dream, the scene of action is the staircase, which symbolizes the struggle between good and evil in Raskolnikov's soul.
A dream in which Rodion repeats the murder.
The atmosphere in a dream resembles the kingdom of the dead. But everything is dead only for Rodion - for the rest of the people the world has not changed. People were standing below, and Rodion was above the whole crowd, all these "trembling creatures." He is Napoleon, a genius and cannot stand on the same level with cattle. But the people below condemn Raskolnikov, laugh at his attempts to change the world through the murder of an old woman. He sees that he has not changed anything: the old woman is alive and laughs at him along with the crowd.
A dream about an oasis.
Rodion dreams of the ideal world that will be created by him, the genius, the savior of mankind. He dreams of creating a New Jerusalem on earth; the description of this world resembles Eden. At first, it will be a small oasis of happiness in the middle of the endless desert of grief (it is not for nothing that the oasis is in Egypt: the Egyptian campaign is the beginning of Napoleon's career). The description is filled with beautiful epithets.
Sleep in hard labor.
The oasis-world from the previous dream was condemned as a victim of some terrible and unheard-of world ulcer. Rodion sees the fruits of his theory. The dream is filled with terrible pictures of human torment (it is the complete opposite of the dream about an oasis). After this dream, Rodion finally understood the terrible essence of his theory and abandoned it.
7. The moral and philosophical meaning of the crime and punishment of Rodion Raskolnikov.
Search for truth.
Raskolnikov's theory divides people into "weak" and "strong". Rodion is tormented by the question of who he is: "trembling creature" or "has the right." The hero does not take into account the main thing: murder is contrary to the very nature of man. Having committed a crime, he acutely feels the impossibility of staying with people and suffers from the impossibility of communicating with his mother and sister. Where can they be attributed according to their theory, to what category of people? Logically, they belong to "weak people", to the "lower class", which means that the ax of another Raskolnikov can fall on their heads at any moment. It turns out that, according to his theory, he should despise and kill everyone he loves. These thoughts are unbearable to him and the fact that his theory is similar to the theories of Luzhin and Svidrigailov. Raskolnikov himself becomes a victim of what he had done: "I killed myself, not the old woman." He comprehends his erroneous delusions through severe suffering and is gradually reborn to a new life.
- What prevented Raskolnikov from living according to the theory he created?
- Does Raskolnikov repent of the crime?
- Does he feel in the position of "strong"? What does Raskolnikov reproach himself for?
The central episodes of the novel, revealing the struggle of the hero with his "nature", capable of compassion and sensitive to the misfortunes of people, are Raskolnikov's meetings with Porfiry Petrovich.
- Tell us about the first meeting of Raskolnikov with the investigator (reasons, behavior, conclusion).
- Read the author's remarks in the conversation between Raskolnikov and Porfiry Petrovich.
- Raskolnikov goes to the second duel with Porfiry Petrovich, pursuing a single goal: "... although this time, by all means, defeat his irritated nature." Tell us about the second meeting with the investigator, make a conclusion.
- The third meeting (part 4, chapter 2). Why does Raskolnikov demand that Porfiry Petrovich interrogate him "in form"?
- Read the episode where Porfiry Petrovich explains to Raskolnikov why "the criminal will not run away." Analyze it.
- What prevented Raskolnikov from living according to his theory, why did the hero "make a confession"? Why does Porfiry Petrovich say: “He lied, he was incomparable, but he couldn’t figure it out for nature”?
Raskolnikov is disappointed in himself, not in his theory. The hero despises himself for the fact that he could not bear his crime and made a confession, suffers from the consciousness that he cannot classify himself as “having the right”, that he is a “louse” like everyone else. Raskolnikov's cold thought ("arithmetic", "dialectics") collided with his "nature", capable of compassion, sensitive to the misfortune of people. Raskolnikov could not overcome the feeling of criminality, defeat "nature". In the internal struggle of Raskolnikov, "nature" takes over, and he has no choice but to "make a confession."
Let's trace this struggle through the text of the novel.
The collapse of Raskolnikov's theory.
Raskolnikov's theory of the right of the strong to commit a crime turned out to be absurd. It is built on the chosenness of some and the humiliation of others. Raskolnikov understands that he is not Napoleon, that unlike his idol, who calmly sacrificed the lives of tens of thousands of people, he is unable to cope with his feelings after the murder of “one nasty old woman”: “…. I did not kill a person, I killed a principle! " This principle is his conscience. The call of good, which he drowns in every possible way, prevents him from becoming a "master". Rodion's human nature opposes an inhuman, immoral theory.
9. The use of various artistic techniques in the novel. The role of the epilogue in revealing the author's position in the novel.
Speech characteristics of heroes
Reception of the antithesis.
Dostoevsky's man is contradictory. His hero combines good, compassion, sacrifice and evil, selfishness. Two portraits of Raskolnikov are given: before the crime was committed, the author talks about beauty, about Rodion's beautiful eyes, but the crime leaves a tragic imprint not only on the hero's soul, but also on his face. This time we have a portrait of a murderer.
why, after visiting the marmalade schismatics, he decided to act immediately crime and punishment f Dostoevsky and received the best answer
Answer from Vakhit Shavaliev [guru]
"The Marmeladov family occupies an important place in the system of the novel's characters. Semyon Zakharovich, a degraded official, interested Raskolnikov" at first sight "- during their first meeting in the tavern. Raskolnikov himself believed that his acquaintance with Marmeladov did not happen by chance: he" several times I later recalled this first impression and even attributed it to a premonition. "Marmeladov and his wife Katerina Ivanovna, like Raskolnikov, belong to the world of" humiliated and insulted ", their fates are comparable to the fate of the protagonist.
They, like Raskolnikov, are at a dead end in life, painfully suffering from the fact that their miserable situation does not correspond to their ambitions. However, claims to “nobility” did not prevent the Marmeladovs from accepting Sonechkin's sacrifice: “What a well, however, they managed to dig! and enjoy! .. We cried and got used to it. A scoundrel gets used to everything! " - Raskolnikov thinks about them. Although the hero himself is also used to "using" - to live at the expense of his mother and sister - he suffers and is indignant, watching the tragicomic life of the Marmeladovs.
In the novel "Crime and Punishment", the inner world of "humiliated and insulted" heroes is especially fully depicted. Here, in contrast to the previous works of Dostoevsky, each of which was devoted to a particular variation of the image, three possible variants of the development of the characters and destinies of the "humiliated and insulted" are presented at once.
One of the possibilities for the spiritual development of such people is the fate of Raskolnikov. This is one of those heroes of Dostoevsky who oppose themselves to the world and other people, choosing a "rebellion" against society and the morality legalized by it. The character of Raskolnikov is close to the character of the hero of Notes from the Underground. The result of Raskolnikov's long-term philosophical reflections on the imperfection of human nature and the impossibility of changing it was his theory: “Then I kept asking myself: why am I so stupid, that if others are stupid and if I know for certain that they are stupid, then I myself do not want to be smarter ? Then I found out ... that if you wait until everyone becomes smart, it will take too long ... Then I also learned that this will never happen, that people will not change and no one will remake them, and there is no need to spend labor ! .. This is their law .... And now I know ... that whoever is strong and strong in mind and spirit is the master over them! Whoever dares a lot is right with them. " Raskolnikov is convinced that "power is given only to those who dare to bend over and take it," and everyone else is obliged to obey. He did not want to be one of those who "obey", "got angry". Raskolnikov "wanted to dare" - this was the main motive of his crime.
The meaning of Raskolnikov's theory, according to Dostoevsky, is that the hero, rejecting the idea of the equality of all people before the moral law, breaks both with humanity and with God. Indeed, revising the foundations of Christian morality, he "falls away" from it, and therefore from God. The writer emphasizes the fanaticism of Raskolnikov: "this gloomy catechism became his faith and law." The idea enslaves the hero's soul, changes his attitude towards people: any communication with them becomes painful for him.
Raskolnikov did not kill "for a piece of bread." At first glance, it seems that he is in a social impasse (expulsion from the university for non-payment of fees, lack of money, life on the verge of poverty). But this impasse is imaginary, one can always find a way out of it - this is proved by the example of Razumikhin, who is ready to be content with the most meager earnings. But Raskolnikov is a completely different person: with exorbitant ambitions, a maximalist in his attitude to life. He wants to immediately solve all the problems, including the most important one - the moral and psychological. "
Answer from BABY[guru]
Dostoevsky shows that respect in society grows in proportion to a person's material well-being. And accordingly, poor people are considered outcasts, almost lepers, who have no place among the "normal". Marmeladov, too, realizes this, saying with bitterness: “In poverty,” he says to Raskolnikov, “you still retain your nobility of innate feelings, while in poverty there is never anyone. For poverty, they don't even drive them out with a stick, but sweep them out of the company of men with a broom, so that it would be more insulting ... "
And a person ceases to respect himself: "And hence the drink." And this is already a sure sign of personality degradation, loss of one's moral and moral character. It is not for nothing that Marmeladov himself says that he has long been a cattle, "he has an animal appearance."
But, worst of all, a beggar is deprived of support and respect in his own family. So, having lost the place of titular adviser, Semyon Zakharovich finally lost the respect of his wife. It was then that he "snapped" after a long period of abstinence and "went all out."
Marmeladov suffers from his "bestial" position, but is unable to change anything. This person needs support - respect and compassion: "So that every person has at least one such place where they would feel sorry for him." However, in the world of "humiliated and insulted", where indifference and anger reign, this is an unprecedented luxury. That is why Marmeladov is sinking lower and lower, hence, it seems to me, the features of madness in his appearance: “There was something very strange about him; ... there was both meaning and intelligence - but at the same time, it was as if insanity was flickering. " His only way out is death. And this hero, following the logic of his character, dies, drunk, under the hooves of a horse.
The fate of Marmeladov's wife is also tragic. Katerina Ivanovna is a woman of noble birth who remarried to Semyon Zakharovich. Perfectly educated, proud, vain, she is forced to perish in poverty, to see how her children starve, how her husband humiliates and humiliates. All this pushes the heroine into a senseless rebellion, scandals, with which she, however, aggravates her already plight. As a result, Katerina Ivanovna dies from the developed consumption.
Would have perished, at least morally, and the daughter of Marmeladov - Sonya. After all, she was forced to become a corrupt woman in order to feed her family. The pure and deeply religious Sonya suffers from her position, from the dirt that she has to plunge into every day, from the humiliation that she endures. However, she is saved from insanity and suicide by faith in God (“What would I have been without God?”) And compassionate love for loved ones (“What will happen to them?”)
Thus, using the example of the Marmeladov family, the author shows that indifference, general irritation, and disunity in human relations reign in society. According to Dostoevsky, bourgeois society is inhuman; it pushes people to commit crimes against themselves, against their souls.
And Dostoevsky's novel contains a harsh criticism of bourgeois individualism, the idea of a "strong personality." Dostoevsky understood the danger to society posed by the division of mankind into ordinary and extraordinary people, the justification of the power of the elect.
It is important for Dostoevsky to show that if even an honest and kind person, exhausted by the suffering of others, takes the path of violence, he inevitably brings only evil to himself and to others.
Raskolnikov's aspirations are humane: he dreams of saving people from unbearable suffering. But his idea of the primordial, natural ("By the law of nature") division of people into "trembling creatures" and "entitled" to rule is antihuman, since it can serve as an excuse for lawlessness and arbitrariness. And not without reason, having killed the usurer, whose life, from his point of view, is "no more than the life of a louse," Raskolnikov is forced to kill the humble, kind Lizaveta.
(11 )
Raskolnikov went to the Tavern. Among the visitors, attention was drawn to a man who looked like a retired official, who was also in some excitement. Raskolnikov felt an involuntary interest in this man. The official looked at everyone with boredom and arrogant disdain. His face was swollen from constant drunkenness, and his gaze shone with enthusiasm, there was meaning and intelligence, but at the same time and madness. He was dressed in an old tattered black tailcoat with the only remaining button, a waistcoat and a soiled crumpled shirt front. He also drew attention to Raskolnikov and sat down next to him. Introducing himself as a titular adviser Semyon Zakharovich Marmeladov, he suddenly began to talk about himself.
Like, he rents a corner from the hostess Amalia Fedorovna Lippevekhzel and lives there with his wife Katerina Ivanovna and her three young children. His wife was brought up in the provincial noble institute, received a gold medal and a certificate of commendation. A bright future was predicted for her, but she fled with a young officer.
She loved her husband excessively, but he began to play cards, was put on trial, and then died. The woman was left alone with three children without a livelihood, her parents abandoned her, and she was too proud. That's when he, a widower with his fourteen-year-old daughter Sonechka, out of compassion, asked for her hand in marriage. A year later, he lost his post and started drinking. for a long time they traveled from place to place and have been living in St. Petersburg for a year and a half.
Here Marmeladov found a place, and then he drank again and lost his place. There was nothing to live on. Sonechka, for the sake of her family, decided to go to the panel, although she suffered greatly from this. The hostess said that she did not want to live under the same roof with the prostitute. and the girl had to get a yellow ticket and rent herself a room. She comes to them only late in the evening, gives money.
Katerina Ivanovna, despite her noble upbringing, washes and mends herself, only her hand is heavy - he gets it when he is drunk, and the children, if they decide to cry. And now she is ill, coughing, red spots appeared on her cheeks.
Five weeks ago, Marmeladov was lucky to find a place. His wife and daughter made him a decent suit, walked on tiptoe when he slept. He worked for a month, received a salary and brought every penny to his wife. She believed that everything would be fine with them now, and even caressed him. And the next day he stole from his wife the key to the chest where the money lay, took out all that was left of the salary, and drank it. And then he drank all the new clothes. It was five days ago. And today he went to his daughter, asked for money for a hangover, and she gave him thirty kopecks.
Marmeladov finished his vodka and asked Raskolnikov to help him get home. He said that he was afraid of home, but not beatings, but red spots on his wife's cheeks and children's crying. It was not far to go. The room was very poor, stuffy, and besides, it was a walk-through; the door to the next rooms was ajar and noise and waves of tobacco smoke were heard from there.
Coughing, Katerina Ivanovna walked up and down, her eyes were shining, but her gaze was motionless. It was evident that she had consumption. The smallest girl, curled up, slept on the floor, a boy a year older was crying in the corner, he was consoled by an older girl in a dress from which she had grown up long ago. Marmeladov, entering the room, immediately knelt down. His wife started shouting at him, and then Raskolnikov got it. He hastened to leave, but left some copper money on the window.