Plan summary of Gogol's dead souls of Chichikov's adventures. Literature lesson: “Chichikov is the new hero of time”
The purpose of the lesson: analyze the image of the main character of the poem Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov;
answer the problematic question: why did I. Zolotussky say about the hero of the poem: “He is still some kind of strange scoundrel”?
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Lesson notes on literature in 9th grade.
N.V. Gogol “Dead Souls” (Image of Chichikov).
Teacher: Musina A.S.
Topic: “He’s still some kind of strange scoundrel...”
Purpose of the lesson: to analyze the image of the main character of the poem Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov; answer the problematic question: why did I. Zolotussky say about the hero of the poem: “He is still some kind of strange scoundrel”?
During the classes:
- Identify a hero by his calling card
“A decent, knowledgeable and respectable person”; “most kind and courteous; “not handsome, but not bad-looking, neither too fat nor too thin; one cannot say that one is old, but one cannot say that one is young”; the kidnapper of the governor's daughter, the "spy", the "robber Rinaldo Rinaldini", the "counterfeiter", the "Napoleon in disguise" and, finally, the Antichrist himself.
We are talking about the main character of the poem P.I. Chichikov.
The critic I. Zolotussky said about him: “He’s still some kind of strange scoundrel...”
Let's try to figure out why I. Zolotussky gave Chichikov such an assessment? (Record the lesson topic)
In previous lessons we said that Pavel Ivanovich easily finds a common language with all the characters in the poem. With Manilov he is sweet-voiced and delicate, with Sobakevich he is stingy and stingy, with Korobochka he is assertive. He, like a mirror, reflects the spiritual qualities of the landowners, but, speaking about the landowners, we concluded that these are people with “ dead souls" So, maybe Chichikov is a “dead soul”?
Can Pavel Ivanovich be classified as a “dead soul”?
(students' answers)
Already at school he showed resourcefulness and baseness of soul. With small speculations, he “made increments to the fifty dollars donated by his father”: he resold a bun or gingerbread to hungry classmates, bought ahead of time at the market, and later committed betrayals: he pushed away a dying teacher, deceived the police officer and his daughter, and took bribes. Arriving in the provincial town of N, he managed to flatter every official.
2. Consider the illustration for the poem “Dead Souls”. Who do you think is depicted on it? What did the artist see in Chichikov’s portrait?
Demon beginning
Trades in the dead
Predatory bird
Dying Soul
Do you think the artist is right? Does Chichikov fit into the gallery of “dead souls”? Is his soul already completely “dead” or still “alive”?
If Chichikov is a “dead soul,” then why did Gogol make him the main character of the poem? Is there something about Chichikov that distinguishes him from other heroes?
For one of the lessons, you completed a creative task: you created sketches of coats of arms that every landowner could have. Consider one of the works. These are not coats of arms, but associations that arose in the student’s imagination. Which representative of the animal world do you associate Chichikov with?
With a bird (and this is a traditionally tall image) sparrow
With a fox
The name Paul is the name of the Christian apostle, who from a persecutor of Christ turned into one of the most faithful servants
Chichikov rides at the end of the poem in the famous bird-troika
Does Chichikov have any positive qualities?
(energetic, active, smart, resourceful)
What justifies Chichikov? Remember why he is buying " dead Souls"Why does he need money? What does he dream about?
A childhood spent in a small house with windows that did not open either in winter or in summer, a sick father, punishment for any mistake. He wants his children not to despise their father, but to remember them with gratitude.
He dreams of the woman he loves, of a family, of children, he dreams of “a fresh, white-faced woman... and the young generation that was to perpetuate the Chichikov family: a playful boy and a beautiful daughter, or two boys, two or even three girls, so that everyone knows that he really lived and existed, and not that he walked the earth as some kind of shadow or ghost...” A dream that is characteristic of every normal person. He wants prosperity, a worthy free life.
- Why does it burn out every now and then? Gogol's hero, why do his scams, which at first so elevate him upward, always fail and fail?
Let's remember the story of the governor's daughter. Chichikov, erected public opinion into the “millionaires”, drowns in the bliss of veneration and glory... And suddenly at the ball, a blonde whom he once met on the road appears before Chichikov. What's happening to our hero?
(text of Chapter 8 “Chichikov was so confused that he could not utter a single good words.., there was something so strange... which he could not explain to himself: it seemed to him that the whole ball... became for a few minutes as if somewhere far away; violins and trumpets were being cut somewhere behind the mountains, and everything was shrouded in fog. And from this hazy field, only the subtle features of the captivating blonde emerged clearly and definitively... he felt completely something like young man, almost a hussar." And then there’s retribution: “All the ladies didn’t like Chichikov’s treatment at all.”
So, if he had not neglected the attention of the city ladies, had managed his interest in the governor’s daughter subtly, secretly, not publicly - everything would have been fine and none of Korobochka’s stories or Nozdryov’s gossip would have done anything.
What other episode proves that in Chichikov’s character not everything is controlled and measured by the acquisitive spirit?
(text of Chapter 7 Chichikov rewrites lists of purchased “dead souls.”)
“Some strange feeling, incomprehensible to himself, took possession of him... Each of the notes seemed to have a special character... All these details gave a special kind of freshness: it seemed as if the men were alive just yesterday. Looking at their names for a long time, he was touched in spirit and, sighing, said: “My fathers! How many of you are crammed here! What have you, my dear ones, done in your lifetime? How did you get by?”
Can a notorious scoundrel experience such feelings?
Draw a conclusion why Chichikov’s scams fail?
The heart is awake, the soul is alive.
Why is there so little good left in the hero? Why does everything good in him gradually die?
Video fragment from the film “Dead Souls”. Directed by M. Schweitzer
Father's spiritual testament. 1. In the conditions in which he grew up, adopted his father’s philosophy, nothing else could have happened.
Does Chichikov have the opportunity to be honest and at the same time live prosperously?
2. In these conditions, in modern Russia, Chichikov is not allowed, since Russian life itself, the state itself, is structured this way.
There are no officials and landowners who live honestly. In the society of these people, meanness flourishes. Everyone here looks after their own interests and views their position as a feeding trough, as a means of personal enrichment. Embezzlement, bribery, robbery of peasants are everyday and completely natural phenomena. Unfortunately, in the land of distorted moral values Chichikov's abilities are directed in a bad direction.
4. What allowed I. Zolotussky to give such an assessment to our hero?
(students' answers)
5. “Dead Souls” was conceived by Gogol by analogy with Dante’s “Divine Comedy” in three parts: the first part is “Hell”, the second part is “Purgatory”, the third part is “Paradise”. The idea, therefore, was not limited to the depiction of “hell”. Whom did Gogol prepare for salvation?
6. Homework.
Try to guess what kind of life situation would help Chichikov to be reborn?
(Possible options
Serious illness
Being in prison
Meeting with the righteous
Love)
MBOU "Buranchinskaya secondary school"
Publication date: 11.07.2016
Short description:
material preview
Subject. Image of Chichikov. The theme of the “living” and “dead” soul in the poem by N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls".
Lesson objectives:
Show Gogol’s attitude to contemporary reality;
Reveal the essence of the entrepreneur, show his typicality;
In the course of research activities, come to a solution to the problematic issue.
To teach children to think, to develop their reading skills, which contribute to the manifestation of intellectual, creative and emotionally imaginative thinking.
To develop students’ research and communication competencies and text analysis skills.
...He’s still some kind of strange scoundrel...
I. Zolotussky
During the classes
Organizing time.
Teacher's opening speech.
N.V. Gogol... Much is known about the work and life of the Russian writer Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol, but very little is known about the spiritual life of the writer.
Every artist has a creation that he considers the main work of his life, into which he has invested his most cherished, innermost thoughts, his whole heart. For N.V. Gogol’s poem “Dead Souls” became such a work in his life. His writing biography lasted 23 years, 17 years of which were devoted to working on this poem.
In previous lessons, we saw that, showing the adventures of Chichikov, the author created unforgettable images of landowners and officials.
In what order does Gogol introduce us to the landowners? What is the meaning of this order?
(Manilov, Korobochka, Nozdryov, Sobakevich, Plyushkin - a deep inner meaning: the writer sought to reveal in his heroes an increasing degree of loss of human principles, the degradation of man, the necrosis of his soul)
Chichikov is a scoundrel and a swindler, but no more than any official of the city of N who “knows the matter.” Such people crawled out of all the cracks, professing only one faith, which his father instilled in Pavlusha: “you will do everything and make a fortune in the world with a penny.”
What about the swindler Chichikov? Is Chichikov’s soul “dead” or “alive”?
This is the central, problematic issue of our lesson.
The epigraph of our lesson is the words of I. Zolotussky: “...He’s still some kind of strange scoundrel...”.
Research activities.
Study 1 - "The Writer's Intent"
What is special about Gogol’s plan when creating the poem? Re-read Gogol's statement to answer this question.
"...If I complete this creation the way it needs to be accomplished, then... how huge, what original story! What a varied bunch! All Rus' will appear in it!”
(The writer wanted to show “all of Rus'.”)
What influence did Dante's Divine Comedy have on Gogol's plan? Why was the writer’s plan not fully realized?
Gogol succeeded only in the first part, which shows the dark sides of life. The second volume did not satisfy the writer and was personally burned by him. In volumes 2 and 3, Gogol wanted to offer a “recipe” for transformation to everyone. The conversation was about the internal rebirth of a person, the salvation of his soul.
Study 2 - "Chichikov and the landowners"
Research work in groups.
So was it possible to “save” the main character - Chichikov - maybe he is a “dead” soul, and his salvation is impossible?
To answer this difficult question, let's look at what landowners are.
On your desks there are theses diagrams on the topic “Landowners in N.V. Gogol’s poem.”
You have to work on 5 images. Each of you must identify the quality that makes this or that landowner in common with Chichikov.
The guys work in groups. Then we discuss the proposed versions together, and at the end of the work we fill out the diagram.
So is there distinctive features in the character of the hero, what makes him the first person in the gallery of represented landowners and officials?
Traits that are distinctive in Chichikov’s character:
Flexibility
Survival
Adaptability
Obsequiousness
Energy
Observation
Look at the epigraph of the lesson. I. Zolotussky called Chichikov a “strange scoundrel.” Why is he still a scoundrel?
(All of Chichikov’s energy is directed towards one passion - acquisition. Perhaps the desire to have money is not so bad. But the fact is that for Chichikov there are no moral ideals, and he does not disdain, does not disdain any means. Before us is a scoundrel who is capable of overstepping everything moral laws)
Study 3 - "Means of revealing the image of Chichikov"
To reveal the images of characters, Gogol uses various means: detail, portrait, clothing, manners, speech, characterization by other characters, biography.
Name one of those listed that is used to a greater extent only to characterize Chichikov.
(Biography)
So why was it so important for Gogol to devote the entire 11th chapter of Chichikov’s biography?
(It is important for motivating his actions and character traits.)
Chichikov's biography is the story of the “fall of the soul,” but if the soul “fell,” it means it was once pure. So is it possible to revive Chichikov’s soul?
(Yes, through repentance.)
What is necessary for repentance and cleansing of the soul? (The inner “I”, the inner voice, and Chichikov has it. Gogol constantly records the feelings and thoughts of his hero. And sometimes Chichikov’s inner voice turns into the author’s voice and merges with it in poetic digressions)
Do you think it was by chance that Gogol gave his hero the name Pavel?
The guys put forward their assumptions, then we listen to the message of the prepared student “The secret of the name of the main character.”
(The Apostle Paul was one of the persecutors of Christ, and then became a spreader of Christianity throughout the world. In Gogol’s worldview, the messages of the Holy Apostle Paul, who “instructs everyone and leads everyone to the straight path,” occupy an extremely important place.)
Study 4 - "Unusual transformation: Chichikov's troika - Rus-troika"
The meaning of the ending - lyrical digression about Rus'-troika - mysterious. Gogol knew that time would complete the book. Let's try to lift this veil of secrecy and riddle.
Listen to the excerpt that concludes Volume I.
What motive underlies this lyrical digression and the entire poem as a whole?
(Motif of the road)
Identify the underlying contrast in the passage based on the diagram.
Conclusion: Chichikov is constantly on the road, he “moves”, unlike other characters. His troika breaks out of a closed, motionless circle, it dashes off into the beyond with the breeze.
Let's return to the topic of our lesson and the problematic issue at the same time. Is Chichikov’s soul “living” or “dead”?
(It can be assumed that in Gogol’s view this character is a “living” soul. The author himself sympathizes with the hero and marvels at his perseverance. Chichikov’s goal - contentment and happiness in family life - is a completely worthy goal. Another thing is that he chooses dubious means to achieve it - means by which Gogol’s “dead” souls live.)
Let’s talk again about the conclusions we came to as a result of the research.
(Write your conclusions in your notebook)
Conclusion: Chichikov is a “living” soul to a greater extent than a “dead” one. Therefore, the author wanted to lead his hero to moral purification, renewal, one of the first. Associated with these dreams is the image of flying, unovertaken Rus' - the troika.
Tell me, is it only Chichikov who gives Gogol hope for salvation?
(No, to all of humanity. Spiritual rebirth is one of the highest abilities granted to man, and, according to Gogol, this path is open to everyone whose soul has not yet become completely “dead.” This was one of the “super-tasks” of the poem “Dead Souls” ".)
How do you understand the meaning of the title of the poem?
(The plot of the work itself is connected with “dead souls”: Chichikov buys up the “souls” of dead peasants in order to, having drawn up a bill of sale, pledge the purchased peasants as living ones to the guardianship council and receive a tidy sum for them. The content of the concept “dead soul” gradually changes. Abakum Fyrov, Stepan Probka, coachman Mikhey and other dead peasants bought by Chichikov are not perceived as “dead souls": they are shown as bright, original, talented people. This cannot be attributed to their owners, who turn out to be “dead souls" in the true sense of the word. sense of the word)
Compiling a syncwine on the theme “Chichikov”.
And in your souls, guys, let Gogol’s wonderful words ring as a parting word: “Take with you on the road... all human movements, don’t leave them on the road, you won’t pick them up later!” I would like you not to lose everything good, good, and bright along the way, but to carry it through your whole life.
Homework.
Determine the topic of lyrical digressions, fill out the table.
Annex 1
“His facial features were not without pleasantness, but this pleasantness seemed to have too much sugar in it; in his techniques and turns there was something ingratiating favor and acquaintance. He smiled enticingly, was blond, with blue eyes.”
The “talking” surname of the landowner is formed from the words “to lure, deceive.”
Enthusiastic naivety, daydreaming, carelessness, stupidity and lack of independence are the main features of the landowner. He is not involved in farming and cannot say whether his peasants have died since the last audit. But he cares about the prosperity of humanity. He could be called a dreamer if there was any meaning to his dreams. The results of his work are either empty dreams or “slides of ash knocked out of a pipe, arranged, not without effort, in very beautiful rows.”
In the neglected garden there is a gazebo with the inscription “Temple of Solitary Reflection.” There has been a book in my office for two years now, tucked away on page 14. Mismanagement and impracticality are everywhere: something is always missing in the house. The furniture was upholstered in smart fabric, but there was not enough for two chairs. On the table is a bronze candlestick with three ancient graces, and next to it is “some kind of copper invalid, lame and covered in grease.”
Box
The meaning of the surname: the landowner is enclosed in a “box” of her space and her concepts.
“An elderly woman, in some kind of sleeping cap, put on hastily, with a flannel around her neck...” Almost identical details of clothing are repeated in the portrait, but Gogol does not pay attention to her face and eyes, as if they do not exist - this emphasizes her lack of spirituality.
She has a “nice village” and “abundant farming,” which she runs herself and devotes a lot of time to farming. A large number of dogs in the village indicates that the owner cares about the safety of her condition. He saves money in colorful bags (though he doesn’t know how to manage it - it lies like a dead weight). Bunches of herbs are hung everywhere.
An important detail is the hoarse wall clock, which every time unexpectedly breaks the silence of the house and gives a feeling of deep distance from life. Everything is in its place, there are even ropes that “are no longer needed.”
Her main trait is stubbornness. Korobochka's thriftiness is her only virtue. Gogol speaks about this type of people: “...another and respectable and statesman... person, but in reality he turns out to be a perfect Korobochka. Once you’ve got something in your head, you can’t overcome anything, no matter how much you present him with arguments, clear as day, everything bounces off him, like a rubber ball bounces off a wall.” Before us is a typical small landowner - the owner of 80 serf souls.
“He was of average height, a very well-built fellow, with full rosy cheeks, teeth white as snow and jet-black sideburns. It was fresh, like blood and milk; health seemed to be dripping from his face..."
At 35, Nozdryov is the same as at 18. Lack of development is a sign of inanimateness. Gogol calls him a “historical man” because “wherever he was, history could not be avoided.”
He is rude and his speech is filled with curse words. Gambler, reveler, frequenter of hot spots. I am always ready to go “anywhere, even to the ends of the world, to enter into whatever enterprise you want, to exchange whatever you have for whatever you want.” But all this does not lead to enrichment, but, on the contrary, ruins him. He behaves brazenly, defiantly, aggressively, his energy has turned into destructive and scandalous vanity. Nozdryov is ruled by the elements. Main feature- narcissism.
“...an office, in which, however, there were no visible traces of what happens in offices, that is, books or paper; only sabers and two guns were hanging.”
The farm is neglected, only the kennel is in excellent condition. An important detail is the barrel organ. And then the organ stops sounding, and the pipe in it still won’t calm down. So the restless, violent Nozdryov is ready at any moment to do the unexpected and inexplicable without reason.
Sobakevich
"The man is healthy and strong." It is said that nature, when creating it, “cut down the entire shoulder,” and this emphasizes its inanimate,” “wooden” essence.
Looks like “a medium-sized bear”; “... it seemed that this body had no soul at all, or it had one, but not at all where it should be, but, like the immortal Koshchei, somewhere behind the mountains, and was covered with such a thick shell that everything whatever was stirring at the bottom of it did not produce absolutely any shock on the surface.”
"Devil's fist", a calculating owner. Everything around him is solid, everything is in abundance; in the village everything is sound and reliable, he knows the peasants and appreciates their work qualities. His strength, health, and sedateness are emphasized. And what about his soul? But the soul has only gastronomic demands (and colossal ones at that: all the pig, all the goose, all the ram). Gravitates towards old, feudal forms of farming. He despises the city and education. The author emphasizes his greed and narrow interests. His main features are rough tight-fistedness and cynicism.
In the room “everything was solid, awkward... and bore some strange resemblance to the owner of the house himself; in the corner of the living room stood a pot-bellied walnut bureau on the most absurd four legs, a perfect bear. The table, armchairs, chairs - everything was of the heaviest and most restless nature.” “Every object seemed to say: “And I, too, Sobakevich”!”
The surname emphasizes the “flattening”, distortion of the character and his soul.
It is not clear who it is - “a woman or a man” (Chichikov decided that it was the housekeeper in front of him), “... an indefinite dress, similar to a woman’s hood, on the head is a cap, the kind worn by village courtyard women...”; “...the small eyes had not yet gone out and ran from under the high ingrown eyebrows, like mice...” (this detail emphasizes not human liveliness, but the nimbleness and suspicion of the animal).
Only this landowner is given a biography (that is, his character is given by the writer in development) - it is shown how the process of degradation took place. If we had not known that Plyushkin was once a kind family man, a reasonable owner and an affable person, the image created by Gogol would only cause a grin and disgust. But the story about Plyushkin's past makes his image more tragic than comic. “And to what insignificance, pettiness, and disgust a person could stoop!.., anything can happen to a person. Today’s fiery young man would recoil in horror if they showed him his portrait in old age.” Gogol calls Plyushkin “a hole in humanity.”
The estate is an “extinct place”; only the beautiful garden reminds of life here (the tragedy of desolation and extinction is emphasized). The master's house looks like a "decrepit invalid", it is dark, dusty, and blows cold, as if from a cellar; a mess, a lot of rubbish in the corner. An important detail in the house is the stopped clock (time has stopped here). There is a lot of everything on the farm, but everything disappears (the owner collects all kinds of goods and rots them), everything is desolate (description of huge treasures of rotten bread). The peasants are poor, “dying like flies,” and dozens are on the run.
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The purpose of the lesson: Analyze the image of the Box, based on the text of Chapter 3; determine its place and role in the work; find the answer to the question: “Why did Gogol talk about Korobochka?”
Tasks: develop students’ ability to read, perceive the text of a work, and the ability to conduct detailed and selective analysis of the text; develop the ability to work with reference material; promote the development of cognitive interest and artistic taste of students; contribute to the enrichment of vocabulary and the development of monologue speech of students.
Lesson type: lesson - research using ICT, using project method technology. (Mini-project “In the old days grandfathers ate”).
Means of education: text of the work, dictionaries.
During the classes
I.Preparation for the main stage of the lesson. Statement of the problem and goal. (3 minutes)
Didactic tasks: ensuring motivation and acceptance by students of educational goals cognitive activity, updating background knowledge and skills.
Teacher's word: Today, together with the main character of the poem, Chichikov, we will go to visit Korobochka. Interesting, unusual surname, isn't it, guys? Or maybe this is not a surname, but a nickname? Who is she? Do you want to figure it out quickly? Let's figure it out.
“The more I thought about my composition,” Gogol wrote about “ Dead souls“- I saw all the more that it was not by chance that I should take the characters that came across, but choose only those on which our truly Russian, fundamental properties were more noticeably and deeply imprinted.”
Teacher. Among the landowners painted by Gogol, Korobochka is the only woman. We know nothing about her past or family. The lonely widow of a college secretary is living out her life in the “decent wilderness,” busy with housework, “holding her head somewhat to one side,” faced with Chichikov’s proposal, which is incomprehensible to her short mind. Afraid of selling herself short, intimidated by an angry and businesslike guest, Nastasya Petrovna agrees to sell an unprecedented product for real money. Thrifty Korobochka will put the money in a bag, hide it in the corner of the chest of drawers, and then, according to her will, it will be passed on to her “grand-sister’s niece.”
What is “truly Russian, indigenous” about this character?
Let's visit Nastasya Petrovna Korobochka together with Chichikov.
II. Conversation based on the text of N.V. Gogol’s work “Dead Souls”, chapter 3.(17 minutes)
An estate, a house, a feast will tell a lot about the hostess, her character, lifestyle, affections and tastes.
- What kind of reception was given to the random guest Chichikov, who got lost at night near the village of Nastasya Petrovna Korobochka? (P. Boklevsky. Chichikov.)
(Students' expected answer: You can't refuse her hospitality: Chichikov's dress was dried and cleaned, the feather beds were fluffed up so that it was possible to climb on them only by placing a chair, there was even an offer to scratch his heels for the night, which, however, Chichikov refused. )
— Waking up in the morning, Chichikov looked around. Let's see with him the significant everyday details of the text.
Group work.
Students in the class are divided into three groups. Each group receives a task Research Text and draw a conclusion about:
1) Korobochka’s room and two of her portraits;
2) Korobochka farm (view from the window);
3) the village of Korobochki.
Reading and analysis of passages that give a portrait of the hostess.
1) two portraits of Korobochka: “The landlady, an elderly woman, came in, in some kind of sleeping cap, put on hastily, with a flannel around her neck, one of those mothers, small landowners who cry about crop failures, losses and keep their heads somewhat to one side, and yet they are gradually collecting little money into colorful bags” (the portrait merges with the character).
“She was dressed better than yesterday - in a dark dress and no longer in a sleeping cap, but there was still something tied around her neck.”
Output of the first group: The box is thrifty, it stores a ripped cloak, the wallpaper in the room is old, the mirrors are antique. The unexpected guest took Nastasya Petrovna by surprise; in the morning she appeared in a more decent form. The flannel around her neck speaks of her age, her secluded home lifestyle in the wilderness.
(Showing an illustration for the poem. P. Boklevsky. Box. )
2) Korobochka's farm (view from the window): “...the narrow courtyard was filled with birds and all kinds of domestic creatures. There were no numbers of turkeys and chickens, a pig and his family were right there... there were spacious vegetable gardens with cabbage, onions, potatoes, beets and other household vegetables. Scattered around the garden were apple trees and other fruit trees, covered with nets to protect them from magpies and sparrows... one of the scarecrows was wearing the cap of the owner herself.”
Output of the second group: the net on the fruit trees, the cap on the scarecrow - the most significant details, they indicate that Korobochka has her hands on everything, nothing goes to waste in her busy household.
3) Village Korobochki: “The vegetable gardens were followed peasant huts, which... showed the contentment of the inhabitants, because they were properly maintained: the worn-out planks on the roofs were replaced everywhere with new ones, the gates were not lopsided anywhere... Chichikov noticed where there was a spare almost new cart, and where there were two.”
Conclusion of the third group: the description of the village of Korobochka speaks for itself: she taught everyone to be in order, a good, thrifty housewife.
Teacher. The subject of our study is Korobochka’s speech.
Reading by role of the bargaining scene (Pre-prepared students).
Teacher. Not wanting to miss out on his profits, Chichikov starts bargaining. After a conversation with Korobochka, he “was covered in sweat, like in a river: everything he was wearing, from his shirt to his stockings, was all wet.”
What's the matter? (The box killed Chichikov with her “club-headedness,” stupidity, stinginess, and desire to delay the sale of an unprecedented product. “Perhaps merchants will come and I’ll adjust the prices,” she says to Chichikov.)
Teacher. What is the tone of Chichikov’s conversation with Korobochka and why?
(Chichikov decided not to stand on ceremony with Korobochka at all, since she is not rich. Korobochka introduces herself to Chichikov as a “college secretary,” that is, the widow of a collegiate secretary, which corresponded to the tenth class of the table of ranks.)
Teacher. The deal is finally done. The box decided to appease the angry Chichikov and invited him to have a snack: “Chichikov looked around and saw that on the table there were already mushrooms, pies, quick-witted cakes, shanishkas, harnesses, pancakes, flat cakes with all sorts of toppings: baked goods with onions, baked goods with poppy seeds, baked goods with cottage cheese, baked with film, and God knows what happened.”
Guys! Who understands the words quick-witted, flat cakes, pryagly, snimatochki? What is the difference between cheesecake and shanishki? You can solve all the riddles of the hospitable Box. Our girls Anastasia Lysova and Alena Lygina worked with V. Dahl’s “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” and V. V. Pokhlebkin’s “Culinary Dictionary” We did a lot of research. After their story, I hope everything in that delicious series will become clear.
III.Speech by trained students who worked on the mini-project “In the old days, grandfathers ate” (7 minutes)
There are no interpretations of these words either in S.I. Ozhegov’s dictionary or in other explanatory dictionaries. Meanwhile, in the modern Russian literary language, these archaisms have completely usable synonyms.
Skorodumka is not baked goods at all a quick fix, and scrambled eggs or fried eggs. Shanga - cheesecake with porridge, mashed potatoes, cottage cheese, topped with sour cream. Connoisseur of Russian cuisine V.V. Pokhlebkin in his “Culinary Dictionary” clarifies that shangi are round pies with appearance cheesecakes, but not filled, but only greased in the middle with sour cream, curd-egg mixture, curd-buckwheat mixture, and so on. Gogol did not specify what Korobochka’s shawls were with.
Pokhlebkin continues: “Shangi is eaten hot, freshly baked with milk, with yogurt, with salted fish, with cabbage soup, with tea - they go well with all these various food accompaniments.” And in front of Chichikov on the table are some more mysterious spinners. And even Dahl doesn’t have this word. It’s good that the word “yarn” was nearby - fry in oil, and in the same vocabulary nest is the word “yarn” - pancake, thick pancake, flatbread in oil, crumpet. Further, the author of the dictionary explains: “Conjugate, conjugate - fry. One pie is under-harnessed, the other is over-harnessed, I’d like to harness some more.” An attentive reader noticed a hint from Gogol: “...before breakfast, Chichikov heard the enticing smell of something hot in oil.” Flatbread is a thickened pancake of different diameters; it can be unleavened, yeast-based, buttery, baked, fried. Korobochka served flatbread with spices. Dahl's dictionary explains: baked - topping on flatbreads, pancakes (for example, poppy seeds, onions, eggs). What is the cooking technology? Pokhlebkin writes: there is a type of pancake with baking, when a pasty food product (cottage cheese, minced meat) is applied to the surface of the pancake in a thin layer and quickly baked to the pancake in a heated frying pan.
The wonderful book “On the life, way of life and morals of the Russian people” by N. I. Kostomarov and I. E. Zabelin reports: “...Russian pies had an oblong shape and different sizes, large ones were called pirogi, small ones - pies. At Maslenitsa, they baked yarn (read: fried in oil) pies with cottage cheese and eggs... on fasting days, they baked pies with all kinds of fish, especially whitefish, snitka...” So, snitka are fish? Dahl’s snetok (snetok) is a vandysh fish caught in Belozero, dried for sale. The mysterious vandysh is smelt, or more precisely, the lake form of smelt - smelt. How did you get it baked into the flatbread if this small fish was also dried? Both Pokhlebkin and Kostomarov explain in their books: “Boil dried fish - dried fish, select bones, finely chop, mix with finely chopped onions, buckwheat or rice porridge (one-third of the volume) and fry in sunflower oil. This fish porridge could also be put into pies.”
Chichikov also liked the unleavened egg pie: “he ate about half of it.” Why "fresh"? Because it is made from yeast-free dough, which, after kneading, is rolled out and immediately cut into pies.
Pancakes need no introduction, especially since Chichikov “rolled three pancakes together and, dipping them in melted butter, put them in his mouth, and wiped his lips and hands with a napkin. Having repeated this three times, he asked the hostess to order the pawning of his chaise.
“Your pancakes, mother, are very tasty,” said Chichikov, “taking on the hot ones that were brought.”
- Thank you, girls. Guys, what conclusion can you draw about Korobochka as a housewife?
Conclusion: we cannot help but note Korobochka’s hospitality and hospitality, noticing her thriftiness, stubborn suspicion, desire to sell the products of her subsistence economy at a profit, stupidity and “club-headedness”, which, as Gogol notes, “is sometimes characteristic of even a respectable and state-owned person.” . But Chichikov has a road ahead, and he hurries to his chaise.
I V. Control and self-test of knowledge. (8 minutes)
Objective: Identifying the quality and level of knowledge acquisition.
- Gogol, saying goodbye to Korobochka, exclaims: “Whether Korobochka, or Manilova, whether economic life or not economic life - pass them by!”
How do you understand these words of Gogol?
(Korobochka fusses and fusses about the housework, saves money, lives in the wilderness, there are no events in her life, she is ordinary, boring, the landowner is not interested in anything except the everyday order of things that was established many years ago, in the end she is spiritually dead, primitive , which is why talking with her is so tiring for Chichikov.)
— What do Korobochka and Manilov have in common? (spiritual death...see above)
— What new did you discover in Chichikov, what did Korobochka help us see in him? (Chichikov is different. Sweet - courteous with Manilov, rude with the clueless Korobochka, he can easily deceive by promising to stop by again.)
What is special about Gogol's plan?
when creating a poem?
Re-read the author's statement,
to answer this question.
“...If I complete this creation as it should be
to accomplish it, then... how huge, what
original story! How diverse
heap! All Rus' will appear in it!”
(from a letter to V.A. Zhukovsky from
November 12, 1836)
was not fully implemented?
"Dead Souls"
Gogol
"The Divine Comedy"
Dante
Three-part
composition
1 part
Showing "hell"
modern
Russian
life
part 2
"Purgatory"
Planned
paths of purification
Russia
Part 3
"Paradise"
Celebration
bright beginnings
Russian life STUDY 2
"Chichikov and the landowners"
Portrait:
Not handsome, but not bad eitherappearance, not too much
thick, not too thick
thin, you can't tell
so that he is old, but not
so that too
young
In his receptions, Mr.
had something solid...
Social status:
Average gentlemanCollegiate Advisor
Pavel Ivanovich
Chichikov, landowner,
in their own way
needs.
Manners, speech:
“... the newcomer knew how to do everythingsomehow found and showed in
yourself an experienced secularist
person. About what
there was no conversation, it was always
knew how to support him...
in a word, wherever you turn,
was very decent
Human"
"Talking name":
Chichikov - remindssparrow chirping,
creates an effect
bouncing,
snapping. Portrait:
Artistic detail:
“Not handsome, but not bad either
appearance..."
"lingonberry-colored tailcoat with
spark", "little box of red
tree" etc.
“The face... really looks bad
portrait of Napoleon"
Manners,
speech
Hero biography:
"Please your teachers and
to the bosses"
“...and most of all, take care and
save a penny"
Facilities
creation
image
"Talking"
surname
Characteristics by others
characters:
Efficient, learned, knowledgeable,
respectable, pleasant
man, millionaire, captain
Kopeikin, Napoleon in disguise,
Antichrist, etc. Antichrist
Napoleon
robber
spy
counterfeiter
lover Hero
millionaire
eligible bachelor
Kherson landowner
nice person
collegiate advisor
mediocre gentleman
scoundrel
acquirer
master What does Chichikov have in common?
with the landowners? delicacy
hoarding
deceit
tight-fistedness
thrift
Distinctive features in Chichikov's character
FlexibilitySurvival
Adaptability
Obsequiousness
Energy
Will
Observation STUDY 3
Means of disclosure
image of Chichikov Why was it so important for Gogol
dedicate an entire chapter 11
biography of Chichikov?
Is it possible to revive the soul?
Chichikova? What is needed for repentance?
soul cleansing?
Was it by chance that Gogol gave his
Is the hero's name Pavel? Chichikov Pavel Ivanovich - a new type for Russian literature
adventurer-acquirer, main character poems, fallen,
betrayed his true purpose, but capable
cleanse and resurrect your soul.
Biography. Origin:
"Dark and modestorigin
our hero.
His parents were
nobles, but pillars
or personal - God
knows" Born into a noble family,
from a pig-tailed mother and from a father -
gloomy loser, he kept
one memory from childhood -
“snow-covered” window,
one feeling - twisted pain
edges with father's fingers
ear. Driven into town by
a pinto horse with a hunchbacked coachman, Chichikov is shocked
urban splendor. Before
separation father gives son the main
advice that stuck in his soul:
“save a penny”, and a few
additional: please
elders, don't mess with
comrades. Father's order
Look, Pavlusha, learn, don’t be stupid, and
don’t hang around, but please most of all
teachers and bosses...even in science
you won’t have time and God didn’t give you talent, that’s all
you'll go ahead and get ahead of everyone.
don't be friends, they will treat you well
will not teach; and if it comes to that, so
hang out with those who are richer, so that
could be useful to you on occasion.
A
more
Total
take care
And
mines
a penny...Everything
you will do
And
All
you'll lose a penny in the world.
Biography. Childhood:
"Life at the beginning lookedthere’s a kind of sour feeling about him... neither friend nor
childhood friend..."
Biography. Studies:
“He suddenly realized and realizedmatter and behaved in
attitude towards comrades
exactly in this way
that they treated him, and
he not only never
but even sometimes
hiding what he received
treats, sold them
well..." All school life
Chichikov turns into
continuous accumulation.
He sells to his comrades
treat, bullfinch,
molded from wax,
sews into bags of 5
rubles Teacher, more
appreciative of everything
obedience, highlights
quiet Chichikov; That
receives a certificate and a book
with gold letters, but,
when later than old
teachers will be kicked out of school and
he'll get drunk, Chichikov
will donate only 5 for him
kopecks of silver. Not from
stinginess, but out of indifference
and following his father's
"covenant".
Biography. Service:
1) In the treasury chamber2) Work at customs
3) The idea of buying
"dead souls" Will die by then
father; selling a dilapidated one
house for 1000 rubles,
Chichikov will move to
the city and will begin bureaucratic
career in the treasury chamber.
Diligence is not
helps; marble face
boss with frequent
rowan trees and potholes -
symbol of callousness. But,
wooing him
ugly daughter, Chichikov
enters into trust; having received
from future father-in-law
"gift" - promotion
on duty, he immediately forgets
about the scheduled wedding. I made money from commissions
on the construction of some very
capital building, Chichikov
loses everything because of
the beginning of the persecution
bribery. We have to
do " new quarry", on
customs. For a long time
refraining from bribery,
Chichikov gains a reputation
incorruptible official and
represents to superiors
project to catch everyone
smugglers. Having received
powers, colludes with
smugglers and with the help
the cunning plan is enriched.
But again failure is secret
denunciation of an “accomplice”. With great difficulty
having escaped trial, Chichikov
starts his career for the third time
from scratch in despicable
jury duty
attorney. It was here before him
it dawns on you that you can pawn
dead souls in guardianship
advice as living; village
Pavlovskoe in Kherson
province looms before him
mind's eye, and
Chichikov gets down to business. Chichikov himself is quiet and
inconspicuous, rounded and
smooth as his cheeks, always
shaved to satin
conditions; Chichikov's soul
similar to his famous
box. New Antichrist"
bourgeois world like that
will be - imperceptibly affectionate, insinuating,
neat; for the role of "prince"
this world" takes over,
"insignificant worm of the world
this." This "worm" is capable
eat the very core
Russian life, so
she herself won't notice how
will rot. Hope is for correction
human nature. Not
random images of the majority
heroes of "Dead Souls"
created according to the principle
“inverted glove”; their
initially positive
qualities have degenerated into
self-sufficient passion;
sometimes - as in the case of
Chichikov is a criminal passion.
But if you control your passion,
return it to its former boundaries,
to direct for good -
will change completely and
the image of the hero himself, the “glove”
will turn inside out
front side. Study 4
Unusual transformation:
Troika Chichikov -
Rus' - three
Research results:
With the image of Chichikovassociated image of the road
in the poem. Road -
journey
in time - everyday
Chichikov's path -
creative path
author - spiritual
rebirth of heroes -
of all humanity -
the author himself, i.e. this
road Up, road salvation, road hope, road -
the future of Russia.
Research results:
The image of Chichikov, likemost heroes
poem, created by
"inverted" principle
gloves": their original
positive traits
reborn into
self-sufficient
passion. But if
cope with it -
will change completely
and the image of a hero,
the “glove” will turn out
to the front side.
Conclusions:
Thus, speaking about the Chichikov road,It is important to pay attention not only to the fact that
the hero “left it on the road,” but also with what he was able to
preserve - a manifestation of living human
feelings. After all, according to Gogol’s plan, his hero
goes into subsequent volumes, i.e.
is reborn. And if we take into account that
The Apostle Paul was at first one of the persecutors
Christ, and then became an ardent distributor
Christianity around the world, then its namesake,
Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov, will be reborn, and the makings
for this he has. The meaning of the ending is lyrical
digressions about Rus'-troika -
mysterious. Gogol knew that the book
will add time.
Let's try to open it up
this veil of mystery, riddle. What is the underlying motive?
this lyrical digression
and the whole poem as a whole?
Identify the contrast that lies in
based on this passage,
based on the scheme Road motif
Vast Rus'
Symbol
three birds
Government crew
Symbol of the soulless
state
authorities Chichikov is constantly on the road, he
"moves"
V
difference
from
others
characters. His threesome breaks out
closed, motionless circle, she
famously,
With
the breeze
carried away
V
beyond. Chichikov - a “living” soul
Has distinctive character traits,
which landowners do not have
The author gives the hero's life story
A hint of upcoming moral
rebirth of a hero - in the name Pavel
The motive of travel, roads is
motive of “movement of the soul” V. Kozhinov: “Chichikov is truly strong
personality..."
S.I. Mashinsky: “In the epic with the “dead”
souls"
most
bright
opened up
devilish energy and ingenuity
Chichikov, his character as a businessman and inventor
new formation..." V. Nabokov: “Fool... It was stupid to trade
dead souls from the old woman and Nozdryov.”
M. B. Khrapchenko: “One of Chichikov’s qualities is the ability to mimicry, the contradiction between
desire to appear and inner essence
character." A.I. Herzen: “One active person is Chichikov, and that one is a limited rogue.”
I.P. Zolotussky “After all, he cheats, but a cheat is not
may not risk it. Of ups and downs
The life of a rogue is what it is - such is the law. But that's it
same, but still...”
V.G. Marantsman:
“Chichikov,
different
from
landowners, also a “dead soul”. To him
the “brilliant joy of life” is inaccessible. Conclusion
Chichikov is a “living” soul in
more than "dead".
Therefore, the author wanted to bring
his
hero
To
moral
purification, renewal by one of
first.
WITH
these
dreams
connected
image of a flying, unovertaken
Rus' - triplets. “Take it away
on the road with you...
all human
movements,
Do not leave
them on the road
you won't lift it
Then!"
Homework
Write a shortdiscussion on the topic:
“Is the image modern?
Chichikov"
Lesson Study
on literature
Problem:
Is Chichikov’s soul “living” or “dead”?
Subject:
Teacher Russian language
and literature I categories
Municipal educational institution secondary school No. 22
Nikishova Irina Vladimirovna
2009-2010
Study lesson in 10th grade
The image of Chichikov in the poem by N.V. Gogol's "Dead Souls"
Lesson Objectives :
identify Gogol’s attitude to contemporary reality;
reveal the essence of the entrepreneur, show his typicality;
in the course of research activities, come to a solution to a problematic issue.
Tasks:
continue the formation of mental activity, reading skills that contribute to the manifestation of intellectual, creative and emotionally imaginative thinking;
continue to develop students’ research and communication competence and text analysis skills.
continue the education of a socially adapted personality.
Organizational forms: independent group work, conversation based on text with elements research work, student message, student presentation.
Equipment: computer, projector, projection screen; text of the poem, critical articles, multimedia presentation of the lesson
Leading task: preparation by students of the presentation “Means of revealing the image of Chichikov”, student’s message “The meaning of the title of the poem. The secret of the name of the main character.”
During the classes
The work is carried out using the teacher’s presentation.
Teacher's opening speech about the main work of the writer’s life - the poem “Dead Souls”; the teacher reminds you of the results of work in previous lessons, poses a problematic question for the upcoming study, and introduces the epigraph (slides 1 - 3 of the presentation are shown at the same time).
Every artist has a creation that he considers the main work of his life, into which he has invested his most cherished, innermost thoughts, his whole heart. For N.V. Gogol’s poem “Dead Souls” became such a work of life. His writing biography lasted 23 years, 17 years of which were devoted to working on this poem.
In previous lessons, we saw that, showing the adventures of Chichikov, the author created unforgettable images of landowners and officials.
And who is Chichikov? A scoundrel and a fraud? Maybe, but no more than any official of the city N who “knows the matter.” Chichikov’s meanness is an expression of the morality that was considered virtuous and respectable in the ruling circles of Russia. The acquisition in the 40s of the 19th century is a kind of sign of the times: the era of the bourgeois was coming, and clever acquirers climbed out of all the cracks, professing only one faith, which his father instilled in Pavlusha: “you will do everything and make a fortune in the world with a penny.”
You and I have come to the conclusion that, indeed, “...it’s not the audit officials who are dead souls,” but the landowners and officials of the city of N. But what about the swindler Chichikov? Is Chichikov’s soul “dead” or “alive”? This is the central, problematic issue of our lesson.
The epigraph of our research lesson is wordsI. Zolotussky: “...He’s still some kind of strange scoundrel...”.
Research activities.
Study 1 - “The Writer's Intent”
The teacher presents questions for 1 study, a diagram of the poem’s concept (working with slides 4 – 6)
What is special about Gogol’s plan when creating the poem? Re-read Gogol's statement to answer this question.
“…If I complete this creation the way it needs to be accomplished, then... what a huge, what an original plot! What a varied bunch! All Rus' will appear in it!” (from a letter to V.A. Zhukovsky dated November 12, 1836). (the writer wanted to show “all of Rus'”).
Why was the writer's intention not fully realized? (work with the diagram on slide 6)
Commentary on the slide: “Dead Souls” was conceived by analogy with Dante’s “Divine Comedy” - in three parts.
(Gogol was only successful in the first part, which shows the dark sides of life. The second volume did not satisfy the writer and was personally burned by him. In volumes 2 and 3, Gogol wanted to offer a “recipe” for transformation to everyone. The conversation was not about political, but about spiritual revolution, about the inner rebirth of a person, the salvation of his soul.)
Study 2 – “Chichikov and landowners”
Research work in groups. (work with slides 7 – 10)
So, was it possible to “save” the main character - Chichikov - maybe he is a “dead” soul, and his salvation is impossible? To answer this difficult question, let’s look at what Chichikov has in common with the landowners and how he differs from them. On your desks there are diagrams and theses on the topic “Landowners in the poem by N.V. Gogol” (Appendix 1). You will have to work in 5 groups. Each group must identify the quality that makes this or that landowner in common with Chichikov.
The guys work in groups. Then we discuss the proposed versions together, and at the end of the work we fill out the diagram (slide 9).
Look at the epigraph of the lesson. I. Zolotussky called Chichikov “a strange scoundrel.” So are there distinctive features in the character of the hero that make him the first person in the gallery of meanness?
Students discuss the issue in groups, then representatives from the groups express opinions for and against. The slide displays those features that are distinctive in Chichikov’s character (slide 10):
Flexibility
Survival
Adaptability
Obsequiousness
Energy
Will
Observation
Study 3 – “Means of revealing the image of Chichikov”
(work with slides 11 – 13)
To reveal the images of characters, Gogol uses various means. Watch the students' pre-prepared presentation on Research Topic 3.
Find the means that is used to a greater extent only to characterize Chichikov (biography of the hero).
Students in groups get acquainted with a presentation on this topic, find the means that are used to characterize only Chichikov, and evaluate the content of the presented work. Answer questions, giving reasons for the answer.
So why was it so important for Gogol to devote the entire 11th chapter of Chichikov’s biography? (It is important for motivating his actions and character traits.)
Chichikov’s biography is the story of the “fall of the soul,” but if the soul “fell,” it means it was once pure. So is it possible to revive Chichikov’s soul? (Yes, through repentance.)
What is necessary for repentance and cleansing of the soul? (The inner “I”, the inner voice, and Chichikov has it. Gogol constantly records the feelings and thoughts of his hero. And sometimes Chichikov’s inner voice turns into the author’s voice and merges with it in poetic digressions.)
Do you think it was by chance that Gogol gave his hero the name Pavel?
The guys put forward their assumptions, then we listen to the message from the prepared student “The meaning of the title of the poem. The secret of the name of the main character” (Appendix 2).
(The student will tell you that the Apostle Paul was one of the persecutors of Christ, and then became the spreader of Christianity throughout the world. In Gogol’s worldview, the messages of the Holy Apostle Paul, who “instructs everyone and leads everyone to the straight path,” occupy an extremely important place.)
Study 4 – “Unusual transformation: Chichikov’s troika – Rus-troika ”
(work with slides 14 – 19)
The meaning of the ending - a lyrical digression about the Rus'-troika - is mysterious. Gogol knew that time would complete the book. Let's try to lift this veil of secrecy and riddle.
Listen to the excerpt concluding Volume I, performed by Kachalov (slide 16).
What motive underlies this lyrical digression and the entire poem as a whole? (motif of the road)
Identify the contrast underlying this passage based on the diagram (work with slide 18).
Students draw conclusions from this research. We talk about the fact that Chichikov is constantly on the road, he “moves”, unlike other characters. His troika breaks out of a closed, motionless circle, it dashes off into the beyond with the breeze.
Generalization on the topic, answer to a problematic question, conclusions
(slides 20, 21)
Let's return to the topic of our lesson and the problematic issue at the same time. Is Chichikov’s soul “living” or “dead”?
(It can be assumed that in Gogol’s view this character is a “living” soul. The author himself sympathizes with the hero and marvels at his perseverance. Chichikov’s goal is contentment and happiness family life- quite a worthy goal. Another thing is that he chooses dubious means to achieve it - the means by which Gogol’s “dead” souls live.)
Let’s talk again about the conclusions we came to as a result of the research.
Students pronounce those provisions that helped answer the problematic question and write them down in their notebooks. All provisions are displayed on the slide.
Conclusion: Chichikov is a “living” soul to a greater extent than a “dead” one. Therefore, the author wanted to lead his hero to moral purification, renewal, one of the first. Associated with these dreams is the image of flying, unovertaken Rus' - the troika.
Tell me, is it only Chichikov who gives Gogol hope for salvation? (No, to all of humanity. Spiritual rebirth is one of the highest abilities granted to man, and, according to Gogol, this path is open to everyone whose soul has not yet become completely “dead.” This was one of the “super-tasks” of the poem “Dead Souls” ".)
III. Final word teachers
(slide 22)
And in your souls, guys, as a parting word, let Gogol’s wonderful words ring: “Take with you on the road... all human movements, don’t leave them on the road, you won’t pick them up later!” I would like you not to lose everything good, good, and bright along the way, but to carry it through your whole life.
IV. Homework
(Slide 23)
Write a short discussion on the topic: “Are there Chichikovs today? What position do such people occupy in modern society?”
Appendix 2
(student message)
The meaning of the title of the poem.
The secret of the main character's name
The Apostle Paul was one of the persecutors of Christ, and then became the spreader of Christianity throughout the world. In Gogol’s worldview, the messages of the Holy Apostle Paul, who “instructs everyone and leads them to the straight path,” occupy an extremely important place.
In his suicide note, Gogol wrote: “Be not dead, but living souls. There is no other door except that indicated by Jesus Christ, and everyone who climbs otherwise is a thief and a robber.” According to Gogol, the souls of his heroes did not completely die. In them, as in every person, lies life - the image of God, and at the same time hope for rebirth.
In V. Dahl’s Explanatory Dictionary, one of the meanings of the word “dead” is “an unregenerate, unspiritual person.” This meaning is close to the one in which Gogol uses it.
So, the writer came from the evangelical tradition, to which the understanding of the “dead” soul as spiritually dead goes back. Gogol’s plan is consonant with the Christian moral law formulated by the holy Apostle Paul: “As in Adam all die, so in Christ all live.” Related to this is main idea“Dead souls” is the idea of the spiritual resurrection of fallen man. And it was supposed to be embodied, first of all, by the main character of the poem with the symbolic name Pavel.
“And perhaps this same Chichikov... contains something that will later bring a person to dust and to his knees before the wisdom of heaven,” the author predicts the coming revival of his hero, that is, the revival of his soul.