About the creation of the novel "Dubrovsky". Historical and cultural context of time
This work of the great Russian classic about the descendants of two warring landowner families remained unfinished, was not prepared for publication, the author’s notes and comments remained on the pages of the manuscript, and did not even have a title. But, nevertheless, this particular novel is still considered one of the most famous works about robbers in Russian.
The first publication of the novel dates back to 1841. But the work underwent strict censorship, during which it underwent significant distortions and changes; some parts of the novel were cut out and omitted. The reason for such changes was, of course, the popularization of freethinking, the showing of the robber chieftain as positive hero with the ability to love, compassion and empathy. Only many years later, already in Soviet times, the reader had the opportunity to familiarize himself with it in full.
The history of the creation of the novel “Dubrovsky”
The author based the novel on the enmity of the social strata of the country; it is very clearly expressed in its drama, the contrasting scenes of the work, the mental tossing of both the hero and the supporting characters.The idea to write a novel of this kind came to Pushkin after he heard from friends a story about a nobleman of Belarusian origin, Ostrovsky. It was he who became the prototype of the main character, and it was his life’s ups and downs that formed the basis of the work. This story happened in 1830, when Ostrovsky’s family estate was taken away from him, and his peasants, not wanting to become the property of the new owner, chose the path of robbery.
This story struck Pushkin to the depths of his soul, who was an irreconcilable fighter for the human right to freedom of thought and tried in every possible way to emphasize this in his works, for which he was persecuted and disgraced.
About the plot of the novel “Dubrovsky”
The plot of the novel revolves around the fate of the main character. Despite the fact that Vladimir Dubrovsky is endowed with such qualities as nobility, courage, kindness and honesty, his life does not work out, he is haunted by fatal failures and troubles.During the course of the story, the hero goes through not one, but three life path- from an ambitious and wasteful guard officer to the courageous and unusually modest teacher Deforge, to the irreconcilable and formidable robber chieftain.
Having lost parents' house, the environment and society familiar from childhood and having lost the opportunity for simple cultural communication, the hero also loses love. At the end of the novel, he has no choice but to go against the law and enter into a brutal duel with the prevailing morals and foundations of society at that time.
Lesson 16 6th grade
Subject: The history of the creation of A.S. Pushkin’s novel “Dubrovsky”.
Goals: expand students’ understanding of the historical era of the early 19th century, introduce them to the history of the creation of the novel “Dubrovsky”
Planned learning outcomes:
Subject:
- cognitive sphere:show attentive attention to the artistic word, to artistic detail;
- value-oriented sphere: formulate your own attitude to the work of A. S. Pushkin, to the novel “Dubrovsky”, its heroes; become familiar with the spiritual and moral values of Russian literature;
- communication sphere:possess expressive reading and acting skills;
Personal: realize the personal meaning of the teaching; show readiness for self-development.
Meta-subject (criteria for the formation/assessment of components of universal learning activities - UUD):
Cognitive: navigate the text work of art; answer teacher's questions; generalize, draw conclusions; find the necessary information in the textbook;
Regulatory: organize a performance venue; acquire the ability to understand learning objectives lesson, evaluate your achievements in the lesson;
- communicative:demonstrate a willingness to engage in dialogue; participate in a collective discussion of the project.
During the classes.
- Motivation for learning activities.
Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin... It is difficult to find a person who does not know this name. Pushkin enters our lives from childhood and remains with us forever. “Pushkin’s language is sweet and melodious,” said V. G. Belinsky. For some, Pushkin is an unsurpassed poet, whose bright, refined poetry is needed like air. For some, this is a kind wizard, the creator of many children's fairy tales, remember their names: “The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish”, “The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Knights”, “The Tale of Tsar Saltan”...
For all of us, Pushkin - Great master literary word, who wrote a novel in verse “Eugene Onegin”, “Belkin’s Tales”, “ Captain's daughter", novel "Dubrovsky".
Everywhere, always worthy
You, wizard, amazed us,
Did you captivate with the harmonious picture,
Were you being sarcastic, or were you sad?
P. Markov
- Updating basic knowledge.
- Goal setting.
- Working on the topic of the lesson.
Among the prose works of A.S. Pushkin, the novel “Dubrovsky” occupies a special place. The novel remained unfinished and was published after his death. As a master of words, Pushkin was always interested in man and the movements of his soul. The plot of this work was based on the story of a close friend P. Nashchekin (how one landowner had a lawsuit over land with a neighbor and he took everything from him and he had to rob others together with his peasants). The novel takes place in 1820. Together with the heroes of his works, the author sought answers to vital questions that arise so often in life. There are many such questions in the novel “Dubrovsky”: about honor and dishonor, about revenge and forgiveness, about the tyranny of the Russian nobility and the devotion of the peasants, about love and hatred.
- Working with the textbook.
Commented reading of chapter 1.
- Working on making a plan. Recording the plan in a notebook.
Rough plan.
A) An old Russian gentleman Kirila Petrovich Trekurov.
B) An old Russian gentleman Andrei Gavrilych Dubrovsky.
C) Friendship between Troekurov and Dubrovsky.
D) Quarrel between friends.
D) Troekurov’s insidious plan.
E) Dubrovsky's invitation to court.
7. Conversation on issues.
Why did Troekurov love and respect Dubrovsky?
Was Dubrovsky right in the kennel?
Why two best friend became enemies?
Who is to blame for their quarrel?
8. Reflection.
9. Homework.
Unprocessed for printing (and unfinished) work by A. S. Pushkin. It tells the story of the love of Vladimir Dubrovsky and Maria Troekurova - descendants of two warring landowner families.
History of creation
When creating the novel, Pushkin was based on the story of his friend P.V. Nashchokin about how he saw in the prison “one Belarusian poor nobleman, named Ostrovsky, who had a lawsuit with a neighbor for land, was forced out of the estate and, left with only peasants , began to rob, first the clerks, then others.” During the work on the novel, the main character's surname was changed to "Dubrovsky". The story takes place in the 1820s and spans approximately a year and a half.
The title was given to the novel by publishers upon its first publication in 1841. In the Pushkin manuscript, instead of the title, there is the date when work on the work began: “October 21, 1832.” The last chapter is dated "February 6, 1833."
Plot of the novel
Because of the insolence of the slave Troekurov, a quarrel occurs between Dubrovsky and Troekurov, turning into enmity between neighbors. Troyekurov bribes the provincial court and, taking advantage of his impunity, seizes Dubrovsky's Kistenevka estate from him. The elder Dubrovsky goes crazy in the courtroom. The younger Dubrovsky, Vladimir, a guards cornet in St. Petersburg, is forced to leave the service and return to his seriously ill father, who soon dies. Dubrovsky sets fire to Kistenevka; The estate given to Troekurov burns down along with the court officials who came to formalize the transfer of property. Dubrovsky becomes a robber like Robin Hood, terrifying the local landowners, but not touching Troekurov's estate. Dubrovsky bribes a passing French teacher, Deforge, who proposes to enter the service of the Troekurov family, and under his guise he becomes a tutor in the Troekurov family. He is put to the test with a bear, which he kills with a shot in the ear. Love arises between Dubrovsky and Troekurov’s daughter, Masha.
Troekurov gives seventeen-year-old Masha in marriage to the old Prince Vereisky against her will. Vladimir Dubrovsky is trying in vain to prevent this unequal marriage. Having received the agreed sign from Masha, he arrives to save her, but is too late. During the wedding procession from the church to Vereisky's estate, Dubrovsky's armed men surround the prince's carriage. Dubrovsky tells Masha that she is free, but she refuses his help, explaining her refusal by saying that she has already taken an oath. After some time, the provincial authorities try to surround Dubrovsky’s detachment, after which he disbands his “gang” and hides abroad from justice.
Possible sequel
Several drafts of the last, third volume of the novel have been preserved in Maykov's collection of Pushkin's drafts. Transcript of a later version:
Criticism
In literary criticism, the similarity of certain situations of “Dubrovsky” with Western European novels on a similar topic, including those authored by Walter Scott, is noted. A. Akhmatova ranked “Dubrovsky” lower than all other works of Pushkin, pointing out its compliance with the standard of the “tabloid” novel of that time:
In general, it is believed that P<ушкина>no failures. And yet “Dubrovsky” is Pushkin’s failure. And thank God he didn't finish it. It was a desire to earn a lot, a lot of money, so as not to think about it anymore. "Oak<ровский>", finished<енный>, at that time it would have been an excellent “reading book”.<…>...I leave three whole lines to list what is there that is tempting for the reader.
From Anna Akhmatova's notebook
Appeal from A.S. Pushkin’s turn to prose was quite natural in the process of development of his creative genius. Pushkin admitted in “Eugene Onegin”: “... Summer is inclined towards harsh prose...”. One of the great prose works of A.S. Pushkin's novel "Dubrovsky". Many researchers of the poet's work point to his incompleteness. However, the incompleteness of a work of art is always relative, “incompleteness does not mean understatement.” When studying the prose of Alexander Sergeevich, it is worth paying special attention to the history of the creation of the novel “Dubrovsky”.
The beginning of the novel
Alexander Sergeevich began work on the novel in 1832. The exact date of the beginning of the creation of the work is known - October 21, since Pushkin himself put dates in the draft as he wrote the novel. The work remained unfinished; the writer stopped working on it in 1833. The novel received the name “Dubrovsky” when it was published after the death of its great author. There are many theories about the reason why Pushkin interrupted the creation of Dubrovsky. Some researchers of his work believe that he leaves work on the novel because he understands that within the framework of the genre of a Western European novel about a noble robber he cannot solve artistic problems Russian life. It is known that the writer's rough notes contained outlines of the contents of the third volume. (Widowhood of Marya Kirillovna, Dubrovsky’s return to his homeland to reunite with his beloved).
Real prototypes of the main character
The work was based on a story that Pushkin heard from his friend about the poor nobleman Ostrovsky, whose estate was seized by a wealthy neighbor who had enormous influence in local society. Ostrovsky was left penniless and was forced to become a robber. Together with his peasants, he robbed rich landowners and officials. Later he was captured and put in prison. It was there that Pushkin’s comrade Nashchokin met him. This story served as the basis for the creation storyline novel. This version is supported by the fact that initially in his drafts Pushkin gave the main character the surname Ostrovsky.
Second version says that Dubrovsky’s prototype was Lieutenant Muratov, whose story Pushkin learned while in Boldin. The Novospasskoye estate, which belonged to the Muratov family for seventy years, was recognized as the property of Lieutenant Colonel Kryukov, whose father at one time sold it to Muratov’s father. The court made this decision based on the fact that the accused could not provide any papers proving his legal right to own the estate, since they were lost in a fire, and Muratov never filed an appeal against the verdict. The trial lasted for many years and was decided in favor of the influential plaintiff Kryukov.
Genre of the work
When creating Dubrovsky, Pushkin turned to the then popular genre of the robber or adventure novel. It was most characteristic of Western European literature, but Pushkin managed to create a work that corresponded to all the subtleties of this direction. A noble robber who evokes sympathy for his fate and hatred for those who pushed him on this path.
Conclusion
The novel "Dubrovsky" is based on real stories people who have encountered the bias of the judicial system and failed to resist it.
The action of a ruthless and unprincipled judicial-bureaucratic state system and the life of the Russian village with mass folk scenes - all this found its place in “Dubrovsky”.
Chapter I
Several years ago, an old Russian gentleman, Kirila Petrovich Troekurov, lived on one of his estates. His wealth, noble family and connections gave him heavy weight in the provinces where his estate was located. The neighbors were happy to cater to his slightest whims; provincial officials trembled at his name; Kirila Petrovich accepted signs of servility as a proper tribute; his house was always full of guests, ready to entertain his lordly idleness, sharing his noisy and sometimes violent amusements. No one dared to refuse his invitation or on certain days not to appear with due respect in the village of Pokrovskoye. In his home life, Kirila Petrovich showed all the vices of an uneducated person. Spoiled by everything that surrounded him, he was accustomed to giving full rein to all the impulses of his ardent disposition and all the ideas of his rather limited mind. Despite the extraordinary strength of his physical abilities, he suffered from gluttony twice a week and was tipsy every evening. In one of the wings of his house lived sixteen maids, engaged in handicrafts peculiar to their sex. The windows in the outbuilding were blocked by wooden bars; the doors were locked with locks, the keys to which were kept by Kiril Petrovich. The young hermits went to the garden at the appointed hours and walked under the supervision of two old women. From time to time, Kirila Petrovich married off some of them, and new ones took their place. He treated peasants and servants strictly and capriciously; despite this, they were devoted to him: they were vain of the wealth and glory of their master and, in turn, allowed themselves a lot in relation to their neighbors, hoping for his strong patronage. Troekurov's usual occupations consisted of traveling around his extensive domains, long feasts and pranks, which were invented every day and the victim of which was usually some new acquaintance; although old friends did not always avoid them, with the exception of one Andrei Gavrilovich Dubrovsky. This Dubrovsky, a retired lieutenant of the guard, was his closest neighbor and owned seventy souls. Troekurov, arrogant in relations with people of the highest rank, respected Dubrovsky despite his humble state. They had once been comrades in the service, and Troekurov knew from experience the impatience and determination of his character. Circumstances separated them for a long time. Dubrovsky, upset, was forced to resign and settle in the rest of his village. Kirila Petrovich, having learned about this, offered him his patronage, but Dubrovsky thanked him and remained poor and independent. A few years later, Troekurov, a retired general-in-chief, came to his estate, they met and were delighted with each other. Since then, they were together every day, and Kirila Petrovich, who had never deigned to visit anyone with his visits, would easily drop by the house of his old friend. Being the same age, born in the same class, raised the same, they were somewhat similar in character and inclinations. In some respects, their fate was the same: both married for love, both were soon widowed, both had a child. Dubrovsky’s son was brought up in St. Petersburg, Kiril Petrovich’s daughter grew up in the eyes of her parent, and Troekurov often said to Dubrovsky: “Listen, brother, Andrei Gavrilovich: if there is a way in your Volodka, then I will give Masha for it; It’s okay that he’s naked as a falcon.” Andrei Gavrilovich shook his head and answered as usual: “No, Kirila Petrovich: my Volodka is not Maria Kirilovna’s fiancé. It is better for a poor nobleman, such as he is, to marry a poor noblewoman and be the head of the house, than to become the clerk of a spoiled woman.” Everyone envied the harmony that reigned between the arrogant Troekurov and his poor neighbor, and were surprised at the courage of this latter when, at Kiril Petrovich’s table, he directly expressed his opinion, not caring whether it contradicted the opinions of the owner. Some tried to imitate him and go beyond the limits of proper obedience, but Kirila Petrovich frightened them so much that he forever discouraged them from making such attempts, and Dubrovsky alone remained outside the general law. An unexpected incident upset and changed everything. Once at the beginning of autumn, Kirila Petrovich was getting ready to go to a field that was leaving. The day before, the order was given to the hounds and hunters to be ready at five o'clock in the morning. The tent and kitchen were sent forward to the place where Kirila Petrovich was supposed to have lunch. The owner and guests went to the kennel yard, where more than five hundred hounds and greyhounds lived in contentment and warmth, glorifying the generosity of Kiril Petrovich in their canine language. There was also an infirmary for sick dogs, under the supervision of the staff doctor Timoshka, and a department where noble bitches gave birth and fed their puppies. Kirila Petrovich was proud of this wonderful establishment and never missed an opportunity to boast about it to his guests, each of whom examined it at least for the twentieth time. He walked around the kennel, surrounded by his guests and accompanied by Timoshka and the main hounds; stopped in front of some kennels, now asking about the health of the sick, now making comments more or less strict and fair, now calling familiar dogs to him and talking affectionately to them. Guests considered it their duty to admire Kiril Petrovich’s kennel. Only Dubrovsky was silent and frowned. He was an ardent hunter. His condition enabled him to keep only two hounds and one pack of greyhounds; he could not help but feel a little envy at the sight of this magnificent establishment. “Why are you frowning, brother,” Kirila Petrovich asked him, “or don’t you like my kennel?” “No,” he answered sternly, “it’s a wonderful kennel, it’s unlikely that your people will live the same life as your dogs.” One of the hounds was offended. “We don’t complain about our life,” he said, “thanks to God and the master, and what’s true is true; it wouldn’t be a bad thing for another nobleman to exchange his estate for any local kennel. He would have been more nourished and warmer.” Kirila Petrovich laughed loudly at his servant’s impudent remark, and the guests followed him with laughter, although they felt that the huntsman’s joke could apply to them as well. Dubrovsky turned pale and did not say a word. At this time, they brought newborn puppies to Kiril Petrovich in a basket; he took care of them, chose two for himself, and ordered the others to be drowned. Meanwhile, Andrei Gavrilovich disappeared, and no one noticed. Returning with the guests from the kennel yard, Kirila Petrovich sat down to dinner and only then, not seeing Dubrovsky, did he miss him. People answered that Andrei Gavrilovich had gone home. Troekurov ordered to immediately catch up with him and turn him back without fail. From his childhood he never went hunting without Dubrovsky, an experienced and subtle connoisseur of canine virtues and an infallible resolver of all kinds of hunting disputes. The servant, who galloped after him, returned as they were still sitting at the table, and reported to his master that, they say, Andrei Gavrilovich did not listen and did not want to return. Kirila Petrovich, as usual, inflamed by the liqueurs, became angry and sent the same servant a second time to tell Andrei Gavrilovich that if he did not immediately come to spend the night in Pokrovskoye, then he, Troekurov, would quarrel with him forever. The servant galloped off again, Kirila Petrovich got up from the table, dismissed the guests and went to bed. The next day his first question was: is Andrei Gavrilovich here? Instead of an answer, he was given a letter folded into a triangle; Kirila Petrovich ordered his clerk to read it aloud and heard the following:“My gracious sir,
I don’t intend to go to Pokrovskoye until you send me the huntsman Paramoshka to confess; but it will be my will to punish him or have mercy, but I do not intend to tolerate jokes from your servants, and I will not tolerate them from you either, because I am not a jester, but an old nobleman. For this reason I remain obedient to your services Andrey Dubrovsky."